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sinx
ebI x 0
f(x) x
1 ebI x 0
rkßasiTiæ 2008
GñkshkarN_RtYtBinitübec©keTs
elak lwm qun
elak Esn Bisidæ
elak Titü em¨g
elakRsI Tuy rINa
elak RBwm suxnit
elak pl b‘unqay
GñkrcnaRkb nig bec©keTskMBüÚT&r
kBaØa lI KuNÑaka
GñkRtYtBinitüGkçaraviruTæ
elak lwm miK:sir
3-ÉklkçN¼PaBKYrkt´sMKal´
ebI z nig z' CaBIrcMnYnkMupøicena¼eKman ½
(z z' ) 2 z 2 2z z' z'2 ; (z z' ) 2 z 2 2z z' z'2
z 2 z' 2 (z z' )(z z' )
2 1 z n 1
n
1 z z ... z ; z 1 , n IN *
1 z
n
(z z' ) C nk z k z'n k
n
; n IN *
k 0
4-cMnYnkMupøicqøas´
k-ebIeKmancMnYnkMupøic z a i.b Edl a nig b
CacMnYnBit .
cMnYnkMupøicqøas´én z tageday z a i.b .
x-lkçN¼
ebI z nig z' CaBIrcMnYnkMupøicena¼eKman ½
z z ' z z' ; z z' z z '
z z
z z ' z z' ;
z' z'
2
K-sMKal´
ebI z a i.b ena¼ z a i.b
eKán Re(z) z 2 z nig Im(z) z 2i z .
5-sV&yKuNén i
cMeBa¼RKb´ k IN * eKman ½
i 4 k 1 ; i 4 k 1 i ; i 4 k 2 1 ; i 4 k 3 i
6-dMeNa¼RsaysmIkardWeRkTIBIr
2
eK[smIkardWeRkTIBIr az bz c 0 ; a 0 , a; b; c IR
2
-ebI b 4ac 0
smIkarman¦sBIrepßgKñaCacMnYnBitkMnt´eday
b b
z 1 ; z 2 .
2a 2a
2
-ebI b 4ac 0
smIkarman¦sDubmYyCacMnYnBitkMnt´eday
b
z z
1 2 .
2a
2
-ebI b 4ac 0
smIkarman¦BIrCacMnYnkMupøicqøas´KñakMnt´eday
b i || bi ||
z
1 ; z 2. 3
2a 2a
7-kartagcMnYnkMupøictamEbbFrNImaRt
k- cMnuc M énbøg´RbkbedaytRmuyGrtUnrm¨al´ (O, i , j)
Edlman kUGredaen (a ; b ) ehAfacMnucrUbPaBén
cMnYnkMupøic z a i.b .
cMnYnkMupøic z a i.b ehAfaGahVikéncMnuc M(a ; b ) .
y
0 1 x
x-viucTr& W énbøg´RbkbedaytRmuyGrtUnrm¨al´ (O, i , j)
Edlman kUGredaen (a ; b ) ehAfavicTr&rUbPaBén
cMnYnkMupøic z a i.b .
cMnYnkMupøic z a i.b ehAfaGahVikénviucTr& W(a ; b ) .
4
y
0 1 x
8-m¨UDuléncMnYnkMupøicmYy
y
b M
0 1 a x
5
x-lkçN¼
z |z|
| z | zz ; | z z '| | z | | z'| ; | | .
z' | z '|
K-vismPaBRtIekaN
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnkMupøic z nig z' eKman ½
| z z' | | z | | z ' |
.
X-cm¶ayrvagBIrcMnuckñúgbøg´
ebI A nig B CaBIrcMnucmanGahVikerogKña z A
nig z énbøg´RbkbedaytRmuyGrtUnrm¨al´ (O, i , j)
B
eKán d(AB) | z z | . B A
9-TRmg´RtIekaNmaRténcMnYnkMupøicmYy
y
b M
0 1 a x
6
eKmancMnYnkMupøic z a i.b Edl a nig b
CaBIrcMnYnBit TRmg´RtIekaNmaRtén z kMnt´eday
z r (cos i. sin )
Edl r a b nig cos ar ; sin br .
2 2
10-RbmaNviFIelIcMnYnkMupøicTRmg´RtIekaNmaRt
snµtfaeKmancMnYnkMupøicRtIekaNmaRtBIr ½
z r (cos i.sin ) nig z ' r ' (cos 'i.sin ' )
12-rUbmnþdWm&r
cMeBa¼RKb´ IR ; n Z eKman ½
n
cos i.sin cos(n) i.sin( n) ( ehAfarUbmnþdWmr& )
7
13-¦sTI n éncMnYnkMupøicmYy
ebIeKman z r (cos i.sin ) CacMnYnkMupøicminsUnü
nig n IN .¦sTI n éncMnYnkMupøicen¼kMNt´eday ½
2k 2k
Wk n r cos( ) i.sin( ) ; k 0 , 1 , 2 ,...,(n 1).
n n
14-TRmg´Giucs,¨ÚNg´EsüléncMnYnkMupøicmYy
ebI z CacMnYnkMupøicmanm¨UDúl r nigGaKuym¨g´
i.
ena¼TRmg´Giucs,¨ÚNg´Esülén z kMnt´eday z r.e
15-rUbmnþGWEl
cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnBit eKmanTMnak´TMng ½
i . i . i . i .
e e e e
cos ni g sin .
2 2i
16-TMnak´TMngrvagTRmg´BICKNit-RtIekaNmaRt nig
Giucs,¨ÚNg´Esül ½
z a i.b r (cos i. sin ) r.ei.
a b
Edl r a 2 b 2 ; cos ; sin .
r r
8
lMhat;TI1
eK[cMnYnkMupøic a 2 3i ; b 3 i nig c 1 4i
3 3 3
k-cUrsresr a b c nig a b c CaTRmg´BICKNit .
x-cUrepÞógpÞat´faeKGackMnt´cMnYnBit k edIm,I[
3 3 3
a b c k .a b c .
dMeNaHRsay
3 3 3
k¿sresr a b c nig a b c CaTRmg´BICKNit ½
3 3
eyIgman a (2 3i) 8 36i 54 27i 46 9i
b 3 (3 i) 3 27 27i 9 i 18 26i
c 3 (1 4i) 3 1 12i 48 64i 47 52i
3 3 3
eyIgán a b c 46 9i 18 26i 47 52i 111 87i
3 3 3
dUcen¼ a b c 111 87i .
eyIgman a b c (2 3i)(3 i)(1 4i)
(6 2i 9i 3)(1 4i)
(9 7i)(1 4i)
9 36i 7i 28
37 29i
dUcen¼ a b c 37 29i .
9
x¿kMnt´cMnYnBit k
3 3 3
eyIgman a b c k .a b c
3 3 3
a b c 111 87i
eKTaj k 3
a.b.c 37 29i
dUcen¼ k 3 .
lMhat;TI2
eK[cMnYnkMupøic a 3 i ; u (x 1) i.(y 2) nig b 2 16i
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt´témøén x nig y
eyIgán au b 0
b
u
a
eday a 3 i ; u (x 1) i.(y 2) nig b 2 16i
dUcen¼ x 2 ; y 3 .
11
lMhat;TI3
eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z log ( x 2 y ) i log x log y
3 2 2
k-cUrsresr W CaTRmg´BICKNit .
x-kMnt´ x nig y edIm,I[ Z W .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr W CaTRmg´BICKNit
eyIgán W 121 2ii (12 1i)(14 2i) 12 245i i 2 2 5i
dUcen¼ W 2 5i .
x-kMnt´ x nig y edIm,I[ Z W
xy
eyIgán Z W smmUl 3 ) 2 log ( 2
log 2 x log 2 y 5
xy
log 2 ( )2 x y 12
¦ 3 naM[
log 2 ( x.y) 5 x.y 32
2
eKTaj x ; y Ca¦ssmIkar u 12u 32 0
eday ' 36 32 4 eKTaj¦s uu 66 22 48
1
dUcen¼ x 4 ; y 8 ¦ x 8 ; y 4 . 12
lMhat;TI4
2
eK[smIkar (E): z az b 0 Edl a ; b IR
cUrkMnt´témø a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z 2 i 3
1
rbs´smIkar .
etIGñkBinitüeXIjdUcemþccMeBa¼cMnYnkMupøic z nig z ?
1 2
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt´témø a nig b
edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic 2 i 3 Ca¦srbs´smIkarlu¼RtaEt
vaepÞógpÞat´smIkar .
2
eKán (2 i 3) a (2 i 3) b 0
4 4i 3 3 2a ai 3 b 0
(1 2a b) i(4 3 a 3 ) 0
dUcen¼ a 4 ; b 7 .
KNna¦smYYyeTotrbs´smIkar ½
ebI z ; z Ca¦srbs´smIkarena¼tamRTwsþIbTEvüteKán
1 2
13
z z a 4 eday z 2 i 3
1 2 1
eKTaj z 4 (2 i 3) 2 i 3
2
dUcen¼ z 2 i 3 .
2
eyIgBinitüeXIjfa z 2 i 3 nig
1 z2 2 i 3
CacMnYnkMupøicBIrqøas´Kña .
lMhat;TI5
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z Edlman z CacMnYnkMupøicqøas´rbs´va
eda¼RsaysmIkar log | z | z 7i z 3 i
5
dMeNaHRsay
eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
z iz
log 5 | z | 3i
7
tag z x i.y naM[ z x iy Edl x ; y IR
smIkarGacsresr ½
( x iy) i( x iy)
log 5 | x iy | 3i
7
x iy ix y
log 5 x 2 y 2 3i
7
xy xy
( log 5 x 2 y 2 ) i 3i
7 7
14
x y
7 1 x y 7
eKTaján
x y 2 2
¦
1 log 5 x 2 y 2 3
log 5 x y 3
7
x y 7
¦ 2 2
eday x 2 y 2 ( x y) 2 2 xy
naM[ xy 12
x y 25
x y 7 3 4
eKánRbB&næ
x.y 12 3 4
eKTajcemøIy x 3 , y 4 ¦ x 4 , y 3
dUcen¼ z 3 4i ; z 4 3i CacemøIyrbs´smIkar .
1 2
lMhat;TI6
eK[cMnYnkMupøicBIr ½
log 5 ( x 3 )
z 3x i (2 x y) nig W 1 y i [ 1 2 ]
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt´ x nig y
Re( W ) Re(z )
edIm,I[ W z lu¼RtaEt
Im( W ) Im(z )
15
1 y 3x (1)
eKTaján
1 2
log 5 ( x 3 )
( 2) 2 x y
t t
tag t log (x 3) naM[ x 3 5 ¦ x 5 3
5
t t t t
eKánsmIkar 2 5 3 ¦ 5 2 3
edayGg:xageqVgénsmIkarCaGnuKmn_ekIn nig Gg:xageqVg
CaGnuKmn_efrena¼eyIgánsmIkarman¦sEtmYyKt´KW t 1
cMeBa¼ t 1 eKán x 5 3 2 nig y 3(2) 1 7
dUcen¼ x 2 ; y 7 .
16
lMhat;TI7
9 7i
eda¼RsaysmIkar 2z | z | Edl z CacMnYnkMupøic .
1 i
dMeNaHRsay
eda¼RsaysmIkar ½
9 7i
2z | z | tag z x i.y , x; y IR
1 i
eKán 2(x iy) | x iy | (9(17i)(i)(11i)i)
9 9i 7i 7
2 x 2iy x 2 y 2
2
(2 x x 2 y 2 ) 2iy 1 8i
2 x x 2 y 2 1 (1)
eKTaj
2 y 8 ( 2)
2
1
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ZZ || ZZ || 1
2
1
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z Z | | Z || Z |
1 2 1 2
2 2
eyIgman Z Z (a i.b)(c i.d) ac i.ad i.bc i .bd Et i 1
1 2
2 2
eK)an | Z Z | (ac bd) (ad bc)
1 2
a 2 c 2 2abcd b 2 d 2 a 2 d 2 2abcd b 2 c 2
(a 2 c 2 b 2 c 2 ) (a 2 d 2 b 2 d 2 )
c 2 (a 2 b 2 ) d 2 ( a 2 b 2 )
(a 2 b 2 )(c 2 d 2 )
2 2
eKTaj | Z Z | a b
1 2 c2 d 2
2 2
| Z | a b 1
edayeKman | Z | c d 2 2
2
dUcenH | Z 1 Z 2 | | Z1 | | Z 2 | .
19
lMhat;TI10
eK[cMnYnkMupøicBIr Z nig Z . 1 2
k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z Z | | Z | | Z |1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
x> Taj[)anfa (a c) (b d) a b c2 d 2
cMeBaHRKb; a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
dMeNaHRsay
k> RsaybBa¢ak;fa | Z Z | | Z | | Z |
1 2 1 2
kñúgbøg;kMupøic (XOY) eyIgeRCIserIsviucTr½BIr U nig V manGahVikerogKña
Z nig Z naM[viucTr½ U V manGahVik Z Z .
1 2 1 2
tamlkçN³RCugrbs;RtIekaNeK)an || U V || || U || || V ||
eday ³
|| U || | Z1 | , || V || | Z 2 |
|| U V ||| Z1 Z 2 |
dUcenH | Z Z | | Z | | Z |
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x> Taj[)anfa (a c) (b d) a b c d
eyIgtag Z a i.b nig Z c i .d Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
1 2
2 2
man Z Z (a c) i.(b d) naM[ | Z Z | (a c) (b d)
1 2 1 2 20
2 2 2 2
ehIy | Z | a b , | Z | c d .
1 2
tamsRmayxagelIeKman | Z Z | | Z | | Z | 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
dUcenH (a c) (b d) a b c d .
lMhat;TI11
eK[cMnYnkMupøic ³
Z1 3 4 i , Z 2 12 5 i , Z 3 8 15 i
k> cUrKNna | Z | , | Z | , | Z | nig | Z Z Z |
1 2 3 1 2 3
x> Tajbgðajfa | Z Z Z | | Z | | Z | | Z
1 2 3 1 2 3
|
nig | Z | | Z Z Z | | Z | | Z | .
1 1 2 3 2 3
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna | Z | , | Z | , | Z | nig | Z Z Z |
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2
eyIg)an | Z | 3 4 9 16 25 5
1
| Z 2 | 12 2 5 2 144 25 169 13
| Z 3 | (8) 2 (15) 2 64 225 289 17
ehIy Z1 Z 2 Z 3 (3 4i) (12 5i) (8 15i) 7 24i
dUcenH | Z1 | 5 , | Z 2 | 13 , | Z 3 | 17 nig | Z Z 1 2
Z 3 | 25 .
21
x> Tajbgðajfa ³
| Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 | | Z1 | | Z 2 | | Z 3 |
nig | Z | | Z Z Z | | Z | | Z |
1 1 2 3 2 3
eyIgman | Z Z Z | 25
1 2 3
ehIy | Z | | Z | | Z | 5 13 17 35
1 2 3
dUcenH | Z Z Z | | Z | | Z | | Z | .
1 2 3 1 2 3
mü:ageTot | Z | | Z Z Z | 5 25 30
1 1 2 3
nig | Z | | Z | 13 17 30
2 3
dUcenH | Z | | Z Z Z | | Z | | Z | .
1 1 2 3 2 3
lMhat;TI12
2
eK[smIkar (E) : z a z b 0 , a , b IR
cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z 3 2i Cab¤srbs;
smIkarrYcKNnab¤smYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b ³
edIm,I[cMnYnkMupøic z 3 2i Cab¤srbs;smIkarlu³RtaEtvaepÞógpÞat;nwg
smIkar . 22
2
eyIg)an (3 2i) a (3 2i) b 0
9 12i 4i 2 3a 2ia b 0 , i 2 1
9 12i 4 3a 2ia b 0
(5 3a b) i (12 2a) 0
eKTaj)an 125 32aab0 0 naM[ a 6 , b 13
dUcenH a 6 , b 13 .
KNnab¤smYyeTotrbs;smIkar ³
2
cMeBaH a 6 , b 13 smIkarkøayCa Z 6Z 13 0
tamRTwsþIbTEvüteyIgman Z Z 6 edayeKsÁal; Z 3 2i
1 2 1
eK)an Z 6 Z 6 (3 2i) 3 2i
2 1
dUcenHb¤smYyeToténsmIkarKW Z 3 2i . 2
lMhat;TI13
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z 2 2 i. 2 2 .
2
k>cUrsresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit .
2
x>cUrsresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K>TajrktMélR)akdén cos 8 nig sin 8 .
dMeNaHRsay
2
k-sresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit
23
2 2
eyIg)an z ( 2 2 i. 2 2)
( 2 2 ) 2 2( 2 2 )(i. 2 2 ) (i. 2 2 ) 2
2 2 2 22 2.i 2 2 2 2 2 2i
2
dUcenH z 2 2 2 2.i
2
x-cUrsresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt
eKman z 2 2 2 2.i 4 22 i. 22 4 cos 4 i.sin 4
2
dUcenH z 2 4 cos i. sin nig z 2 cos i. sin
4 4 8 8
K-TajrktMélR)akdén cos nigsin
8 8
tamsMrayxagelIeKTaj 2 cos i.sin 2 2 i. 2 2
8 8
2 2 2 2
dUcenH cos nig sin .
