කා ය ෂම, ඵලදා සහ චාරා මක රාජ කරණය

සඳහා ඇ අ ය

රවැ අ ෙ දෘෂ් ෙය රාජ ප පාලනය ස බ ධ මසා

බැ ම

මහාචා ය ඒ.එ .නවර න බ චාර

ෙ ශපාලන ද ා අංශය,

ෙ රාෙද ය ශ්ව ද ාලය

ෙ රාෙද ය
ෙපරවදන

ෙමම ය කා ය ෂම, සඵලදා සහ චාරා මක ප පාලනය සඳහා රවැ යනට ඇ අ ය බඳව

දැ ව ජනසමාජය ෙග ඩනැං ෙ ක කාවත සඳහා පහ කරණය සැප මට සකසන ල ද . රවැ අ ෙ
දෘෂ්ඨෙය තන රාජ ය රාජ ෙසවෙ කාව ෙමම ෙය සාක ඡාවට භාජනය ෙකෙ . ලංකාෙ
රාජ ප පාලන ෙසවය බඳව දල ශ්ෙ ෂණය සහ ලංකාෙ රාජ ප පානය මය බඳව කරන දල
ස කරණය මා ගෙය ලබාග ජනතා අදහස්ද ෙමම යට ඇ ළ ය.

ජාත තර කට සඳහා වන ජා ක ජාතා ක ආයතනය කරන ලද ආරාධනයකට අ ව ෙමම

අධ ාපනය කරන ල .ෙ යටෙ පහත සඳහ මාතෘකා යටෙ දැ ව සංවාද පැවැ ම සඳහා අවශ ය
ප කා සකස්කර ෙ .

1. කා ය ෂම හා ඵලදා ආ කරණය සඳහා ජනතාවට ඇ අ ය

2. චාරා මක ආ කරණයට ඇ අ ය
3. රාජ රණය ඵලදා අ හා කා ය ෂම අ යා මක ම

රාජ ප පාලනය බඳ මහජනතාවෙ අදහස් - ෙත රාග ස්ථානය කරන ලද රාජ ෙසවා සැප ම බඳ
ස ෂණෙ පල සහ අප අ ළ කරන ලද නවාංග ෙමයට ඇ ළ ය.

ෙමම සං ණ කට ෙ ජා ක ජාතා ක ආයතනෙ බාල ෂ්ණ මහතා මට දැ සහෙය ගයට මාෙ

ස් ය ද කර .

ඒ.එ .නවර න බ ඩාර

අෙග ස් 29

2
 ෂය අ ත ගතය

මාතෘකාව. ව

1. හැ ම/ආ කරණය සහ රාජ ප ලානය ..... 04

2. තන රාජ ළ රාජ ප පාලනෙ කාව ..... 09

3. ෙවන රටවල යා මක වඩා යහප ඵල අ කර ඇ ප චය .... 17

4. ලංකාෙ රාජ ප පාලන සැක ම - දල ශ්ෙ ෂණය .... 26

5. ලංකාෙ ආ ම ව වස්ථාව හා රාජ ප පාලනය .... 33

6. රාජ ප පාලනය බඳ මහජනතාවෙ අදහස් - ෙත රාග

ස්ථානය කරන ලද රාජ ෙසවා සැප ම බඳ ස ෂණෙ ඵල .... 41

7. අවසානය - කා ය ෂම ඵලදා හා චාරා මක ආ කරණය .... 64

3
ye¢kaùu- wdKavl
q rKh iy rdcH mrsmd,kh
1.1 mQ¾úldj

iudc úµd idys;H ;=, rdcHlrKh w¾: ksrEmkhfldg we;af;a wdKavqj ish kS;s yd m%;sm;a;suh
;SrK iudch fj; muqKqjkq ,nk ls%hdj,sh f,isks¡ fuu w¾: ksrEmkhkag wkqj wju jYfhka
mq¿,a wdldrhka ;=kla Tiafia rdcHlrKh isÿfõ¡ tkï rdcH yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha yjq,aldÍ
iïnkaOhla iys; cd,hka yryd" fj<|fmd< yryd iy rdcH mßmd,kh yrydh¡ rdcHlrK
ls%hdj,sh ;=, ;SrKd;aul N+ñldjla bgq lrk rdcH mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka fuu jd¾;dj
wjOdkh fhduq lrhs¡

wdKavqfõ jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl yd wêlrK YdLdjka úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk kS;s iy
m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjka olajd mßj¾;kh lsÍfï§ rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, mq¿,a mrdihl úysÿkq
ls%hdldrlï ls%hdjg kexfjhs¡ rgl rdcH mßmd,kh rcfha rdcH m%;sm;a;s iy kS;s ls%hdjg
kexùfï§ rcfha iïm;a ldrHCIu yd iM,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSu i|yd ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh iy
bka ,efnk m%;s,dNhka ukskq ,nk wdKavqfõ jHdmdßl wka;h fjhs¡ m%;sm;a;s yd kS;s uÕsk a
ksIamdokh flfrk NdKav yd fiajdjka uyck;dj fj; iemfhk fnodyeÍï ia:dkh jkafka
thhs¡

kQ;k m%cd;dka;s%l wdKavqj, rdcH mßmd,k idudðlfhda rfÜ mqrjeishkag j. jk w;r

jHjidhl;aj l=i,;djkf.ka hqla;j ldrHCIu" iM,odhS yd iliqrejñka hq;=j Tjqka fj;
fiajh lsÍug ne£ isá;s¡ —fuh ksrela;sh ,nd we;af;a zfmdÿZ fkdtfiakï zuyckZ hkafkka
mqrjeishd ksfhdackh jkafkah hk nqoaêuh mokfuks¡ ish fN!;sl yd uQ,Huh meje;au i|yd
rdcH mßmd,kh nÿf.jk mqrjeishka u; hefmhs˜ ^tï¡ Iïiq,a yla" Relationship between
citizenship and Public Administration: Reconfiguration, International Review of Administrative
Sciences, fiaÊ m%ldYk" 1999" fj¿u 65(3)309-325, ms.325&¡ rdcH mßmd,kfha m%dfhda.sl ne£u
jkafka ish mqrjeishkaf.a jqjukdjka iy wfmaCIdjka y÷kd.ekSuhs¡ —tneúka mqrjeisNdjfha
uQ,O¾uhka u; rdcH mßmd,kfha idrh r|d mj;S¡ m%cd;dka;s%l iudchkays rdcH mßmd,kh yd
mqrjeishka w;r ish fmdÿ wkkH;djh mj;ajd .kakd" tys iqcd;Ndjh iúu;alrk" tys wdpdr
Odrñl m%ñ;Ska ia:dms; lrk" tys N+ñldjka yd j.lSï ;SrKh lrk iy mqoa.,sl wxYfha jHmdr
mßmd,kfhka th meyeÈ,sj fjkafldg olajk iqúfYaIS iïnkaO;djhla mj;S˜ ^tu&¡

4
rcfha mßmd,kuh ld¾hhka isÿlrkq ,nk wdh;khka fj; Èkm;d meñfKk oyia .Kkla
jk ck;dj rdcH mßmd,k lghq;= w;aols;s¡ fndfyda fokl= fufia meñfKkafka ;uka nÿ yryd
ñ< f.jd we;s fmdÿ NdKav yd fiajdjka ,nd.ekSu i|ydh¡ fj<|fmd< ls%hdldrlïys ksr;
mqrjeishkag wu;rj ,dN fkd,nk jHdmdrhkago rdcH rdcH mßmd,k ls%hdjka w;aolskakg
,efnkafka fulS mßmd,lhska úiska mkjkq ,en we;s Í;s wkq.ukh lsÍug Tjqka ne£ isák
neúks¡ rcfha wdh;khkays fiajh lrk fuu ;eke;a;ka úiska isÿlrk ls%hdjka yd fkdlr
yeÍï wdKavqfõ lghq;= isÿlsÍu i|yd ;SrKd;aul f,i jeo.;a fjhs¡ jHjia:dodhl yd úOdhl
wdh;khka yryd foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh —úiska ;ukag wejeis ish¿ kS;s iïu; lr.kq we;s uq;a
tlS kS;s rcfha mßmd,k ks,OdÍka úiska iM,odhS f,iska ls%hd;aul lrkq fkd,nkafka kï
lsisjla isÿ fkdjkq we;˜ ^î¡ .hs mSg¾ia iy fcdaka mshf¾" Introduction: The Role of Public
Administration in Governing in B. Guy Peters and Jon Pierre ^ixialdrljre& Hand Book of Public
Administration, fiaÊ" f,dia wekac,Sia" ms¡01&¡

rdcH mßmd,kh úiska mqrjeishka i|yd fmdÿ jevigyka ,nd§fï§ iy foaYmd,{hska úisk a
ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;s m%;sm;a;s iy —kS;s i|yd myiqlï ie,iSfï§ mßmd,kuh ls%hdjka
w;suy;a ixLHdjla ls%hdjg kexfõ˜ ^tu&¡ fï wkqj iuyre rdcH mßmd,kh wdKavqfõ úOdhl
yia;h f,iskao y÷kd.ks;s¡ rdcH mßmd,kh flfrys jk idïm%odhsl m%fõYhka ;¾llr
isákafka wdKavqfõ úOdhl yia;h f,i rdcH mßmd,kh kS;sh yd uyck m%;sm;a;sh ls%hdjg
kexùug wod, iEu ld¾hhla i|ydu wod, jk njhs¡
;jo rdcH mßmd,kh ms,sn|j jk fuu idïm%odhsl m%fõYhka yqjd olajkafka mqrjeishkag iudk
f,i ie,lkq ,eîu fukau mßmd,kfha fodaI wju lsÍu i|ydo rcfha fiajlhkaf.a ld¾hhka
i|yd m%ñ;Ska ia:dms; lsÍu b;d jeo.;a jk njhs¡ fuu m%fõYhkays m%;sM, f,iska wfmaCId lrkq
,nkafka uOH.; ;SrK .ekSu iy wdKavqlrKh by, isg my,g .uka lsÍfï l%ufõohg
uq,a;ek foñka ks,Odßjdoh f,iska y÷kajkq ,nk úêu;a ixúOdkh úiska rdcH mßmd,kh
ia:djr lsÍuhs¡ fï wkqj fuu idïm%odhsl m%fõYhka ±ä" wkuH" iM,odhS fkdjQ iy
mqrjeishkaf.a wjYH;djka bgq lsÍug wiu;a tajd f,iska úfõpkhg ,laj we;¡ uE; ld,Skj
jvd;a iudch iy mqrjeishd flakaøfldg.;a øDIaÀfldaKhka y÷kajdfokq ,en we;s w;r ±ka wms
idïm%odhsl kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjg kexùfï øDIaÀfldaKhkaf.ka Tíng .uka lrñka isáuqq¡

1970 .Kkaj,§ n, flakaøhka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk ;SrK .ekSïj,§ ;SrK .ekSfï§ bvla
fkd,o ÿmam;a iy iq¿;rhkaf.a b,a,Sï bgq lsÍu i|yd ;SrK .ekSug ùÈ uÜgfï mßmd,k
ks,OdÍkag jeä ksoyila ,nd§fï jeo.;alu yqjd±lajQ —kj rdcH mßmd,kh˜ hkqfjka
y÷kajd.kq ,enQ WmfoaYk jHdmdrhla u;=úh¡ rdcH mßmd,kh mßmd,k l%ufha iymeje;au
flfrys ñi tys m%;sM, wjidkfha N+la;s ú¢k uyckhd flfrys wjOdkhlka fkdolajk njg
fuu jHdmdrh úiska fpdaokd lr isák ,§¡

5
1980 .Kkaj, isg iïm;a l<uKdlrKh" l¾hidOkh we.hSu" m%;spdrd;aul wdKavqlrKh yd
mqrjeis iyNd.S;ajh wjOdrkh l< m%;sixialrK jHdmdrhla ±lshyels úh¡ fuu jHdmdrh kj
rdcH l<uKdlrKh f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí¡ wdKavqfõ iqcd;Ndjh iy iM,odhS;ajh h<s ia:dms;
lsÍug th fhdackd lrisáhs¡ ld¾hidOkh iy mqrjeishka yd Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djkag yels;dla
ÿrg m%;spdr ±laùu b;d jeo.;afldg ie,lSu fuu kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh flakaøSh f,i
i,lhs¡ fï wkqj j¾;udk rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, mqrjeisNdjhg b;d jeo.;a ;ekla ysñfjhs¡

kQ;k hq.fha mqrjeisNdjh ms,sn| fjkiafjñka mj;akd øDIaÁka ms,sn|j wOHkfha

mqfrda.dñhl=jk à¡ tÉ¡ ud¾I,a g wkqj —whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï iïnkaOfhka ish¿u mqrjeishkag
iudk ;;ajhla˜ iys;j —m%cdfõ mQ¾K idudðl;ajh msßkukakdjQ ;;ajhla f,i mqrjeisNdjh˜
±laúh yel ^rE;a ,siag¾f.a Wmgd .ekSu" Citizenship: Towards a feminist synthesis, Feminist
Review, No.57, YsYsr l,dmh" 1997" msgq 28-48" ms¡ 27&¡ kQ;k mqrjeisNdjh rfÜ ish¿ mqrjeishkag
wdKavqfõ ;SrK .ekSï i|yd iEu mqrjeishl=u iyNd.Sùu yd wdKavqj úiska iïmdokh lrkq
,nk fiajdjka i|yd ieug iudk m%fõYhla mej;Su we;=,;a fldg.;a;ls¡ mqrjeishkag
.=Kd;aul fiajdjla iemhSu Tjqkaf.ka tl;=fldg .kq ,nk nÿ uqo,aj,ska úYd, fldgila
jehlrñka mj;ajdf.k hk úYd, rdcH mßmd,k l%uh iy rch úiska tys fiajfha fhdojd we;s
msßi fj; mejÍ we;s j.lSuls¡

ish —iudÔh wruqKq˜ bgqlsÍu i|yd kQ;k rdcH úYd, jYfhka fmdÿ lghq;=j, ksr;ùu
fya;=fldgf.k kQ;k —rdcH l<uKdlrKh˜ ms,sn| jeo.;a kHdhfõÈhl= jk fÊka tßla f,ak a
kQ;k rdcH y÷kajd fokq ,en we;af;a —lD;HidOl rdcHh˜la f,isks ^fÊka tßla f,aka" State
Management" rEf,aÊ" ,kavka" 2009" msgq 118-121&¡ fufia rdcH ls%hdldrlï mq¿,aùfï wjika
m%;sM,h jkafka ish mßphka ;=, mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï" hymd,kh" udkj ysñlï iy
udkj iqrCIs;;djh i|yd bv ie,iSu i|yd rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska fufyhjkq ,nk fiajd
imhk uOhia:dkhka uQ,slùuhs¡

YS% ,xldj ;=, foaYmd,k ixjdoh 1980 wjika Nd.fha isgu wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd
ne£ mej;=ks¡ uyck;dj ;=, fukau cku;h ks¾udKh lrkakkaf.ao m%jK;djhjQfha ue;sjrK
yd úúO foaYmd,ksl iuQykhka w;r jk .egqï jeks Woafõ.lr isÿùï iuÕ foaYmd,kh
iumd; lsÍuh¡ fulS újdohka ;=, wdKavqlrK ls%hdj,sh ;=, uyckhd úiska bgqlrkq ,nk
N+ñldj iïnkaOfhka jQfha ysia;ekls¡ fï iïnkaOfhka jk tlu jH;sf¾Lh jkafka rdcH
mßmd,kh foaYmd,k ueÈy;aùfuka .,jd.ekSug W;aidy l< 2001 § iïu; fldg.;a 17 jk

6
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhhs¡ flfiafj;;a fuu jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh i|yd fufyhjkq ,enQ t<eUqu
pro-citizenship øDIaÀfldaKhlska .%yKhfldgf.k fkdue;¡

j¾;udkfha cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=fõ idudðlfhda 225 fofkl= isá;s¡ rg ;=, mj;akd wfkl=; a
ksfhdað;dh;khka ys idudðlhka tl;= l<o tys tl;=j fooyi fkdblaujkq we;¡ wfkla w;g
rdcH mßmd,k lafIa;%h ;=, rch fjkqfjka fiajlhska 800"000 lg jeä msßila fiajh lr;s¡ ñka
nyq;rhla fokd ùÈ uÜgfï ks,OdÍka" tkï ck;djg fmdÿ NdKav yd fiajdjka iïmdokh
lrk wdh;khkays fiajh lrk rcfha fiajlhka nj thska woyia fjhs¡ fuu ùÈ uÜgfï msßi
Èia;s%la yd m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hkays" .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,hkays" fmd,sia ia:dkhkays" mdie,a
hkdÈfha fiajlhska f,i;a" uOHu rcfha" m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï md,k wh;khkays
fomd¾;fïka;=j, lafIa;% ks,OdÍyq f,i;a fiajh lr;s¡

