Physics 211: Lecture 1

“Mechanics for Physicists and Engineers”

Agenda for Today

 Course information and advice (how does the course work?)
 Class plus WWW
 Scope of this course
 Measurement and Units
 Fundamental units
 Systems of units
 Converting between systems of units
 Dimensional Analysis
 1-D Kinematics (review)
 Average & instantaneous velocity and acceleration
 Motion with constant acceleration

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 1

 Course Info & Advice
 See info on the World Wide Web (heavily used in Physics 211)
 Go to http://www.physics.uiuc.edu and follow “courses” link to the
Physics 211 homepage

 Course has several components:

 Lecture: (me talking, demos and you asking questions)
 Discussion sections (tutorials, problem solving, quizzes)
 Homework sets, Web based
 Labs: (group exploration of physical phenomena)
 What happens if you miss a lab or discussion section…
– can’t make up since sections are full (EX or zero)
– What if you are excused?? (What you need to do.)
– See notes on course web page

 The first few weeks of the course should be review, hence the pace is
fast. It is important for you to keep up!
 Then, watch out….

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 2

 Lecture Organization
 Three main components:
 Lecturer discusses class material
» Follows lecture notes very closely
» Modified lecture notes posted each day…

 Lecturer does as many demos as possible

» If you see it, you gotta believe it!

» Look for the symbol

 Students work in groups on conceptual

“Active Learning” problems
» Usually three per lecture

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 3

 How Grades are Calculated
 Your final grade for Physics 211 will be based upon
your total score on all the components of the
course.
 The total score is the sum of your scores on the
final exam (300 pts), three exams (100 pts each),
labs (200 pts total), and homeworks/quizzes (200
pts total). Adds to 1000
 Based on our experience from previous semesters,
rough guidelines for letter grades (minimum score)
this semester will be:
A+(950), A(920), A-(900),
B+(880), B(860), B-(835),
C+(810), C(780), C-(750),
D+(720), D(690), D-(610),
and F(<610).
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 4
 a bit more on grades
 10 labs (zero through 9) for 200 points (very important)

 [9 quizzes + 14 HW(A+B) + Pretests] – 4 lowest for 200 pts

» Where are the quizzes? In section
» Where are the homework problems? On the web (8am Tu)
» Where are the pretests? On the web (8am Tu)

 3 midterm exams (100 pts each) for 300 pts

 One big final exam worth 300 pts

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 5

 Grades, etc.
 Notice that we do NOT use the common 90/80/70/60
breakdown for letter grades. The reason for this is
that for some parts of the course the average score is
typically very high.
 For example, there is no reason you should not be able
to score 100% on your web based homework
assignments.
 Students also tend to do very well on labs and quizzes.
 This means that you cannot compensate for low
examination grades by getting high homework/quiz/lab
grades.
 On the other hand, you can seriously lower your
final grade with low homework/quiz/lab
grades.  (this is important)

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 6

 Grades, etc.
 Example: suppose you keep up with things and
get 95% on labs and HW/Disc.
 This amounts to 380 points out of the 1000

 What do you need on your exams, then?

 To get an A- (900) you need 520/600 = 0.87
 To get a B- (835) you need 455/600 = 0.76
 To get a C- (750) you need 370/600 = 0.62

 This assumes you get 95% on your non-exam

scores. You all can do this!

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 7

 Scope of Physics 211

 Classical Mechanics:

 Mechanics: How and why things work

 Classical:
» Not too fast (v << c) relativity (325)
» Not too small (d >> atom) quantum mechanics (214, etc)

 Most everyday situations can be described in these classical terms.

 Path of baseball
 Orbit of planets
 etc...

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 8

 Course outline
(everything follows from Newton’s Laws)
 Basic tools (8 lectures)
» 1st midterm

 How forces control linear motion (8 lectures)

» 2nd midterm

 Angular motion (7 lectures)

» 3rd midterm

 Vibrations (5 lectures)
» added to final

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 9

 Fundamental Units

 How we measure things!

 All things in classical mechanics can be expressed in terms
of the fundamental units:

 Length L
 Mass M
 Time T

 For example:
 Speed has units of L / T (e.g. miles per hour).
 Force has units of ML / T2 etc... (as you will learn).

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 10

 Units...