8 2 8 8
24
lMhat;TI14
eKeGaycMnYnkMupøic ³ z 6 2i. 2 nig z 1 i
1 2
x>cUrsresr Z zz CaragBiCKNit. 1
nig Z 6 4 2 i. 6 4 2 (2)
pÞwmTMnak;TMng ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)an ³
6 2 6 2
cos i. sin i.
12 12 4 4
6 2 6 2
dUcenH cos sin
nig .
12 4 12 4
26
lMhat;TI15
eK[cMnYnkMupøic z 2 2 3 i. 2 2 3
k-cUrbgðajfa z 2(cos 24 i.sin 24 ) .
2
dMeNaHRsay
k-bgðajfa z 2(cos 24 i.sin 24 )
eKman z 2 2 3 i. 2 2 3
tag a 2 2 3 nig b 2 2 3
eyIg)an a 2 2 2. 23
2 2 2cos 2 2(1 cos )
6 6
2 4cos2 2 2cos 4cos2 2cos
12 12 24 24
mü:ageTot b 2 2 3
2 2 cos 4 sin 2 2 sin
12 24 24
eK)an z 2 cos 2i. sin 2(cos i. sin )
24 24 24 24
dUcenH z 2 cos i. sin .
24 24 27
z2
x-sresr ZCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
2z
eyIgman z 2(cos 24 i.sin 24 )
[2(cos i. sin )]2
eyIg)an Z 24 24
2 2(cos i. sin )
24 24
4(cos i.sin ) 2(cos i.sin )
12 12 12 12
2(1 cos i.sin ) 2 cos 2 2i.sin . cos
24 24 48 48 48
2(cos i.sin )
12 12
2 cos (cos i.sin )
48 48 48
1
cos( ) i. sin( )
12 48 12 48
cos
48
1 3 3 1
cos i.sin cos i.sin
cos
48 48 cos 16 16
48 48
1
dUcenH Z cos i. sin .
16 16
cos
48
n n
K-KNnatémøén S z z n
tamrUbmnþdWmr½eyIgman ³
n n n n
n n n n
z 2 cos i.sin nig z 2 cos i. sin
24 24 24 24
eyIg)an S 2 cos n24 i.sin n24 2 cos n24 i.sin n24
n
n n
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
2 6 6
(1 Z) 3 8 cos 3 (cos i.sin )
5 5 5
4 4
eyIgman 1 Z 1 cos i.sin
5 5
tamrUbmnþ 1 cos 2 cos 2 nig sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2
2 2 2
eyIg)an 1 Z 2 cos 2 2i sin cos
5 5 5
2 2 2
b¤ 1 Z 2 cos (cos i.sin )
5 5 5
tamrUbmnþdWmr½eyIg)an ³
3
2 2 2
(1 Z) 3 2 cos (cos i.sin )
5 5 5
2 6 6
8 cos 3 (cos i.sin )
5 5 5
2 6 6
dUcenH (1 Z) 3 8 cos 3 (cos i.sin ) .
5 5 5
29
lMhat;TI17 eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z 4 2 (1 i)
k-cUrsresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
x-KNnab¤sTI# én Z .
dMeNaHRsay
k-sresr Z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
eyIg)an Z 4 2 (1 i)
2 2
8 ( i. ) 8( cos i.sin )
2 2 4 4
3 3
8cos( ) i.sin( ) 8(cos i.sin )
4 4 4 4
3 3
dUcenH Z 8 (cos i.sin ) .
4 4
x-KNnab¤sTI# én Z
eyIgtag W Cab¤sTI# én Z 8 (cos 34 i.sin 34 )
k
3 3
2 k 2 k
eyIg)an Wk 3 8 cos ( 4 ) i.sin( 4 )
3 3
-ebI k 0 : W0 2 (cos i.sin )
4 4
11 11
-ebI k 1 : W1 2(cos i sin )
12 12
19 19
-ebI k 2 : W2 2 (cos i.sin ). 30
12 12
lMhat;TI18
cUrKNnab¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøic Z 1
cMeBaH n 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnab¤sTI éncMnYnkMupøic Z 1
n
cMeBaH n 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
eyIgman Z 1 cos( 2k) i.sin( 2k)
tag W Cab¤sTI n én Z eyIg)an ³
k
(1 2k ) (1 2k )
Wk cos i.sin
n n
(1 2k ) (1 2k )
n2
k> cMeBaH eK)an Wk cos i.sin
2 2
-ebI k 0 : W0 cos i.sin i
2 2
3 3
-ebI k 1 : W1 cos i.sin i
2 2
(2k 1) (2k 1)
n3
x> cMeBaH eK)an Wk cos i.sin
3 3
1 3
-ebI k 0 : W0 cos i.sin i.
3 3 2 2
-ebI k 1 : W cos i.sin 1
1
31
-ebI k 0 : W cos 4 i.sin 4 22 i. 22
0
-ebI k 1 : W cos 34 i.sin 34 22 i 22
1
32
lMhat;TI19
KNnab¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøic Zi
cMeBaH n 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnab¤sTI n éncMnYnkMupøic Z i
cMeBaH n 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
eyIgman³ Z i cos( 2 2k) i.sin( 2 2k)
tag W Cab¤sTI n én Z i cos( 2 2k) i.sin( 2 2k)
k
x> cMeBaH n 3
eK)an W cos (4k 6 1) i.sin (4k 6 1)
k
33
-ebI k 2 : W cos 32 i sin 32 i
2
35
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
!> cUrsresrcMnYnkMupøicxageRkamCaTRmg;BICKNit Z a i.b ³
k> a / Z (2 5i)(3 i) b / Z (1 i)(1 2i)(1 3i)
2 2 2 2
x> a / Z ( 2 3 i ) (1 2 i ) b / Z (3 2i) (1 2i)
3 3 3 3
K> a / Z (1 2i) (1 i) b / Z (1 2i) ( 2 i)
3 2
&> eKmansmIkar (E) :z (5 i)z (10 9i)z 2(1 8i) 0 .
k-kMnt;cMnYnBit b edIm,I[ z b.i Cab¤srbs;smIkar (E) .
0
2
x-cUrsresrsmIkar (E) Carag (z z )(z pz q) 0 Edl p nig q
0
CacMnYnkMupøiucBIrEdleKRtUvrk .
2
K-cUrepÞógpÞat;fa 8 6i (1 3i)
rYcedaHRsay smIkar (E) kñúgsMNMukMupøic.
*> cUredaHRsaysmIkarxageRkamkñúgsMNMukMupøic ³
a / iz 2 (2 3i) z (1 5i) 0
b / ( 2 i) z 2 5(1 i) z 2(3 4i) 0
c / (1 i)z 2 (1 7i)z 2( 2 3i) 0
x> a / 3 2i , 1 3i b / 2 3i , 3 2i
K> a / 1 2i , 3 2i b / 3 i , 1 i 3
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMng S S 32 S 0 ?
n 2 n 1 n
10 10
cUrkMnt;rkEpñkBit nigEpñknimµiténcMnYnkMupøic W
ebIeKdwgfa W1 Z1 Z1 . 1 2
2
@0> eKmansmIkar (E): i.Z (2 3i) Z 5(1 i) 0
k> kMnt;cMnYnBit a edIm,I[ Z a i Cab¤smYyrbs;smIkar (E)
1
rYcKNnab¤s Z mYyeTotrbs;smIkar .
2
2 2
k> cUrbgðajfa (Z ) (Z ) 0 .
1 2
39
4 4
x> cUrkMnt;rkEpñkBit nig Epñknimµit én Z Z Z . 1 2
2 2
K> cUrepÞógpÞat;fa Z Z 4Z .Z (Z Z ) rYckMnt;rk Z nig Z .
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
@@> eKmancMnYnkMupøic Z x i xy nig Z y ixy Edl x, y IR .
1 2
2
cUrkMnt; x nig y edIm,I[ Z Z ( 2006 i 2007 ) .
1 2
@#> eK[cMnYnkMupøic ³
Z (a b) i(b c) , Z (b c) i(c a ) nig Z (c a ) i(a b)
1 2 2
Edl a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitxusKña.
3 3 3
cUrbgðajfa Z Z Z 3Z .Z .Z
1 2 3 1 2 3
@$> cUrKNnab¤skaeréncMnYnkMupøicxageRkam ³
k> a / Z 48 14i b / Z 24 10i
K> a / Z 55 48i b / Z 1 i 6
@%> cUrsresrcMnYnkMupøicxageRkamCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
k> a / Z 1 i 3 b / Z 2 3 2i
x> a / Z 1 2i b / Z 3 3i
K> a / Z 6 2i 2 b / Z 2 2i
X> a / Z 1 i3 b/Z 2 i 2
g> a / Z 1 2 i b/Z 2 3 i
40
@^> cUrsresrCaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRténcMnYnkMupøicxageRkam ³
k> a / Z 1 cos 49 i.sin 49
b / Z 1 sin i. cos
10
10
x> a / Z sin 27 i(1 cos 27 ) 4
b / Z 1 cos i sin
5
4
5
K> a / Z 2 2 cos 5 i. 2 2 cos 5 b / Z 1 i tan 7
X> a / Z sin 10 i.cos10
b / Z ( 3 2)(cos i sin )
8 8
2 2
x> a / z 3.z 1 0 b / z z 1 0
2 41
K> edayeRbIlTæplxagelIcUrTajrktémøR)akdén cos 12 nig sin 12 .
#@> eKmancMnYnkMupøic z 1 2i nig z 2 3 2i .
1 2
#^> eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z 2 3 i
k-cUrepÞógpÞat;fam:UDúl | Z | 6 2 .
x-bgðajfa Z 2(1 cos 6 i.sin 6 ) rYcTajrkTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt
én Z .
K-Tajbgðajfa cos 12 6 4 2 .
#&> eK[cMnYnkMupøic Z 2 1 i
k-cUrepÞógpÞat;fam:UDúl | Z | 2. 2 2 .
x-bgðajfa Z 2(1 cos 4 i.sin 4 ) rYcTajTRmg;RtIekaNmaRtén Z
K-Tajbgðajfa cos 8 2 2 2 . 42
#*> eKmancMnYnkMupøic ³
3i
Z
1 ni g Z ( 3 1) i( 3 1) .
2
2
k> cUrsresr U Z .Z CaragBICKNit .
1 2
nigGaKuym:g;éncMnYnkMupøic Z . 2
Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmµCati .
k> bgðajfa Z n 1 i n 11 i .
n
lTæplEdl)anCaragBICKNit .
$!> KmansIVúténcMnYnkMupøic (Z ) kMnt;eday ³n
3i 3 1 i 3 1 i 3
Z
0
ni g Z n 1
Z n
2 2 2
Edl n IN .
k> eKtag U Z 1 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
n n
43
cUrbgðajfa U 1 2i 3 .U , n IN
n 1 n
K> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
(n 1) (n 1) (n 1)
Z n 2 cos cos i. sin
6 6 6
X> cUrkMnt;TRmg;RtIekaNmaRtén Z . n
cUrRsayfa S S 2S 0 ?
n2 n 1 n
Z1 a 1 i.b1
$%> eK[cMnYnkMupøic ³ Z 2 a 2 i.b 2
Z a i.b
3 3 3
Edl a , a , a , b , b , b CacMnYnBit .
1 2 3 1 2 3
kñúglMhRbkbedaytMruyGrtUnrm:al; (o, i , j, k) 44
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYyEdl AB(a , a , a ) nig 1 2 3
AC(b , b , b ) .
1 2 3
enaHeK)an (Z .Z .Z ) Z Z3 Z .
1 2 3
2 1 2 3
én tan x .
X> Taj[)anfa tan( 3 x ) tan( 3 x ) tan 3x
tan x
.
n
g>cUrKNnaplKuN P [tan( 3 3 a ). tan( 3 3 a )] .
n
k 0
n n
1
Z 1 nig Z ( Z | Z | ) Edl n IN
0 n 1 n n
2
KNna Z edaysresrlTæpleRkamTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt .
n
46
emeronTI2
lImIténGnuKmn_
1-niymn&y
GnuKmn_ f (x) manlImItesµI L kalNa x
xitCit x mann&yfacMeBa¼RKb´cMnYn 0 eKmancMnYn
0
0 Edl 0 | x x | eKán | f ( x ) L | .
0
2-RTwsþIbTlImIt
1 / lim f ( x ) g ( x ) lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )
xx0 xx 0 xx 0
f ( x ) xlim
x 0
f (x )
4 / lim ; lim g ( x ) 0
xx 0 g( x ) lim g ( x ) xx 0
xx0
n
; n IN *
5 / lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
xx0 xx0
n
3-RTwsþIbTlImItGnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
sin x x
1 / lim lim 1
x 0 x x 0 sin x
tan x x
2 / lim lim 1
x 0 x x 0 tan x
47
4-lImIteqVg-sþaM
ebIeKman lim f (x) L & lim f (x) L ena¼ lim f (x) L
xx0 xx0 xx0
5-PaBCab´énGnuKmn_
k-PaBCab´Rtg´cMnucmYy
GnuKmn_ y f (x) Cab´Rtg´cMnuc x x lu¼RtaEt 0
f bMeBjl&kçx&NÐbIdUcxageRkam ½
3¿ lim f (x) f (x )
xx0
0
( lImItesµInwgtémøénGnuKmn_Rtg´cMnuc x ) 0
x-PaBCab´elIcenøa¼mYy
-GnuKmn_ f (x) elIcenøa¼ebIk ] a; b [ lu¼RtaEt
f ( x ) Cab´cMeBa¼RKb´cMnYnenAkñúgcenøa¼ebIkena¼ .
48
6-RTwsþIbTtémøkNþal
ebIGnuKmn_ f (x) Cab´elIcenøa¼ a ; b
ehIy f (a).f (b) 0 ena¼y¨agehacNas´mancMnYn x0
1 1
0 1 a b x 0 1 a b x
7-lImItRtg´Gnnþ
ebI f (x) CaGnuKmn_mYy nig L CacMnYnBit
. lim f ( x ) L mann&yfacMeBa¼RKb´ 0 eKmancMnYn
x
M 0 Edl | f ( x ) L | kalNa x M .
N 0 Edl | f ( x ) L | kalNa x N .
49
8-lkçN¼lImItRtg´Gnnþ
1/ lim k f (x ) k lim f ( x ) ; 2 / lim f (x ) g( x ) lim f (x ) lim g( x )
x x x x x
f (x ) xlim f (x)
5 / lim
; lim g( x ) 0
x g ( x ) lim g ( x ) x
x
ena¼eKfabnÞat´mansmIkar x a CaGasIumtUtQr
énRkabtag f (x) .
y
(C) : y = f(x)
0 1 x
x=a
x¿ GasIumtUtedk
GnuKmn_ y f (x) ebI lim f (x) b ¦ lim f (x) b
x x
50
ena¼eKfabnÞat´mansmIkar y b CaGasIumtUtedk
énRkabtag f (x) .
y
(C) : y = f(x)
y = b
0 1 x
K¿ GasIumtUteRTt
GnuKmn_ y f (x) ebIeKGacsresr f (x) ax b g(x)
EdllImIt lim g(x) 0 ena¼eKfabnÞat´mansmIkar
x
y ax b CaGasIumtUteRTténRkabtag f ( x ) .
y
(C) : y = f(x)
1 y = ax + b
0 1 x
51
lMhat;TI1
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 3
k> lim x xx 1x 3
x 1
2 3 n
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 3
k> lim x xx 1x 3
x 1
( x 1) ( x 2 1) ( x 3 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
( x 1) ( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
lim
x 1
( x 1)
lim
x 1
1 ( x 1) ( x 2 x 1) 1 2 3 6
x x2 x3 3
dUcenH > lim 6 .
x 1
x 1
x x 2 x 3 ....... x n 3
x> lim , n IN *
x 1
x 1
(x 1) (x 2 1) (x 3 1) ..... (x n 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
(x 1) (x 1)(x 1) (x 1)(x 2 x 1) ... (x 1)(x n 1 ... x 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
2 n 1
lim
x 1
1 (x 1) (x x 1) ... (x ... x 1)
n(n 1)
1 2 3 ....... n
2
x x 2 x 3 ...... x n n n (n 1)
dUcenH lim .
x 1
x 1 2
52
lMhat;TI2
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
k> lim 1 1 x 1 3x
x 1 3
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
k> lim 1 1 x 1 3x
x 1 3
1 3
lim 2
x 1
1 x (1 x )(1 x x )
(1 x x 2 ) 3
lim 2
x 1
(1 x )(1 x x )
( x 1) ( x 2 1) ( x 1) ( x 1)( x 1)
lim lim
x 1
(1 x )(1 x x 2 ) x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
1 ( x 1) 1 2
lim 1
x 1
( x 2 x 1) 3
1 3
dUcenH lim 3
1 .
x 1
1 x 1 x
53
1 n
lim
x 1
n 1
1 x (1 x )(1 x ... x )
(1 x ... x n 1 ) n
lim
x 1
(1 x )(1 x .... x n 1 )
( x 1) .... ( x n 1 1)
lim
x 1
( x 1)(1 x ... x n 1 )
( x 1) ...... ( x 1)( x n 2 .... x 1)
lim
x 1
( x 1)(1 x ..... x n 1 )
1 ..... ( x n 2 .... x 1) 1 2 ..... (n 1) n 1
lim
x 1
(1 x ..... x n 1 ) n 2
1 n n 1
dUcenH lim( ) .