2009 jif¾§ md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lrk ,o úi¾ck mk;a flgqïm; ^whjeh& uÕska remsh,a
ñ,shk 66"402 la rcfha fiajlhskaf.a jegqma i|yd fjkafldg ;snqKs ^úfoaY fiajd i|yd we;=,;a
lr.kq ,enQ fiajlhskao fuhg we;=,;a l<fyd;a fuu w.h ñ,shk 155"381 la jkq we;&¡
flfiafj;;a iudcfha fmdÿ yeÕSu jkafka rfÜ mßmd,k ieliqu M,odhS fkdjk" wldrHCIu
tfukau ck;dj f.jk nÿ uqo,a m%udKhg fkdiEfyk tlla jk njhs¡ iuyrúg fuu
uyck;djf.a meñKs,s yd wjfndaOhka mokï jkafka wkHhkaf.a u;hka fyda ish mqoa.,sl
w;a±lSï yryd Ôú; ld<h ;=, Tjqka úiska we;s lr.;a Ñ;a;fõ.d;aul wNsuqLùï u;h¡ fuu
ÿ¾j,;djhkaf.ka iuyrla wod, hdka;%Kh yd iïnkaO tajd jk w;r ta wkqj kQ;k
wdKavqlrK ls%hdj,sh md,kh lrk jHqyhka ;=, wka;¾.; uQ,O¾uhka yd ne£ mj;S¡ ;j;a
iuyrla wm ieu weiqre lrk ixialD;sl ikao¾Nh ;=,ska ks¾udKh jQ foa fjhs¡

fï wkqj wmf.a ±lau jkafka fuu woyia ms,sn|j úIh uQ,sl we.hSula isÿ lsÍug kï rfÜ
mßmd,k ls%hdj,sh yd ne£ mj;akd m%Odk jHjydrhka iïnkaOfhka fukau rdcH wxY
l<uKdlrKh ms,sn|j jk fM;sydisl yd cd;Hka;r w;a±lSï iïnkaOfhkao fï rfÜ
mqrjeishka f,i fmdÿ uyck;dj ±kqj;a l<hq;= njhs¡

1.2 jd¾;dfõ ieliqu

fmr mßÉfþofha§ y÷kd.kq ,enQ wdldrhg whs;sjdislï øDIaÀfldaKhka ms,sn| uyck ixjdohla
i|yd myiqlï ie,iSu i|yd fuu jd¾;dj iliafldg we;¡ my; ldrKdjka f;areï .eksu i|yd
uyck;djg jeo.;a jkakdjQ f;dr;=re yd ixjdohka fuu jd¾;dj úiska bÈßm;a lr isáhs¡
(w). kQ;k rdcHfha rdcH mßmd,kfha iajNdjh yd úIh m:h" rcfha fiajdjka ,nd§u i|yd
fjk;a rgj,a úiska j¾Okhfldg we;s hym;a mßphka iy mqrjeis whs;sjdislï flfrys

7
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka kQ; rdcHhkays rcH mßmd,k ieliqu i|yd wka;¾cd;sl wdh;khka
úiska iliafldg we;s f.da,Sh m%ñ;Ska
(wd). fM;sydisl miqìu flrys wjOdkh fhduqlrñka ^hg;a úð; yd mYapd;a hg;a úð; w;a±lSïo
we;=,;aj& YS% ,xldfõ rdcH mßmd,k l%uh" tlS mßmd,k l5uh ls%hd;aul jkakdjQ wdKavql%u
jHjia:duh" mßmd,kuh yd foaYmd,ksl rduqj" YS% ,xldfõ mqrjeisNdjh mokï fldg.;a
md,khla ia:dms; lsÍu lsÍu wdYs%; .eg¿
(we). fuu jd¾;dfõ l;=jreka fukau fjk;a whj¿ka úiska uE;ld,Skj isÿlrk ,o wOHkhkao
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka YS% ,xldfõ úêu;a yd wúêu;a mßmd,kuh myiqlï ie,iSfï
l%ufõoh

fuu jd¾;dj fldgia ;=klg fnod we;¡ kQ;k rdcHfha rdcH mßmd,kfha N+ñldj iy rcfha
fiajdjka iemhSfï§ jvd;a .e,fmk mßphka iys; fjk;a rgj, ls%hdjg kxjd we;s uE;ld,Sk
m%;sixialrKhka iy rdcH mßmd,k ieliqï yd iïnkaê; cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska ms,sn| o<
úYaf,aIKhla m<jk fldgiska bÈrm;a fjhs¡ fojk fldgiska ±lafjkafka YS% ,xldfõ rdcH
mßmd,k ieliqu yd furg rdcH mßmd,k l%ufha iïnkaê; wdKavql%u jHjia:duh úêúOdkhka
ms,sn| o< úYaf,aIKhla i|yd fuys fojk fldgi fjkafõ¡

;=kajk fldgi mßÉfþo follska iukaú; fjhs¡ tys m<jk mßÉfþoh mokï jkafka 2009 cQ,s-
wf.daia;= udij,§ isÿlrkq ,enQ lafIa;% wOHkhl§ tla/ia lr.kq ,enQ f;dr;=re u;h¡ rdcH
mßmd,kh flfrys ck;dj olajk woyia iy mßmd,k lghq;= isÿlrk l5uh yd ne£ mj;akd
úêu;a fukau wúêu;a ls%hdj,Ska flfryso wys§ wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nhs¡ wjika mßÉfþoh
fuu jd¾;dfõ f;aud;aul wjOdkhka jk ldrHCIu;djh" uM,odhS;ajh" idOdrK;ajh yd
m%;spdrd;aulnj ms,sn| w¾: ksrEmkhka .fõIKh lrhs¡ fuu jákdlï ;=, .eìj we;s
whs;sjdislïuh øDIaÀfldaKh ms,sn| ixjdohkg th uq,mqrkq we;¡

8
 » - fldgi
2 – kQ;k rdcH ;=, rdcH mßmd,kfha N+ñldj

2¡1 ye¢kaùu

mßmd,kh hkq —lghq;= isÿlr.ekSu flfrys fhduqjQ ls%hdldrluls˜ ^Æ;¾ .=,sla" n,kak tï¡mS¡
I¾ud" Public Administration in Theory and Practic" lsgdí uy,a" w,yndoa" ms¡ 37&¡ uQ,sl jYfhka
fuh wdh;kfha ls%hdldlrï ie,iqïlrKh" ixúOdkh" uKav,SlrKh" fufyhùu"
iïnkaëlrKh" jd¾;dlsÍu iy whjeh ilia lsÍu hk ls%hdjkaf.ka iukaú; fjhs¡ fulS
l<uKdlrK ls%hdldrlï Ndr.kakd rcfha wdh;khka foaYmd,k úOdhlfha kdhl;ajh hgf;a
ia:dms; flfrk w;r Tjqyq rdcH ks,OdÍka f,i y÷kajkq ,efn;s¡

flfiafj;;a kQ;k wdKavqj, rcfha fiajlhska fj; mejÍ we;s jvd;a jeo.;a ld¾hh jkafka —
kshñ; wêldßh úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk uyck kS;sh iy uyck m%;sm;a;sh úêu;a yd
iúia;rd;aulj ls%hdjg kexùuhs ˜ ^f,kd¾â jhsÜ" by; Wmqgd .ekSu" ms¡ 36&¡ uyck m%;sm;a;sh
ieliSu iudcfha ;ks mqoa.,hskaf.a mßY%uhkaf.ka tyd .sh fmdÿ .eg¿ flfrys b,lal ù we;s
neúka uyck m%;sm;a;sh ls%hdjg kxjkakka f,i rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska wfmaCIs; NdKav yd
fiajdjka ck;dj w;r iudk wdldrfhka fn§ hk whqßka lghq;= lrñka fulS m%;sm;a;Sk ays
wruqKq bgq l<hq;= fjhs¡ rdcH mßmd,kh jD;a;Sh yd wmCImd;S mßmd,lhska úiska isÿl< hq;=
njg ksfhdað; m%d;ka;%jdoh bÈßhg meñKSu;a iuÕ j¾Okh jQ mßmd,k kHdh yd mßph úiska
ms,s.kq ,en we;¡ foaYmd,ksl wmCImd;SNdjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uh ms,s.ekSug ,lajkafka rcfha
ks,Odßhdf.a ;k;=r —uyck Ndrhla˜ f,i ixúOdkh úhhq;= nj;a" uyck m%;sm;a;sh ls%hdjg
kexùu i|yd foaYmd,ksl fyda fjk;a lsisÿ úfNaokhla ie,ls,a,g fkdf.k Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
hï hï —;dCIKsl˜ yd —jHdmdßl˜ l=i,;djka wjYH jk nj;a hk mokfï isgh¡ foaYmd,ksl
fkdjk mrsmd,lhd ms,sn| woyi miqld,Skj fmdÿfõ ms,s.ekSug ,lajQ w;r m%cd;dka;s%l md,kh
i|yd jk w;HdjYH mQ¾j fldkafoaishla f,iska y÷kd.kq ,eìks¡ rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, ;dCIKsl
yd jHdmdßl YlH;djka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu woo m%cd;ka;%jdohfha id¾:l;ajh uekSfï jeo.;a

9
Wmudkhla f,iska ie,flkafka rcfha iïm;a ldrHCIu yd iM,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSu iy
ck;dj fj; .=Kd;aulj by, fiajdjla iemhSu tuÕska ;yjqre lrkq ,nk neúks¡

2.1 rdcH mßmd,kfha iajNdjh

by; l<uKdlrK ls%hdldrlï rdcH" mqoa.,sl yd rdcH fkdjk wxYhkago fmdÿjk kuq;a rcfha
mßmd,k ixúOdkhka úiska mßmd,kh l<hq;= jk foa mqoa.,sl fyda rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhkag
mßmd,kh lsÍug isÿjk fohska fjkia fjhs¡ rdcH yd mqoa.,sl wxYhka ikaikaokh l<fyd;a
rdcH mßmd,kfha wruqK wmg uekúka meyeÈ,s lr.; yel¡

rdcH i;= mßmd,k ixúOdkhkag foaYmd,ksl jgmsgdjla ;=, ls%hd;aulùug isÿjk w;r mqoa.,sl
wxYhg wh;a ixúOdkhka ls%hd;aul jkafka fj<|fmd, ;=,h¡ fuys m%;sM,hla f,i rdcH
mßmd,kh yd jHdmdr mßmd,kh w;r i,l=Kq l<yels fjkialï /ila mj;S¡ mqoa.,sl wxYhg
wh;a mßmd,k ixúOdkhka ;rÕldÍ yjq,alrejka iuÕ ls%hd;aul jk w;r uQ,sl jYfhka
wd¾Ólh iuÕ .Kqfokq lrhs¡ wfkla w;g rdcHfha mßmd,k ixúOdkhka taldêldÍ jk w;r
uQ,sl jYfhka .Kqfokq lrkafka foaYmd,kh iuÕsks¡ fulS fjkialï ish N+ñh ;=, ;eke;a;ka
yd ixúOdkhka fj; m%pKav;ajh Ndú;d lsÍfï taldêldÍ mru wêldrh ysñ foaYmd,ksl
wdiaÓ;Hhlaùu yd N+ñh u; mokïjQ ixúOdkhlaùu hk rdcH yd ne£ mj;akd uQ,O¾uhka i|yd
fuu fjkialï odhlù we;¡ th iuyr wjia:djkays§ m%cd;dka;s%l m%;sudkhka blaujd hñka
foaYmd,ksl iudch ;=, ish wêldrh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd w;HdjYH jk ls%hdud¾.hkao .kq
,eìhyel¡ m%cd;dka;s%l m%;sudkhka yd rdcHhka úiska isoq lrkq ,nk mSvl N+ñldjka iSud lsÍu
i|yd jk f.da,Sh n,mEï iys; j¾;udk hq.fha§ mjd cd;sl rdcHhla i;= fuu uQ,sl
foaYmd,ksl .=Kdx.hka ySkù fkdue;¡ fï wdldrhg m%cd;dka;s%l m%;sudkhka f.da,ShlrKh ù
we;s hq.hl rdcH mßmd,kh iunkaOfhka jk ;SrKd;aul ldrKhla jkafka uyck;djf.a
hym; Wfoid mßmd,k ieliqu ilia lsÍu iy ish ck;dj flfrys jk ish wêldrh m;=rjk
rdcHhg fiajh lrñka uyck hym; fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu isÿlrkafka flfiao hkakhs¡

2.2 rdcH wxYfha l<uKdlrKfha ;SrKd;aul ldrKdjka

kQ; rdcH mßmd,kh ms,sn|j jk khdhfõÈhl= jk fÊka tßla f,aka rdcH wxY l<uKdlrKh
iy mßmd,kh ms,sn|j jk ish jvd;a uE;ld,Sk úYaf,aIKfha§ ;¾l lr isákafka kQ;k
rdcHhka —lD;HidOl rdcHhka˜ njg m;aj we;s nj;a" tys mßmd,kuh yia;h fj; mejÍ we;s
ls%hdldrlï jkafka fmdÿ fiajd iemhSu" iudc iqrCIs;;djh fjkqfjka f.ùu iy kS;sfha
10
md,kh ksfhdackh lsÍu jk nj;ah ^2009&¡ iuld,Sk rdcH mßmd,kh úiska bgq l<hq;=
;SrKd;aul ls%hdldß l,dmhka f,i Tyq my; tajd y÷kd.kS ^úia;r lsÍï yd wjika lreKq fol
tl;= lrk ,o tajd fjhs&¡
1. fmdÿ fr.=,dis mekùu- fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka kshduk mßirhla mj;ajdf.k
hk w;r ck;djg ldrHCIu fiajdjla imhkafka flfiao hkakhs¡
2. kS;sh yd rcH w;r iïnkaO;djh- fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka ck;djf.a Wmßu
iqNisoaêh we;sjk wdldrhg rg ;=, kS;sh n,.kajkafka flfiao hakkhs¡
3. mßirh yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh taldnoaO lsÍu - fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka
iajNdúl iïm;a yd ixj¾Ok wruqKq w;r iu;=,s;;djhla mj;ajd.kafka flfiao hkakhs
^flfiafj;;a ixj¾Oh fjñka mj;sk f,dalfha ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka ;u miqìï
mßirfha jvd;a .;sl wxYhka ;=, wka;¾.; n,mEïj,ska tkï ialSh wd;aud¾;ldó
jqjukdjka bgqlr .ekSu msKsi mßmd,k l%uhg wdfõKsl iïu; Ndú;djkaf.ka msg
mkskakg n,mEï lrkakdjQ iudc n,fõ.hkaf.ka mßmd,k l%ufha wjxl;ajh wdrCId
lr.kafka flfiao hkakhs&¡
4. nyq;, wdKavqlrKh - fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka md,kfha úúO uÜgï i|yd
n,h yd iïm;a fjkafldg ;nkafka flfiao hkak iy tu fjka lsÍu uÕska ksmofjk
fmdÿ NdKav yd fiajd rdcH mßmd,kh yryd iudcfha jvd;a ÿIalr yd wdka;sl lsÍug
,lajQ fldgia fj; fnod yßkafka flfiao hkak;ah¡
5. rdcH" mqoa.,sl yd rcH fkdjk ixúOdk yjq,aldß;ajh - fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j
jkafka mÿ.,sl yd rdcH fkdjk wxYhkag iïmQ¾Kfhkau mjrdÈh fkdyels fiajdjka
iemhSfï ld¾hhg rdcH wxYhg iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSu i|yd mqoa.,sl yd rdcH fkdjk
wxYhka fmd<Ujd .kq ,nkafka flfiao hkakhs¡
6. m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjg kexúu - fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka m%;sm;a;s iïmdol cd,hkays
úúO uÜgïj, úúO jqjukdjka m%;sm;a;s iïmdol ld¾hh ;=, wka;¾.; lrkaf ka
flfiao hkakhs¡
7. mqrjeishkag fiajh lsÍu - fuys§ ;SrKd;aul .eg¿j jkafka isú,a" foaYms,k" iudÔh"
wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl jYfhka j¾.SlrKh fldg we;s mqrjeis whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lsÍfï
rcfha N+ñldj bgqlrkafka flfiao hkakhs¡
8. ck;djf.a udkj yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu - by;ska ±lajQ .eg¿ iy.;
l,dmhka we.hSfï§ fhdod.; hq;= jkakdjQ m%Odk ñkqï oKav jkafka fuhhs¡

