®Ò thi chän häc sinh giái líp 12

®Ò 25 M«n: to¸n – b¶ng A

Thêi gian: 180 phót kh«ng kÓ thêi gian ph¸t ®Ò
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C©u 1:
Chøng minh r»ng hµm sè y = x4- 6x2 + 4x + 6 lu«n lu«n cã 3 cùc trÞ ®ång thêi gèc to¹ ®é O lµ träng
t©m cña c¸c tam gi¸c t¹o bëi 3 ®Ønh vµ 3 ®iÓm cùc trÞ cña ®å thÞ hµm sè.
C©u 2:
Gi¶i hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh.
x+y = 4z 1

y+z= 4x  1

z+x= 4y 1

C©u 3:
Trong mÆt ph¼ng víi hÖ to¹ ®é §Ò c¸c vu«ng gãc oxy cho parab«n (P): y 2 = 4x. M lµ mét ®iÓm di
®éng trªn (P). M  0, T lµ mét ®iÓm trªn (P) sao cho T  0, OT vu«ng gãc víi OM.
a. Chøng minh r»ng khi M di ®éng trªn (P) th× ®êng th¼ng MT lu«n ®i qua mét ®iÓm cè ®Þnh.
b. Chøng minh r»ng khi M di ®éng trªn (P) th× th× trung ®iÓm I cña MT ch¹y trªn 1 pa ra bol cè
®Þnh .
C©u 4:
Gi¶i ph¬ng tr×nh sau:
3 3
sinx + siny + sin (x+y) =
2
C©u 5:
4 n
cos x
Cho d·y sè In = 
2n
x
dx , nN*

TÝnh nlim I
  n

C©u 6:
Cho 1  a > 0, chøng minh r»ng.
ln a 1 3 a
<
a 1 a3 a
 §¸p ¸n
C©u 1: (3 ®iÓm )
TËp x¸c ®Þnh: D = R y = x4 - 6x2 + 4x + 6.
3
y’ = 4x - 12x + 4 y’ = 0 <=> g(x) = x3 - 3x + 1 = 0 (1)
Ta cã g(x), liªn tôc g(-2) = -1, g(-1) = 3, g(1) = -1 , g(2) = 3
 g(- 2). g(- 1)  0

 g(- 1).g( 1)  0
 g( 1) .g( 2)  0


g(x) liªn tôc nªn ph¬ng tr×nh (1) cã 3 nghiÖm ph©n biÖt tháa m·n :
- 2 < x1 < -1 < x2 < 1 < x3 < 2
1
* Ta cã y = y’.x- 3.(x2 - x - 2) (1)
4
Gäi c¸c ®iÓm cùc trÞ lµ A (x1,y1), B(x2,y2), C (x3,y3) vµ G (x0,y0) lµ träng t©m tam gi¸c ABC.
Theo §L Viet cã x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 (2)
x1x2 + x2x3 = x3x1 = -3 (3)
x x x
Tõ (2) suy ra x0 = 1 2 3 = 0
3
Tõ (1) (2) (3) suy ra:
1
y0 = (y1+y2+y3) = -3 ( x12  x22  x32 )-(x1+x2+x3) - 6
3
= -3 (x1 + x2 + x3)2 - 2 (x1x2 + x2x3 + x3x1) - 6 = -3 (0 - 2 (-3) - 6) = 0
VËy G (0;0)  0(0;0) (§PCM)
C©u 2: ( 2 ®iÓm)
x+y = 4 z  1 (1)
1
y+z= 4x  1 (2) (I) ®k x,y,z >
4
z+x= 4y 1 (3)
¸p dông bÊt ®¼ng thøc cosi tacã:
(4 z  1)  1
4z 1  ( 4 z  1).1 < = 2z (1’)
2
T¬ng tù 4 x  1 < 2x (2’) 4 y  1 < 2y (3’)
Tõ (1’) ;(2’) ; (3’) vµ (1) ; (2) ; (3) suy ra.
2(x+y+z) = 4 z  1  4 x  1  4 y  1 < 2z + 2x + 2y (4)
Tõ (4) suy ra:
4z - 1 = 1
1
(I) <=> 4x - 1 = 1 <=> x=y=z= nghiÖm ®óng (I)
2
4y - 1 = 1
1
VËy hÖ (I) cã nghiÖm x = y = z =
2
C©u 3: (P): y2 = 4x
 y2   y2 
a. (3®iÓm ) Gi¶ sö M 1 ; y 1  ; T  2 ; y 2  víi y1,y2  0; y1  y2.
 4   4 
2 2
y1 y1
OTOM  OT.OM  0  .  y 1 .y 2  0
4 4
 y1 . y2 + 16 = 0 (1)
2
y
x- 1
4 y - y1
Ph¬ng tr×nh ®êng th¼ng MT: 2 2