x 1
1 x 1 xn 2
m n
K> lim m
n
, m, n IN *
x 1
1 x 1 x
1 n 1 m
lim 2
x 1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 xm
1 n 1 m
lim n m
x 1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
1 n 1 m
lim n lim m
x 1
1 x 1 x x 1 1 x 1 x
n 1 m 1 n 1 m 1 m n
2 2 2 2
m n mn
dUcenH lim m
n
.
x 1
1 x 1 x 2
54
lMhat;TI3
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
k> lim 1 (1 x)(1 x 2x)(1 3x)
x 0
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam
k> lim 1 (1 x)(1 x 2x)(1 3x)
x 0
n (n 1)
(1 2 3 ..... n )
2
1 (1 x )(1 2 x )(1 3x )....(1 nx ) n (n 1)
dUcenH lim .
x 1
x 2
55
lMhat;TI4
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
3
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3
1 3x 3x 2 x 3 3x 1
lim
x 0
x2
3x 2 x 3
lim 2
lim 3 x 3
x 0
x x 0
(1 x ) 3 (3x 1)
dUcenH lim 2
3 .
x 0
x
n
(1 x ) (nx 1)
x> lim , n IN *
x 0
x2
n
tamrUbmnþeTVFajÚtun (1 x) C 0n C1n x C n2 x 2 C 3n x 3 ... C nn x n
n ( n 1) 2
1 nx x C 3n x 3 .... C nn x n nx 1
lim 2
x0
x2
n ( n 1) 2
x C 3n x 3 .... C nn x n
lim 2
x0
x2
n (n 1) n (n 1)
lim C 3n x .... C nn x n 2
x0
2 2
(1 x ) n (nx 1) n (n 1)
dUcenH lim 2
.
x 0
x 2
56
lMhat;TI5
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
4 3
n 1 n
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
4 3
(3x 4 3x 3 ) ( x 3 1) 3x 3 ( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
lim lim
x 1
( x 1) 2 x 1
( x 1) 2
3x 3 x 2 x 1 ( x 3 x 2 ) ( x 3 x ) ( x 3 1)
lim lim
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 2 ( x 1) x ( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 2 x 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
2 2
lim
x 1
x x ( x 1) ( x x 1) 1 2 3 6
3x 4 4 x 3 1
dUcenH lim 2
6 .
x 1
( x 1)
nx n 1 (n 1) x n 1
x>lim , n IN *
x 1
( x 1) 2
nx n ( x 1) ( x 1)( x n 1 .... x 2 x 1)
lim
x 1
( x 1) 2
( x n x n 1 ) .... ( x n x ) ( x n 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
x ( x 1) ... x ( x 1)( x n 2 ... x 1) ( x 1)( x n 1 ... x 1)
n 1
lim
x 1
x 1
limx .... x ( x ... x 1) ...( x n 1 ... x 1)
n 1 n2
x 1
n (n 1)
1 2 .... (n 1) n 57
2
lMhat;TI6
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
4
n 1
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
4
( x 4 x ) 3( x 1) x ( x 1)( x 2 x 1) 3( x 1)
lim lim
x 1
x 2 ( x 1) ( x 1) x 1 ( x 1)( x 2 1)
x3 x2 x 3 ( x 3 1) ( x 2 1) ( x 1)
lim lim
x 1
x2 1 x 1
( x 1)( x 1)
( x 2 x 1) ( x 1) 1 3 2 1 6
lim 3
x 1
x 1 2 2
4
x 4x 3
dUcenH lim 3 3 .
x 1
x x2 x 1
x n 1 (n 1) x n
x> lim , n , p IN *
x 1
x p1 x p x 1
( x n 1 x ) n ( x 1) x ( x 1)( x n 1 ... x 1) n ( x 1)
lim p
lim
x 1
x ( x 1) ( x 1) x 1
( x 1)( x p 1)
x n .... x 2 x n ( x n 1) .... ( x 2 1) ( x 1)
lim lim
x 1
xp 1 x 1
xp 1
( x 1)( x n 1 ... x 1) ... ( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)
lim
x 1
( x 1)( x p1 .... x 1)
( x n 1 ..... x 1) .... ( x 1) 1 n .... 2 1 n (n 1)
lim
x 1
x p1 .... x 1 p 2p
x n 1 (n 1) x n n (n 1)
dUcenH lim p1 . 58
x 1
x xp x 1 2p
lMhat;TI7
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
n
n p
n p
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
n
n 1
lim
(1 ax) 1 (1 ax ) .... (1 ax ) 1
x0
x
lim a (1 ax ) n 1 .... (1 ax ) 1 a 1 1 ..... 1 n.a
x0
(1 ax ) n 1
dUcenH lim na .
x 0
x
(1 ax ) n (1 bx ) p
x> lim
x 0
x
(1 ax ) 1 (1 bx ) p 1
n
lim
x 0
x
n
(1 ax ) 1 (1 bx ) p 1
lim lim an bp
x 0
x x 0
x
(1 ax ) n (1 bx ) p
dUcenH lim an bp .
x 0
x
(1 ax ) n (1 bx ) p 1
K> lim , n , p IN * , a , b IR
x 0
x
(1 ax ) (1 bx ) p 1 (1 ax ) n 1
n
lim
x 0
x
p
n (1 bx ) 1 (1 ax ) n 1 59
lim(1 ax ) lim bp an
x 0
x x 0
x
lMhat;TI8
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 3
2 2
2 3 2
2 3
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2
2x 2 5 3 2( x 2)( x 2)
lim lim
x2
( x 2)( 2 x 2 5 3 ) x 0
( x 2)( 2 x 2 5 3 )
2( x 2) 8 4 3
lim
x2
2x 2 5 3 2 3 3
2x 2 5 3 4 3
dUcenH lim .
x2
x2 3
x2 4
x> lim
x2
x3 1 3
( x 2)( x 2)( x 3 1 3) ( x 2)( x 2)( x 3 1 3)
lim lim
x 2
x3 8 x2
( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4)
( x 2)( x 3 1 3) 4.6
lim 2
x2
x 2 2x 4 12 60
x 2 3x 3x 1
K>lim
x 1
x 1
2
lim
x 3x 3x 1. x 1
x 1
x 1 x 2 3x 3 x 1
( x 1)( x 1) x 1
lim . 2
x 1
x 1 x 3x 3x 1
( x 1)( x 1) 2.2
lim 1
x 1
x 2 3x 3x 1 2 2
x 2 3x 3x 1
dUcenH lim 1 .
x 1
x 1
x 2 16 x 2
X> lim
x 3
2x 3 x 6
x 2 16 x 2 4 x 4 2 x 3 x 6
lim .
x 3
2x 3 x 6 x 2 16 x 2
4( x 3)( 2 x 3 x 6)
lim
x 3
( x 3)( x 2 16 x 2)
4( 2 x 3 x 6) 4.6 12
lim
x 3
x 2 16 x 2 10 5
x 2 16 x 2 12
dUcenH lim .
x 3
2x 3 x 6 5
x 1 3x 1
g>lim
x 1
2x 1 x
x 2 2 x 1 3x 1 2 x 1 x
lim .
x 1
4 x 2 4 x 1 x x 1 3x 1
x ( x 1)(2 x 1 x )
lim
x 1
( x 1)(4 x 1)( x 1 3x 1)
x (2x 1 x ) 2 1
lim
x 1
(4 x 1)( x 1 3x 1) 3.4 6
x 1 3x 1 1
dUcenH lim .
x 1
2x 1 x 6 61
3
x8
lim
x 2
( x 8)(3 x 2 23 x 4)
1 1 1
lim 3 2
x2
x 2 3 x 4 4 4 4 12
3
x2
dUcenH lim .
x 8
x8
x2
q> lim
x 0 3
1 x2 1
x 2 [3 (1 x 2 ) 2 3 1 x 2 1]
lim
x 0
1 x2 1
lim
x
3
(1
0
x
2 2
) 3
1 x 2
1 111 3
x2
dUcenH lim 3 .
x 0 3
1 x2 1
3
x 2 60
C> lim xx
x2 2
3 x 2 60
4 2 2 2 2
x 6 x 2 60 x x 3 x 60 3 ( x 60)
lim 6 .
x2
x x 2 60 x 3 x 2 60
x 4 x 2 3 x 2 60 3 ( x 2 60) 2 16 16 16 48
lim 3
x2
x 3 x 2 60 88 16
x 3 x 2 60
dUcenH lim 3 .
x 2 3 x 2 60
x2
x 1 3 x 1
Q> lim x 0
x
lim
x 1 1 (1 3 x 1) lim
x 1 1
lim
1 3 x 1
x 0
x x0
x x0
x
x 11 1 x 1
lim lim
x 0
x ( x 1 1) x 0 x (1 3 x 1 3 ( x 1) 2 )
1 1 1 1 5
lim lim 62
x 0
x 1 1 x 0 1 3 x 1 3 ( x 1) 2 2 3 6
lMhat;TI9
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
6 x 4 12x 3 x 2 3 x 3 x 2 60
A lim 6
x2
x2 x 2 3 x 2 60
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
6x 4 12x 3 x 2 3 x 3 x 2 60
A lim 6
x2 x2 x 2 3 x 2 60
4
tag U 6x 12 x 3 x 2 6 x 3 ( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 2)(6 x 3 1)
3 2 x 6 x 2 60 W
V x x 60
x 3 x 2 60 x 3 x 2 60
6
Edl W x x 2 60 ( x 6 64) ( x 2 4)
(x 2 4)(x 4 4x 2 16) (x 2 4)
(x 2)(x 2)(x 4 4x 2 15)
2 3 2 x 6 x 2 60
tag T x x 60
x 4 x 2 3 x 2 60 3 ( x 2 60) 2
W
.
4 23 2 3 2 2
x x x 60 ( x 60)
3
U V
A lim 6
x 2
x 2 T
U V2
lim 6 . 3
x 2
x2 T
63
3
(x 4 x 2 3 x 2 60 3 (x 2 60) 2 ) 3
(x 2)(6x 1) W2
lim 6 .
x 2
x2 (x 3 x 2 60) 2 W3
(x 2)(6x 3 1)(x 4 x 2 3 x 2 60 3 (x 2 60) 2 ) 3
lim 6
x 2
(x 2)(x 3 x 2 60) 2 (x 2)(x 2)(x 4 4x 2 15)
(6x 3 1)(x 4 x 2 3 x 2 60 3 (x 2 60) 2 ) 3 3
6 47.48
lim 6 16.162.47 3
x 2
(x 2) 2 (x 3 x 2 60) 2 (x 4 4x 2 15)
6x 4 12x 3 x 2 3 x 3 x 2 60
dUcenH A lim 6 3
x 2
x2 x 2
3
x 2
60
64
lMhat;TI10
KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkamenH
x2 1 x3 1 x 4 1
A lim
x 1
x 1 x 1 x2 1
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt ³
x2 1 x3 1 x 4 1
A lim
x 1
x 1 x 1 x2 1
x3 1 x4 1
( x 1)( x 1)
x3 1 x4 1
lim
x 1 x 1 x2 1
( x 1)
x 1 x2 1
x 3 ( x 1)
( x 1)( x 1)
x3 1 x4 1
lim
x 1 x ( x 1)
( x 1)
x 1 x2 1
x3
( x 1)[ x 1 ]
3 4
x 1 x 1
lim
x 1 x
( x 1)(1 )
2
x 1 x 1
x3 1
x 1 2
x3 1 x4 1 2 2 4 2 1 ( 4 2 1)( 2 1)
lim
x 1 x 1 2( 2 1) 2
1 1
x 1 x2 1 2
8 4 2 2 1 7 3 2
2 2
65
lMhat;TI11
cUrKNnalImItxageRkamenH
3
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt ³
3
lim
x0
x sin x
sin x 2
2 lim . lim (1 cos 2 x cos 2 x ) 2.1.3 6
x0
x x 0
1 cos 3 2 x
dUcenH lim 6 .
x 0
x sin x
tan x sin x
x>lim
x 0
x3
sin x
eday tan x sin x cos x. tan x
cos x
66
x
2 tan x sin 2
tan x cos x. tan x tan x (1 cos x ) 2
lim lim lim
x 0
x3 x0
x3 x 0
x3
x
sin 2
tan x 2 2.1. 1 1
2 lim . lim
x 0
x x 0 x 2 4 2
tan x sin x 1
dUcenH lim .
x 0
x3 2
2 sin x sin 2 x
K> lim
x 0
3 sin x sin 3x
2 sin x 2 sin x cos x
lim
x 0 3 sin x (3 sin x 4 sin 3 x )
2 sin x (1 cos x )
lim
x 0 4 sin 3 x
x x
4 sin x sin 2 sin 2
lim 2 lim 2
3 2
x 0 4 sin x x 0 sin x
x
sin 2
lim (
2 ) 2 . 1 . x 12. 1 .12 1
x 2
x 0
4 sin x 4 4
2
2 sin x sin 2x 1
dUcenH lim .
x 0 3 sin x sin 3x 4
sin 2 2x sin 2 x
x 2
x 2 4 1 3
lim
x 0 sin 2 x sin 2 2 x 1 4 5
cos 2x.
x2 x2
cos 2 x cos 4 x 3
dUcenH lim
x 0
1 cos 2 x cos 4 x 5 67
g> lim 1 cos(x1 cos x)
x 0 4
x x
1 cos(2 sin 2 ) 2 sin 2 (sin 2 )
lim 2 lim 2
4 4
x 0
x x0
x
x x
sin 2 (sin 2 ) sin 4
2 lim 2 . 2 . 1 2. 1 1
x0 x x 16 16 8
(sin 2 ) 2 ( )4
2 2
dUcenH lim 1 cos(x1 cos x) 18 .
x 0 4
71
(1 cos x ) (1 cos 2 x ) (1 cos 3 x ) ..... (1 cos n x )
lim
x 0
x2
n
1 cos n x n 1 cos n x
lim 2
lim 2
x 0
n 1 x n 1 x 0
x
n
n 1 2 3 .... n n ( n 1)
( )
n 1 2 2 4
dUcenH
n cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x ...... cos n x n (n 1)
B n lim 2
x 0
x 4
lMhat;TI14
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x
1 sin
k> lim
x 1
2
(1 x ) 2
c> lim(4 x ) tan 4x
x 2
2
cos x
x> lim 2
x 4x
2
q> lim( x ) tan x2
x
2
sin x cos x
K> lim
x 4x
C> lim 1 1 tan
x
x
2 sin x
4 4
2 1 sin x 3x
X> lim x
cos 2
x
Q> lim x
3 2 sin x
2 3
x 3 1 tan x x3 8
g> lim j> lim
x 1
1 x 2 x2
cos
x
72
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x
1 sin
k> lim 2
x 1
(1 x ) 2
tag z 1 x naM[ x 1 z kalNa x 1 enaH z 0
z z
1 sin( ) 1 cos
lim 2 2 lim 2
z 0
z2 z 0
z2
z z
2 sin 2 sin 2
4 4 2 2
lim 2 lim .
z 0
z 2 z 0 z 16 8
( )2
4
x
1 sin
2 2
dUcenH lim 2
.
x 1
(1 x ) 8
cos x
x>lim 2 2
x 4x
2
tag z x naM[ x z kalNa x enaH z 0
2 2 2
cos( z)
2 sin z
lim lim
z0
2 2
z 0
2 2 4z 4z 2
4( z )
2
sin z sin z 1 1
lim lim .
z0
4z 4z 2 z0 z 4 4z 4
73
cos x 1
dUcenH lim 2 2
.
x 4x 4
2
sin x cos x
K> lim
x
4
4x
tag z x naM[ x z kalNa x enaH z0
4 4 4
sin( z) cos( z )
lim 4 4
z 0
4( z )
4
2 2 2 2
( cos z sin z ) ( cos z sin z )
lim 2 2 2 2
z 0
4z
2 sin z 2 sin z 2
lim lim
z 0
4z 4 z 0 z 4
sin x cos x 2
dUcenH lim
x
4
4x 4
2 1 sin x
X> lim
x
cos 2
x
2
tag z x naM[x z kalNax enaH z 0
2 2 2
2 1 sin( z )
2 2 1 cos z
lim lim
z0
2
z 0
sin 2 z
cos ( z)
2
74
2 1 cos z 1 cos z
lim lim
z0
sin 2 z . ( 2 1 cos z ) z 0 sin 2 z ( 2 1 cos z )
z
2 sin 2
lim 2
z0
sin 2 z . ( 2 1 cos z )
z
sin 2
2 z2 1 1 1 1 2
2 lim . . . 2. .
z 0 z 2 sin 2 z 4 2 1 cos z 4 2 2 8
( )
2
2 1 sin x 2
dUcenH lim 2
.