2.3 rdcH mrsmd,kh úiska bgq lrkq ,nk m%Odk N+ñldjka

rgl rdcH mßmd,k ieliqu úiska bgq lrkq ,nk úúO N+ñldjka i,ld ne,Sfuka by; olajk
,o .eg¿ f;areï.; yelsfjhs¡ my;ska ±lafjkafka tlS N+ñldjkaf.ka lsysmhls¡

11
 1. rdcHfha n,h iy wêldßh n,d;aul lsÍu- kS;sfha wdêm;Hh n,mj;ajkq msKsi tlS
uQ,O¾uhka u; mokïj rdcH wdh;khka iajlSh ixila; yd wkql,kd;aul n,hka
yryd iïu; lr.kq ,nkakdjQ kS;s kS;sfha md,kh uQ,O¾uh m%ldYudk jk
wdldrfhka ls%hdjg kexùu mßmd,k wdh;khkaf.a j.lSu fõ¡
2. rdcH iïm;aj, Ndrlre ùu- rdcHfha iïm;aj, m%Odk Ndrlre jYfhka rdcHfha
iïm;a wh:d f,i mßyrkh lsÍug fhfokakdjQ foaYmd,k yd iudÔh n,mEï
m%;slafIAm lsÍfï m%Odk j.lSu rdcH mßmd,k wdh;khka fj; mejfrhs¡
3. m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg Wmfoia iemhSu- m%;sm;a;s iïmdok ld¾hhg wod, ldrKdjka
iïnkaOfhka weu;sjrekag wjYH Wmfoia ,nd§u uÕska rfÜ iudc" wd¾Ól yd
;dCIKsl ixj¾Okhg wod,j ±kg mj;akd ixl,amSh is;shu jvd;a mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd
iudchg WmldÍùu rdcH mßmd,k wdh;khkaf.a uQ,sl j.lSula fjhs¡
4. wdKavqfõ úOdhl yia;hùu- jHjia:d iïmdolhska úiska iïu; lrk ,oaodjQ kS; s
ls%hd;aul lsÍfï rcfha yia;h jkafka rdcH mßmd,k l%uhhs¡ tuÕska foaYmd,k
úOdhlh úiska ;Skaÿ lrk uyck m%;sm;a;s" jevigyka yd ie,iqï ls%hdjg kxùu
wruqKq flfrhs¡ fï wkqj tlS ls%hdldrlïj,g jvd;a meyeÈ,s njla ,ndÈu muKla
fkdj tu ls%hdldrlïj, m%;sM, w;alr .ekSug wjYH ;dCIKsl úYsIaGNdjhlska
hq;=j lsh
% djg úia;rd;aul ls%hdjg kexùfï j.lSuo rdcH wdh;khka i;=j we;¡
5. iïm;a l<uKdlrKh- rdcHhg ysñ udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a ldrHCIu" iM,odhS iy
iliqrejñka hq;=j l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï j.lSu rdcH mßmd,k ieliqu i;= fjhs¡ ta
wkqj msßjeh m%;s,dN" uQ,H jákdlï yd wjidkfha nÿ f.jkakkaf.a ÿIalr;d wju
lsÍu wruqKqfldg iïm;a Ndú;hg .ekSfï j.lSula rdcH mßmd,k wdh;khka i;=
fõ¡
6. rcfha fiajd iemhSu- rcfha fiajdjka iemfhkafka rdcH mßmd,k ieliqu uÕsks¡
mqoa.,sl wxYhg l<uKdlrKh l< fkdyels iudc wruqKq .Kkdjla t;=, .eíj
we;¡ isú,a iudcfha ixúOdkd;aul m%h;akhka ;=,ska mjd tlS wruqKq bgq lsÍu wiSre
fjhs¡ fï wkqj mqrjeishkaf.a wjYH;djkag b;d oCI f,i;a" ldrHCIu f,i;a m%;spdr
±laùfï m%Odk j.lSu rdcH wdh;khka i;= fõ¡
7. fmdÿ jqjukdjkaf.a ueÈy;alrejd ùu- rdcHh" mqoa.,sl wxYh iy rdcH fkdjk
wxYhka w;r w;rueÈhd ùug rdcH mßmd,k wdhkhkag isÿfõ¡ iudchg wjYH fiajd
iemhfï§ wfkla wxY fpl iuÕ yjq,aldÍ;ajh f.dvkxjd.ekSug isÿfõ¡

fuu úúO N+ñldjka yd ne£ mj;akd m%Odk j.lSï mÍCIdlr ne,Sfï§ rgl mßmd,k l%uh jgd
mj;akd ixlS¾K;djhka fukau rdcH mßmd,k ieliqula úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= uQ,O¾uhka
iuyrlao wjfndaO lr.; yelsfõ¡ wm kQ;k m%Odkhd - wkqfhdað;hd m%fõYh wdfoaY l<fyd;a
rdcH mßmd,k ks,OdÍka úiska rdcH" wdKavqj" iudch iy tafflhsl mqrjeishd hk m%Odkhska

12
i;r fokd fj; fiajh l<hq;= fjhs¡ flfiafj;;a wo ojfia jvd;a ;SrKd;aul mekh jkafka
jvd;a jeo.;a m%Odkhd jk mqrjeishdg jvd fyd| fiajhla imhk w;r;=f¾§ fulS úúO
m%OdkSkaf.a lghq;= rdcH mßmd,kh úiska bg lrk ,nkafka flfiao hkakhs¡ fuys§ kQ;k rdcH
mßm,dkh foi ne,Su i|yd øDIaÀfldaKhka folla wm i;=j mj;S¡ tka kS;sfha md,kh uQ,O¾h
iy mqrjeisNdjh ms,sn| kQ;k ixl,ams;hhs¡

2.4 kS;sfha md,kh yd rdcH mßmd,kh

wdKavqj mj;skafka uyck iqNisoaêh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu i|yd muKlah tfia;a ke;skï uyck
hym; m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd muKlah hk Wml,amkh u; msysgd uyck m%;sm;a;sh yd
mqrjeisNdjh ms,sn| .eg¿ úi¢h fkdyel¡ kQ;k hq.fha wdKavqj iudch i|yd mj;akd Yla;Sk a
ldrHCIu f,i Ndú;d lrkqjia tajd ixúOdkh lsßu i|yd jk m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍfï
wdh;kh f,iska ls%hd;aul jqjo thg wdKavqfõ m%drïNl j.lSu jQ rdcHfha mrudêm;Hh wdrCId
lsÍfï yd n,d;aul lsÍfï j.lSfuka ñÈh fkdyel¡ flfiafj;;a j¾;udkfha§ uyck;dj rdcH
n,fha uQ,dY%h f,iska ms,s.kq ,en we;s neúka fulS ls%hdldÍ;ajh kS;sfha md,kh uQ,O¾uh yd
iómj ne£ mj;S¡

kS;sfha md,kh kQ;k wdKavqlrKfha w;HdjYH wx.hls¡ th fkdue;sj wdKavql%u jHjia:duh

m%cd;ka;%jdohg ksis wdldrfhka ls%hd;aul úh fkdyel¡ m%cd;dka;s%l wdKavqlrKhla isÿ
fkdlrk ;ka;%hka mjd lsishï wdldrhl kS;sfha md,k rduqjla mj;ajd .ks;s¡ rdcH mßmd,kh
úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= kS;sfha md,k wjYH;djka lsysmhla mj;S¡ fulS wjYH;djhka rdcH
mßmd,kh hï;dla ÿrlg iSud lrk w;r tuÕska ish ls%hdldrlï i|yd úêu;a jHqyh
fkdtfiakï ks,;ka;%h w;HdjYH njg m;alrjhs¡

kS;sfha md,kh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd rdcH mßmd,kh úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= jeo.;a wjYH;djka
iuyrla my; ±lafõ ^fÊka tßla f,akaf.a lD;sfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,§" ms¡5&¡
(w). ld¾h mámdál j.ùu: fuhska woyia jkafka mßmd,kh ;SrK .;hq;= jkafka ia:dms; yd
ms,s.;a ld¾h mámdàkag wkql+,j jk njh¡ fï wkqj wúêu;a ixúOdk f,i lghq;= lsÍug rdcH
mßmd,k wdh;khkag yelshdjla fkdue;¡ tlS wdh;khkag úêu;a jHqyhla wjYHjk w;r th
ljr fyda wúêu;a ld¾h mámdáhlg fhduq fõ kï th isÿ l<hq;= jkafka úêu;a jHqyh ;=,
j.ùfï ld¾h mámdáhla ;=,h¡ fï wkqj fiajd iemhSfï ls%hdoduh ±ä kS;suh Ndjhla .kakd
wdldrfhka ls%hd;aul lsÍfï keUqrej fkdje,elaúh yelalls¡
(wd). ffk;sl;ajh: fuhska woyia jkafka rdcH mßmd,khg lghq;= lsÍug wjir fokakdjQ fyda
tjekalg ne£ï we;s lrkakdjQ rfÜ mj;akd lsishï kS;shla fõo Bg wkql+,j mßmd,kuh ;SrK

13
.;hq;= jk njhs¡ fï ksid jvd jeo.;a me;slv jkafka rfÜ kS;shhs¡ fï wkqj ck;djg
imhkakdjQ fiajdjka ie,iqï lsÍfï§ yd ixúOdkh lsÍfï§ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj yd md¾,sfïka;=
mk;a úiska bgq lrk N+ñldjla we;¡ ta w;ru kS;sfha lsishï ysia;ekla we;skï th
mßmd,lhskag ish wNsu;h Ndú;dfldg ;SrK .ekSug ksoyi ,ndfokq we;¡ fuh rdcH
fiajlhskag ish rdcldß uekúka bgq lsÍug wjYH ;;ajhls¡ fï wkqj ck;djg ldrHCIu rdcH
fiajhla ie,iSu i|yd ck;d ys;jd§ mßmd,lhska w;HdjYH fjhs¡

(we). meñKs,s lsÍu yd iyk ie,iSu: mßmd,k ;SrKhkag tfysj meñKs,s lsÍfï yelshdj mej;sh
hq;=h¡ uyck;djg ish ÿla.ekú,s bÈßm;a lsÍug;a" iyk b,a,d isàug;a" jkaÈ b,a,d isàug;a
bv m%ia:dj mej;sh hq;=h¡ fï ksid rdcH mßmd,kfha ;Skaÿ ;SrK úu¾IKhg hg;a l<yels jk
w;r ck;dj uÕska ksfhdackh flfrkakdjQ rdcH wdh;khka yryd úNd. lsÍu l<yel¡
ck;djf.a meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍug yd tu meñKs,s i|yd ck;djg iyk ,nd.ekSug wjYH
ls%hdoduhka ia:dms; lsÍu rdcH mßmd,kfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh ;=, wka;¾.; úhhq;= jvd jeo.;a
wx.hla fõ¡ ta wkqj Tïnqâiauka OQrh" cd;sl udkj ysñlï fldñiu" wêlrKh iy mßmd,k
úksYaph iNdjka jeks wdh;ksl hdka;%Khka mßmd,k l5uhla i|yd w;HdjYH wx.hka njg
m;aj we;¡
(wE). úu¾IKh yd j.lSï iy.;nj: mßmd,kuh ;SrK .kakdjQ yd fmdÿ fiajd imhkakdjQ
ksfhdað;hska Tjqka úiska lrk ,o ls%hdjka fyda fkdlr yeÍï ms,sn|j j.úh hq;= w;r ta
iïnkaOfhka j.lSï iy.; úhhq;=h¡ fï wkqj rdcH mßm,dkfha kshq;=j isák rcfha
fiajlhskaf.a ls%hdjka mdrøDIH núka hq;= njg m;alr,Su i|yd Tjqkaf.a ls%hdjka Í;s yd fr.=,dis
uÕska kshdukh l<hq;= fjhs¡

2.6 mqrjeisNdjh yd rdcH mßmd,kh

ls%¡ mQ¡ 4 jeks ishjfia Ôj;ajQ weßiafgdag,a keue;s od¾Ykslhd ish —fmd,sálaia˜ keue;s lD;sfha§
fufia olajhs¡ —mqrjeishl= lsishï ksYaÑ; ia:dkhl Ôj;ajk ksidfjka mqrjeishl= njg m;a
fkdjkafkah¡ t;ek msgia;rhska fukau jy¨kao Ôj;a fj;s¡˜ ^weßiafgdag,a" fmd,sálaia ls%¡mQ¡340"
»»» lD;sh" Internet Ancient History Source Book&¡ Tyq ;jÿrg;a lshd isákafka mqrjeishdf.a
úfYaI ,CIKh jkafka Tyq —hqla;sh mis|,Sfï§ fukau rcfha ks,;, ±Íuo fnodyod .kakd˜
njhs ^tu&¡ weßifgdag,af.a w¾: ksrEmkhg wkqj mqrjeis ;;ajh w;alr .;yelafla rdcH fiajfha
;SrK .ekSfï§ ls%hdldÍj iyNd.sùu iy tlS iyNd.S;ajh ;=,ska iudc m%;s,dN w;alr.ekSu
;=,sks¡

weßiafgdag,af.a —we;Skshdkq mqrjeisNdjh˜ iy kQ;k mrjisNdjh w;r mj;akd fjki jkafka

kQ;k mrjeisNdjh rdcHfha ish¿ ffk;sl mÈxÑlrejkag ysñjk úYaùh ffk;sl whs;sjdislula

14
ùuh¡ wju jYfhka kHdhsl jYfhka fyda th mx;sh yd fjk;a iudc úIu;djhka wNsnjd
mj;skals¡ rdcHfha N+f.da,Sh iSudj ;=, fjfikakdjQ ish¿ kS;Hdkql+, mÈxÑlrejka fj; fmdÿ
mqrjeisNdjh u; mokïjQ cd;sl wkkH;djhla th úiska msßkukq ,nhs¡ Bg wu;rj th ksYaÑ;
foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" isú,a" idudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislïo t;=, wka;¾.; fjhs¡ mqrjeisNdjh
ms,sn| fulS kej; w¾:ksrEmkh ´mmd;slj ìysjQjla fkdfõ¡ th isÿjQfha ksoyia fj<|fmd<
mq¿,aùu" ld¾ñllrKh" kQ;k;ajh" f;dr;=re ;dCIKh" hymd,kh ms,sn| f.da,Sh jákdlï iy
udkj ysñlï fya;=fldgf.kh¡ ,snr,ajdoS yd iudcjdoS hk øDIaÀjd§ Odrdjka yd ine¢ iudc
jHdmdrhka fukau iy udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okh lsÍfï cd;Hka;r ieliquo mqrjeisNdjh kej;
w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍug odhl ù we;¡

fï wkqj kQ;k mqrjeisNdjh mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï iuÕ lsÜgqfhõ ne£ mj;S¡ mqrjeis
whs;sjdislï uQ,sl jYfhka foaYmd,k" isú,a yd iudÔh whs;sjdislï ms,s.kS¡ —Pkaoh§fï whs;sh
yd ryia Pkaofha whs;sh" rcfha ;k;=re ±Ífï whs;sh hkdÈh foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï j,g
we;=,;a fõ¡ uQ,sl jYfhka isú,a whs;sjdislï rcH n,fhka mqqrjeishdf.a isú,a Ôú;h wdrCId
lr.ekSug wruqKq lrf.k we;s w;r foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï uÕska rdcH n,h flfrys lsishï
wdldrhl md,khla mqrjeishd fj; ,ndfokq ,nhs¡ w¾:ksrEmkhg wkqj iudÔh whs;sjdislï
jQl,s fi!LH yd fiajd úhqla; rCIKhkao we;=,;aj fi!LH yd iqNidOkh ms,sn| wju m%ñ;Ska"
rcfha úY%u jegqma yd ;ks mqoa.,hska fjkqfjka jk iudc fiajdjka we;=,;a whs;sjdislï
ldKavhls˜ ^n,kak n¾Ü jEka iaàkan¾.ka" The Condition of Citizenship" fiaÊ m%ldYk iud.u"
,kavka" msgq 02-03&¡ iudÔh whs;sjdislï mqrjeishkaf.a iudc Ôú;h f.dvkxjd.ekSug WmldÍùu
i|yd mj;sk neúka tys§ rdcHhg jvd;a idOdkSh N+ñldjla bgq lsÍug isÿfõ¡

