CHAPTER 3

GROUTING
GROUTING MAY BE USED IN THE FOLLOWING
APPLICATIONS:

1. FILLING VOIDS TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENT

2. TO INCREASE ALLOWABLE PRESSURE OF THE SOIL BOTH
FOR NEW STRUCTURES AND / OR ADDITIONS TO EXISTING
STRUCTURES.
3. CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW
4. PREVENTION OF LOOSE - LOOSE TO MEDIUM SAND
DENSIFICATION UNDER ADJACENT STRUCTURES (I.E.
BOTH FOR VERTICAL AND LATERAL MOVEMENTS) DUE TO
ADJACENT EXCAVATIONS, PILE DRIVING ETC.
5. GROUND MOVEMENT CONTROL DURING TUNNELING
OPERATIONS
6. SOIL STRENGTHENING TO REDUCE LATERAL SUPPORT
REQUIREMENT
7. SOIL STRENGTHENING TO INCREASE LATERAL AND
VERTICAL RESISTANCE OF PILES.
8. STABILIZATION OF LOOSE SANDS AGAINST
LIQUEFACTION
9. FOUNDATION UNDERPINNING
10. SLOPE STABILISATION
11. VOLUME CHANGE CONTROL OF EXPANSIVE SOILS
THROUGH PRESSURE INJECTION OF LIME SLURRY (ONLY
FOR SOME EXPANSIVE SOILS NOT ALL)

THREE WAYS OF INTRODUCING GROUNT MATERIAL INTO THE

SOIL ARE POSSIBLE:

A. PERMEATION GROUTING :GROUT FILLS THE SOIL PORES.

ESSENTIALLY NO CHANGE IN THE VOLUME OR
STRUCTURE OF THE ORIGINAL GROUND.
B. DISPLACEMENT OR COMPACTION GROUNTING
C. HYDRAULIC FRACTURE OR ENCAPSULATION OR SQUEEZE
GROUTING
GROUTS

DISPLACEMENT OR COMPACTION GROUTS : STIFF, LOW

SLUMP (0-5 CM) MIXTURES OF CEMENT, SOIL, AND / OR CLAY
AND WATER LIME SLURRIES ARE MOST COMMONLY USED IN
ENCAPSULATION GROUTING
IN WATER / CEMENT GROUTS w/c= 0.5/1 – 6/1 HAVE BEEN
USED.
IF 0.5/1 RATIO IS USED STRENGTH WILL BE HIGHER BUT IT
WILL BE HARDER TO INJECT. SEGREGATION AND FILTERING
WILL BE LESS. CHEMICALS (LIKE CALCIUM LIGNOSULFONATE)
ARE ADDED TO CONTROL FLUIDITY AND PENETRATION AND
SETTING TIME (30 sec -- VERY LONG) AND PLASTISIZERS TO
PREVENT FLOCCULATION.
IN SOIL / CEMENT GROUTS, VOLUMES OF SOIL 4-6 TIMES THE
VOLUME OF CEMENT ARE MOST COMMON ALTHOUGH RATIOS
FROM 1 TO 12 HAVE BEEN USED.
VOLUME OF THE MIXING WATER VARIES FROM ABOUT 3/4 - 2
TIMES THE VOLUME OF CLAY PER BAG CEMENT IN CEMENT-
CLAY GROUTS.
VOLUME OF THE MIXING WATER VARIES FROM 1/3-1 TIMES THE
LOOSE VOLUME OF SAND PER BAG OF CEMENT IN CEMENT -
SAND GROUTS
GENERALLY MINIMUM WATER CONTENT WHICH WILL STILL
YIELD AN INJECTABLE UNXIUIE IS USED.
SULFATES AND SULFATE BEARING GROUND WATER ARE THE
ENEMY OF CEMENT.
PARTICULATE GROUTS CANNOT BE INJECTED AS PERMEATION
GROUTS INTO SOILS FINER THAN MEDIUM TO COARSE SANDS.
THIS APPROXIMATELY CORRESPONDS TO A PERMEABILITY OF
ABOUT 5x10-4 cm/sec.
AREAS OF USE :

CEMENT GROUTS : FOR BOTH

IMPERMEABILISATION AND STRENGTH INCREASE

SOIL, CLAY AND CHEMICAL GROUTS :

IMPERMEABILISATION AND COMPACTION
GROUTING

CLAY GROUTS : LIMITED USE (USUALLY FILLING

VOIDS ETC)

CLAY-CEMENT GROUTS : FILLING VOIDS,

MUDJACKING
TYPES I AND II PORTLAND CEMENT ARE SUITABLE FOR SOILS
COARSER THAN 0.60 mm.