x
2
cos x 8
x 3 1 tan x
g> lim
x 1
1 x 2
tag z 1 x naM[ x 1 z kalNa x 1 enaH z 0
(1 z) 3 1 tan( z )
lim
z0
1 (1 z ) 2
1 3z 3z 2 z 3 1 tan z
lim
z0
1 1 2z z 2
3z 3z 2 z 3 tan z
lim
z0
2z z 2
tan z
z(3 3z z 2 )
z 3
lim
z0
z( 2 z) 2
x 3 1 tan x 3
dUcenH lim
x 1
1 x2 2
2 x
c> lim ( 4 x ) tan
x 2
4
tag z 2 x naM[ x 2 z kalNa x 2 enaH z 0 75
2
lim 4 ( 2 z ) tan (2 z)
z0
4
z
2 z 4 . 4 16
lim ( 4 z z ) tan( ) lim ( 4 z )
z0
2 4 z 0 z
tan
4
2 x 16
dUcenH lim ( 4 x ) tan .
x2
4
q> lim( x ) tan x2
x
tag z x naM[ x z kalNa ,x enaH z0
4 4 4
1 tan z
1 tan( z) 1
lim 4 lim 1 tan z
z0
1 2 sin( z )
z0
2 2
1 2 ( cos z sin z)
4 2 2
2 tan z
lim
z0
(1 cos z sin z)(1 tan z )
tan z
z 1
2 lim
z 0 1 cos z
2 . 2
sin z (0 1)(1 0)
( )(1 tan z )
z z
76
1 tan x
dUcenH lim 2 .
x 1 2 sin x
4
3x
Q> lim
x
3
3 2 sin x
tag z 3 x naM[ x 3 z kalNa , x 3 enaH z 0
3( z)
3 3z
lim lim
z 0
3 2 sin( z)
z 0
3 1
3 2( cos z sin z)
3 2 2
3z 3 3
lim lim 3
z 0
3 3 cos z sin z z 0 3 1 cos z sin z 0 1
z z
3x
dUcenH lim 3 .
x
3
3 2 sin x
77
lMhat;TI15
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
tan
2 x
k> lim(x
x 2
x 2) tan
x
c> lim
x 1
1 x 2
2
3 1 sin
1 x x3
x> limx 1
q> lim
x 1
(1 x ) 2
cos
x 1
(2 x ) 2
K> lim
x2
C> lim 2 2x
x2
1 sin sin
x
x
x
cos
X> lim
x
x
x
Q> lim(1 x ) tan xx1
x 1
2
x 3
g> lim
x 3 x
j> lim(2x x ) cot 2x
x2
2
cos
x3
dMeNaHRsay
k> lim(x x 2) tan x
x 2
2
1 1 1
tag z xnaM[ kalNa , x 2 enaH z
x z 2
1 1
lim1 ( 2 2) tan z
z
2
z z 78
1 1 1
tag u z naM[ z u kalNa ,z enaH u0
2 2 2
1 1 1
lim [ 2 ] tan ( u)
u 0 1 1 2
( u)2 u
2 2
1 1
1 u 2( u ) 2
2 2 3u 2u 2
lim tan( u ) lim cot(u )
u 0 1 2 u 0 1
( u)2 ( u) 2
2 2
3 2u u 1 12
lim 2
. .
u 0
(0.5 u ) tan u
2 12
dUcenH lim ( x x 2 ) tan .
x 2
x
1 x3
x>lim
x 1
cos
x 1
1 1 1
tag z naM[ x 1 kalNa ,x 1
enaH z
x 1 z 2
1
1 ( 1) 3
lim1 z
z
2
cos z
1 1 1
tag u z naM[ z u kalNa ,z enaH u0
2 2 2
1
1 ( 1) 3
1 1 1
u ( u ) 3 (1 u ) 3
lim 2 lim 2 2
u 0 u 0 1
cos( u ) ( u ) 3 sin u
2 2
79
1 3 3 1 3 3
u u2 u3 u u2 u3
lim 8 4 2 8 4 2
u 0 1
( u )3 sin u
2
3 3
u 2u 3 2u 2
2 2 u 1 12
lim lim . .
1 1
( u ) 3 sin u
u 0 u 0
3
( u ) sin u
2 2
1 x3 12
dUcenH lim
x 1
.
cos
x 1
2
(2 x )
K>lim
x2
1 sin
x
1 1 1
tag z naM[ x kalNa ,x 2enaH z
x z 2
1
(2 ) 2
lim1 z
z 1 sin z
2
1 1 1
tag u z naM[ z u kalNa ,z enaH u0
2 2 2
1
(2 )2
0 . 5 u (1 2u 1) 2
lim lim 2
u 0 u 0
( 0 . 5 u ) (1 cos u )
1 sin( u )
2
u
2 ( )2
4u 1 2 4 8
lim 2 lim . .
2 u (0.5 u ) 2 2 u
2
u 0
2
u 0
2
(0.5 u ) 2 sin sin
2 2
2
(2 x ) 8
dUcenH lim .
x 2 2 80
1 sin
x
x
cos
X> lim x
x
x
tag t xx x t t ebI x t 2
cos t ( t ) cos t
lim lim
t
2
t t
2
( 2 t )
t
tag u 2 t t 2 u ebI
2
u0 t
( u ) cos( u ) u
2 2 2 sin u 1
lim lim .
u 0
( 2 u ) u 0
2 u 4
x
cos
dUcenH lim x 1 .
x
x 4
x 3
g> limx 3 x
cos
x3
x
tag z
x3
naM[ x 3z z kalNa , x 3 enaH z 2
3z
3
3( 2z )
lim z lim
z
2
cos z z ( z ) cos z
2
tag u 2 z z 2 u ebI z
2
u0
3( 2u ) 6u
lim
u 0
lim
u 0
( u ) cos( u ) ( u ) sin u
2 2 2
6 u 12
lim .
u 0
sin u
u
2
81
x3 12
dUcenH lim .
x3 x
cos
x3
tan
c>lim x
x 1
1 x 2
1 1
tag z naM[ x kalNa ,x 1 enaH z 1
x z
tan z z 2 tan z
lim lim
z 1 1 z 1
z2 1
1 2
z
tag u 1 z naM[ z 1 u kalNa , z 1 enaH u 0
(1 u ) 2 tan( u )
lim
u 0
(1 u ) 2 1
(1 u ) 2 ( tan u ) (1 u ) 2 tan u
lim lim . .
u 0
2u u 2 u 0
2u u 2
tan
dUcenH lim x .
x 1
1 x2 2
2
1 sin
q>lim x3
x 1
(1 x ) 2
1 1
tag z naM[ x 3
x3 z
1
kalNa ,x 1 enaH z
4
1 sin 2z z 2 (1 sin 2z)
lim1 lim1
z
4 (1
1 2 z ( 4 z 1 ) 2
3) 4
z 82
1
tag u
4
z naM[ z 14 u
1
kalNa ,z enaH u 0
4
(0.25 u ) 2 [1 sin( u )]
2 (0.25 u ) 2 (1 cos u )
lim 2
lim
u 0
(1 4u 1) u 0
16u 2
u
(0.25 u ) 2 .2 sin 2
lim 2
2
u 0
16u
u
sin 2 2 2 2
1 2 1
2 . . . 1
lim ( 0 . 25 u ) .
8 u 0 u 4 8 16 4 512
( )2
2
2
1 sin
x 3 2
dUcenH lim 2
.
x 1
(1 x ) 512
2x
C>lim
x 2 2
sin
x
2 2
tag z naM[ x kalNa ,x 2enaH z 1
x z
2
2
lim z 2 lim z 1
z 1
sin z z 1
z. sin z
tag u 1 z naM[ z 1 u kalNa , z 1 enaH u0
u
2 lim
u 0
(1 u ) sin( u )
1 u 1 2
2 lim . . 83
u 0
1 u sin u
2x 2
dUcenH lim .
x2 2
sin
x
2 x 8
Q> lim (1 x ) tan
x 1
x 1
2 2 4
j> lim ( 2 x x ) cot
x 2
x
84
lMhat;TI16
3 2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) ax x bx 2
4
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b ³
3 2
ax bx 4
eyIgman f (x) x 2
a ( x 3 8) b( x 2 4) (8a 4b 4)
( x 2)
a ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) b( x 2)( x 2) (8a 4b 4)
x2
8a 4b 4
a ( x 2 2 x 4) b ( x 2)
x2
edIm,I[ lim f (x ) 20 luHRtaEt nig RKan;Et 8a 4b 4 0
x 2
2
nig lima (x 2x 4) b(x 2) 20 b¤ 12a 4b 20
x 2
8a 4b 4 (1)
eyIg)anRbB½næ 12
a 4b 20 (2)
dksmIkarBIrenHGgÁnigGgÁeK)an 4a 24 naM[ a 6
yktémø a 6 CYskñúgsmIkar ¬!¦ eK)an 48 4b 4
naM[ b 13 .
dUcenH a 6 , b 13 .
85
lMhat;TI17
5 2
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna lim f (x) ³
x1
cMeBaH a 1 , b 2 eyIg)an ³
x 5 x 2 2x 2
lim f ( x ) lim
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 2 ( x 1)( x 2 x 1) 2( x 1)
lim
x 1
x 1
2 2
lim
x 1
x ( x x 1) 2 3 2 1
x 5 x 2 2x 2
dUcenH lim f ( x ) lim 1 .
x 1 x 1
x 1
x> kMnt;témø a nig b
5 2
4 3 2 86
nig limx x x x 1 a (x 1) b 10 b¤ 5 2a b 10
x 1
naM[ 2a b 5 (2) .
dksmIkar ¬!¦ nig ¬@¦ eK)an a 8 naM[ a 8
nig b 3 a 11 .
dUcenH a 8 ; b 11 .
lMhat;TI18
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
3 4
( 2 x 1) 10 10 10 10
k> lim (4x 1)(x 1) c> limx (x 1) x(x 210) ... (x 10)
x 5 7 x 10 10
x 10
5 5
3 3 3 3
3 3 2 3 3 2
g> lim 4x 7x 4x 5x j> lim[ x 6x x 6x ]
x
2 2
x
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3 4
87
1 4
x 12 (2 3
)
lim x
x 1 7 1
x 5 (4 5
) x (1 7
)
x x
1
(2 3 ) 4
x 24
lim 4
x 1 1 4.1
(4 5 )(1 7 )
x x
(2 x 1) 4
3
dUcenH lim 4 .
x
( 4 x 5 1)( x 7 1)
2 2 2 2
x> lim
x
( x ) ( x )
x x
2 4 2 4
lim x 4 2
x 4 2
8
x
x x
2 2 2 2
dUcenH lim
x
( x ) ( x ) 8 .
x x
2x 3
K> lim
x 3
x 3 4 x 3 8x 3 1
3
x (2 )
lim x
x
4 1
x 3 1 2 x 3 8 3
x x
3
2
x 2 2
lim
x
3 1
4 3 1 1 2 3
8 3
x2 x
2x 3 2
dUcenH lim
x 3
x 3 4 x 3 8x 3 1 3
88
27 x 3 4 33 8x 3 1
3
X> lim
x
x 5 32x 5 1
4 1
x 3 27 3 3x 3 8 3
lim x x
x
1
x x 5 32 5
x
3 27
4 1
3 3 8
x 3
x 3
3 6
lim 3
x
1 1 2
1 5 32 5
x
3
27 x 3 4 33 8x 3 1
dUcenH lim
x 5 5
3 .
x 32x 1
g> lim 4x 7x
x
2
4 x 2 5x
4 x 2 7 x 4 x 2 5x
xlim
4 x 2 7 x 4 x 2 5x
12 x
xlim
7 5
x 4 x 4
x x
12 12
xlim 3
7 5 22
4 4
x x
2 2
dUcenH lim
x
4 x 7 x 4 x
5x 3
dUcenH lim x x x x 1 .
x 2
j> lim[ 3
x 3 6x 2 3 x 3 6x 2 ]
x
x 3 6x 2 x 3 6x 2
lim
x 3
( x 3 6 x 2 ) 2 3 ( x 3 6 x 2 )( x 3 6 x 2 ) 3 ( x 3 6 x 2 ) 2
12 x 2
lim
x
3 x 6 (1
6 2 3 6 6 6 6
) x (1 )(1 ) 3 x 6 (1 ) 2
x x x x
12 x 2
lim
x
6 6 6 6
x 2 [ 3 (1 ) 2 3 (1 )(1 ) 3 (1 ) 2 ]
x x x x
12 12
lim 4
x
6 6 6 6 1 1 1
3 (1 ) 2 3 (1 )(1 ) 3 (1 ) 2
x x x x
dUcenH lim[3 x 3 6 x 2 3 x 3 6 x 2 ] 4 . 91
x
lMhat;TI19
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
k> lim x 2nx 1 x
x
2
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt
k> lim x 2nx 1 x
x
2
x 2 2nx 1 x 2
lim
x
x 2 2nx 1 x
2nx 1
lim
x
2n 1
x 2 (1 )x
x x2
1 1
x (2n ) 2n
x x 2n
lim lim n
x
2n 1 x
2n 1 1 1
x( 1 1) 1 1
x x2 x x2
dUcenH lim
x
x 2 2nx 1 x n
x> lim
x
x 2 2x 1 x 2 4x 1 ........ x 2 2nx 1 nx
lim ( x 2 2 x 1 x ) ( x 2 4 x 1 x ) .... ( x 2 2nx 1 x )
x
n
lim ( x 2 2nx 1 x )
x
n 1
n n
n ( n 1)
n 1
x
2
lim ( x 2nx 1 x ) ( n ) 1 2 3 .... n
n 1 2
92
lMhat;TI20
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
k> lim x 3nx 1 x
x
3 3 2
x 3 3nx 2 1 x 3
lim
x 3
( x 3 3nx 2 1) 2 x 3 x 3 3nx 2 1 x 2
3nx 2 1
lim
x
3n 1 2 3n 1
3 x 6 (1
3 ) x 3 x 3 (1 3 ) x2
x x x x
1
x 2 (3 n 2 )
lim x
x 3n 1 2 3 3n 1
x 2 [ 3 (1 3 ) 1 1 ]
x x x x3
1
3n 2
x 3n
lim n
x 3n 1 2 3 3n 1 1 1 1
3 (1 3 ) 1 1
x x x x3
n 1 x
n
n ( n 1)
( n ) 1 2 3 ...... n
n 1 2 93
lMhat;TI21
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
lim
X> 1.5 5.9 9.13 ......
n (4n 3)(4n 1)
g> lim 1.41.7 4.71.10 7.101.13 ........ (3n 2)(3n1 1)(3n 4)
n
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt
2 2 2 2
n ( n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n 6n 3
1 1 1 1
n 3 (1 )(2 ) (1 )(2 )
lim n n lim n n 1.2 1
n 6n 3 n 6 6 3
12 2 2 32 ...... n 2 1
dUcenH lim 3
.
n n 3
3 3 3 3
n
1 1 1 1 n 1 1
( ) ( )
k 1 4 4 k 3 4k 1 4 k 1 4k 3 4k 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) 1
4 5 5 9 9 13 4n 3 4n 1 4 4n 1
g> lim 1.41.7 4.71.10 7.101.13 ........ (3n 2)(3n1 1)(3n 4)
n
n
1
k 1 (3k 2)(3k 1)(3k 4)
n
1 1 1
k 1 6 (3k 2)(3k 1) (3k 1)(3k 4)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( )( ) ...
6 1.4 4.7 4.7 7.10 (3n 2)(3n 1) (3n 1)(3n 4)
1 1 1
95
6 4 (3n 1)(3n 4)
1 1 1 1
dUcenH lim S n lim [ ] .
n n 6 4 (3n 1)(3n 4) 24
lMhat;TI22
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
k> lim 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 ......... (n 1) n 1 n. n 1
n
2 4 2n
X> lim (1 x)(1 x )(1 x )..........(1 x ) , | x | 1
n
n p
3
2 1 3 1 3
n 13 1
g> lim 2 1. 3 1....... n 1
3 3 3
lim n
c> k(k 1)
n n
p 1 k 1
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
1 1 1
lim
k> 2 2 3 2 2 3 .........
n
(n 1) n n. n 1
eyIgtag
n
1 1 1 1
Sn .....
2 2 3 2 2 3 (n 1) n n n 1 k 1 (k 1) k k k 1
96
n 1
k 1 k . k 1( k 1 k)
n k 1 k
k 1 k. k 1
n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 ) ( ) ..... ( )
k 1 k k 1 2 2 3 n n 1
1
1
n 1
1
dUcenH lim S n lim 1 1 .
n n
n 1
eyIgtag ³
1 1 1 1
Sn ( ..... )
n 3 1 5 3 2n 1 2n 1
1 n 1
n k 1 2k 1 2k 1
1 n 2k 1 2k 1 n 2k 1 2k 1
n k 1 2k 1 2k 1 k 1 2
1 ( 3 1) ( 5 3 ) ( 7 5 ) .......... ( 2n 1 2n 1)
n 2
2n 1 1 1 1 1
( 2 )
2 n 2 n n
1 1 1 2
dUcenH lim S n lim 2
.
n 2 n n n 2
1 11 111 ........ 111
......
111
n
K> lim
n 10 n
97
9 99 999 ......... 999....999
lim
n 9.10 n
(10 1) (10 2 1) (10 3 1) ........... (10 n 1)
lim
n 9.10 n
(10 10 2 10 3 ......... 10 n n )
lim
n 9.10 n
10 n 1
10. n
10 1 10 n 1 10 9n
lim lim
n 9.10 n n 81.10 n
10 10 9n 10
lim n
n 81 81.10 81
1 11 111 ........ 111
......