20 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha§ mqrjeis whs;sjdislï m,sn| l;sldjg wd¾Ól whs;sjdilïo

we;=,;a úh¡ tuÕska mqrjeis whs;sjdislï N+la;sú£fï tlsfklg fjkia wdldr folla
ks¾udKhfldg we;¡ wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï ysñlr§u fj<|fmd< yd ne£ we;s neúka Tyqf.a fyda
wehf.a wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lr.ekSu i|yd mqrjeishd wd¾Ól ñksil= njg m;aj we;¡
wfkla w;g isú,a" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka jk rdcHfha ne£u iuÕ
.Kqfokq lsÍu i|yd jqjukdjka Wmßu lr.ekSu g W;aidy l<o foaYmd,k ñksidg ish mqoa.,sl
jqjukdjka tfia Wmßu ;,hlg f.k wd fkdyelafla jeä fofkl=g Wmßu hym; Wodlr§u
rdcHfha j.lSu jk neúks¡ fï wkqj fuu úIh m:hka fol ;=, rdcHhg tlsfklg fjkia
N+ñldjka folla bgq lsÍug isÿfõ¡

foaYmd,k yd isú,a whs;sjdislï ksfIaOkd;aul whs;sjdislï fõ¡ tkï tajd iïnkaOfhka rdcHh
fj;ska wfmaCId lrkq ,nkafka tlS ths;sjdislï N+la;s ú£ug rdcH ndOd fkdl< hq;= njhs¡ óg
m%;smCIj iudÔh yd wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï m%;scdkk whs;sjdislï f,iska i,lkq ,nkafka tajd
iïnkaOfhka rdcH m%.;sYS,S N+ñldjla bgq lsÍu wfmaCId lrkq ,nk neúks¡ wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï
iqrCIs; lsÍu i|yd tlS ld¾hh isÿ lsÍug fj<|fmd<g myiqlï ie,iSu rch úiska l<hq;= w;r

15
mqoa.,sl yd ,dN fkd,nk wxYhka iuÕ yjq,aldÍ;ajhka f.dvkexúh hq;=h¡ wfkla w;g
fj<|fmd< n,fõ.hka iuÕ .Kqfokq lsÍug mqrjeishka isún, .ekaùu iy fj<|fmd<
wid¾:l;ajhkag ueÈy;aùu rdcHh úiska isÿl< hq;=h¡

kQ;k hq.fha mqrjeisNdjh kej; w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍu ms,sn| by; úNd. lsÍu úiska fmkajd
fokafka mqrjeisNdjfha whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; lsÍfï§ wdKavqfõ úOdhl yia;h f,i rdcH
mßmd,kh fj; úYd, j.lSula mejÍ we;s njhs¡ mqrjeis whs;sjdislï øDIaÀfldaKh rdcHh —
hq;=lï bgqlrkakl=˜ f,iska olsk fyhska fulS whs;sjdislï iïnkaOfhka jk rdcHfha ne¢u
rdcHfha tacka;hska jk rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a iodpdrd;aul yd ffk;sl j.lSï njg m;afjhs¡
l,ska fldgfia§ y÷kd.kq ,enQ ld¾h mámdáuh j.ùu" ffk;sl;ajh" meñKs,s yd iyk ie,iSu
iy j.lSïiy.; nj jeks kS;sfha md,kh yd ine¢ fndfyduhla ls%hdldrlï rcfha
fiajlhskaf.a ;SrK .ekSu" ;SrK ls%hdjg kexùu iy Tjqka úiska ,ndfok fiajdjka we.hSu
yryd rcfha ;k;=re iïnkaOfhka mqrjeishka olajk n,mEu iuÕ iumd; fjhs¡

mqrjeisNdjfha w¾:fha isÿj we;s fjkialï fya;=fldgf.k rdcH mßmd,k wdh;khkag rdcHfha
iudc ieliqu ;=, isrùug isÿj we;¡ óg iudka;rj mqrjeisNdjh yqfola whs;sjdislï fmdÈhla
muKla fkdj wdKavqlrKfha§ mqrjeishka ienúkau iyNd.S jkakdjQ ls%hdoduhla njg m;afldg
we;¡ fuu whs;sjdislï i|yd jk m%fõYh mqrjeishkaf.a flaj,a lsÍfï YlH;djka iuÕ iómj
ne£ mj;sk neúka fuu iyNd.S;ajh w;HdjYH fjhs¡ fuys§ ;SrK .ekSfï§" ;SrK ls%hdjg
kexùfï§ iy NdKav yd fiajdjka ,nd.ekSfï§ mqrjeishkag iyNd.sùu i|yd jk wdKavqlrK
ls%hdj,sh ;=, mj;akd úêu;a ieliqï ;SrKd;aul ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs¡ fulS úêu;a ieliqï
wdKavql%u jHjia:duh m%;smdokhka" mßmd,k kshduk ieliqï yd mßmd,k ixúOdkh i|yd
iïmdokhfldg we;s YlH;djka ;=, wka;¾.;j we;¡

wjidk jYfhka rdcH iy tys idudðlhka f,i mqrjeishka w;r iïnkaOh f.dvkÕk mqrel
f,iska lghq;= lrk rdcH mßmd,khg ish ld¾hh isÿ lsÍu i|yd úêu;a l%ufõohka u;
muKla msysgd lghq;= l< fkdyel¡ Tjqka wdKavqj yd ±kqj;a mqrjeishka w;r ls%hdldÍ
yjq,alrejl= njg m;afjñka ck;djg mQ¾K mqrjeisNdjhla w;alr .ekSu i|yd wdOdr l<hq;=
fjhs¡ ldrHCIu" iM,odhS yd wmCImd;S md,khla i|yd jk ck;djf.a whs;sh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd
Tjqka iQodkï fkdue;s kï fuu ld¾hh isÿl< fkdyelsh¡ ùÈ uÜgfï mßmd,lhska tÈfkod
ls%hdldrlïys ksr;ùfï§ m%;sm;a;s kej; w¾: ksrEmkh lsÍu yd kej; ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd
jk hï wdldrhl wNsu;hla Tjqka i;=j mj;skafkah hkak ;yjqrej we;s lreKls¡ fï wkqj
mßmd,lhskaf.a ixialD;sh" tkï Tjqkaf.a wdl,am" woyia Woyia yd lemùu Tjqka úiska ls%hdjg
kexùfï iy mqrjeishka fj; fiajd iemhSfï iajrEmh flfrys n,mEula we;s lrhs¡

uE;ld,Sk l;sldjka ;=, rdcH mßmd,kfha N+ñldj iïnkaOfhka jk ck;djg fiajd iemhSfï§
fmdÿ ms,s.ekSu jkafka rdcH mßmd,kh wjxlNdjh" úksúoNdjh iy j.ùu jeks jákdlï
iys;j lghq;= l<hq;= njh ^t,shd wdïiafg%dAx" Integrity, Transparency and Accountability in
16
Public Administration: Recent Trends, Regional and International Development and Emerging
Issues, tlai;a cd;Ska" 2005" ms¡ 01&¡ fuys§ —wjxlNdjh hkafkka rdcldß lghq;= bgqlsÍfï§ jk
i;Hjd§nj yd úYajdikShNdjh woyia flfrhs¡ ÿIKh iy ish ks,fha n,;, whq;= f,i
fhdod.ekSug tfrysj tajd ls%hd lrhs¡ úksúoNdjh hkqfjka woyia jkafka mßmd,k wdh;kh
úiska .kq,enQ ;SrK iïnkaOfhka yd tuÕska ,nd.;yels fiajdjka iïnkaOfhka ksjerÈ yd
fõ.j;a f,i f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug mqrjeishkag we;s wjldYhhs¡ j.lSu hkq rcfha iïm;a
Ndú;d lsÍu ms,sn|j rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a me;af;ka jd¾;d lsÍu iy mjrd we;s ls%hdldÍ wruqK q
bgq lsÍug wiu;aùï iïnkaOfhka ms,s;=re §ug ne£ isàuhs˜ ^tu&¡

fuu ixjdofha§ rdcH mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka jk whs;sjdislï iïnkaO ldrKdjka ms,sn|j

idlÉPd lsÍfï§ ie,ls,a,g .;hq;= jeo.;a l,dmhka y÷kd.kq ,eìks¡ ó<Õ mßÉfPAofha§
cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska yd fjk;a rgj, mj;akd hym;a mßphka úu¾IKh lrkq we;s w;r tys§ tys§
fhdod.kq ,en we;s kj rdcH l<uKdlrK l%ufõohka ms,sn|j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq flfrkq
we;¡

3 – fjk;a rgj, ls%hd;aul jv;a hym;a m%;sM, w;alr§ we;s mßphka

3.1 ye¢kaùu

uE;ld,Skj f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a rdcH wxYfha fiajd iemhSu iy l<uKdlrK YlH;djhka
jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd jk m%;sixialrKhka isÿlsÍug W;aidy ord we;¡ fuu m%;sixialrKhka
mqrjeishkag wvq msßjehla ±Íug isÿjk yd jHdmdßl iajrEmhla.;a l<uKdlrhla Tiafia Tjqkag
jvd jeä fiajdjla imhk mßmd,k fia jhla ia:dms; lsÍu wruqKqfldg f.k isÿflßk¡ fuys,d
mej;s m%jk;djh jQfha mdßfNda.sl ñ;%YS,S fiajd iemhSfï l%ufõohla m%;sM, lsÍu i|yd iy
uqo,a ms,sn| ixl,amfha jákdlu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka yels;dla ÿrg mqoa.,sl wxYfha
l<uKdlrK mßphka rdcH mßmd,kh ;=,g we;=,;a lsÍuhs¡

uE;ld,Sk jvd;a m%p,s; m%;sixialrK ls%hdoduh kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ¡

1980 .Kkaj,§ fuu m%;sixialrKhka ì%;dkHfhka yd weußld tlai;a ckmofhka wdrïNjQ w;r
miqld,Skj wfkla rgj,a lrdo me;sr hk ,§¡ ks,Odßjdoh wju lsÍu i|yd rdcH wxYhg
f;dard.;yels mq¿,a mrdihla jk m%;sixialrKhla kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh ;=, wka;¾.;j

17
mj;S¡ kj rdcH l<uKdlrKfha m%Odk wx.hka jkafka ;rÕldÍ;ajh" jvd fyd| uQ,H
l<uKdlrKhka iy fiajd iïmdokh lsÍfï l%ufõoh i|yd ls%hdldÍ;ajh we.hSfï l%ufõohka
y÷kajd§u uÕska rdcH wxYh m%;sjHqy.; lsÍu wruqKq lr.kS¡ fuys m%;sM,h f,iska wfmaCId
lrkq ,nkafka ;rÕldÍ;ajh fya;=fldgf.k we;sjk mSvkh ;=, l=vd fõ.j;a fiajd iemhsfï
ixúOdkhka m%;sM, lsÍuhs¡ kuq;a tajdfha fkdkeiS mej;Su ;SrKh jkq we;af;a uQ,Huh yd
l<uKdlrK oCI;djka u; muKla fkdfõ¡ tajd Ndú;d lrkakka fj; olajk m%;spdrd;aul
njo tys§ n,mdhs¡ f;dr;=re ;dCIK úma,jh u;=ùu;a iuÕ fuu rdcH fiajd m%;sixialrKhka
úµq;a wdKavqlrKh f,iska ye¢kafjk kj udkhla ;=,g ixhqla; lrkq ,eìks¡ úµq;a l%ufõohka
;=,ska rdcH fiajh fj; mqrjeishdg m%fõYh ,nd§ug W;aidy lrk M,odhS wdKavqlrKhla
fuuÕska ks¾udKhfldg we;¡

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkho ckd;jg fiajd iemhSu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd ish idudðlhkag
wdOdr lrñka isáhs¡ tlai;a cd;Ska úiska f,dalh mqrd ia:djr uyck m%;sm;a;s" iM,odhS rdcH
md,kh iy ldrHCIu isú,a fiajh ms,sn| ±kqu" w;a±lSï yd hym;a mßphka fnodyod .ekSu
i|yd jk uyck mßmd,k cd,.; ¥; fufyhla ia:dms;fldg we;¡ fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,
uE;ld,Sk m%;sixialrKhka we.hSfïk wk;=rej f,dalfha jvd fyd| rdcH fiajhla i|yd jk
úIhka wgla tla;rd Ydia;%{hl= úiska y÷kd.kq ,en we;¡ tajd kï (
(1). rdcH fiajh m%;sjHqy.; lsÍu
(2). foaYmd,k$ mßmd,k w;=re uqyqK; kej; mÍCId lÍu
(3). by, uÜgfï wdpdrOd¾ñl m%ñ;Ska /lSu iy ÿIKh iïmQ¾Kfhka msgq±lSu
(4). rdcH fiajd fldñiïj, N+ñldj iudf,daapkh lsÍu
(5). jákdlï yd YlH;djkays m%ñ;Ska ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
(6). yqfola mqoa.,sl wxYfha muKla fkdj bka tmsgg yjq,aldÍ;ajhkaf.a odhl;ajh fidhd hdu
(7). by, .=Kd;aulNdjhlska hq;a fiajd iemhSula isÿlsÍu
(8). rdcH wxYh i|yd ;rÕldÍ o¾Ylhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï fhdackdj ^ta¡ tia¡ wíÿ,a wyuâ" Best
Practices in Public Administration: Experiences from Commonwealth Countries in Mazlin Ahmad
^ixialrKh&" Public Service Management: Achieving Quality Service in the 21st Century, rdcH
mßmd,kh ms,sn| cd;sl wdh;kh" uef,aishdj" 1998" ms¡ 2¡ ^msgq 2-10&¡

fndfyda rgj,a úiska fuu m%;sixialrK iQ;%.; lsÍï y÷kajd fokq ,en we;s w;r tuÕska hym;a
mßphka /ilau wmg bf.k.; ye;¡ YS% ,xldfõ rdcH fiajd iemhSfï ieliqu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu
i|yd b,lal fldg.;a rdcH fiajd m%;sixialrKhka i|yd wkqj¾;kh fldg.; yels jvd;a
iqÿiq mßphka tuÕska y÷kd.; yelsjkq we;¡

3.2 fjk;a rgj, isÿfld we;s m%;sixialrK yd tu rgj, mj;akd hym;a mßphka
18
3.2.1 kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh mokï lr.;a m%;sixialrKhka

wdKavqfõ m5udKh úYd, ùu" jegqma i|yd úYd, uqo,a iïNdrhla úhoï lsÍug isÿùu yd isú,a
fiajlhskaf.a j.ùula fkdue;sùu hkd§jQ mj;akd isú,a fiajdfõ woCI;djhkag ms,shula f,i
1980 .Kkaj,§ kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh mokï lr.;a m%;sixialrKhka ÈhqKq OfkaIajr
m%cd;dka;s%l rgj, we;súh¡ isú,a fiajdj m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï jevigykaj, ^fuu rgj,a úiska
ls%hdjg kxjk ,o& wjOdkh uQ,sl jYfhka fhduqj mej;=fka rdcH fiajfha m%Odk ÿ¾j,;djhla
f,iska ie,flk rdcH fiajd hdka;%Kh úiska ks¾udKh fldg we;s wêl uQ,Huh nr ieye,a,
lsÍuhs¡ m%;sm;a;Skaf.ka wfmaCIs; m%;sM, w;alr.ekSug wiu;aùu úiska rdcH wxYfha úhoï
flfrys uqof,a jákdlu øDIaÀfldaKfhka ne,Sug fuu iudchkays m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskag n,lr
isák ,§¡