TYPE III PORTLAND CEMENT IS SUITABLE FOR SOILS COARSER

THAN 0.42 mm. (BENTONITE: 0.25 mm)

ACCORDING TO CARON, PARTICLES 50 micron SIZE CAN BE

INJECTED TO COARSE SAND (> 0.8 mm). COLLOIDAL
SUSPENSIONS CAN BE INJECTED INTO MEDIUM SAND ( 0.1 TO 0.8
mm). FINE SANDS & SILTS REQUIRE NEWTONIAN SOLUTIONS OF
LOW VISCOSITY.

THE ABILITY OF PARTICULATE GROUTS TO PENETRATE A

FORMATION IS OFTEN INDICATED IN TERMS OF A GROUTABILITY
RATIO. SOME GROUTABILITY RATIOS THAT HAVE BEEN PROVEN
USEFUL ARE GIVEN BELOW:
 ( D15 ) soil
N  24 GROUTING CONSISTENTLY POSSIBLE
( D85 ) grout
 11 GROUTING NOT POSSIBLE

( D10 ) soil
Nc   11 GROUTING CONSISTENTLY POSSIBLE
( D95 ) grout
6 GROUTING NOT POSSIBLE

Width of fissure
FOR ROCKS NR  5 GROUTING POSSIBLE
( D95 ) grout
2 NOT POSSIBLE
SOILS CONTAINING < 10 % FINES ARE USUALLY
PERMEATION GROUTED WITH CHEMICALS.

IF FINES CONTENT > 15 % EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL GROUTING

MAY BE DIFFICULT, FOR FINES CONTENT > 20 %
PERMEATION GROUTING WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE BUT
CHEMICAL GROUTS NOT BE DISTRIBUTED ALONG AND
THROUGH HYDRAULIC FRACTURES.

Fig 3.3
Modulus of
Deformation
versus qu
USE OF HIGH POLYMERS IN JAPAN IS FORBIDDEN OFTEN
THE ACCIDENT IN 1974 AS A RESULT OF INJECTION OF
ACRYLAMIDES (GROUNDWATER POLLUTION EVEN IN THE
USE OF SILICATES PH VALUE OF GROUND WATER AROUND
INJECTION POINTS IS REQUIRED TO BE <8.6. THUS, NEW
NON-ALKALINE SILICATE GROUTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED.
THESE CONSIST OF SILICA - SOL SOLUTIONS WITH PH VALUE
OF 1 TO 2.
STRUCTURAL CHEMICAL GROUTING IS QUITE POPULAR.
Fig 3.4
Various
Structural
Grouting
Applications
 COMPACTION GROUTING
THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT IN COMPACTION
GROUTING

LAYOUT OF HOLES IN NUMBER

LOCATION OF HOLES & INCLINATION

DEPTH

SEQUENCE OF HOLES GROUTED PROCEDURE OF GROUTING

INDIVIDUAL HOLE
TYPICAL APPLICATION DETAILS ARE :
 MIN DISTANCE TO THE SURFACE
 TRIANGULAR PATTERN USUALLY, 1.5 - 5 M SPACING
 PRIMARY (~5 M) / SECONDARY HOLES, GROUT TAKES
 HOLES UNDER FOUNDATIONS, RATHER THAN OPEN
AREAS; PERIPHERAL HOLES FIRST
 < # 200 % 10 - % 30, SAND IN COMPACTION GROUTING
100% PASSING NO.8 SIEVE, A COARSER SAND WILL
CAUSE WATER TO BE DRIVEN OUT.
 PORTLAND SAND, FINE SAND AND WATER % 12. CEMENT
$ 2800 KN/M2 GROUT
 PRESSURES 0-4200 kN/m2
TWO BASIC METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTION:

1 . FROM TOP TO DOWN

2. FROM UP TO BOTTOM

GROUTING IS DONE IN STAGES, ONLY 0.75 - 1.0 m OF HOLE IS

GROUTED AT A TIME.
PROCEDURE FOR GROUTING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