111
10
n
dUcenH lim .
n 10 n 81
2 4 2n
X> lim (1 x)(1 x )(1 x )..........(1 x ) , | x | 1
n
n 1
1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x 8 1 x2
lim . . ............. 2 n
n 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 4
1 x
n 1
1 x2 1 n 1
lim , ( lim x 2 0 | x | 1 )
n 1 x 1 x n
3 3 3
2 1 3 1 n 1
lim .
g> 2 1 3 1 n 1
3
.......
3 3
n
3 3 3 n 3 n 2
tag P 22 11. 33 11...... nn 11 kk 11 ((kk 11)()(kk kk 11))
n 3 3 3
k2
3
k2
2
n
k 1 k k 2 k 1
. . 2
k2 k k 1 k k 1
n 2
k 1 n k n k k 1
2
k2 k k2 k 1 k2 k k 1
1 2 n 2 n 1 2(n 2 n 1)
. .
n n 1 3 3n ( n 1) 98
2(n 2 n 1) 2
dUcenH lim Pn lim .
n n 3n ( n 1) 3
n p
c> lim n k(k1 1)
n
p 1 k 1
n p 1 1
lim n ( )
n
p 1 k 1 k k 1
n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lim n (1 ) ( ) ( ) ...... ( )
n
p
1 2 2 3 3 4 p p 1
n 1 n p
lim n 1 lim n
n
p 1 p 1 n
p 1 p 1
1 2 3 n n
lim n . . .... lim 1
n
2 3 4 n 1 n n 1
n p 1
dUcenH lim n 1 .
p 1 k 1 k (k 1)
n
lMhat;TI23
cUrKNnalImIt ³
2x x 4
lim . tan( )
x 1 x 2 2x 3
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt ³
2x x 4
lim . tan( )
x 1 x 2 2x 3 99
x 4 1 2x 8 1 (2x 3) (8 3 ) 8 3
eKman
2x 3 2 2x 3 2 2x 3 2 2(2 x 3)
2x x 4 2x 8 3
eK)an L lim 2
. tan( ) lim tan
2 2( 2 x 3)
1 x
x 2x 3 x 1 x 2
2x 8 3
lim . cot
x 1 x 2 2(2 x 3)
8 3 8 3
BIeRBaH tan 2 2(2x 3) cot 2(2x 3) .
tag y 2(82x33) kalNa x enaH y 0 eK)an
2x 2x 1 y 2 x 2(2 x 3) y
L lim 2
. cot y lim 2
. . lim . .
x 1 x x (1 x ) y tan y x 1 x 2 8 3 tan y
y 0 y0 y0
4 2 x 2 3x y 8 8
lim .
1 x 2
8 3 xy tan y 8 3 3 8
0
2x x 4 8
dUcenH lim . tan( ) .
x 1 x 2 2x 3 3 8
100
lMhat;TI24
cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
x x
e e 2
e x cos 2 x
lim
k> sin 2x c> lim
x 0 x0 x2
ax bx 2 sin x tan 3 x
x> lim e x e , a, b IR *
x0
q> lim e x ex
x0 3
x 2x 2 x 2
x 2x nx 3 sin 2 x
2
(e x 1)(e 2 x 1)...(e nx 1) e x 3 2 cos 4x
g> lim j> lim
x 0
xn x 0
x sin x
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x x
1x
e x
e e2x 1
lim lim
x 0
sin 2 x x 0 e x sin 2 x
e 2 x 1 2x 1
lim . . x 1
x 0
2 x sin 2 x e
ex ex
dUcenH lim 1 .
x 0
sin 2 x
e ax e bx
x>lim , a , b IR *
x 0
x
101
(e ax 1) (e bx 1)
lim
x 0
x
e ax 1 e bx 1
lim .a lim .b a b
x 0
ax x 0
bx
ax bx
e e
dUcenH lim ab
x 0
x
x 2x
2e 3e 5
K>lim
x 0
e3x 1
2(e x 1) 3(e 2 x 1)
lim
x 0
(e 3 x 1)
ex 1 e2x 1
2. 6.
lim x 2x 2 6 8
x 0 e3x 1 3 3
3.
3x
2e 3e 2 x 5 8
x
dUcenH lim 3x
.
x 0
e 1 3
e x e 2 x ... e nx n
X> lim
x 0
x
(e 1) (e 2 x 1) ........ (e nx 1)
x
limx 0
x
ex 1 e2x 1 e nx 1
limx 0
2. ..... n.
x 2x nx
n ( n 1)
1 2 .......... n
2
x 2x nx
e e ... e n n ( n 1)
dUcenH lim .
x 0
x 2
(e x 1)(e 2 x 1)...(e nx 1)
g>lim
x 0
xn
ex 1 e2x 1 e nx 1 102
lim .2 ......n 1.2.3......n n!
x 0
x 2x nx
(e x 1)(e 2 x 1)...(e nx 1) n ( n 1)
dUcenH lim n
.
x 0
x 2
2
e x cos 2 x
c> lim
x 0
x2
2
e x (1 2 sin 2 x )
lim
x 0
x2
2 2
e x 1 2 sin 2 x e x 1 sin 2 x
lim 2
lim 2
2 lim 1 2 1
x 0
x x 0
x x 0
x
2
e x cos 2 x
dUcenH lim 2
1 .
x 0
x
2 sin x tan 3 x
e e
q> lim
x 0
x3 x
(e 2 sin x 1) (e tan 3 x 1)
lim
x 0
x ( x 2 1)
e 2 sin x 1 sin x 2 e tan 3 x 1 tan 3x 3
lim . . 2 lim . . 2 2 3 5
x 0
2 sin x x x 1 x 0
tan 3x 3x x 1
e 2 sin x e tan 3 x
dUcenH lim 3
5
.
x 0
x x
2
xe 2 x sin x tan x x
C> lim
x 0
x3
2 x 2
x (e 1) cos x tan x tan x
lim
x 0
x3
2 x 2
e 1 tan x (cos x 1)
lim lim
x 0
x2 x 0
x3
x
2 x 2 sin 2
e 1 tan x 2 1 2 5
2 lim 2 lim . 2 2 2( )
x 0
2x 2 x 0
x x 2 2
2
xe 2 x sin x tan x x 5
dUcenH lim .
x 0 x3 2
103
2
e 3 sin x cos x cos 3x
Q> lim x0
e 2 x cos 2x
2
2 x 3x
e 3 sin x
(1 2 sin 2 )(1 2 sin 2 )
lim 2 2
2
x 0 2 x 2
e 1 2 sin x
2 3x x x 3x
e 3 sin x 1 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 4 sin 2 sin 2
lim 2 2 2 2
2
x 0 2 x 2
(e 1 2 sin x )
3x x x
3 sin x 2
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
e 1 sin x 2 2 2 4 2 . sin 2 3x
3. 2
. 2
2 2 2 2
lim 3 sin x x x x x 2
2
x 0 2 x 2
e 1 sin x
2. 2 .
2x 2 x2
9 1
3 2. 2. 0
4 4 3 4 7
2 2 4 4
lMhat;TI25
cUrKNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
x x
3 5 x x
2x 1 9x 5 3 5
lim ln( ) ln(
x> 6x 4 4x x q> 3 5
5
lim 3 x 1 x 1
x x
2 x 2x
104
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
k> lim ln(2x 1) ln(x 2)
x
2x 1 2 x 1
lim ln ln lim ln 2
x
x 2 x x2
3 5
3 1 5
3 5
2 x 1 9x 5 x (2 3
) x 5 (9 )
lim ln 5 . 3
lim ln x . x5
x 6 x 4 4 x x x x 5 (6 4 1
5
) x 3 (4 )
x x2
1 5
2 9
lim ln
x3 . x 5 ln 2 . 9 ln 3
4 1
x
6 5 4 2 6 4 4
x x
2x 3 1 9x 5 5 3
dUcenH lim ln( 5 ) ln( 3 ln .
x
6x 4 4x x 4
x
4e 2 x 9e 2 x
X> lim
x 2e 2 x 3e 2 x
105
4
9e 2 x
e 2x 4 9e 4 x 4
lim lim 2 eRBaH lim e 4 x 0 .
x 2 x 2 3e 4 x 2 x
2x
2x
3e
e
4e 2 x 9e 2 x
dUcenH lim 2 .
x 2e 2 x 3e 2 x
2
x 1
g> lim (2 x 3)(e 1)
x
2
tag y ebI x enaH y 0
x 1
lim (2 x 3)(e y 1)
x
y0
e y 1 2 e y 1
lim ( 2 x 3).y. xlim ( 2 x 3) .
x y x 1 y
y0 y0
4x 6 ey 1
lim . lim 4.1 4
x x 1 y 0 y
2
x 1
dUcenH lim (2 x 3)(e 1) 4 .
x
x x
3 4
c> lim x
x 2 4 x
3x
x 3
4 ( x 1) ( )x 1
4 3 1
lim x
lim 4 1 eRBaH lim ( ) x 0 , lim ( ) x 0
x 1
x 2
x x 4 x 2
x
4 ( x 1) ( ) 1
4 2
3x 4 x
dUcenH lim 1 .
x 2 x 4 x
3x 5 x
q> lim
x 3 x 1 5 x 1
x3x 3
5 ( x 1) ( )x 1 x
5 1 5 1 3
lim x 1
lim . eRBaH lim 0 .
x
x 1 3
x 5 3 5 x 5
5 ( x 1 1) ( ) x 1 1
5 5
3x 5 x 1 106
dUcenH lim x 1 .
x 3 5 x 1 5
x
C> lim 2x 1 2 ln(2e
x
1)
lim ln e 2 x 1 ln(2e x 1) 2
x
2 x 1 2x
e e .e
lim ln x 2
lim ln
x
( 2e 1) x
2 x 1 2
e (2 x )
e
e e
lim ln ln( )
( 2 1x ) 2 4
x
e
6 2
Q> limln(12x 1) 3 ln(2x 5)
x
6 2 3
xlim
ln(12 x 1) ln( 2 x 5)
1
x 6 (12
)
12 x 6 1 6
x ]
xlim ln lim [ln
(2 x 5) x x 6 (2 5 ) 3
2 3
x2
1
12 6
xlim [ln( x ] ln(12 ) ln 6
5 2
(2 2 ) 3
x
6 2
dUcenH lim
x
ln(12 x 1) 3 ln( 2 x 5) ln 6 .
107
lMhat;TI26
5
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;RKb;cMnYnBit x Edl f (x) x x 4 .
k-cUrbgðajfasmIkar f (x) 0 manb¤sCacMnYnBitmYysßitenAcenøaH
1 nig 2 .
x-cUrbgðafaRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman
f ( x ) 2 ( x 1)( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 2)
dMeNaHRsay
k-karbgðaj
5
eKman f (x) x x 4
5 5
eK)an f (1) 1 1 4 2 nig f (2) 2 2 4 30
eday f (1).f (2) 60 0 tamRTwsþIbTtémøkNþal enaHmancMnYn c
mYyenAcenøaHcMnYn 1 nig 2 Edl f (c) 0 .
dUcenH smIkar f (x) 0 manb¤sCacMnYnBitmYysßitenAcenøaH 1 nig 2 .
4 3 2
x-bgðafa f (x ) 2 (x 1)(x x x x 2)
5
eKman f (x ) 2 x x 2
( x 5 1) ( x 1)
( x 1)( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) ( x 1)
( x 1)( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) ( x 1)( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 2)
108
4 3 2
dUcenH f (x ) 2 (x 1)(x x x x 2) .
f (x) 2
K-KNnalImIt A lim 3
x 1
x 1
4 3 2
eday f (x) 2 (x 1)(x x x x 2)
eyIg)an
(x 1)(x 4 x 3 x 2 x 2)
A lim
x 1
(x 1)(x 2 x 1)
x 4 x3 x 2 x 2 6
lim 2
x 1
x2 x 1 3
f (x) 2
dUcenH A lim 3 2 .
x 1 x 1
lMhat;TI27
sin x cos x 2
ebI x
4
( x) 2
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) 4
2 ebI x
2 4
cUrsikSaPaBCab;énGnuKmn_ f Rtg;cMnuc x0 ?
4
dMeNaHRsay
sikSaPaBCab;énGnuKmn_ f Rtg;cMnuc x 0
4
sin x cos x 2
eKman lim f (x ) lim
x
x
4 4 ( x) 2 109
4
tag t 4 x naM[ x 4 t . kalNa x 4 enaH t 0
sin( t ) cos( t ) 2
eK)an lim f ( x ) lim 4 4
2
x
4
t 0 t
sin cos t sin t cos cos cos t sin sin t 2
lim 4 4 4 4
2
t 0 t
2 2 2 2
cos t sin t cos t sin t 2
lim 2 2 2
2
2
t 0 t
t
2 2 sin 2
2 cos t 2 2 (cos t 1) 2
lim 2
lim 2
2
t 0 t t 0 t t
t
sin 2
2 2 2 f ( )
. lim
2 t 0 t 2 2 4
( )
2
2
eday lim f ( x ) f ( ) naM[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_Cab;Rtg; x 0 .
x
4
4 2 4
lMhat;TI28
sin( x )
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) 3 kMnt;RKb; x 1 .
1 x
etIeKGacbnøayGnuKmn_ f [Cab;Rtg;cMnuc x 1 )anb¤eT ?ebIGac0
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;rkGnuKmn_bnøaytamPaBCab;
110
eKman lim f (x) lim sin(
x 1 1 x
x )
x 1 3
sin( t )
lim
t 0 1 1 3t 3t 2 t 3
sin( t )
lim
t 0 t (3 3 t t 2 )
sin( t )
lim .
t 0 t 3 3t t 2 3
eday lim f ( x )
kMnt; enaHeKGacbnøayGnuKmn_ f (x)
x 1 3
[Cab;Rtg;cMnuc x 1. 0
sin( x )
f ( x ) ebI x 1
1 x3
dUcenH g(x )
f (1) ebI x 1
3
111
lMhat;TI29
3
2x x 4
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x ) x 2x 4 .2
( 2x 3 16) x 12
x 2 2x 4
2( x 3 8) x 12
x 2 2x 4
2( x 2)( x 2 2 x 4) x 12
x 2 2x 4
x 12
2x 4 2
x 2x 4
dUcenH a 2, b 4, c 1, d 12 .
x> TajrksmIkarGasIumtUteRTt
eKman f (x ) 2x 4 x x212
2
x4
eday x 12
lim
x 2 x
x
4
0
2
GasIumtUtQrénRkab .
C
x-kMnt;bIcMnYnBit A, B, C edIm,I[ f ( x ) Ax B
x2
2
2x 7 x 4
eKman f ( x )
x2
2 x 2 4 x 3x 6 2 2 x ( x 2) 3( x 2) 2
x2 x2
2
2x 3
x2
lMhat;TI31
3 2
x px q
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) 2
x 2x 2
k> cUrbgðajfaGnuKmn_ f kMnt;)anCanicÞcMeBaHRKb; x IR .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q ebIeKdwgfaExSekag (c) tagGnuKmn_ f
manbnÞat; y x 2 CaGasIumtUteRTt ehIykat;tamcMnuc A(2,4) .
dMeNaHRsay
k> bgðajfaGnuKmn_ f kMnt;)anCanicÞ ³
3
eKman f (x ) xx px
2
q
2x 2
2 2 2
eday x 2x 2 (x 2x 1) 1 (x 1) 1 0, x IR
dUcenH GnuKmn_ f kMnt;)anCanicÞcMeBaHRKb; x IR .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
edIm,I[bnÞat; y x 2 CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab (c) tag f luHRtaEt ³
limf ( x ) ( x 2) 0 .