1980 .Kkaj, u;=j wd wdKavqj kej; ks¾udKh lsÍfï woyi rdcH wxYfha úhoï ms,sn|j
olajk ,oafoa Èhdre woyils¡ wd¾Ólhka ksoyiaùu úiska fj<|fmd< ilS%h lrùu fya;=fldgf.k
iajfoaYSh wd¾Ólhka i|yd jeä bvla ,ndfokakdjQkj l<uKdlrK mßphka mqoa.,sl wxYh
úiska y÷kajd§u;a iuÕ rfÜ kj wd¾Ól t,eUqu yd fkd.e,mqkq ishjia .Kkla merKs
ks,Odßjd§ mßphka flfrys kej; is;d ne,Sug rdcH wxYhg isÿúh¡ fulS ikao¾Nh ;=, rdcH
wxYfha úhoï ck;djg nrla f,iska y÷kd.kq ,eìk¡ fï fya;=fldgf.k m%dfhda.sl;ajh ;=,
mqoa.,sl wxYh úiska fhdod.kq ,nk ks¾Kdhlhka fhdod.ksñka rdcH wxY ls%hdldÍ;ajh kej;
mÍCIdjg Ndckh lsÍu iy m%;sixialrK y÷kajd§ug W;aidy ork ,§¡ tys§ isú,a fiajfha
m%udKh l=vd lsÍfuka ta i|yd jehjk msßjeh wju lsÍug W;aidy .eksk¡ wfkla w;g
úuOH.; lrk ,o whjeh l<uKdlrK l%ufõohka iy fj<|fmd< l%ufõohka wkq.ukh
lrñka mqrjeis$ mdßfNda.sl$ fiajdodhl mßphka y÷kajd§ug myiqlï i,ik ,§¡

kj rdcH l<uKdlrK m%;sixialrKh ;ju;a f,dalh mqrd me;sfrñka mj;akd ls%hdoduhls¡ th

mq¿,a mrdihl me;srekq —fuj,ï˜ iïnkaOfldg.;a kj rgdjl wdKavqlrKhla jk w;r
wdKavqfõ fiajd iemhSu yd tajd l<uKdlrKh lsÍu i|yd ;=kajk md¾Yajhka u; úYajdih
;nkakls¡ th uq,ska ngysr rgj, iïNjh ù miqj l%u l%ufhka ngysr fkdjk rgj,a lrdo
jHdma; úh¡ kj rdcH l<uKdlrK m%;sixialrKhka ngysr wdKavqj," úfYaIfhka ´iafÜ%,shdj"
kjiS,ka;h yd tlai;a rdcOdksh jeks wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;dh yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jk ixúOdkfha
(OECD) rgj, wdKavqj, isÿjQ jvd;au jeo.;a j¾Okhhs¡ wdKavqj flfrys mj;akd uyck
tÈßjd§;ajh" CIh fjñka hk whjeh iy f.da,ShlrKh bÈßfha w;HdjYHfhka isÿl<hq; =
fjkialï wdÈh ;=,ska W;af;ach ,o rdcH wxYfha m%;sixialrKhka f,iska kj rdcH
luKdlrKh fndfydaúg y÷kd.kq ,nhs¡ tys§ uq,ald,Sk m%;sixialrKhkag mqfrda.dójQfha uyd
ì%;dkHh" kjiS,ka;h" TiafÜ%,shdj iy hï;dla ÿrlg weußld tlai;a ckmoh jk neúka uq, a
ld,fha fulS m%;sixialrKhka wex.af,da ielaika ks¾ñ;hla f,iska y÷kd.kq ,eìk¡

19
flfiafj;;a 1980 .Kka yd 1990 .Kkaj,§ fulS kj rdcH l<uKdlrK ixl,amhka f.da,Sh
jYfhka me;sr hk ,§¡

3.2.2 tlai;a rdcOdksfha m%;sixialrKhka

ud.%Ü ;ep¾f.a wdKavq ld<h ;=, isÿ lrkq ,enQ m%;sixialrKhka uQ,sl jYfhka y÷kd.kq
,enQfha rdcH wxYfha úhoï wvq lsÍu i|yd ork ,o W;aidyhla f,isks¡ fuu m%;sixialrK
jHmdrh wdrïNjQfha rcfha fiajlhska jrm%idÈ; ;;ajhla N+la;s ú¢k nj;a" wju Y%uh
iemhSulska úYd, uqo,la Wmhk nj;a lshdisáñks¡ thg mokïjQfha ta jkúg trg wdKavqj ;=,
ls%hdldÍ;ajh u; mokïjQ we.hSï l%ufõohla fkdùuhs¡ rdcH mßmd,k jHqyh jvd;a ;rÕldÍ
iy mqrjeis ñ;%YS,S tlla njg m;alr,Su i|yd l<uKdlrK ú,dYfha fjkialula lsÍu flfrys
ish wjOdkh fhduqj we;ehs rch m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§¡

m%;sixialrK ls%hdoduh mokïjQfha rcfha wdh;khkays isák mßmd,kuh ñksid Tyqf.a wfkla
iyprhd jk fj<|fmdf<ys wd¾Ól ñksid fukau ish Okh" ;;ajh" kïnqj yd iqjmyiqj jeks
mqoa.,sl hym; Wmßu lr.ekSu i|yd W;aidy orkafkah hk hk ixl,amkdj u;h¡ fï wkqj
uyck hym; mokï lr.;a merKs ixúOdkhkag oCI;d u; f.ùï isÿlsÍu" úuOH.; lrk ,o
whjeh" fiajdodhl ;Dma;su;aNdjh yd fj<|fmd< l%ufõohka jeks kj l<uKdlrK
uQ,O¾uhka we;=,;a lr.ekSug isÿúh¡ wjidk jYfhka th 19 jk ishjfia isg meje;s
l<uKdlrK ixialD;sh ;=, fjkialï we;s lsÍug iy mßmd,k jHqyh m%;sjHqy.; lsÍug uQ, sl
fjkialï we;s lsÍug myiqlï i,ik ,§¡

uq,skau rch fiajd iemhSfï ld¾hfha ksr;j isá rcfha fiajlhskaj úOdhl ksfhdað;dh;k
f,iska y÷kajkq ,enQ l=vd fiajd iemhSfï uOHia:dkhka fj; fhduq lrkq ,eìks¡ rdcH yd
mqoa.,sl wxYfha l<uKdlrejka w;r ;rÕ úNd.hlska f;drd.kq ,enQ fcHIaG l<uKdlrejkag
wud;Hjrekaf.a m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï flakaøhka yd ksfhdað;dh;k m%OdkSka njg m;aùug isÿjQ
w;r Tjqkg wud;Hjrekaf.a b,a,Sï bgqlsÍu i|yd tlS wud;Hjreka iuÕ .súiqïj,g t<eöug
isÿúh¡ fï wdldrhg wud;Hjreka iuÕ lghq;= lrñka isá fcHIaG rdcH fiajlhskag wdKavqfõ
fiajd iemhSfï md¾Yajh ms,s.kq ,nk úOdhl ksfhdað;dh;k yd uyck;djf.a Rcq b,a,Sï
i|yd j.lshkakdjQ kj uyck m%;sm;a;Ska iQ;%.; lsÍug isÿúh¡

ish m%Odk ls%hdldÍ;ajh ,dN ,nk .súiqï hgf;a ;uka fj; mejfrk fiajdjka iemhSu ish
m%Odk ls%hdldrlu njg m;ajQ kj fiajd imhk uOHia:dk jQ úOdhl ksfhdað;dh;khka mqoa.,sl
jHdmdßl wdh;khla fuka ldrHCIu f,i lghq;= lsÍug iu;a úh¡ fuu wh;k wdKavqj ;=,u
rcfha fiajd iemhSu ,dNh i|yd Ndr.kq ,nk jHdmdßl ls%hdldrlï f,iska Ndr.kakd
jHdmdßl wdh;k njg m;aúh¡ ish fiajd ,nd.ekSug mqrjeishkag Rcqju f.úï lsÍug isÿúh¡
flfiafj;;a fuys§ mqrjeishka fjkqfjka f.ùï isÿ lsÍu rch úiska Ndr .kakd ,§¡ wjidkfha§
ì%;dkH rch ish Y%u n,ldh 40 ] lska wvq lsÍug iu;ajQ w;r rchg úúO ld¾h msámdàka i|yd
20
f.ùug isÿj ;snQ mjqï ñ,shk .Kkla b;sßlr .eksugo iu;aúh¡ rcfha ksfhdað;dh;khka —
wdodhï Wmojk yd úhoï mshjd.kakd˜ wdh;khka njg m;aùu fya;=fldgf.k rcfha whjeh
úhou úYd, jYfhka wvq úh¡ wdKavqjo fulS wdh;khkays mdßfnda.shl njg m;aúh¡

kj rdcH l<uKdlrK ls%hdodufha iudÔh m%;sM,hjQfha mqrjeis m%{ma;Ska y÷kajdfokq ,eîuhs¡

mqrjeis m%{ma;shla ;=, zmqrjeishdZ hkafkka woyiajQfha mqrjeis m%{ma;sh uÕska ms,s;=re imhkq
,nk jqjukdjka yd jákdlïj,g ysñlï lshk ;eke;a;dh¡ ta wkqj tys mqrjeishd hkakg
mqrjeishka muKla fkdj ish¿ wdKavqj yd ine¢ md¾Yajhka thg we;=,;a úh¡ mqrjeis m%{ma;sh
rdcH fiajh yd mqrjeishd w;r jk .relghq;= ne£ula jk w;r th iudk f,i by, m%ñ;shlsk a
hq;a fiajdjka N+la;s ú£ug mqrjeishdg we;s whs;sh iqrCIs; lrfohs¡ fï w;r uyck;dj fj;
;uka imhkq ,nk fiajdjka ms,sn|j rcfha fiajlhskago ;Dma;su;a Ndjhla we;slrhs¡ mqrjeis
m%{am;shla ffk;slj n,d;aul l< fkdyel¡ tkuq;a th olajd we;s m%ñ;Skaf.ka hqla;j
fiajdjka mqrjeishka fj; iemhSu iqrCIs; flfrk fuj,ula fjhs¡ mqrjeis m%{ma;shl uQ, sl
wruqK jkafka rcfha fiajdjkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh by, kexùuhs¡ mqrjeis m%{ma;shl moku
jkafka rcfha fiajdjka my; ldrKdjka i|yd ne£ isàuhs¡

 ;uka úiska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka ms,sn|j úia;rd;aulj f;dr;=re uyck;dj fj;
±kaùu
 fiajdjkaf.a m%ñ;ska k¾Kh lsÍu yd tajd uyck;dj w;r m%p,s; lrùu
 uyck;djg myiqfjka m%fõY úhyels ñ;%YS,S mßirhla we;slsÍu yd mqrjeishkag
m%udKj;a whqßka f;dr;=re iemhSu
 mqrjeishdg we;s jrKhka ms,sn|j myod§u yd Tjqka fj; ksjerÈ Wmfoia ,nd§u
 fiajd iemhSfï§ wdpdrYS,S yd wkd.;jd§ùu iy jerÈ ksjßÈ lsÍu

mqrjeis m%{ma;shla hkq kHdhd;aul yd fmdÿ uQ,O¾uhka yd b,lalhka wka;¾.; ,shú,a, la

fkdfõ¡ ta fjkqjg úfYaIs; úêúOdkhka tys wka;¾.; jk w;r lsishï fomd¾;fïka;=jla úiska
m%;spdr ±laùug .;hq;= ld<iSudj" ,ndÈh hq;= f;dr;=rej, iajNdjh wdÈ jYfhka rcfha
fiajdjka i|yd úfYaIs;jQ ne£ï iuÕska ksYaph lrkq ,nhs¡ mqrjeis m%{ma;shla úiska ksfhdackh
lrkq ,nkafka m%ñ;s.;" .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by, yd fiajd iïmdokh i|yd ksYaÑ; ld<hla
mj;sk" ÿla.ekú,s i|yd ms,snï ,ndfok" úksúoNdjfhka hqla; yd j.jk ixúOdkhla i|yd
jk lemùuhs¡

3.2.3 wfkl=;a rgj, isÿjQ m%;sixialrKhka

weußld tlai;a ckmoh ;=, kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh mokï lr.;a rcfha fiajfha
m%;sixialrKhka wdrïN lrk ,oafoa frdk,aâ f¾.ka ckdêm;sjrhd úisks¡ flfiafj;;a jvd;a
uE;ld,Sk fjkialï isÿjQfha ì,a la,skagka ckdêm;sjrhdf.a jljdkqfõ§h¡ Tyqf.a

21
Wmckdêm;sjrhd jQ w,a f.da¾ úiska cd;sl ls%hdldÍ;aj úu¾IKh fufyhjkq ,enQ w;r —wdKavqj
m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu˜ kñka ye¢kajqkq rdcH fiajh m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï jevigykla th úiska
ls%hdjg kxjk ,§¡ fuu m%;sixialrKhka wjOdkh fhduqfldg isáfha ld¾h msámdáuh m%udohka
wju lsÍu iy fuu ukao.dó ld¾h mámdàka i|yd jehk w;súYd, msßjeh flfrysh¡ úuOH.;
whjeh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug;a" Ndú;d lrkakka úiska f.jkq ,nk f.ùï
fhdod.ksñka ish jevigyka ,dN ,nk wdldrfhka mj;ajd .eksug;a" fmvr,a wdKavqfõ whjeh
yryd fldka;%d;a moku u; n|jd .ekSï isÿlsÍug;a rdcH wxYfha l<uKdlrejkag tuÕska
bvlv ,ndfok ,§¡

isú,a fiajdfõ ls%hdldÍ;ajh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd jk foaYShj jeäÈhqKq lr.;a l%ufõohla
kjiS,ka;h úiska y÷kajd§ we;¡ fuu isú,a fiajd m%;sixialrKhkag wu;rj rcfha úhoï iSud
lsÍu i|yd /lshd wjia:d yd jegqma wvqlsÍu i|yd jk fuj,ula f,iska l=i,;d iys; ldrHCIu
fiajd fiajd Y%u n,ldhla ks¾udKh lsÍuo thska wurKq lrf.k ;sìk¡ msßjeh wju lsÍu kj
rdcH m%;sixialrKhkays b;d jeo.;a wx.hla jqjo ta yd iudk ;j;a jeo.;a me;slv ta ;=, .eíj
we;¡ wdKavqlrKh" fmdÿ NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg yd fnodyeÍug ldrHCIu yd cjiïmkak
rcH fiajhla w;HdjYH nj y÷kdf.k we;¡ tfukau th wd¾Òl m%;sm;a;sh iq;%.; lsÍu yd
ls%hdjg kexúu iy rcfha úhoï l<uKdlrKh lsÍu i|yd jk m%fhdackj;a fuj,ula f,miska
y÷kd.kq ,en we;¡ —kj rdcH l<uKdlrKh u; mokïjQ isú,a fiajd m%;sixialrKhkays mq¿,a
b,lalhjQfha .=Kd;aulndjfhka by, rdcH fiajhla iemhSu yd rdcH úiska mjrkq ,nk j.lSï
bgqlsÍug iu;a l=i,;djka" Èß.ekaùï yd j.ùu iys; l=vd m%udKfha rdcH fiajd Y%u n,ldhla
ks¾udKh lsÍuhs˜ (f,dal nexl=h yd cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,, Reforming The Civil Service, uQ,H
yd ixj¾Okh, 1996,33 fj¿u, 3 jk ldKavh" msgq 10-13).

iuyr rgj, isú,a fiajfha isÿl< m%;sixialrKhka jevigyka j, m%udKh l=vd lsÍu ;=,ska
isú,a fiajfha m%udkh yd msßjeh ord.; yels yd ;sridr uÜgula olajd my; fy,Su
fya;=fldgf.k CIqø wd¾Ól ia:dhS;djhla ks¾udKh lsÍug odhlù we;¡ isú,a fiajfha m%udKh
l=vd lsÍu §> ld,Skj isú,a fiajh l=vd yd jvd fyd| f.ùula iys; ;sridr tlla njg
m;alr,Su i|yd jk mQ¾j fldkafoaishlka fjhs ^f,dal nexl=j yd cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,, “Civil
Service Reform in Africa, Mixed results after 10 Years”. Finance and Development, 1998, 35
fj¿u, 2 jk ldKavh, ms. 10-13). flfiafj;;a úúO rgj, isú,a fiajfha m%;sixialrKhka
ls%hdjg kxjkq ,en we;s kuq;a fulS m%;sixialrKhka ia:dms; ùug ld<hla .;jk" ixlS¾K"
úúO wdh;ksl wNsfhda.hka iys; tajd fjhs¡ fuu m%;sixialrKhka fjkialsÍug wiSre yqremqreÿ
wdlD;Ska yd ñksia yeisÍï kej; ixúOdkh lsÍu yd ne£ mj;sk neúka tajd ls%hdjg kexùu myiq
lghq;a;la fkdfõ (fÊ¡mS¡ ´,aika, î¡Ô¡ mSg¾ia, 1996, Lesson From Experience: Experiential
Learning In Administrative Reforms in Eight Democracies, Tiaf,da, ialekaäfkaúhdkq iriú
uqøKd,h, ms. 12). j¾;udk isú,a fiajd m%;sixialrKhka mßmd,kuh m%;sixialrKhka yd rdcH
22
yd wdKavqj flfrys fhduqfjñka isÿlrkq ,nk m%;sixúOdkh lsÍï yd iómj ne£ mj;S¡ wdh;k
Yla;su;a lsÍu yd m%Odk rdcH ls%hdldrlï isÿlsÍu yryd jvd;a kuHYS,S yd Wmdhud¾.sl jQ
N+ñldjla i|yd wjia:dj Wodlr fohs¡ mßmd,k ieliqï ia:dr wvq .Kkla iys; yd bÈß fm<
l<uKdldÍ;ajhg fufyhqï wêldßh úuOH.; flrekq tajd f,iska ls%hd;aulùu wfmaCId lrkq
njhs¡ ld¾h uKav,h ixLHd;aulj my; oukq ,en we;s neúka ldrHCIu fiajd iemhSula i|yd
j.lSï zfldka;%d;a moku u;Z ,nd§ we;¡