y 2 y1 y 2 - y1
-
4 4
2
 4x - y 1 = (y1 + y2). (y-y1)
 4x - (y1 + y2) y - 16 = 0  4(x- 4)- (y1 + y2) y= 0
Nªn ®êng th¼ng MT lu«n ®i qua ®iÓm cè ®Þnh J (4;0)
b. (3®iÓm) Gäi I (x0, y0) lµ trung ®iÓm MT th×
x0 =
1 2
8

y 1  y 22  (1)
y1  y 2
y0 = (2)
2
1 1
Tõ (1) suy ra x0 = (y1+y2)2 - 2y1y2 = (2y0)2 - 2 (-16)
8 8
1
= . y 02  4  y 02 = 2x0 - 8
2
Tõ ®ã  I ch¹y trªn parab«n (P) : y2 = 2x = 8 cè ®Þnh .
C©u 4: (3 ®iÓm)
3 3
sin x + sin y + sinz (x+y) = (1)
2
¸p dông bÊt ®¼ng thøc Bunhiacèpxki vµ tõ (1) ta cã .
27 3 3 2
( ) = [sinx + siny + sinz (x+y)] 2 < (12 + 12+12).(sin2x + zin2y + sin2(x+y))
4 2
1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 y
= 3.   +sin2 (x+y)
2 2
= 3.[1- cos (x+y) . cos (x-y) + 1 - cos2 (x+y)]
1 1
= 3. 2-(cos (x+y)+ cos (x-y)2) + cos2 (x-y)
2 4
1 27 1
< 3 (2- 0 + )= (2) (Do cos2 (x-y) < 1; (cos (x+y) + cos (x-y)2 > 0
4 4 2
Tõ (2) suy ra:
cos2 (x-y) = 1
1
(1)  cos (x+y) + cos (x-y) = 0
2
3
sinx = sin y = sin (x+y) =
2
 
 x  3  2k

 
 y    2n
víi k , n  Z

 3
4n 
cosx
C©u 5: (3 ®iÓm) In 
2n

x
dx

1
Ta chøng minh: 0 < In < (1)
4n
4 n 4 n 4 n
cos x d (sin x) sin x 4 n 1
Ta cã: In = 
2n
x
dx = 
4 n
x
=
x 2 n
-  sin x.d ( x )
2n
4 n
sin x
= 
2n x2
dx

sin x 1
* Ta cã: 2 < 2 x  2n , 4n  nªn
x x
4 n
dx 1 4 n 1 1 1
In <  2   = -   (2)
2 n x
x 2 n 4 n 2 n 4 n
2 ( k 1) 2 ( k 1)
2 n 1 sin x sin x
* Ta cã: In = 
k n

2k x2
dx ®Æt JK =
2k
 x2
dx
 ( 2 k 1) 2 ( k 1) 2 ( k 1) 
sin x sin x 1 1
=> JK =  x2
+ 
( 2 k 1) x2
dx > sin x ( x 2

(x   )2
)dx >0 (3)
2k 2k
2 n 1
Ta l¹i cã: In =  Jk do (3) nªn In > 0 (4)
k n
1
Tõ (2) (4) suy ra 0 < In   (1) ®óng
4 n
1 Lim I n  0
Ta l¹i cã nLim = 0 nªn
  4 n n

C©u 6: (3 ®iÓm)
ln a 1 3 a
< (1) víi 1  a > 0
a 1 a3 a
Trong hîp 1: a >1
(1) <=> (a + 3 a )lna < (1 + 3 a ) (a-1) (2) §Æt x = 3
a => x >1
(2) <=> 3(x3 +x) lnx < (1+x).(x3-1) x > 1
<=> x4 + x3 - x - 1 - 3 (x3+x)lnx > 0 (3) x > 1
§Æt f(x) = x4 + x3 - x - 1 -3 (x3 + x)lnx x 1;+  )
1
Ta cã f’(x) = 4 x3 + 3x2 - 1 - 3 (3x2 + 1) lnx + (x3 + x) . 
x
= 4x3 - 4 - 3 (3x2 + 1) lnx
1 1
f”(x) = 3.(4x2 - 3x - 6xln x - ) f(3)(x) = 3 ( 8x +
-6ln x - 9)
x x2
6 2 6(4 x 3  3 x  1) 6( x  1)(4 x 2  4 x  1
f(4)(x) = 3.(8-  3 ) = = > 0 , x > 1
x x x3 x3
Suy ra f(3)(x) ®ång biÕn nªn [1;+  )
f(3)(x) > f(3)(1) = 0 ... t¬ng tù f’(x)> 0 víi x > 1
 f(x)> f (1) = 0 víi x >1 suy ra (3) ®óng.
1
Trêng hîp 2: 0 < a < 1 ®Æt a = , a1 > 1 quay vÒ trêng hîp 1.
a1

Tµi liÖu tham kh¶o

1. Hµm sè - T¸c gi¶ : TrÇn Ph¬ng

2. T¹p chÝ " Crux - Mathematicorum " . T¹p chÝ to¸n häc Ca na ®a