x
3 2 2
115
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
!-edayeRbIniymn½ycUrRsayfa ³
3
!> lim(2x 3) 7
x2
^> lim( x2 x ) 2 x2
3 2
@> lim(x x 2) 10
x2
&> lim (2x 7) 1 x 3
3
x x 2x
$> lim (
x 3
2 x ) 5 (> x 1 3
lim
x 1 2
1 x
%> lim
x
(sin
x )
2
!0> lim (0.25) 4 x 1
6
#-KNnalImItxageRkamenH ³
x
3
x 27 4 16
lim
!> x 3 lim
^> 2 4 x
x 3 x2
x x
3 x x
2 3 2 x 1
$> lim x x x 1x 3
x 1
(> lim 22 164 x 1 2x
3 x 2
$- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x 1n
1 n
lim
!> x 1
x 1
, n IN ^> 1 x 1 x )
lim (
x 1 n
116
x x 2 x 3 ... x n n
@> lim
x 1 x 1
&> lim(1 mx 1 nx )
x 1 m n
n
( x 1) ( nx 1)
#> lim
x 0 x 2 *> lim 1 (1 x)(1 x2 x).....(1 nx)
x 0
n(n 1)
n 1 x 2 x 2 ... nx n
$> lim x ( x(n1)1) x n
x 1
(> lim
2
x 1 x 1
2
n 1 n
3 2
*-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2
x 2 2 x x2
!> lim x 2 lim
$> 2 x 2
x2 x 2
3x 1 2
#> lim
x 1
x32
(- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 2 x 2 x x ... x 1 1
!> lim %> lim
x2
2 x 2 x0 x
1 3
5x 7 2 x 1
@> x ( x x 1 1)
lim
x0
^> lim x4 4
3x 2 18 3x 4
x 6 x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 60
#> lim &> lim 117
x 3 x3 x2
x2
x2 x 3 x 2 x 2 60 3 x 2 60
$> lim 2
x2
x x2
*> lim
x2 x2
2 2 2 ... 2 x 2
!0-KNnalImIt lim
x2 x2
x x x ... x 2 2
!!-KNnalImIt lim
x2 x2
!@-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3 4
x 1 3 x 1
4
2
x
$> lim x ( x 31x) 2
x 1 3
lim
(> 1 (1 x)(1 2 x)...(1 nx)
x0 n
x2 1
lim
%> x 1 nx 1 n
,n2 !0> lim ( n 1 x n 1 x )
x 0 x0 x
!#-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3
( x 1) 2
!> lim x xx 1 x 3
x 1
$> lim x
x 1 3
3x 2
3
7x2 1 2 1 2 x .3 1 3 x 1
@> lim lim %>
x 1 x 1 x0 x
( x 1) n (nx 1)
#> lim , n IN *
x0 3 2
1 x 1
118
!$-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
3
2x 3 x 1 x
!> lim ^> lim
x 2 x2 x 0 4
x 1 3 x 1
3
x 1 x2 1 x3 1
@> lim x x 21x 1
x 1 3 3
&> lim
x 1
x2 1 x3 1 x4 1
x2 x 1 3
lim
#> lim x 1
x 0 4
4x 1
*> x 8
3
x x4
x
2
( x 1) 2 x x 2
$> lim x (> lim 3
x 1 3
3x 2 x 1
x 4 x 2
x3 8 x 3 x 2 60
%> lim
x 2 3 2
x 4x
!0> lim
x2 3
x 3 4 x 1
!%-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
2 x 1 3x 1 5 x 2 4 3
4x 2 4 2x 2
!> lim %> lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
3 3 2 6 2
x 2x 1 4x 4 x x 60
@> lim lim
$> x x 60
x 1 x 1 x2 2 3 2
2
x
lim
#> x 1 x 1 x 8
x 0 3 2 3 2 3 2
!^-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
sin x cos x 1 cos 2 x
lim
!> 1 tan x 3
lim
^> sin x sin x 2 3
x
x0
4
3 4 sin 2 x 2 x x 2 sin 2 x
@> lim &> lim
2 cos x 1
x
3
x 0 cos x x 1
119
cos x sin 2 x cos x x 2 1
#> lim *> lim
x
4 cos 2 x 3
6
x 0 x 2 sin 2 x
tan 4 x cot 4 x 2 sin x cos x
$> lim (> lim
x
4
1 2 sin 2 x x
4
1 3 tan x
1 8 sin 3 x x 4 sin 4 x
%> lim 2 !0> lim x 1 cos x
x 4 cos x 3
x 0 2
6
!&-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
3 x 3 n
2 x 2x 2 m
x n x 2
@> lim 2 x 1 &> lim
x 1 4 x 2 2x 1 x 1 x 1
2 x 1 3x (1 m x )(1 n x ) 4
#> lim x *> lim
x 1
x 2
x 1 x 1
4 1 3
ex x 1 (1 x m ) n (1 x n ) m 2 m n
$> lim e
x 0 2x
2 xe x x 2 1
(> lim
x 1 x 1
x x m
e e 1 xn m 1 xn
lim
%> e 1 3x !0> lim
x 0 x 0 xn
!*-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
n 1
x n 1 (n 1) x n 1 nx 1
!> lim lim x n
@> x 1 ( x 1) 2 n 1
x 1 ( x 1) 2
n
( n 1) x 1
x n 1 m
n x n x
#> lim $> lim
x 1 ( x 1) 2 x 1 x 1
120
!(- cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
sin 2 x. sin 4 x. sin 8 x sin 2 (sin 2 x 3 )
!> lim 3 ^> lim
x 0 x x0 x6
sin x sin 3 x sin 5 x sin[sin(si n x )]
@> lim &> lim
x 0 x x0 x
3 3 3 3 2
2 3
3 2
sin(tan 2 x ) tan(sin 4 x )
%> lim sin sinx 4 x
x 0 6 !0> lim
x0 x
@0- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
!> lim 1 xcos x
x 0 2 ^> lim 2 cos x xcos 2 x 3
x 0 2
@@- KNnalImItxageRkam ³
x
sin x cos
lim lim 2
!> x 1 1 x 2
^> x 1 1 x 3
1 cos 2 x 2x
lim
@> ( x)
x 2 &> lim
1
x 1
x . tan
2
x x
1 sin 1 sin
2 lim 2
#> lim (sin x cos x )
x 2
*> x 1 (1 x ) 2
4 4
$> lim ( 2 x) tan x
(> lim( 4 x 2 ) tan
x
2
x2 x
x 3 8 tan x 1 x
%> lim !0> lim
x 1
x2 2 x cos
x 1
@#-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
1 cos x 1 x
lim lim
!> (1 x)
x 1 2 @> x 1
sin
x
x
cos
1 x 3 tan x
#> lim $> lim 2 2 2
x 1 1 x x x
@$-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
x sin x 3 sin x sin 3x
!> lim 3
lim
^> 2 sin x sin 2x
x 0 x x 0
122
1 cos 2x x sin x
@> lim &> lim
x 0 x sin x x 0 tan x
1 cos(sin x )
#> lim 1 cosxx cos 3x
x 0 2 *> lim
x 0 x sin x
1 cos 2 x
$> lim 1 sincos2x x
x 0
(> lim
x 0 x tan x
tan x sin x 1 2
lim
%> 1 cos(1 cos x ) !0> lim 2 3 cos x 1
x 0
cos x
x 0 x
@%-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
2 1 cos x
!> lim
x 0 sin 2 x
^> lim xx sin
x 0
x tan x
sin x tan x
x cos x (1 x ) cos x cos x cos 3x
@> lim lim
&> 1 cos 2x
x 0 sin 3x 3 sin x x 0
2
1 x 1 x 2x cos 2 x 1 2n
%> lim 3 !0> lim
sin x 1 cos 2 x 2 n
x 0 x x 0
@^-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
!> lim(1 x ) tan 2x
x 1
2
^> lim cossin(x xcosa)a
x a
x
1 sin arctan x
lim 2 lim 4
#> x 1 (1 x ) 2
*> x 1 1 x
2 arcsin x arccos x
$> lim(x
x 2
x 2) tan
x
(> lim
x
1
1 x 2
123
2
cos x 1 cos x
%> lim 2 2 !0> lim
x 4x
x ( x ) 2
2
@&-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
cot
x
!> lim(1 x ) tan 1 x
x 1
3
^> lim
x 2 4 x 2
x x
cos sin x2 1
4 4 lim
@> lim
x x
&> x 1
cos
x 1
x
cos
2 x
#> lim *> lim(1 x ) tna
x 1 1 x 2 x 1 3x 1
3 1 sin
x 8 sin x x
$> lim (> lim 2
x 2 2x x 2 x 4x 4
(1 x ) 2 arccos x
lim lim
%> x 1 !0>
1 sin x 1 x 1
x 1
@*-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
1 x sin x
!> lim x sin x lim
^> x cos x
x x
@> lim 1 2xx tan 2xx 43 &>> lim(3x 1) sin xx21
x 2 x
x 2 x2 x 1
#> lim (2 x 3) cos lim
*> cot( )
x
2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2x 3
3
x
$> lim(3x 1) tan x 1 (> lim 2xx 1 cos 2xx 13
x x 2
%> lim x2x 14 tan 36xx 54 !0> lim cos x 1 cos x 1
x 2 x
124
@(-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
2
( x 1) (2x 3) (3x 2) 3 2
#0-cUrKNnalImIténGnuKmn_xageRkam ³
2 2
!> lim ( x 3x 7 x 9x 4 )
x
2 2
@> lim ( 4x 3x 1 4x 9x )
x
#> lim ( x x x x x )
x
2 2
$> lim ( x 4x x 4x )
x
2 2 2
%> lim ( 4x 7x 3 x 5x 1 9x 4x 5)
x
3 3 2
&> lim ( x 4x 1 x 2)
x
2 3 3 2
*> lim ( 4x 8x 1 8x 12x x 5)
x
4 4 3 3 3 2 2
(> lim ( x 4x x 3x x 2x 3x 2)
x
#!-cUrKNnalImIténGnuKmn_dUcteTA ³
2 2 2 2
!> lim ( x 3x x 4x x 5x 9x 8x )
x
3 3 2 3 3 2
@> lim( 8x 4x 3x 5 8x 6x 2x 1)
x
3 2
#> lim( x 4 x 6x 4 )
x
3
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2
$> lim( x 3x x 6x x 9x 9x 4x 3 )
x
125
%> lim ( 4
x 4 8x 3 1 3 x 3 9 x 2 4 x 1)
x
x x x x
&> lim
x
x x x x x
2 2 2 2
*> l lim( x x x 2x ................ x nx n x 8x 1)
x
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3
(> lim ( x 2x 1 x 4x 1 ............ x nx 1 n x 1)
x
#@-cUrKNnalImItxageRkam ³
1 2 3 n 1
lim
!> n n n ( 2
.........
2
) 2 2
n n
@> lim 1 3 5 7 ..........
n n 1
..... ( 2n 1) 2n 1
2
2 n 1 3n 1
#> lim
n 2 n 3 n
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
&> lim ................
n 1.3
2.4 3.5 n ( n 2)
1 1 1 1
*> lim 3 3 3 ............. 3
n 2 1
3 1 4 1 n n
(> lim 12 23 25 ................... 2n2 1
n 2 3 n
1 2 3 n
$> lim (1 2
)(1 )( 1 2
)......... ........(
2
1 ) 2
n n n n n
3 3 3 3
#$-cUrKNnalImItxageRkamenH
!> lim 1 2 3n ..........
n
n
.... n
1 1 1 1
lim
@> n 4 9 1 .......... ..
n 3 3 3 3 2
n
1 1 1
#> lim 2
.......... ........
2 2
n
n 1 n 2 n n
$> lim n1 n 1 1 n 1 2 ........... n 1kn
n
1 a 2a 3a ( na )
lim
%> n n n cos cos cos .......... ... cos
n n n
#%-KNnalImItxageRkam ³
1 2 3 n
lim
!> 2! 3! 4! .............
n (n 1)!
1.1!2.2!3.3!............... n.n!
@> lim
n ( n 1)!
0 1 2 n
2 n
n
127
n
k2
$> lim 4 2
k 1 k k 1
n
n
n!
%> lim
n n
x
#^- eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) ,x0
1 x
2
x
k> cUrRsayfa 2 f (x) x
x
1 2 3 n
lim f
x> KNna n n n ( ) f ( )
2
f ( ) ......... f
2
( ) . 2 2
n n
x2
#&-k> cUrRsayfa x ln(1 x ) x , x 0
2
2
cUrKNnalImIt lim P . n
n
U 0 1 , V0 4
1 3
U n 1 U n Vn
2 2
Vn 1 U n 2Vn , n IN
CaGnuKmn_én n .
x-cUrbgðajfa t 2U 3V CasIVútefrRtUvkMnt; .
n n n
n .
128
#(-eK[sIVút (U ) kMnt;elI IN eday ³n
U 1 , U 4 nig n IN: U U .U
0 1 n2 n 1 n
k-eKtag n IN :V ln( UU ) . n
n 1
cUrbgðajfa (V ) CasIVútFrNImaRt n
n 1
x-cUrbgðajfa V ln UU rYcTajrk U CaGnuKmn_én n
k 0
k
n
0
n
nig lim U .
n
n
11 1
U 1 , U 1 nig U U U .
0 1 n 2 n 1 n
10 10
cUrKNna U CaGnuKmn_én n nig lim U ?
n n
n
4
U 3 n 1
U 1 , U 2 nig
0 1
U n2
U n
k-eKtag V ln( UU ) , n IN .
n
n 1
cUrbgðajfa (V ) CasIVútFrNImaRt n
x-eKtag S V V V ... V .
n 0 1 2 n
Sn 1
bgðajfa U U .e rYcTajrk U CaGnuKmn_én n
n 0 n
129
nigbBa¢ak;lImIt lim U . n
n
$@-eK[GnuKmn_ f n (x ) kMnt;eday ³
f1 (x) 6 x 3 , f 2 (x) 6 6 x 3 , f 3 (x) 6 6 6 x 3,.....
Edl n IN * .
f n ( x ) 6 6 6 ....... 6 6 x 3
f (x) 1
f (x ) n
cUrKNnalImIt L lim 1 nig L lim . n
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
f1 ( x ) 2 x 3 3 , f 2 ( x ) 2 x 2 x 3 3
, f 3 ( x ) 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 3,.....
f n ( x ) 2 x 2 x 2 x ....... 2x 2 x 3 3 Edl n IN *
f1 ( x ) f n (x )
cUrKNnalImIt L1 lim nig L n lim
.
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
2
$&-eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x) ax bx c Edl a 0, a, b, c IR
nig a b c 1 . KNnalImIt lim f [ff((xx))]xx .x 1 130
$*-eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) tan xx cot x Edl n IN * .
n
x 4 x 2
$(-KNna x 1 2x 1 )
lim
x
sin( ) tan(
4
a
%0-eK[sIVút (n 1) 1 Edl n IN *
n 2
131
emeronTI3
edrIevénGnuKmn_
1-cMnYnedrIevénGnuKmn_Rtg´cMnucmYy ½
snµtfaGnuKmn_ f ( x ) kMnt´elIcenøa¼ I ehIy x 0
x h kalNa h xiteTArksUnüEdleKkMnt´sresr ½
0
f (x 0 h) f (x 0 )
f ' ( x 0 ) lim
h 0 h
2-PaBmanedrIev nig PaBCab´ ½
snµtfaGnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt´elIcenøa¼ I ehIy x 0
132
f (x 0 h) f (x 0 )
f ' ( x 0 ) lim .
h 0 h
-cMnYnedrIevsþaMRtg´cMnYn x 0
f (x )
énGnuKmn_
f (x h) f (x ) 0 0
kMnt´tageday f ' (x ) lim 0
h
h 0
.
-edrIevénGnuKmn_ f (x ) Rtg´ x ( ebIman ) 0
kMnt´tageday ½
f (x h ) f (x ) f (x h) f (x ) 0 0
f ' ( x ) lim
0
h 0
0
h
ehIy lim
0
h h 0
f (x h) f (x )
0 f (x h) f (x )
0 0 0
mankalNa lim lim .
h 0 h h h 0
3-GnuKmn_edrIev ½
k¿niymn&y
-ebI f CaGnuKmn_mYykMnt´elIcenøa¼ I nigmanedrIev
Rtg´RKb´cMnuc enAkñúgcenøa¼ I ena¼eKfaGnuKmn_ f man
edrIevelIcenøa¼ I .
-GnuKmn_EdlRKb´ x I pßMáncMnYnedrIevén f
Rtg´ x ehAfa
GnuKmn_edrIevén f EdleKkMnt´sresr f : x f ' (x) .
133
smIkarbnÞat´b¨¼
y
( C ) : y = f (x) (T)
0 1 x
(T ) : y y f ' ( x ) ( x x ) .
0 0 0
x¿rUbmnþénGnuKmn_edrIevmYYycMnYn
GnuKmn_ edrIev
!> y k y' 0
134
n n 1
@> y x y' n x
#> y 1x y'
1
x2
1
$> y x y'
2 x
x
%> y e y' e x
x
^> y a y' a x ln a
1
&> y ln x y'
x
*> y sin x y cos x
u'
!!> y arccos u y'
1 u 2
u'
!@> y arctan u y'
1 u 2
V V u'
!#> y u y' u v' ln u v
u
4-edrIevbnþbnÞab´ ½
«bmafaeKman f (x ) CaGnuKmn_manedrIevTI n elIcenøa¼ I
eKkMnt´edrIevbnþbnÞab´énGnuKmn_en¼dUcteTA½
-GnuKmn_edrIevTImYykMnt´tageday f ' (x)
-GnuKmn_edrIevTIBIrkMnt´tageday f ' ' (x)
-GnuKmn_edrIevTIbIkMnt´tageday f ' ' ' (x)
( 4)
-GnuKmn_edrIevTIbYnkMnt´tageday f (x)
-------------------------------
136
-GnuKmn_edrIevTI n kMnt´tageday f (x ) . (n )
5-vismPaBkMenInmankMnt´ ½
RTwsþIbT ½ eK[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_manedrIevelIcenøa¼ I
ebImanBIrcMnYnBit m nig M Edl
x I m f ' ( x ) M ena¼RKb´cMnYnBit a nig b
137
lMhat;TI1
3
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x) x 3x 1
k-edayeRbIniymn½ycUrKNnacMnYnedrIev f ' (2) .
x-cUrsresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) Edlb:HnwgExSekag (c) Rtg;cMnuc M 0
manGab;sIus x 2 .0
dMeNaHRsay
k-edayeRbIniymn½yKNnacMnYnedrIev f ' (2)
tamniymn½yeyIgGacsresr ³
f ( 2 h ) f ( 2) 3
f ' ( 2) lim
h 0
h
eday f (x) x 3x 1
3
(2 h ) 3(2 h ) 1 2 3 3(2) 1
lim
h 0
h
8 12h 6h 2 h 3 6 3h 1 8 6 1
lim
h 0
h
h 3 6h 2 9h 2
lim lim h 6h 9 9
h 0
h h 0
lMhat;TI2
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x) 1 x sinx 2
manGab;sIus x 1. 0
dMeNaHRsay
k-edayeRbIniymn½yKNnacMnYnedrIev f ' (1)
tamniymn½yeyIgGacsresr ³
f (1 h ) f (1) 2 sin x
f ' (1) lim
h0 h
eday f (x) 1 x
2 sin( h ) 2 sin
1 (1 h ) (1 1 )
lim
h0 h
sin h
1 1 2h h 2 11 0
lim
h0 h
sin h
2h h 2
lim lim 2 h sin h 2 0 1 1
h0 h h0
h
139
manGab;sIus x 3 . 0
dMeNaHRsay
k-edayeRbIniymn½yKNnacMnYnedrIev f ' (3)
tamniymn½yeyIgGacsresr ³
f (3 h ) f (3)
f ' (3) lim
h 0
h
2(3 h 1) 2(3 1)
(3 h ) 2 3 2
lim
h 0
h
4 2h
4
1 h 4 2h 4 4 h 2
lim lim lim 2
h 0
h h 0
h (1 h ) h 0
1 h
140
dUcenH f ' (3) 2 .
x-sresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) ³
tamrUbmnþ (T) : y y y' (x x )
0 0 0
eK)an T : y 4 2(x 3)
dUcenH T : y 2x 10 .
lMhat;TI4
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) kMnt; nig manedrIevRtg;cMnuc x c .