3.3 uE;ld,Sk rdcH mßmd,k m%;sixialrKhkays wx.hka- o< úYaf,aIKhla

ue; w;S;h ;=, ls%hdjg kxjkq ,en we;s rdcH mßmd,k m%;sixialrKhka lsysmhla we;¡ tkï"
^1& wvq msßjeh wdKavqj ^2& jD;a;Suh wdKavqj iy ^3& úµq;a wdKavqj hs ^ta¡t,a¡ j¾ud, Public
Administration, f,dagia uqøKd,h, kjÈ,a,sh, 2006, ms.238). ñ<Õg wms fuu f;audjka hgf;a
fjk;a rgj, ls%hdjg kxjkq ,en we;s mßmd,kuh mshjrhka ms,sn|j úu¾IKhl fhfouq ^fuu
f;audjka hgf;a my; olajkq ,en we;s lreKq fmr olajk ,o l;=jrhdf.a woyia fjhs" ì¡ 238-
258&¡

3.3.1 wvq msßjeh wdKavqj

f,dalfha uE; ld<fha isÿj we;s rdcH wxY m%;sixialrKhka ;=, uQ,sl jYfhka wjOdkh fhduqj
we;af;a wvq msßjehla oysl wdKavq we;s lsÍugh¡ ±ä uQ,H md,khla iy jvd;a M,odhS whjeh
ls%hdoduhla rdcH wxYh fj; y÷kajdÈu fuhg wod, fjhs¡ ksIamdok M,ohS;djh rcfha
úhoïj,g wod, ixl,amhla f,iska y÷kajd§u wruqKqfldg.;a ±ä m%pdrK fufyhqï yryd fuu
mshjrhka iïnkaOfldg we;¡ rdcH wxYh ;=, ksIamdok M,odhS;djh by, kexùug rchka úiska
wka;¾ iïnkaê; l%fudamdhka lsysmhla ls%hdjg kxjk ,§¡ msßjeh .sKqïlrKh jevigyka
whjeh ieleiau whjeh .sKqïj, we;s kuHYS,S;ajh iy ksIamdok M,odhS;djh Èß .ekaùu hk
ldrKdjhlka fuu l%fudamdhka w;r m%Odk fõ¡

kjiS,ka; rch ;u fiajd iemhSu iliafldg we;af;a wdh;khka rcfhka ,nd.kakd whjeh
i|yd ;rÕ lrkakg fhduqjk whqßks¡ whjeh ilia jkafka ;uka úiska imqrkq ,nk b,allhka
u;h¡ rdcH wxYfha wdh;khka úiska iemsÍug wfmaCId lrkq ,nk b,lalhka fuys§ b;d
meyeos,sj ±laúh hq;=h¡ fï tla tla jevigyk i|y fuu wh; rch y .siqïj,g t<eôh hq;=
fjhs¡ whjeh uÕska fuu jevigykaj,g uqo,a fjkalrkq ,nkafka ta wkqjh¡

ix.mamQrej kùk fidhd.ekSï yryd ksImdok M,odhS;ajh by, kxjdf.k isák yd b;d wvq
úhoï iys; wdKavqjlg lÈu WodyrKhla fjhs¡ isx.mamQre rch ;u úhoï l<uKdlrKh lsÍug
.;a W;aidyh ixl,am y;rla jgd f.dkq lrhs¡ kdia;sh wju lsÍu" ;Skaÿ .ekSfï yelshdj Wmßu
23
;,hlg kxjd,Su" úhoug ,o jákdlu uek ne,Su yd fiajd iemhsfï§ úYsIaG;ajh yUd hdu
fuu ixl,amhkah¡

2001 jif¾§ m%xY rch úhoï wvq lsÍu yd ksIamdok M,odhS;ajh by, kexùu b,alfldg.ksñka
w;=re kS;shla yd whjeh mk;la iïu; lr.kakd ,§¡

weußld tli;a ckmoh 1993 § rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a ls%hdl,dmh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug ld¾h idOk
m%;sM, mk; iïu; lrk ,§¡

lefkaähdkq fmvr,a rch úiska 1995 § o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka 8¡5 la olajd whjeh fYAIh my,g
f.k taug iu;a úh¡ Ñ,sfha wka;¾ k.r iNd mßir jevigyk yryd l=vd k.r iNdjkays
ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lrùug hk úhou wvq lrf.ka we;s w;r t;=,ska taldnoaO mßir l<uKdlrK
jevigyka Yla;su;a lr.ekugo wjldYh ie,iS we;¡ ta yryd k.r iNdjka lsysmhla fjkqfjka
fmdÿ jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug wjia:dj ,eî we;¡

b;d,sfha§ tla ia:dkhlska fiajd lsysmhla ,nd.; yelsjk mßÈ fiajd uOHia:dk ia:dms;fldg
we;s w;r fuuÕska tla ia:dkhlska fiajdjka lsysmhlau imhkq ,nhs¡

fulaisldkq rch 2006 § ISO 9000 m%ñ;sfhka hq;= fiajd uOHia:dk 650 lg wêl ixLHdjla
ia:dms; lrk ,§¡ ´iafÜ%,shdfõ§ iudc fiajd jevigyka ;=,g mdßfNda.slkag ys;lr
ixialD;shla we;s lsÍu i|yd w;súYd, m%;sixúOdk lghq;= /ila isÿ lrkq ,eìks¡

3.3.2 jD;a;Suh wdKavqj

iM,odhS rdcH ms,sn| woyi /£ mj;skafka M,odhS rdcH wxYh u;h¡ fuu ldrKh fndfyda
rgj,a b;d jeo.;a f,i i,lkq ,nhs¡ M,odhS;djfhka f;dr rdcH wxYh my; .eg¿ j,g
uqyqKfohs¡

^w& mqoa.,sl wxYh fyda rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iuÕ ;rÕ lsÍug fkdyelsùu ksid b;d
oCI ;eke;a;ka n|je.ekSu wiSreùu

^wd& ksmqk;djhkaf.ka msß ;eke;a;kaf.a ysÕhla rdcH wxYfha mj;sk w;r iajlSh Y%u
n,ldh mqyqkq lrùug ;rï wruqo,a th i;=j fkdue;

^we& rdcH wxYfha fiajlhska b;d wvq jegqma ;,hkays msysgqjd we;s neúka oCI;djhka iys;
úOdhl fY%AKsfha wh rdcH wxYh w;yer hñka isá;s

24
 ^wE& foaYmd,k wkq.%dyl;ajh b;d krl wkaoñka rdcH wxYh flfrys n,mEï we;s lsÍu
fya;=fldgf.k kshñ; ld¾hhla fkdue;s /lshd wjia:djka fndfyduhla ks¾udKh lrñka kj
n|jd .ekSï isÿ lsßug rdcH wxYhg isÿj we;

^b& fndfyda wjia:djkays§ rdcH wxYfha fiajlfhda kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg hg;aj w;ghq;=
fkdlr;s

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, úiska lrk ,o wOHkhlg wkqj rdcH wxYfha jegqma iy rfÜ mj;sk
¥IK yd pxpdjka w;r meyeÈ,s iïnkaOhla mj;sk nj fmkSf.dia we;¡ rdcH wxYfha ÿIK yd
jxpd ÿr,Sug kï ksIamdok wxYfha jegqma j,g idfmaCIj rcfha jegqma 2¡8 ] isg 7¡4 ] olajd
uÜgulska by, kexúh hq;=j we;s nj wkdjrkh flßk¡ flfiafj;;a rdcH wxYfha ¥IK yd
jxpdjkag odhl jk tlu idOlh uqo,a muKla fkdfõ¡ fuu wOHkhka úiska fmkajd § we;s
wdldrhg rdcH wxYfha fiajhlhska kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg wjk; fkdùu ¥IK yd jxpdjkag
fya;=jk ;j;a jeo.;a idOlhls¡ kS;sfha wdêm;Hh b;d fyd¢ka ia:dms; ù fkdue;s rgj, rdcH
fiajh kS;shg wkql+,j lghq;= fkdlrk nj meyeÈj fmkSf.dia we;s lreKls¡

¥IKh md,kh lrkakg jegqma jeäl< tla tgls isx.mamqrej¡ rdcH wxYfha yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha
jegqma w;r we;s úIu;djhka trg úiska id¾:lj bj;a lr ouk ,§¡ ud.%Ü ;ep¾f.a md,k
iufha§ ì%;dkHfha§ ta wdldrfha m%;sixialrK Èh;a flrekq w;r fmdÿ ck;djg fiajd iemhSu
i|yd úOdhl tackais ks¾udKh lsÍu fuys m%;sM,hls¡ fuu tackaisj, fiajd lrk wh fiajd
.súiqï hgf;a lghq;= l< fyhska ish ld¾hidOkh u; úYd, mdßf;daIsl §ukd ke;skï fndakia
uqo,a jeks úYd, uQ,Huh jdis Tjqkg ysñúh¡ 1999 § ol=Kq fldßhdj úiskao rdcH fiajd
m%;sixialrK jevigyka y÷kajdfok ,§¡ fï l%uh wkqj iuyr rdcH mßmd,k ;k;=re újD;
;rÕldÍ ;k;=re l%uhg wh;a f,iska kï flßk¡ fuu ;k;=rej,g rdcH wxYfha muKla fkdj
mqoa.,sl wxYfhao ksmqK;djhka iys; oCI wh ;rÕldÍ f,i n|jd .ekSug ie,iqï flßk¡
j¾;udkfha§ iEu wud;HdxYhlu we;s ;k;=rej,ska 20 ] la fuu újD; ;rÕldÍ ie,iau uÕska
msrùug fjkafldg we;¡

3.3.3 úµq;a wdKavqlrKh

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska uE;l§ lrK ,o wOHkhlg wkqj f,dalfha wdKavqj,ska 89]
lau ;u mqrjeishkag f;dr;=re ,nd§ug lsishï m%udKhlska fyda wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrhs¡
wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrkakdjQ rdcHhka ldKav ;=klg j¾.flÍ we;¡ m<uq ldKavh jkafka rfÜ
kdhl;ajho we;=,;aj foaYmd,k m%pdrh iy f;dr;=re ,nd§ug wdka;¾cd, myiqlï Ndú;d
lrk wdKavqh¡ mqrjeishka fkdjk msßia rfÜ wdfhdackh lsÍu i|yd wdl¾Ykh lr.ekSug
wka;¾cd,h ndú;d lrk rgj,a fojk ldKavhg wh;a fõ¡ ;=kajk ldKavhg wh;ajkafka
ck;djg wjYH jkakdjQ fiajdjka ,ndÈu i|yd wka;¾cd, myiqlï fhdod.kakd wdKavqh¡

25
fuu ;=kajk ldKavfha rgj,a ;u mqrjeishkag wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSug wka;¾cd,h yryd
myiqlï i,id § we;s w;r wod, fmdaru wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ,ndf.k rcfhka f;dr;=re whÿï
lsÍfï yelshdj mqrjeishka fj; mj;S¡ ;=kajk ldKavfha rgj,a ;ukaf.a úhoï lmdyeÍug iy
mqrjeishka fj; ,ndfokakdjQ fiajdjkaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh by, kexùug f;dr;=re ;dCIKh
Ndú;d lr;s¡ rdcH wxYfha fiajdjka ,nd.ekSug mqrjeishkag we;s ud¾.hla f,i úµq;a mqrjeis
wka;¾cd, myiqlug mqfrda.dó;ajh ,ndÿkafka isx.mamQrejhs¡ wka;¾cd, ls%hdldÍ;aj wdKavqj,
f,dal kdhlhd jYfhka isákafka lefkaähdkq rchhs¡ ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§ mqrjeishkaf.a
odhl;ajh by, kexùug;a rcfha ;SrK .ekSug;a úµq;a wdKavq l%ufõoh trgg myiqjla ù we;¡

2- fldgi

4 – YS% ,xldfõ rdcH mßmd,k ieliqu- o< úYaf,aIKhla

4.1 ye¢kaùu

YS% ,xldfõ rdcH mrmd,kfha iïNjh yd j¾Okh ms,sn|j fuu mßÉfPAofhka úu¾IKh lrkq
,efí¡ hg;aúð; ks,Odß;ak;%fha Wreuhka" ixj¾Okh wruqKq fldg.;a mßmd,khla ia:dms;
lsÍug wiu;aùu iy j¾;udk rdcH mßmd,kh uqyqKfok wNsfhda.hka flfrys my; ixjdoh
wjOdkh fhduqlr isà¡

4.2 hg;aúð; ks,Odß ;ak;%h

4.2.1 øDIaÀjd§ yd ixúOdkd;aul rduqj

YS% ,xldj ;=, j¾;udkfha ls%hd;aulj mj;akd mßmd,k ieliqu furg ishjia tlyudrla muK
meje;s ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,kh úiska y÷kajdfokq ,enQjls¡ tjlg YS% ,xldfõ md,md,kfha
m%Odk;ajh wdKavqldrjrhd úiska Wiq,kq ,nQjo 1829 § furgg meñKs flda,anDDla-leurka
fldñiu úiska m%;sixialrKhka .Kkdjla y÷kajdfokq ,enqKs¡ fuu fldñifï idudðlfhda 19
jk ishjfia m%p,s;j meje;s ksoyia fj<\u yd rdcH ks¾ndOl wd¾Ólh ms,sn| woyia ±rE wh
jQy¡

fuu fldñifï ks¾foaYhkays wruqK hg;að;hg ksoyia fj<|fmd< y÷kajd§u ;=,ska th

l%ufhka ksoyia fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha w;sßla;h uyd ì%;dkHh fj; WoaOrkh fldg.; yels —
hg;aúð; rdcHhla˜ ks¾udKh lsÍu úh¡ fuh rdcH yd wdKavqj w;r iSud udhsï ,l=Kq lsÍug
fya;= úh¡ jHõia:dodhl yd úOdhl iNdjka ks¾udKh lsÍu yd iajdëk wëlrKhla ia:dms; lsÍu
1833 § isÿúh¡