 SI (Système International) Units:

 mks: L = meters (m), M = kilograms (kg), T = seconds (s)
 cgs: L = centimeters (cm), M = grams (gm), T = seconds (s)

 British Units:
 Inches, feet, miles, pounds, slugs...

 We will use mostly SI units, but you may run across some
problems using British units. You should know how to convert
back & forth.

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 11

Converting between different systems of units

 Useful Conversion factors:

 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 m = 3.28 ft
 1 mile = 5280 ft
 1 mile = 1.61 km

 Example: convert miles per hour to meters per second:

mi mi ft 1 m 1 hr m
1 1  5280    0.447
hr hr mi 3.28 ft 3600 s s

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 12

 Dimensional Analysis
 This is a very important tool to check your work
 It’s also very easy!

 Example:
Doing a problem you get the answer distance
d = vt 2 (velocity x time2)

Units on left side = L

Units on right side = L / T x T2 = L x T

 Left units and right units don’t match, so answer must be

wrong!!

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 13

 Lecture 1, Act 1
Dimensional Analysis

 The period P of a swinging pendulum depends only on

the length of the pendulum d and the acceleration of
gravity g.
 Which of the following formulas for P could be
correct ?

d d
(a) P = 2 (dg) 2 (b) P  2 (c) P  2
g g

Given: d has units of length (L) and g has units of (L / T 2).

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 14

 Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution
 Realize that the left hand side P has units of time (T
T)
 Try the first equation

2
 L L4
(a) L  2   4 T Not Right !!
 T  T

d d
(a) P  2  dg  (b)
2
P  2 (c) P  2
g g

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 15

 Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution
 Try the second equation

L
(b)  T2  T
L Not Right !!
T2

d d
(a) P  2  dg  (b)
2
P  2 (c) P  2
g g

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 16

 Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution
 Try the third equation

L
(c)  T2 T This has the correct units!!
L
T2 This could be the answer!!

d d
(a) P  2  dg  (b)
2
P  2 (c) P  2
g g

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 17

 Motion in 1 dimension
 In 1-D, we usually write position as x(t).

 Since it’s in 1-D, all we need to indicate direction is + or .

 Displacement in a time t = t2 - t1 is
x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1

x
x2 some particle’s trajectory
x in 1-D

x1

t1 t2 t
t
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 18
 1-D kinematics

 Velocity v is the “rate of change of position”

 Average velocity vav in the time t = t2 - t1 is:

x( t 2 )  x( t1 ) x
v av  
t 2  t1 t

x
x2 trajectory
x
Vav = slope of line connecting x1 and x2.
x1

t1 t2 t
t

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 19

 1-D kinematics...
 Consider limit t1 t2
 Instantaneous velocity v is defined as:

dx( t )
v( t ) 
dt

x so v(t2) = slope of line tangent to path at t2.

x2
x
x1

t1 t2 t
t

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 20

 1-D kinematics...

 Acceleration a is the “rate of change of velocity”

 Average acceleration aav in the time t = t2 - t1 is:

v ( t 2 )  v ( t1 ) v
aav  
t 2  t1 t
 And instantaneous acceleration a is defined as:

dv ( t ) d 2 x( t )
a( t )  
dt dt 2

dx( t )
using v( t ) 
dt

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 21

 Recap
 If the position x is known as a function of time, then we can find both velocity v and acceleration a as a function of time!

x
x  x( t )
dx t
v  v
dt
dv d 2x
a  
dt dt 2
t
a

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 22

 More 1-D kinematics

 We saw that v = dx / dt
 In “calculus” language we would write dx = v dt, which we
can integrate to obtain:
t2
x (t 2 )  x (t1 )   v (t )dt
t1
 Graphically, this is adding up lots of small rectangles:

v(t) + +...+
= displacement

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 23

 1-D Motion with constant acceleration
1
 n
Math 220:  t dt  t n 1  const
n 1
dv
 Also recall that a 
dt
 If a is constant, we can integrate this using the above rule
to find:
v   a dt  a  dt  at  v 0

dx
 Similarly, since v  we can integrate again to get:
dt
1
x   v dt   ( at  v 0 )dt  at 2  v 0 t  x0
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 24

 Recap
 So for constant acceleration we find: Ramp
w/ lights

1
x  x0  v 0 t  at 2
2 t
v
v  v 0  at
a  const
t
a

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 25

 Lecture 1, Act 2
Motion in One Dimension
 When throwing a ball straight up, which of the following is
true about its velocity v and its acceleration a at the
highest point in its path?