2 2
dMeNaHRsay
f 2 (c h ) f 2 (c h )
RsaybBa¢ak;fa lim 4f ' (c).f (c)
h 0
h
2 2
f (c h ) f (c h )
tag L lim h 0
h
lim
f (c h ) f (c h ). f (c h ) f (c h )
h 0
h
f (c h ) f (c h )
lim lim f (c h ) f (c h )
h 0
h h 0
f (c h ) f (c h ) f (c h ) f (c) f (c h ) f (c)
eday lim lim
h 0
h h 0
h
f (c h ) f (c) f (c h ) f (c)
lim lim
h 0
h h 0
h
f (c h ) f (c) f c ( h ) f (c)
lim lim
h 0
h h 0
(h )
f ' ( c ) f ' ( c ) 2f ' ( c ) 141
lMhat;TI5
2
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x)
2
2 2 2 2
eK)an f ' (x) (2x 5x 4)' (x 3x(x 3)3x(x 3) 3x 3)' (2x
2 2
5 x 4)
eday a b c 0 eKTajb¤s x 1 , x ac 3 . 1 2
dUcenH x 1 , x 3 .
1 2
KNnatémøelxén f (x) ³
2
kUGredaenéncMnucb:HKW M (2,2) . 0
eK]bmafamancMnYnBit a Edl f (a ) 0 .
cUrbgðajfa f ' (a ) 2aa 1p ? 2
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa f ' (a ) 2aa 1p 2
2 2
1) ( x 2 1)' ( x 2 px q)
eK)an f ' (x) (x px q)' (x ( x 2 1) 2
(2 x p)( x 2 1) 2 x ( x 2 px q)
f ' (x)
( x 2 1) 2
( 2a p)(a 2 1) 2a (a 2 ap q )
xa
cMeBaH eK)an f ' (a ) 2 2
(1)
(a 1)
a 2 ap q
tambMrab;eKman f (a ) 2
0
a 1
2
naM[ a ap q 0 2
yk ¬@¦ CYskñúg ¬!¦ eK)an³
(2a p)(a 2 1) 2a (0)
f ' (a )
(a 2 1) 2
(2a p)(a 2 1) 2a p
2
(a 2 1) 2 a 1
2a p
dUcenH f ' (a ) 2 .
a 1
144
lMhat;TI7
2 n
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;eday f (x) (x 1 x )
Edl x IR nig n IN * .
2
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) rYcbgðajfa 1 x .f ' (x) n.f (x) .
2 2
x-cUrRsaybBa¢ak;TMnak;TMng (1 x ).f ' ' (x) x.f ' (x) n .f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x)
2 n
eKman f (x) (x 1 x )
2
eK)an f ' (x) n.(x 1 x )'.(x 1 x 2 ) n 1
(1 x 2 )'
n.1 .( x 1 x 2 ) n 1
2
2 1 x
2x
n.1 .( x 1 x 2 ) n 1
2
2 1 x
1 x2 x
n. .( x 1 x 2 ) n 1
1 x2
n
(x 1 x 2 ) n
1 x2
dUcenH f ' (x) 1 n x .(x 1 x ) .
2
2 n
146
lMhat;TI8
2
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI IR eday f (x) 4x 16x 9 .
2
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³ (16x 9).f ' ' (x) 16x.f ' (x) 4f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
2
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³ (16x 9).f ' ' (x) 16x.f ' (x) 4f (x)
2
eKman f (x) 4x 16x 9
2
cos sin 1
2 2 0 11 2
nig f ' 2
.
2 ( 2 sin cos ) 2 (2 1 0) 9 148
2 2
lMhat;TI10
eKmanGnuKmn_ f x 1 cossinx x
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' (x)
x-KNnatémø f ' (0) nig f ' ' (0) .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' (x)
eKman f x 1 cossinx x
eK)an f ' (x) (cos x)' (1 sin(1x)sin (1x) sin x)' (cos x)
2
149
dUcenH f ' 0 1 nig f ' ' 0 1 .
lMhat;TI11
cUrKNnaedrIevénGnuKmn_ ³
n 1
f ( x ) sin x. sin(n 1) x nig g( x ) cos n 1 x. cos(n 1) x
Edl n CacMnYnKt;FmµCati .
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaedrIevénGnuKmn_ ³
n 1
eKman f (x) sin x.sin(n 1)x
n 1 n 1
eK)an f ' (x) (sin x)'.sin(n 1)x (sin(n 1)x)'.sin x
(n 1) cos x. sinn x. sin(n 1)x (n 1).cos(n 1)x. sinn1 x
(n 1).sinn x.sin(n 1)x. cos x sin x. cos(n 1)x
(n 1).sinn x. sin(n 1)x x (n 1).sinn x. sin(n 2)x
n
dUcenH f ' (x) (n 1).sin x. sin(n 2)x .
n 1
eKman g(x) cos x. cos(n 1)x
n 1 n 1
eK)an g' (x) (cos x)'.cos(n 1)x (cos(n 1)x)'.cos x
(n 1) sin x. cosn x. cos(n 1)x (n 1).sin(n 1)x. cosn 1 x
(n 1). cosn x.sin x. cos(n 1)x sin(n 1)x. cos x
(n 1). cosn x. sinx (n 1)x (n 1). cosn x. sin(n 2) x
150
lMhat;TI12
2
dMeNaHRsay
k-kMnt;témø m
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaRtg;cMnuc x 2 luHRtaEt f ' (2) 0
2
2 2 2 2
(2 x m)( x 2 1) 2 x ( x 2 mx 4)
( x 2 1) 2
2 x 3 2 x mx 2 m 2 x 3 2mx 2 8x
( x 2 1) 2
mx 2 6x m
f ' (x)
( x 2 1) 2
4m 12 m 12 3m
cMeBaH x2eK)an f ' 2 2
0
(4 1) 25
naM[ m 4 .
151
x-kMnt;témø m
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøbrmaEtmYyKt;luHRtaEtsmIkar
2
f ' ( x ) 0 smmUl mx 6 x m 0 manb¤sEtmYyKt;
eBalKWRtUv[ m 0 .
lMhat;TI13
2
dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;témøéncMnYnBit a nig b
2
2 2
müa:geTotExSekagrbs;vamanbnÞat; y 2 CaGasIumtUtedkluHRtaEt
lim f ( x ) 2 .
x
2 2
dUcenH a 2 , b 0 .
lMhat;TI14
2
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x
2
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGtibrmaesµI 1cMeBaH x 2
f ' 2 0
luHRtaEt f 2 1
f ' ' 2 0
q
f ' 2 1 0
4 q 4
4 2p q
eKTaj)an f ( 2) 1 naM[ p 5
2 q 4
2q f ' ' 2 1 0
f ' ' 2 4 4
8
dUcenH p 5 ,q 4 .
lMhat;TI15
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) ax 1 xb Edl x CacMnYnBitxusBIsUnü .
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x .
x-cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brma
esµI 5 cMeBaH x 1.
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x) nig f ' ' x 154
eKman f (x) ax 1 xb
eK)an f ' (x) (ax 1 xb )' a xb nig f ' ' x (a xb )' 2xb
2 2 3
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brmaesµI 5 cMeBaH x 1
f ' 1 0
luHRtaEt f 1 5
f ' ' 1 0
f ' 1 a b 0 a b 0 a 2
eK)an f 1 a 1 b 5 naM[ a b 4 b¤ b 2
f ' ' 1 2b f ' ' 1 2b f ' ' 1 4 0
dUcenH a 2 ,b 2 .
155
lMhat;TI16
2
kñúgtRmuyGrtUnremmYy.
k-ExSekag c kat;GkS½Gab;sIus x'0x Rtg;cMnucmanGab;sIus x .
bgðajfabnÞat;b:H c Rtg; x manemKuNR)ab;Tis k 2 1a . 2
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfabnÞat;b:H c Rtg; x manemKuNR)ab;Tis k 2 1a 2
eKman f x x x ax 1 b
2
2 2 2 2
(2 x a )( x 2 1) 2x ( x 2 ax b)
( x 2 1) 2
ebI k CaemKuNR)ab;Tisén bnÞat;b:H c Rtg; x eK)an k f '
2 2
x-kMnt;témø a nig b
smIkarGab;sIuscMnucRbsBV M nig N rvagExSekag c CamYy x'0x ³
2
x ax b 2
f x 2
0 b¤ x ax b 0 E
x 1
tag k nig k CaemKuNR)ab;TisénbnÞat;b:H cRtg; M nig N eK)an
1 2
2x a M
2x a N
k f ' x
1 M
ni g k f ' x
2 2 N 2
x 1 M
x 1 N
¬ tamsRmayxagelI ¦.
edIm,I[bnÞat;b:HenHEkgKñaluHRtaEt
2x a 2x N a
k 1 .k 2 2M . 2 1
Mx 1 Nx 1
naM[ (2x M
a )(2x N a ) ( x 2M 1)( x 2N 1)
2x M
a . 2x N a (x 2M 1)(x 2N 1) 0
4x M x N 2a(x M x N ) a 2 x 2M x 2N x 2M x 2N 1 0
4x M x N 2a(x M x N ) a 2 x 2M x 2N (x M x N )2 2x M x N 1 0
lMhat;TI17
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) (ax b).e Edl a 0, a, b IR
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' x nig f ' ' x
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGtibrmaesµI 2e
cMeBaH x 1 .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' x nig f ' ' x
x x
eK)an f ' x (ax b)' e (e )' (ax b)
ae x e x (ax b)
(ax a b).e x
lMhat;TI18
x
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' x nig f ' ' x
x x
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f (x) mantémøGb,brmaesµI e cMeBaH x 1
f ' (1) 0
luHRtaEt f (1) e bnÞab;BIedaHRsayeK)an a 1 ,b 0 .
f ' ' (1) 0
lMhat;TI19
x
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI IR eday f (x) (x 2)(e 1)
cUrsresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) EdlRsbnwgbnÞat; d : y x 2
ehIyb:HnwgRkab (c) tMnagGnuKmn_ y f (x) .
dMeNaHRsay
sresrsmIkarbnÞat; (T) ³ 160
tag M (x , y ) CacMnucb:HrvagbnÞat; T eTAnwgExSekag (c) .
0 0 0
¬emKuNR)ab;TisesµIKña¦.
x
eKman f (x) (x 2)(e 1)
x x
eK)an f ' (x) (x 2)' (e 1) (e 1)' (x 2)
e x 1 e x ( x 2)
1 ( x 1).e x
x0 x0
eKTaj f ' (x ) 1 (x 1).e 1 b¤ (x 1).e 0 naM[ x 1
0 0 0 0
161
lMhat;TI20
6 6 2 2
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_kMnt;eday f (x) sin x cos x k. sin x. cos x
k-cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) .
x-cUrkMnt;cMnYnBit k edIm,I[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_efrCanic©cMeBaHRKb;
x IR .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x)
f ' ( x ) 6.(sin x )' sin 5 x 6.(cos x )' cos 5 x k (sin 2 x )' cos 2 x k (cos 2 x )' sin 2 x
6 cos x sin 5 x 6 sin x cos 5 x 2k sin x cos 3 x 2k cos x sin 3 x
6 cos x sin x (sin 4 x cos 4 x ) 2k sin x cos x (cos 2 x sin 2 x )
3 sin 2x (sin 2 x cos 2 x )(sin 2 x cos 2 x ) k sin 2 x. cos 2x
3 sin 2x ( cos 2 x ) k sin 2x cos 2 x
3 sin 2 x cos 2 x k. sin 2 x cos 2 x
1
(3 k ). sin 2 x cos 2x (k 3) sin 4x
2
dUcenH f ' (x) 12 (k 3).sin 4x .
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit k
edIm,I[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_efrCanic©cMeBaHRKb; x IR luHRtaEt
f ' ( x ) 0 RKb; x IR .
162
dMeNaHRsay
k-bgðajfaExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ f x manGasIumtUteRTtmYy
ln x
eKman f x ax b Edl x 0
x
eday lim lnxx 0 naM[bnÞat; y ax b CaGasIumtUteRTt
x
énExSekag C .
dUcenH ExSekag C tagGnuKmn_ f x manGasIumtUteRTt
y ax b .
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit a nig b
eKman f x ax b lnxx 163
eK)an f ' x (ax b)' (ln x)'.x x (x)'.ln x a 1 xln x .
2 2
lMhat;TI22
2
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnaedrIev f ' (x)
2
164
( 2x p)( x 2) ( x 2 px q )
( x 2) 2
2 x 2 4 x px 2p x 2 px q x 2 4 x 2p q
( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2
x 2 4 x 2p q
dUcenH f ' (x) .
( x 2) 2
x-kMnt;cMnYnBit p nig q
2 2
2 2
lMhat;TI23
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI IR eday f (x) sin x
(n ) n
cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f ( x ) sin( x
2
) ?
dMeNaHRsay
(n ) n
bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f ( x ) sin( x
2
) 165
eKman f (x) sin x
eK)an f ' (x) cos x sin(x 2 ) ¬ eRBaH
sin( ) sin
2
¦
f ' ' ( x ) ( x )' cos( x ) sin( x )
2 2
3
f ' ' ' ( x ) ( x )' cos( x ) sin( x )
2
]bmafavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI n KW f (x) sin(x n2 ) Bit
(n )
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI (n 1) KW
( n 1) (n 1)
f ( x ) sin x Bit
2
eyIgman f (x) (f (x))' eday f (x) sin(x n2 ) eK)an ³
( n 1) (n) (n )
( n 1) n n n (n 1)
f (x) (x )'cos(x ) sin(x ) sin x Bit
2 2 2 2 2
166
lMhat;TI24
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x) 2x1 3 Edl x 32
cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday
n
(n ) n!.2 n
f ( x ) (1) . n 1
(2 x 3)
dMeNaHRsay
(n ) n n!.2 n
bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f kMnt;eday f (x) (1) (2 x 3) n 1
eKman f (x) 2x1 3 tamrUbmnþ ( 1v )' vv' 2
a n 1 2a n
b n 1 a n 2b n , n IN *
(n )
K> cUrkMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n rYcTajrkkenSam f
n n
(x) .