26
wdKavqfõ mßmd,k ieliqu zm%N+;ka;%hlZ isg zks,Odr;ka;%hlaZ olajd mßj¾;khùu fuu
hq.fha§ isÿúh¡ wkq.%yh u; mßmd,lhska f;dard.eksu l%ufhka w;ayer ouk ,§¡ 1870 .Kkaj,§
ì%;dkHfha isú,a fiajd fldñifï u¾f.amfoaYhkag wkql+,j mj;ajkq ,enQ ;rÕldÍ
úNd.hkaf.ka f;dard.;a mßmd,kuh kdhl;ajhla iys; mßmd,k ieliqula ia:dms; lsÍu i\yd
mshjr .eksk¡ fuh m%cd;dka;s%l wdKavqlrKh foig ì%;dkH ;=, we;sfjñka meje;s foaYmd,ksl
úußkduh fuhg mdol úh¡

flfiafj;;a hg;aúð; rdcHfha úOdhl hdka;%Kh yd wdKavqlrK ls%hdj,sh hk folu

mej;=fka mßmd,lhska w;h¡ tneúka 1931 § iSñ; iajhx md,khla yryd mßmd,k ieliqu ;=,
iudc iqNidOl m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd iajfoaYSh kdhlhskag ueÈy;aùug hg;aúð; md,lhska
bv ,ndfok ;=reu hg;aúð; rdcHh uq,sl jYfhka mßmd,k rdcHhlaj mej;=ks¡ fuu
úmßj¾;kh i|yd rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh jeo.;a wjYH;djhla jQ neúka foaYmd,kh yd
mßmd,kh hk foflys iSududhsï ks¾Kh lsÍu jeo.;a úh¡

hg;aúð; rdcHfha mßmd,k ieliqu rcfha fiajlhska fukau uyck;djo md,kh lsÍu i|ytd
jQ ±ä kshduk l%ufõohka u; mokïúh¡ rcfha fiajlhska lsÍgfha fiajlhska f,iska fiajfha
fhoùu i|yd jQ m%ñ;s.; isú,a fiajd ix.%yhka y÷kajdfokq ,enqks¡ óg iudka;rj hqfrdamSh
ks,OdÍka w; wdKavqfõ hdka;%Kh mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd jk Wmdhud¾.sl md,khla f,iskao th
fhdod. kq ,eìks¡ mßmd,k ieliqfï m%Odk ls%hdldrlïjQfha kS;sh yd m¾hdh ls%hd;aul lsÍu
iy nÿ whlsÍu ;=,ska rdcH wdodhu Wmhd .ekSuhs¡

hg;aúð; mßmd,lhska ^lsÍgfha fiajlhska f,i& wêrdcHfha jqjukdjka wdrCId lsÍug ne¢ isá
kuq;a idudkH ck;dj yd lghq;= lsÍfï§ lghq;= l<hq;= ñ;%YS,S wdodkq.%dySNdjh ms,sn|
WmfoaYhkao Tjqka fj; ,nd§ ;sìk¡ wju jYfhkõ fuu ks,OdÍka i;shlg jrla .ï yd k.r
fj; hñka idudkH ckhd uqyqKfok .eg¿ ms,sn|j fidhd ne,sh hq;= úh¡ Tjqkaf.a ixpdrhkays§
.ïjeishkaf.a c,h" ikSmdrCIdj" lDIsld¾ñl wjYH;djka yd w;HdjYH wdydr øjH wdÈh
ms,sn|j fidhdne,sh hq;= úh¡ hg;aúð; rdcHfha úOdhl wêldßh ±ä f,i wdKavqldr ks,h jgd
flakaø.;j meje;s w;r Tyqf.a ld¾hhd,h wdKavqfõ m%Odk iïnkaëlrK f,alï ld¾hd,h
f,iska ls%hd;aul úh¡ hg;aúð; f,alïjrhd mßmd,k ieliqfï m%Odkshd jYfhka lghq;= l<
w;r wdKavqfõ úOdhl ls%hdldrlï fomd¾;fïka;= fj; fnod§ ;sìk¡

m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh m%xYfha Èia;s%lal md,k l5uhg iudk;ajhla ±Íh¡ m%xYfha Èia;s%lalhkays
fuka lÉfÉßh uQ,sl lr.ksñka Èidm;sjrhd úiska ls%hd;aul lrk ,o mßmd,k ieliqu jgd
yuqod" fmd,Sia" mßmd,k yd msial,a wêldrhka flakaø.;j mej;=ks¡ ful, hg;aúð; rdcHfha
fld÷kdráhjQfha Èidm;sjrhdf.a m%dfoaYSh md,kh hehs iemhSu w;sfYdal;shla fkdfõ¡ hg;aúð;
wdKavqfõ uOH.; wêldrh mj;ajdf.khdu i|yd OQrdj,s.; jHqyh ta Tiafia iliaù mej;=ks¡

27
lÉfÉß l%uh 1796 yd 1798 ld<fha fkajdisl whnÿ md,ljreka m;alsÍu;a iuÕ wdrïN úh¡
fuys§ hdmkh yd ukakdrug tla wfhl=o" fld<U yd .d,a,g ;j;a whl=o" ;s%l=Kdu,h yd
uvl,mqjg ;j;a whl=o m;a lrkq ,eìk¡ 1833 § iuia: rgl m<d;a 5 lg fnokq ,enQ w;r fï
tla tla m<d; Èidm;sjrhl= hg;g m;alrkq ,eìks¡ Tyq nÿ ks,Odßhd úh¡ tneúka Tyq wdodhï
nÿ fomd¾;fïka;=jg j.lsjhq;= úh¡ rcfha ls%hdldrS;ajhka j¾Okhùu;a iuÕ Èidm;s lafIa;%h
;=, wdKavqfõ fmdÿ ks,Odßhd njg m;aúh¡ óg iudka;rj wêldß;aj OQrdj,sho fjkiaúh¡
hg;aúð; f,alïjrhd ieliqfï m%Odkshd njg m;aúh¡ wdKavqfõ fmdÿ ksfhda.hka ls%hd;aul
lsßug Èidm;sjrhdg Tyq iuÕ lghq;= lsÍug isÿjQ w;r ;SrK .kq ,enQfha hg;a úð; f,alï
úisks¡ iajfoaYSh ks,Odß OQrdj,sh .ï uÜgu olajd my; fy,kq ,enq w;r .ïudoEkSka wëCIKh
lsÍu Èidm;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,eìk¡

lÉfÉß ^Èidm;sjrhdf.a ld¾hd,h msysgd we;s f.dvke.s,a,& hk jpkh Èidm;sjrhdf.a

mßmd,kh ye¢kaùu i|yd fhdod.eksk¡ fld<U yerekqúg m%foaY kjhl lÉfÉß msysgqjd ;sìk
^1796-1798 ld<fha furg fiajh l< uÿrdis nÿ tl;= lrkakka úiska fïjd msysgjkq ,eìk&¡ 1928
jkúg fuu úuOH.; lrk ,o mßmd,k jHqyh ^tkï uOHfha ish úuOh.; lrk ,o yd
m%dfoaYSh uÜgñka h<s uOH.; jQ mßmd,k ieliqu& m<d;a kjhlska" Èia;s%lal kjhlska" uqo,s
jiï 110 lska" uqo,sjreka hgf;a jQ Wm tall 613 lska" wdrÉÑ jreka 4000 lska iukaú; úh¡
Èidm;sjrhd uQ,sl nÿ tl;= lrkakd jqjo úúOdldrfha l¾;jHhka bgq lsÍu Tyq fj; mejÍ
;sìk ^Tyqg yeofoagu reishl= njg m;aùug isÿúh&

hg;aúð; iuh ;=, Èidm;sjre idudkH ck;djf.a Ôú;fha ieu me;slvla .eku fidhd neÆy¡
Èjhsfka fojk wdKavqldrjrhdjQ f;dauia fïÜ,kaâ my; j.lSï Tjqka fj; mjrk ,§¡
1. ish m<d; mqrd pdßld lsÍu
2. tlS ixpdrhka ;=,§ iq¿ wdrjq,a úi£u i|yd wêlrK n,h Ndú;d lsÍu
3. .ïjeishka fj; îc" OdkH" we÷ï yd lDIsld¾ñl WmlrK iemhqu iy;sl
lsÍug úêúOdk fh§u
4. nÿ tl;= lrkakdf.a nÿwj,ska .ïjeishkag iykhla ,nd§u

Diaries in Ceylon 1908-11 ys zneoafoa.uZ ,shQ f,kd¾â jq,a*a Èidm;sjrhl=f.a j.lSï ms,sn| fyd|
Ñ;%hla olajhs¡ Tyq olajk wdldrhg Èidm;sjrhl=f.a ld¾hhka jkafka(
1. fi!LH mÍCIljreka iuÕ k.rj,g ixpdrh lsÍu
2. frday,a msßslaiSu
3. ish ld¾hd,hg meñKs,s lrk wdrjq,a ms,sn|j úNd. lsÍug uqo,sjreka iuÕ .ïj,g
hdu
4. md,ï yd mdrj,a mÍCId lsÍu

28
 5. mdie,a mÍCId lsÍu
6. ;ukag jdr;djk ñkSuereï ms,sn| úu¾IKh lsÍu

by; úia;rhkays ±lafjk wdldrhg Èidm;sjrhdf.a ld¾hhka jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl yd wêlrK

ld¾hhkaf.a iïñY%Khla úh¡ fuu j.lSïj,g wu;rj Èidm;sjrekaf.a iuq¿fõ§ Tyq úiska ish
ks¾foaYhka bÈßm;a lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId flßk¡ fmd,sia wd{d mk;g wkqj m<d; ;=, fmd,si a
fiajfha m%OdkshdjQfha Èidm;sjrhdh¡ óg wu;rj ish m<d; ;=, iq¿ fomd¾;fïka;=j, m%Odkshd
f,iskao Tyq lghq;= lf<ah¡ fmdÿfõ .;al< ish m<d; ;=, fmdÿ hym; fjkqfjka fmkS isák
wdKavqfõ ksfhdað;jrhd jQfha Èidm;sjrhdh¡ isú,a fiajd ix.%yhg wkqj m%dfhda.sl jYfhka Tyq
fj;ska wfmaCId flrekq ld¾hhka .Kk wmuKh¡ ish¿ wdldrhkaf.a lDIsl¾udka;hka yd
ld¾ñl jHdmdrhkaf.a isg m<d; ;= isÿflfrk iEu wdldrhlu fj<fy<\ï wdÈh
iïnkaOfhkajQ j.lSuo thg we;=,;a úh¡

miqld,Skj rcfha fomd¾;fïka;= m<d;a uÜgñka lafIa;% mßmd,k tall ia:dms; lrk ,§¡
ñkskafodare" fmdÿ jev yd jd¾ud¾. hk fomd¾;fïka;= m<d;a uÜgu fj; meñfKk ,§¡
;dCIKsl fomd¾;fïka;= yd tÈfkod mßmd,k lghq;=j, ksr;jQ fomd¾;fïka;= ish lafIa; %
mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka Rcq md,khla mj;ajd .;ay¡ fï wkqj lÉfÉßj,g iudka;rj
fomd¾;fïka;= lafIa;%fha lafIa;% tallhkaf.ka iukaú; ixúOdk cd,hla ksßudKh úh¡

4.2.2 hg;aúð; ks,Odßjdofha isg foaYmd,kslj wmCImd;S ks,Odß;ka;%hla olajd mßj¾;kùu-

1931-1948
1931 fvdkfuda¾ jHjia:dj;a iuÕ ck;dj úiska f;dard m;alr.kq ,enQ foaYms,lhska úiska
fufyhjkq ,nk foaYmd,kslj wmCImd;S ks,Odr ;ka;%hla olajd fjkiaùfï wNsfhda.h
hg;aúð; ks,Odßjdoh bÈßfha úh¡ kj wdKavql%u jHJia:dj i¾j ck Pkao n,h ysñlr fok ,o
w;r úOdhl fomd¾;fïka;= ^wud;HdxYhka& y;la Ndr.ekSug ,dxlSh foaYmd,{hskag wjldYh
i,id fok ,§¡ ks,Odß;ka;%fha jHqyh iy th ls%hd;aul jkakdjQ udÈ,sh flfrys lemS fmfkk
n,mEula we;s lsÍug fï fjkialï fya;=úh¡

i¾jck Pkao n,h y÷kajd§u foaYmd,k wdh;khkaf.a iajrEmh iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkia lsÍug
fya;=úh¡ kj foaYmd,k wdh;khka foaYmd,k n,h hgf;a meje;s w;r iSudiys;
iajdëk;ajhlska hq;= l%uhla ;=, idudkH ck;djf.a wjYH;djka fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍug tajdg
isÿúh¡ ck;dj w;ßka u;=jQ foaYmd,k n,hg ks,Odß ;ka;%h j. úh hq;= úh¡ kS;sh yd m¾hdh
/lSu iy úYaùh iqNidOkh i|yd nÿ tl;= lsÍu hk hg;aúð; jqjukdjkaf.ka ú;eka ùug
thg isÿj ;sìk¡ foaYmd,kh yd mßmd,kh w;r fjki ia:dms; lsÍu fnfyúkau w;HdjYHjQfha
hg;aúð; ysñ rgj, jqjukdjka yd foaYSh jqjukdjka w;r fjkialï mej;Su;a" ld¾h mámdál
m%ñ;Ska yd ;dCIKsl wjYH;djka iqug wdldrfhka ls%hdfõ fhoùug;a wjYHjQ neúks¡

29
m%:u jrg foaYmd,kh yd mßmd,kh w;r iSud udhsï ,l=Kq lsÍu w;HdjYH úh¡ wdKavql%u
jHJia:Dj úiska rdcH fiajd fldñiula ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ w;r tys ld¾hh jQfha l,ska rcfha
fiajlhskaf.a m;alsÍï" Wiiaùï" udrelsÍï" fiajfhka bj;a lsÍï yd úkh md,kh iïnkaOfhka
jQ wdKavql%u jHjia:duh mßphka iïnkaO n,h ls%hd;aul l< wdKavqldrjrhdg Wmfoia§uh¡
flfiafj;;a foaYmd,{hskaf.a wjOdkh fhduqj mej;sfha —isú,a fiajh ,xlShlrKh lsÍu˜ iy
ish mqoa.,sl yd foaYmd,ksl ñ;=rka w;r w¿;ska ,enqKq n,h rdYsN+; lsÍu flfrys jk neúka
ks,Odß ;ka;%fha mßj¾;kh flfrys ksis wjOdkhla fhduq fkdflßk¡ fuh ck;djg ;k;=re
j,g m;aùu i|yd mj;akd l%uhg mCImd;Sj isàu" rcfha wdh;kh fj; ,efnk wdOdrhkaf.ka
m%;s,dN ,eîu n,h whq;= f,i fhdod.ekSu jeks mßphkag wjldYh ks¾udKhok ,§¡

4.3 cd;sl ks,Odßjdoh

1948 ksoyi ,eîFuka ysñ wdKavql%u jHjia:duh mámdáh ;=, wdKavqfõ úOdhl yia;h jQ cd;sl
ks,Odß ;ka;%hl wjYH;djh we;súh¡ wNskj rdcH uqyqKfok fowdldrhl jQ wNsfhda.hka jQ
cd;sh f.dvkexùu yd ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu tys j.lSu úh¡ iajdëk rdcH fiajd
fldñiula ia:dms; lsÍu yryd m<jk wdKavql%u jHjia:dj rdcH fiajh i|yd jHjia:dkql+,
iqrCIs;;djh ,ndfok ,§¡ fuh rfÜ nyq;r cd;shg wh;a msßi muKla rdcH fiajhg n|jd .kq
,eîfuka isÿúh widOdrKh je,elaùu i|yd jQ iq¿;rh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd jQ m%;smdokhla
f,iskao y÷kd.kq ,eìks¡ flfiafj;;a ksoyi ,nk úgo furg rdcH fiajh hg;aúð;jdofha
Wreuhka lrmskakd.;a tlla úh¡ tys udkisl;ajh mej;sfha kS;sh yd m¾hdh /lSu iy hg;aúð;
rdcH mßmd,kh lsÍu ;=,h¡

l,ska i|yka l< wdldrhg hg;aúð; ks,Odß ;ka;%hl isg cd;sl ks,Odß ;ka;%hla olajd
mßj¾;khùu 1931-1948 ld<h ;=,jQ cd;sl kdhl;ajh ksis wdldrhlska lr.ekSug wiu;a úh¡
flfiafj;;a idudkH mdx;sl yd m%N+ mx;sl f,dal ±lau hk folu foaYmd,k y mßmd,k
kdhlhska úiskao ork ,o w;r hg;aúð; hq.fha ia:dms; lrkq ,enQ uyck m%;sma;s
Wmdhud¾.hkaf.ka jeä fldgila wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdu foaYmd,{hska yd mßmd,lhska w;r
fyd| jevlsÍfï iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajdf.k hdug bv i,ik ,§¡ kuq;a fï iudldó;ajh trï
ld<hla fkdmej;sk¡

1956 § md,l ;ka;%h fjkiaùu yd ;rula ÿrg —/äl,a foaYmd,k fjkialï˜ y÷kajd§u
foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh yd mßmd,k kdhl;ajh w;r wd;;Ska b;d meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yelsjQ hq.hla
lrd rg f.khdug fya;=úh¡ fuu wd;;Ska kj foaYmd,k kdhlhska yd rdcH mßmd,k
kdhl;ajh w;r .egqï we;slsÍug uq,aúh¡ iyfhda.hla fkdolajk njg mßmd,k kdhl;ajh
kÕk ,o fpdaokdjkau foaYmd,k kdhlhska úiskao rcfha fiajlhska fj;o t,a, flßk¡