1. DRILL A HOLE TO THE TOP OF THE ZONE (MIN. 1.5 M)

2. INSERT A CASING IN THE HOLE AND FILL THE ANNULAR
SPACE BETWEEN THE CASING AND THE HOLE WITH QUICK
SETTING CEMENT.
3. DRILL THROUGH TIE CASING AND ADVANCE THE HOLE 1-
2.5 m. NEVER EXCEED 3-3.5 METERS.
4. PUMP IN GROUT UNTIL THERE IS "REFUSAL" OR SLIGHT
MOVEMENT OF THE GROUND SURFACE.
5. REPEAT THE PROCEDURE (ITEMS 3 AND, 4) AFTER
HARDENING OF THE PREVIOUSLY PLACED GROUT UNTIL
THE BOTTOM OF THE ZONE TO BE STABILIZED IS REACHED.
PROCEDURE OF GROUTING FROM BOTTOM TO UP:

1. DRILL A HOLE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE ZONE TO BE

STABILIZED
2. PLACE CASING TO WITHIN A METER OF THE BOTTOM OF THE
HOLE.THE CASING SHOULD BE A SNUG FIT AND MAY
REQUIRE PUSHING OR DRIVING INTO PLACE.
SOMETIMES IT IS DRIVEN ENTIRELY (i.e. PREDRILIING
ELIMINATED)
3. PUMP IN THE GROUT UNTIL 'REFUSAL' IS ACHIEVED (OR
SLIGHT)
4. RAISE THE CASING
5. PUMP AGAIN AND REPEAT 4 AND 5 UNTIL THE GROUND
SURFACE IS REACHED.
 TOP-DOWN METHOD IS MORE EXPENSIVE BUT THERE ARE
SUBSTANTIAL ADVANTAGES : GREATER TAKE OF GROUT
PER HOLE AND MORE EFFECTIVE, HIGHER PRESSURES
MAY BE USED WHEN GOING DEEPER. IN PROBLEM SOILS
EXTEND TO THE SURFACE FROM TOP TO DOWN IS
ESSENTIAL.
 PLOT 'TAKES' TO CONTROL THE RELATIVE SOIL
CONDITIONS
 CONTROL OF PUMPING RATE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATION OF GROUTING TECHNIQUE. MAX.
PRESSURE DEVELOPED AND QUANTITY OF GROUT
INJECTED DEPEND ON PUMPING RATE
 RAPID PUMPING IS ECONOMICAL BUT IT CAUSES PRESSURE
BUILD UP AND EARLY RAISING OR RUPTURE OF THE OVERLYING
SOIL. THEREFORE LIMIT THE GROUT QUANTITY INJECTED AND
AMOUNT OF DENSIFICATION. THEREFORE APPROPRIATE
PUMPING RATE IS BASICALLY DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF
PRESSURE AND RATE OF PRESSURE BUILD UP WHICH ARE
INFLUENCED BY ;SOIL TYPE, DEGREE OF COMPACTION,
MOISTURE CONTENT,DEPTH OF INJECTION, CONFINING SOIL
AND STRUCTURAL PRESSURE.
 IN MOST MIXED SOILS BEGINNING RATE WILL BE ON THE ORDER
OF 0.3 m3/min. 3 -5 m3/min IS APPLIED IN VERY LOOSE SOILS AND
SOILS WITH LARGE VOIDS. 0.003 -0.014 m3/min IS USED IN
UNDRAINED CLAYS AND HIGHLY PLASTIC CLAYS.
 PRESSURES : 350 KPA - 1700 KPA WITHIN 1.5 - 2 M OF THE
SURFACE AND UP TO 3500 kPa OR MORE WHEN D > 6 M, SELDOM
> 4200 kPa EXCEPT OPEN THE TIGHT HOLE (7000 kPa).
 COMPARISON BETWEEN JET GROUTING METHODS

CCP JSG CJG SSS-MAN

GROUTING
20 20 40 20-70
PRESSURE(MPa)

TYPE OF CEMENT AIR PROTECT AIR PROTECT AIR. WATER

SUSPENSION WATER CEMENT-WAT. WATER MIXTURE

FULL
TYPE JET JET SEMI-DISP. DISPLACEMENT

DIAMETER OF
1.2 3-3.2 1.8-2.3 2.O-2.8
(mm)
VELOCITY(r/s) 0.33 0.10 0.08 0.05-0.12
DIAMETER OF
0.8 2.0 3.0 3.5
COLUMN (m)

SOIL EXC.GRAVEL ALL EXC. GRAVEL ALL