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x nig f ( 4 ) x
2x
eKman f (x) (x 1).e
f ' ( x ) ( x 1)' e 2 x (e 2 x )' ( x 1)
e 2 x 2e 2 x ( x 1) e 2 x (1 2 x 2) (2x 3)e 2 x
2x
dUcenH f ' (x) (2x 3)e
2x 2x
eK)an f ' ' (x) (2x 3)' e (e )' ( 2x 3)
2e 2 x 2e 2 x (2x 3) e 2 x (2 4 x 6) (4 x 8)e 2 x
2x
dUcenH f ' ' (x) (4x 8)e
2x 2x 168
eK)an f ' ' ' (x) (4x 8)' e (e )' (4x 8)
4e 2 x 2e 2 x (4x 8) e 2 x (4 8x 16) (8x 20).e 2 x
2x
dUcenH f ' ' ' (x) (8x 20)e
(4) 2x 2x
eK)an f (x) (8x 20)' e (e )' (8x 20)
tamsRmayxagelIeyIgman ³
2x 2x
f ' ( x ) (2x 3)e (a x b )e 1
Edl a 2 , b 3
1 1 1
2x 2x
f ' ' ( x ) (4x 8)e (a x b )e 2
Edl a 4 , b 8
2 2 2
2x 2x
f ' ' ' ( x ) (8x 20)e (a x b )e 3
Edl a 8 , b 20
3 3 3
(4) 2x 2x
f ( x ) (16x 48)e (a x b )e 4
Edl a 16 , b 48
4 4 4
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
(n ) 2x
]bmafavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI n KW ³ f (x) (a x b )e Bit n n
eyIgnwgRsay[eXIjfavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI (n 1) KW ³
f ( n 1) ( x ) (a n 1 x b n 1 )e 2 x
f ( n 1) ( x ) ( 2a n x a n 2b n )e 2 x
( n 1) 2x
eKTaj f (x) (a x b )e Bit n 1 n 1
Edl a 2a nig b a 2b .
n 1 n n 1 n n
(n ) 2x
dUcenH edrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (x) (a x b ).e n n
nig b a 2b .
n 1 n n
tamsRmayxagelIeKman a 2a nig b a 2b n 1 n n 1 n n
cMeBaHRKb; n IN *.
tamTMnak;TMng a 2a naM[ (a ) CasIVútFrNImaRtmanersug q 2
n 1 n n
nigtY a 2
1
n 1 n 1 n
tamrUbmnþ a a .q 2.2 2 .
n 1
müa:geToteKman b a 2b n 1 n n
naM[eKTaj b 2b a 2 b¤ 21 b 21 b 1
n 1 n n
n
n n 1 n 1 n
ebIeKtag c 21 b n n 1 n
nigtY c b 3
1 1
170
n n 1
dUcenH a 2 , b (2n 1).2 .
n n
(n )
TajrkkenSam f (x) ³
(n ) 2x n n 1
eKman f (x) (a x b ).e eday a 2 nig b (2n 1)2
n n n n
lMhat;TI26
x
eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x) e . sin x
(4)
k> cUrKNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x nig f x .
x> cUrbgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; ³
f ( n ) ( x ) (a n sin x b n cos x ).e x
a n 1 a n b n
b n 1 a n b n , n IN *
(n )
X> cUrkMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n rYcTajrkkenSam f (x) .
n n
171
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) , f ' ' (x) , f ' ' ' x nig f ( 4 ) x
x
eKman f (x) e . sin x
x x
eK)an f ' (x) (e )' sin x (sin x)' e
e x sin x cos x.e x e x (sin x cos x )
x
dUcenH f ' (x) e (sin x cos x) .
x x
eK)an f ' ' (x) (e )' (sin x cos x) (sin x cos x)' e
e x (sin x cos x ) (cos x sin x )e x
e x (sin x cos x cos x sin x ) 2e x cos x
x
dUcenH f ' ' (x) 2e cos x .
x x
eK)an f ' ' ' (x) 2(e )' cos x 2(cos x)' e
2e x cos x 2 sin x.e x 2e x (cos x sin x )
x
dUcenH f ' ' ' (x) 2e (cos x sin x) .
(4) x x
eK)an f (x) 2(e )' (cos x sin x) 2(cos x sin x)' e
2e x (cos x sin x ) 2( sin x cos x )e x
2e x (cos x sin x sin x cos x ) 4e x sin x
(4) x
dUcenH f (x) 4e sin x .
x> bgðajfaedrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (n) (x) (an sinx bn cosx).ex
tamsRmayxagelIeKman ³
172
x x x
f ' ( x ) e (sin x cos x ) (sin x cos x )e (a 1 sin x b1 cos x )e
Edl ab 11
1
1
f ' ' ' (x) 2e x (cos x sin x) (2 sin x 2 cos x)e x (a 3 sin x b3 cos x)e x
a3 2
Edl
b3 2
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;edrIevlMdab;TI (n 1) KW
f ( n 1) ( x ) (a n 1 sin x b n 1 cos x )e x
( n 1)
eyIgman f ( x ) (f ( n ) ( x ))'
¬eRBaH a a b nig b a b ¦
(n ) x
dUcenH edrIevTI n énGnuKmn_ f manTRmg; f (x) (a sin x b cos x).e n n
a n 1 a n b n
b n 1 a n b n , n IN *
K> bgðajfa z n 1
(1 i).z n
sresr z CaTRmg;RtIekaNmaRt ³
n
eKman z a n n
i.b n naM[ z a i.b eday ³
n 1 n 1 n 1
a n 1 a n b n
b n 1 a n b n , n IN *
eK)an z n 1 (a n b n ) i.(a n b n )
a n b n i.a n i.b n (1 i)a n (1 i)b n
1 i
(1 i)(a n b n ) (1 i)(a n i.b n ) (1 i)z n
1 i
dUcenH z (1 i)z . n 1 n
Edlmanersug ³
2 2
q 1 i 2( i. ) 2 (cos i. sin ) nigtY z a ib 1 1 1
2 2 4 4
Et a 1, b 1naM[ z 1 i q 2 (cos 4 i. sin 4 ) .
1 1 1
tamrUbmnþtYTI n énsIVútFrNImaRteKGacsresr ³
n 1
n 1
z n z1 q 2 (cos i.sin ). 2 (cos i.sin )
4 4 4 4
( 2 ) n (cos i.sin ) n
4 4 174
n n
dUcenH z n 2 n (cos i. sin ) ¬ tamrUbmnþdWmr½ ¦ .
X> kMnt; a nig b CaGnuKmn_én n
n n
n n
a
n 2 . cos
n n 4
eKTaj a n i.b n 2 n (cos i.sin ) naM[
4 4 b 2 n .sin n
n 4
dUcenH a 2 . cos n4
n
n
, b n 2 n . sin
n
4
.
(n )
TajrkkenSam f (x) ³
f ( n ) ( x ) (a n sin x b n cos x )e x eday
n n
a n 2 n . cos , b n 2 n . sin
4 4
n n x
eK)an f ( n ) ( x ) ( 2 n . cos .sin x 2 n cos x.sin ).e
4 4
n n n
2 n (cos sin x sin cos x ).e x 2 n . sin( x ).e x
4 4 4
n
dUcenH f ( n ) ( x ) 2 n .e x sin( x ) .
4
175
lMhat;TI27
eKmanGnuKmn_ f (x) 3x 1 kMnt;elI 13 ,
k> cMeBaHRKb; x 1,5 cUrbgðajfa 83 f ' (x) 34 .
x> edayeRbIvismPaBkMeNInmankMnt;eTAnwgGnuKmn_ f cMeBaHRKb;
3 13 3 5
x 1,5 cUrbgðajfa x 3x 1 x .
8 8 4 4
dMeNaHRsay
k> cMeBaHRKb; x 1,5 bgðajfa 83 f ' (x) 34
eKman f (x) 3x 1 naM[ f ' (x) 2 33x 1
cMeBaHRKb; x 1,5 eKman 1 x 5 b¤ 4 3x 1 16
1 1 1
4 3x 1 2
3 3 3
8 2 3x 1 4
eK)an 83 x 83 3x 1 2 34 x 34
dUcenH 83 x 138 3x 1 34 x 54 . 176
lMhatTI28
2
eK[GnuKmn_ y f (x) x 23xx 3
k> cUrkMnt;bIcMnYnBit a, b nig b edIm,I[ f (x) ax b 2 c x
cMeBaHRKb; x 2 .
x> cUrkMnt;smIkarGasIumtUtQr nigGasIumtUteRTténRkab c
tMnagGnuKmn_ f .
K> KNnaedrIev f ' (x) rYcKUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f (x) .
X> RsayfacMnuc I(2 , 1) Cap©itbMElgqøúHénRkab c .
g> cUrsg;Rkab (c) tagGnuKmn_ f (x) kñúgtMruyGrtUnrm:al; (0, i , j) mYy
dMeNaHRsay
k>kMnt;bIcMnYnBit a, b nig b edIm,I[ f (x) ax b 2 c x cMeBaHRKb; x 2
2
eKman y f (x) x 23xx 3
( x 2 2 x ) ( x 2) 1
2x
x ( x 2) ( x 2) 1 1
x 1
2x 2x
1 c
eK)an y f (x) x 1 eday f ( x ) ax b
2x 2x
dUcenH a 1, b 1, c 1 .
177
x> kMnt;smIkarGasIumtUtQr nigGasIumtUteRTt ³
2
eKman f (x) x 23xx 3
CaGnuKmn_kMnt;elI D IR {2} . f
2
eday lim f (x) lim x 23xx 3
x 2 x 2
2
nig lim f (x) lim x 23xx 3
x 2 x 2
2
eK)an f ' (x) (2x 3)(x (x2) 2)(x 3x 3)
2
2 x 2 4 x 3x 6 x 2 3x 3
( x 2) 2
x 2 4x 3
( x 2) 2
x 2 4x 3
dUcenH f ' (x ) .
( x 2) 2
KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f (x) ³
2
ebI f ' (x) x (x42x) 3 0 eK)an x 4x 3 0
2
2
178
naM[ x 1 , x ac 3
1 2
2
cMeBaH x 1 eK)an f (1) 1 231 3 1
1
eday f (x) x 1 2 1 x
eK)an lim f (x) lim (x 1 2 1 x )
x x
eKGacKUstaragGefrPaBdUcxageRkam ³
x 1 2 3
f ' (x)
3
f (x)
1
179
1
f (4 x 0 ) (4 x 0 ) 1
2 (4 x 0 )
1 1
x0 3 x0 3
2 x0 2 x0
nig f (x ) x 1 2 1 x .
0 0
b¤ f (4 x ) f (x ) 2 Bit .
0 0
0 1 x
180
lMhat;TI29
2
eK[GnuKmn_ y f (x) x3(x 4x2) 3 2
k> cUrKNnalImIt lim f (x) , lim f (x) nig lim f (x) rYcTajrksmIkar
x 1 x 3 x
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNnalImIt lim f (x) , lim f (x) nig lim f (x)
x 1 x 3 x
2
eKman y f (x) x3(x 4x2) 3 2
2
eK)an lim f (x) lim x3(x 4x2) 3
x 1 x 1
2
2
nig lim f (x) lim x3(x 4x2) 3
x 1 x 1
2
3( x 2) 2
lim f ( x ) lim 2
x 3 x 3 x 4 x 3
3( x 2) 2
nig lim f ( x ) lim 2
x 3 x 3 x 4 x 3
TajrksmIkarGasIumtUtTaMgGs; ³
edayeKman ³
lim f ( x ) nig lim f ( x ) naM[bnÞat; x 1CaGasIumtUtQr . 181
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x ) nig lim f (x) naM[bnÞat; x 3 CaGasIumtUtQr.
x 3 x 3
2 2
eK)an f ' (x) 6(x 2)(x (4xx 34)x33()2x 4)(x 2)
2 2
6( x 2)( x 2 4 x 3) 6( x 2)( x 2) 2
( x 2 4 x 3) 2
6( x 2) ( x 2 4 x 3) ( x 2) 2
6( x 2)
( x 2 4 x 3) 2 ( x 2 4 x 3) 2
KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f ³
ebI f ' (x) 0 eK)an 6x 12 0 naM[ x 2 .
2
cMeBaH x 2 eK)an f (2) 34(2 8 2)3 0 ¬ CacMnucbrma ¦.
x 1 2 3
f ' (x)
f (x)
182
K> bgðajfabnÞat; x 2 CaGkS½qøúHénRkab c
tamrUbmnþ f (2a x ) f (x ) edIm,IRsayfabnÞat; x 2
0 0
2
eKman f (x) x3(x 4x2) 3 kMnt;elI D IR {1,3} .
2 f
2
eK)an f (4 x ) (4 x3()4 x4(42)x ) 3
0
0
2
0
0
2
3( 2 x 0 )
f (4 x 0 )
16 8x 0 x 02 16 4 x 0 3
3( x 0 2) 2
f (4 x 0 ) 2 f (x 0 )
Bit .
x 0 4x 0 3
(C)
0 1 x
183
lMhat;TI30
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f x x 1 e kMnt;elI IR .
k-KNnalImIténGnuKmn_ f x kalNa x nig x .
x-bgðajfaExSekag c tagGnuKmn_ y f x
manGasIumtUteRTtmYykalNa x .
K-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt
x
eK)an lim f x limx 1 e
x x
x
eRBaH limx 1 nig lim e 0 .
x x
x x x 1
lim f x lim x 1 e lim
x
e . x 1
x x
e
x
lim
x
e
eRBaH x 1
x x 0
lim
e
x-bgðajfaExSekag c tagGnuKmn_ y f x manGasIumtUteRTtmYy³
x x
eKman f x x 1 e eday lim e 0 naM[bnÞat; y x 1
x
CaGasIumtUteRTténRkab c.
184
K-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x
x x
eKman f x x 1 e naM[ f ' x 1 e
x
ebI f ' 0 0 eK)an e 1 naM[ x 0
0
ehIy f 0 0 1 e 1 1 0 .
eyIgGacKUstaragGefrPaBdUcxageRkam ³
x 0
f ' (x)
f (x)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
185
lMhat;TI31
eK[GnuKmn_ f kMnt;elI 0, eday f x x 1 ln x
k-KNnalImIt lim f x nig lim f x .
x 0 x
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x .
K-cUrsg;Rkab ctMnagGnuKmn_ y f x kñúgtMruyGrtUNrma:l;
X-KNnaRkLaépÞxN½ÐedayExSekag c CamYyGkS½Gab;sIus
kñúgcenøaH 1, e .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt lim f x nig lim f x
x 0 x
1 ln x
lim f x lim x 1 ln x lim x 1
x x x
x x
1 ln x
eRBaH lim 1 1 .
x
x x
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x
eKman f x x 1 ln x manEdnkMnt; D 0,
eK)an f ' x 1 1x x x 1 ebI f ' x x x 1 0 naM[ x 1
nig f 1 0 .
186
x 0 1
f ' x
f x
-1 0 1 2 3 x
X-KNnaRkLaépÞ
tag S CaépÞxN½ÐedayExSekag c CamYyGkS½Gab;sIuskñúgcenøaH 1, e
e e e
GasIumtUtedkmYyénRkab c .
x-KUstaragGefrPaBénGnuKmn_ f x .
K-cUrsg;Rkab ckñúgtMruyGrtUNrm:al; 0, i , j .
X-KNnaRkLaépÞ S énbøg;xN½ÐedayRkab CamYyGkS½Gab;suIs
kñúgcenøaH 1, , 1 rYcTajrk lim S .
dMeNaHRsay
k-KNnalImIt lim f x nig lim f x ³
x x
lim x
x 1
eRBaH
lim e 2 x
x
x 1 2 x
nig lim f x lim 2x
lim x 1e 0
x x
e x
limx
x 1
eRBaH
lim e 2 x
0
x
2 x 2 x
eK)an f ' x e 2x 1.e
2 x 1.e 2 x
ebI f ' x 2x 1.e 0 naM[ x 12
2 x
f ' x
f x
K-sg;Rkab ckñúgtMruyGrtUNrm:al;
y
0, i , j
3
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-1
189
X-KNnaRkLaépÞ S ³
2 x
eyIg)an S f x .dx x 1.e
1 1
.dx
du dx
u x 1
tag 2 x
naM[ 1 2 x
dv e .dx v .e
2
1 2 x 1 2 x
S x 1.e e .dx
2 1 2 1
1 1
1.e 2 e 2 x 1
2 4
1 1
1.e 2 e 2 e 2
2 4
2 1 2 1 2 e 2
e e e
2 2 4 4
e2 1
2 3.e 2
4 4
e2 1
dUcenH S 2 3.e 2 ¬ÉktþaépÞ¦ .
4 4
e2 1 2 e2
nig lim S lim
(2 3).e .
4 4 4
¬eRBaH lim 14 2 3.e
2
0 ¦.
190
lMhat;TI33
x
eK[GnuKmn_ f x 1 x .e 1 kMnt;elI IR .
k> KNnaedrIev f 'x rYcKUstaragGefrPaBén f .
TajbBa¢ak;sBaØaénGnuKn_ f x .
x
x> eK[ g CaGnuKmn_ kMnt;elI IR eday gx 2 x .e 2 x .
cUrKNnalImIt lim gx nig lim gx .
x x
x 0
f ' x
f x
TajbBa¢ak;sBaØaénGnuKn_ f x ³
tamtaragxagelIeKTaj)an x IR : f x 0 .
x KNnalImIt lim gx nig lim gx ³
x x
x
eK)an lim gx lim2 x .e 2 x
x x
lim2 x
x
eRBaH lime 0 x
x
x
eK)an lim gx lim2 x .e
x x
2 x
192
lim
x
2 x
eRBaH
lim e x
x
ehIyeKman x IR : f x 0
dUcenH x IR : g' x 0 .
KUstaragGefrPaBén gx ³
x 0
g ' x
g x
x0
Et y' g'x 1 x e 1
0 0 0
x0
eKTaj)an 1 x e 1 1 naM[ x 1
0 0
ehIy y gx e 1
0 0
eK)an T : y e 1 1.x 1
dUcenH T : y x e 2 .
c> kMnt;kUGredaencMnucrbt; I rbs;ExSekag C ³
x
eKman g'x 1 x .e 1 f x
x
eK)an g' 'x f 'x x.e manb¤s x 0 .
cMeBaH x 0 eK)an g(0) 4 .
x
taragsikSasBaØaén g' 'x x.e
x 0
g ' ' x
g x
195
q> sg;Rkab C bnÞat; T nig d kñúgtMruyGrtUNrm:al; ³
y
6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
196