(a) Both v = 0 and a = 0.

(b) v  0, but a = 0. y

(c) v = 0, but a  0.

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 26

 Lecture 1, Act 2
Solution
 Going up the ball has positive velocity, while coming down it
has negative velocity. At the top the velocity is
momentarily zero.
x
 Since the velocity is
continually changing there must
t
be some acceleration. v
 In fact the acceleration is caused
t
by gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2).
 (more on gravity in a few lectures)
a

 The answer is (c) v = 0, but a  0. t

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 27

Useful Formula: 1-D motion with
constant acceleration
dv d 2 x 1 2
 a v  v0  at x  x0  v 0 t  at
dt dt 2

v  v0
 Solving for t: t
a

2
 v  v0  1  v  v0 
 Plugging in for t: x  x0  v 0    a 
 a  2  a 

2
v 2  v 0  2 a( x  x0 )

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 28

 Recap:
 For constant acceleration:

1
x  x0  v 0 t  at 2
2
v  v 0  at

a  const

 From which we know:

v 2  v 02  2a(x  x0 )
1
v av  (v 0  v)
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 29

 Recap:

This is just
 For constant acceleration: Washers

1
x  x0  v 0 t  at 2
2

for constant
v  v 0  at

a  const

 From which we know:

acceleration! v 2  v 02  2a(x  x0 )
1
v av  (v 0  v)
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 30

 Recap:
 For constant acceleration:
Washers

1 2
x  x0  v0t  at
2

 If we want to know where an object is at equal

time intervals let tn=nt1 If it’s at rest at t=0

1 2 2
xn  x0  v0 nt1  an t1
2
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 31
 Problem 1

 A car is traveling with an initial velocity v0. At t = 0, the

driver puts on the brakes, which slows the car at a rate of
ab

vo
ab x = 0, t = 0

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 32

 Problem 1...

 A car is traveling with an initial velocity v0. At t = 0, the

driver puts on the brakes, which slows the car at a rate of
ab. At what time tf does the car stop, and how much farther
xf does it travel?

v0
ab x = 0, t = 0
v=0

x = xf , t = tf

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 33

 Problem 1...

 Above, we derived: v = v0 + at

 Realize that a = -ab

 Also realizing that v = 0 at t = tf :

find 0 = v0 - ab tf or

tf = v0 /ab

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 34

 Problem 1...

 To find stopping distance we use:

v 2  v 02  2a(x  x0 )

 In this case v = vf = 0, x0 = 0 and x = xf

2
 v 0  2( ab )xf

2
v
xf  0
2 ab

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 35

 Problem 1...
2
v0 1 v0
 So we found that tf  , xf 
ab 2 ab

 Suppose that vo = 65 mi/hr = 29 m/s

 Suppose also that ab = g = 9.81 m/s2

 Find that tf = 3 s and xf = 43 m

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 36

 Problem Solving Tips:
 Read Carefully!
 Before you start work on a problem, read the problem
statement thoroughly. Make sure you understand what
information is given, what is asked for, and the meaning of
all the terms used in stating the problem.
 Using what you are given, set up the algebra for the problem and
solve for your answer algebraically
 Invent symbols for quantities you know as needed
 Don’t plug in numbers until the end
 Watch your units !
 Always check the units of your answer, and carry the units
along with your formula during the calculation.
 Understand the limits !
 Many equations we use are special cases of more general
laws. Understanding how they are derived will help you
recognize their limitations (for example, constant
acceleration).
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 37
 Recap of today’s lecture
 Scope of this course
 Measurement and Units (Chapter 1)
 Systems of units (Text: 1-1)
 Converting between systems of units (Text: 1-2)
 Dimensional Analysis (Text: 1-3)
 1-D Kinematics (Chapter 2)
 Average & instantaneous velocity
and acceleration (Text: 2-1, 2-2)
 Motion with constant acceleration (Text: 2-3)
 Example car problem
 Look at Text problems Chapter 2: # 21, 22, 30, 36, 37

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 38