30
mrmsd,lhska fj; i,id ;snQ wdKavql%u jHjia:dms; /ljrKh ck;djf.a wfmaCIdjka bgq
lsÍfï§ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg ndOdjlaj we;s njg m%ldYúh¡

tls fpdaokdjkaf.a wjika m%;sM,h jQfha 1972 § iïu;fldg .ekqkq kj jHjia:dfjka

foaYmd,kSlrKhg tfrysj meje;s wdKavql5u jHjia:dms; iqrCIs;hka bj;a lrkq ,eîuhs¡
flfiafj;;a rdcH mßmd,khg by,ska foaYmd,k n,h ;yjqre lrk mshjrhkag myiqlï
ie,iSu i|yd Bg jir wglg fmr ls%hdud¾.hka lsysmhla wdrïNfldg ;sìk¡ 1963 § rch úiska
,xld isú,a fiajh wfydais lrñka ^m%N+;ajh mokïfldg.;a .ïuq,doEks l%uh iy hg;aúð; rdcH
md,kh l< mßmd,l mx;sh& ta fjkqjg ,xld mßmd,k fiajh ^±ka YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajh& yd
.%dufiajl fiajh ^±ka .%du ks,Odß fiajh& y÷kajd fokq ,eìk¡ fuu fiajdjka wfydais lsÍu
;=,ska h,amskQ zn%dyauK mx;shZ neyer lrkq ,enQ w;r fcHIaG;ajh iy mqoa.,hdf.a oCI;djh
blaujdf.dia ish ukdmh mßÈ foaYmd,k m;alsÍï isÿlsÍug foaYmd,{hskag wjir ,ndfok ,§¡
1970 § rdcH mßmd,k fomd¾;fïka;=j ia:dms; lsÍu mßmd,k l%uh flfrys foaYmd,{hskaf.a
n,mEu ;jÿrg;a ;Sj% lsÍug fya;=jQ w;r fï jkúg rg .uka lrñka ;snqfKa foaYmd,k fukau
wdrÓl n,ho uOh.; lsÍfï ms,sfj;la fj;h¡

m<uq ckrc wdKavql%u jHJia:dj úiska 1948 § ia:dms; flrekq rdcH fiajd fldïiu wfydaisfldg
tys n,;, leìkÜ uKav,h fj; ,ndÿka w;r leìkï uKav,h iukaú;jQfha kj ckrc
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka zmd¾,sfïka;= jrm%id| hgf;a jHjia:dms; wdrCIdjla ysñjQ
uka;S%jrekaf.ks¡ rdcH fiajd fldñiu fjkqjg wdfoaY lsÍu i|yd kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj úiska
rdcH fiajd WmfoaYl uKav,h iy rdcH fiajd úkh uKav,h msysgjkq ,eìk¡ 1973 § foaYmd,k
wêldr l%uh yd Èia;s%la ixj¾Okh i|yd úuOH.; flrekq whjeh wdrïN lrk ,o w;r YS%
,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh mßmd,kh wNsnjd Èia;s%lalfha foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh Tijd ;eîu tuÕska
isÿúh¡ úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh ia:dms; lrñka th wdKavqlrK ieliqfï kdhl;ajhg m;al< 1978
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uOH.; lsÍfï ls%hdodufha WÉpia:dkh iksgqyka lrk ,§¡ kj ieliqu ;=,
mßmd,khg by,ska ckdêm;sjrhdf.a kdhl;ajh jecUqks¡ óg iudka;rj mßmd,k l%uh ;=,
kdhlhska m;alsÍu cksêm;sjrhdf.a jHjia:dkql+, ld¾hhla njg m;ajQ w;r ckdêm;s f,alï"
leìkÜ uKav,fha f,alï" wud;HdxY f,alïjreka yd m<d;a iNdjkays m%Odk f,alïjreka
ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;alrkq ,eìks¡

4.4 ixj¾OkSh rdcHh iy rdcH mßmd,kh

mYapd;a ksoyia wdKavql%u jHjia:d fjkialï uÕska ks,Odß ;ka;%hg by,ska úYd, foaYmd,ksl
md,k n,hla ,nd§ug wfmaCId flreko mßmd,k l%uh uqyqKÿka ienE .eg¿ j,g úi÷ï
,ndÈug th iu;a fkdùh¡ mYapd;a hg;aúð; rdcH cd;sh f.dvke.Su yd cd;sl ixj¾Okh ish
m%Odk wruqKq fldg.; hq;=jQ w;r fulS wruqKq yd ine¢ ld¾hNdrhka bgq lsÍu i|yd wjYH hï
hï ;dCIKsl yd ixialD;sluh YlH;djka rdcH mßmd,k ;ka;%h ;=, ks¾udKh lr.; hq;= úh¡
tjeks tla wjYH;djlajQfha ld¾h mámdá uq,afldg.;a uOh.; mßmd,k l%ufhka bj;aù
31
ixj¾Okh wruqKqfldg.;a úuOH.; mßmd,k l%uhla we;slr .ekSuhs¡ ixj¾Ok mßmd,khla
tkï —mßmd,kfha ixj¾Okhla˜ yd —ixj¾Okfha mßmd,khla˜ ia:dms; lsÍu wruqK jQ kuq;a
mßmd,k l%uh we§.sfha ks,Odß ;ka;%h foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍfï ÈYdjgh¡

ks,Odß;ka;%h foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍfï ls%hdoduh fojk ckrc jHJia:dj ;=,skao bÈßhg

f.khkq ,enq w;r ckdêm;s l%Uh tys WÉp;u wjia:dj úh¡ foaYmd,{hska mßmd,k lghq;=j,
kr;ùu yd mßmd,lhska foaYmd,k lghq;= lsÍu wdKavqlrK ls%hdoduh ;=, iq,N ldrKhla
njg m;aúh¡ fuys wjidk m%;sM,hjQfha n,fha isák foaYmd,{hskag iudka;r mßmd,lhl=
ks¾udKhùuhs¡ fu;=,ska zks,Odßjd§ wiu;=,s;;djhlaZ ks¾udKhù we;¡ tkï zmd,lhd yd
md,;hdZ hk wdia:dkhka fol w;r isg.ekSug mßmd,lhska wiu;aj we;¡

1987 § m<d;aiNd msysgqùu úiska —wka;¾ ixfhdað; mßmd,k fiajd iemhSfï l%uhla˜ ks¾udKh
fldg we;¡ wdKavqlrKfha ia:r ;=kla we;slsÍu tkï uOHu" m<d;a yd m,d;a md,k wh;k
we;slsÍu úiska m<d;a" Èia;s%la yd m%dfoaYSh f,alï n,m%foaY uÜgñka mßmd,k ieliqfï fjkila
we;s lrk ,§¡ mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍu iy fnodyeÍu hk folu ck;dj úiska w;aolsk ,§¡
flfiafj;;a ldrHCI;dj" msßjeh iM,odhSnj yd mqrjeishkaf.a ;Dma;su;aNdjh iïnkaOfhka
nyq;, wdKavqlrKfha ienE m%;s,dNhka w;alr.ekSug YS% ,xldjg ;j fndfyda ÿr hd hq;=j ;sfí¡
zúuOH.; lsÍu yd uOH.; lsÍfï wLKav;djhZ" zks,Odß ;ka;%h foaYmd,kSlrKhùuZ" ziïm;a
yqjudrefõ§ mj;akd wiu;=,s;NdjhZ iy zls%hdldrlïj, ia:dhS;djh" fjkalsÍu yd fnodyeÍuZ
jeks fjkialïj, ls%hdldÍ;ajhka we.hSug Wmudkhla ilid.; hq;= fjhs¡=

4.5 rdcH mßmd,kh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu

1990 .Kkaj,§ mßmd,k ieliqï ;=, ldrHCIu;djh yd M,odhs;ajh l<uKdlrKh lsÍu

bÈßhg meñKsfhah¡ wdrÒlh ksoyiaùu yd wdOdrlrejkaf.a n,mEï wdÈh fya;=fldgf.k
wdKavqj ySkùhdu ms,sn| woyi úiska m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska yd mßmd,lhskaf.a ie,ls,a,g
,laúh hq;= ldrKdjka njg fuu woyia m;aúh¡

fuh ls%hdjg kexùu i|yd uE; b;sydih ;=, W;aidyhka lsysmhlau f.k we;¡ 1980 .Kkaj,
uq,a nd.fha mßmd,k m%;sixialrK lñgqjla m;a flßk¡ 1995-2002 ld< jljdkqj ;=, ckdêm;s
f,alï ld¾hd,h iy mßmd,k m%;sixialrK ms,sn| wud;Hjrhd úiska mßmd,k ld¾hidOl
n,ldhla m;alrkq ,eìk¡ 2002 jißka miqj l<uKdlrKh flfrys ÈYdk;jQ mßmd,k
ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsßfï j.lSu w.%du;H ld¾hd,h úiska Ndr.kq ,eìk¡ rdcH mßmd,kh
;=, mßmd,lhska úiska w,a,d.;a kj;u fhÿu njg úµq;a wdKavqlrKh m;aúh¡ fiajd iemhSu
fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd iuyr fomd¾;fïka;= iy wud;HdxY rdcH f;dr;=re moaO;sh
mß>Kl.;fldg we;¡ fuys m%;sM,hla f,i Wma,ekak iy;sl" cd;sl ye÷kqum;a" ßhÿre n,m;%
yd úfoaY .uka n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu jeks fiajdjka jvd;a blaukska isÿlsÍfï yelshdj ,eî we;¡
úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j m%isoaO úNd.hkays m%;sM, wka;¾cd,h yryd bÈßm;a lrhs¡ fndfyda

32
wud;HdxYhka úiska wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrkq ,en we;af;a wdKavqj úiska isÿlrkq ,nk
jevigyka ms,sn| f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍu i|ydh¡ fuys§ wfmaCIdj ù we;af;a rg ;=,
wdfhdackh lsÍug wfmaCId lrk mqrjeishka fkdjk msgia;r wh wdl¾ikh lr.ekSu tys
wfmaCIdj ù we;s njhs¡ wka;¾cd,h yryd m%;spdrd;aul wdKavqlrKhla ks¾udKh lsÍug kï
furg rdcH fiajh ;j fndfyda ÿr hd hq;=j ;sfí¡ wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrk msßfia m%;sY.;h
my, wh.hla .ekSu YS% ,xldj ;=, mQ¾K jYfhka j¾OkhjQ fõ.j;a m%;spdrd;aul
wdKavqlrKhla fkdue;sùu flfrys n,md we;s idOlhla f,i ±laúh yel¡ 2007 jif¾§
mßmd,k m%;sixialrK i|yd jk uKav,hla m;alrk nj ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m%ldYhg
m;alrkq ,eìk¡

fcHIaG l<uKdlrK fiajdjla iy l<uKdlrK iydhl fiajhla ia:dms; lsÍu" mqrjeis

m%{ma;sy÷kajd§u yd ld¾h uKav, wjm%udK lsÍfï fhdackd l%uhka ia:dms; lsÍu jeks
fhdackdjka fuu m%;sixialrK kHdhm;%hg we;=,;a úh¡ flfiafj;;a ;uka wNsu; whg m;aùï
,nd§fï jqjukdj u; t,a,jQ foaYmd,k n,mEï fya;=fldgf.k fcHIaG l<uKdlrK fiajdjla
ia:dms; lsÍfï woyia pkaøsld nKavdrKdhl ckdêm;sjßhf.a iufha§ w;ayer oukq ,eìk¡ ish¿
,smslre" ,>qf,aLl yd ld¾hd, iydhl fiajdjka we;=,;afldg .ksñka l<udKdlrK iydhl
fiajhla ia:dms; lsÍfï woyi ;ju;a mj;sk kuq;a fuu fiajdjkays fiajfha kshq;= ;eke;a;ka ta
iïnkaofhka lsisÿ Wkkaÿjla olajd fkdue;¡

iuia: ls%hdoduh i|yd wjYH foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfha lemùu fkdue;slu meyeÈ,s y÷kd.;
yelsh¡ f,dal nexl=j yd fjk;a wdOdr fok ksfhdað;dh;khka úiska uQ,HdOdr imhkq ,nk úµq;a
wdKavqlrKhg jvd;a ys;lr ixialD;shla we;slsÍu i|yd jk jHdmD;Ska wfmaCIs; m%;sM,
w;alr.ekSug wiu;aj we;af;a ta i|yd foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh fj;ska wjYH jkakdjQ lemùu
fkd,eîu fya;=fjks¡ fï fya;=fldgf.k fuu jevigyka fcHIaG l<uKdlrejkag ish
ld¾hd,hka ;=, w;sf¾l ld<h .;lsÍu i|yd jk jevigyka njg m;aj we;¡ flfiafj;;a
j¾;udk YS% ,xldfõ rdcH mßmd,kh blaukskau ms,s;=re fiúh hq;=j we;s .eg¿j ù we;af;a b;d
by, uÜgfï ¥IKh" my, M,odhS;djh yd mßmd,k ks,OdÍka w;r mj;akd foaYmd,kSlrKhjQ
ixialD;shhs¡

5 – YS% ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:dj yd rdcH mßmd,kh

5.1 ye¢kaùu

33
j¾;udk wdKavql%u jhjia:dj rdcH mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka jk ffk;sl úêúOdkhka
lsysmhlskau iukaú; fjhs¡ ta w;=ßka jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka rdcHfha iajNdjh" rdcH n,fha
uQ,dY%h" rdcH m%;sm;a;sh ms,sn| uq,O¾uhka" uQ,sl whs;sjdislï" rdcH uQ,H" úOdhl n,h
ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd rcfha fiajlhska iïnkaOfhka wod, jkakdjQ fldkafoais meyeÈ,sflfrk
jHjia:djkah¡

fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:duh úêúOdkhkaf.ka fndfyduhla 1972 yd 1978 jHjia:d iïmdolhska

úiska wkq.ukhfldg we;s rdcH Ys,am Wmdhud¾.hka yd ne÷kq foaYmd,k n,h uOH.; lsÍfï
ls%hdoduh yd ne£ mj;S¡ foaYmd,k n,h uOH.; lsÍu 1970 .Kkaj, wdl¾YKSh l%ufõohla
f,iska ckms%hjqfha ck;dj rdcH ixia:dj ks¾hg;aúðlrKh lsÍu" fõ.j;a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla
w;alr.ekSu yd iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh flfrys Wkakaÿùu fya;=fldgf.kh¡ óg iudka;rj
foaYmd,ksl n, jqjukdjka fjkqfjka rdcH mßmd,kfha foaYmd,ksl uOHia:Ndjh yd
wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh jeks uQ,sl uQ,O¾uhka Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd w;HdjYH jQ wdKavql%u
jHjia:duh m%;smdokhka Èhdre lr yßk ,§¡ my;ska ±lafjkafka fulS jeo.;a wdKavql%u
jHjia:duh m%;smdokhka yd rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, tajdfha ls%hd;aulNdjh ms,sn| flá
iudf,dapkhls¡

5.2 rdcHfha iajrEmh yd rdcH n,fha uQ,dY%h

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ uq,a jHjia:djka ;=k rdcHfha iajNdjh" rdcH n,fha uQ,dY%hka yd
rdcHfha mßudêm;Hh ms,sn| úia;r lrhs¡ m<jk jHJia:dj YS% ,xldj ksoyia" iaffjÍ yd iajdëk
ckrchla nj olajk w;r fojk jHjia:dj olajkafka YS% ,xld ckrch talSh rdcHhla njhs¡
miqld,Skj fuu m%;smdokhka rcfha fiajlhska úiska wkq.ukh l<hq;= mQckSh uQ,O¾uhka njg
m;aúh¡ 1983 § wdKavql%u jHjia:djg f.k tkq ,enq yhjk ixfYdaOkh md¾,sfïka;=j úiska
iïu; flrekq w;r ta wkqj rcfha fiajlhska —Y%S ,xldfõ foaYh ;=, fjku rchla msysgqùug
fl<skau fyda wkHdldrhlska" YS% ,xldj ;=,§ fyda bka msg;§ wdOdr§u" wkqn,§u" wkq.%yh
±laùu" uqo,a fhoùu" ffO¾h§u fyda foaYkd lsÍu fkdlrk njg˜ m%;s{d$ Èjqreï Èhhq;= úh¡ fï
wkqj rcfha fiajlhska rdcH flfrys ish mCImd;S;ajh fmkaùu muKla fkdj tys fN!ñl
wLKav;djhg yd talSh Ndjhgo mCImd; úhhq;= úh¡ tkï fnÿïjdohg wkqn,§ug fyda thg
odhlùug rcfha fiajlhl= jrolrejl= jqjfyd;a Tyqf.a$ wehf.a /lshdj wysñ l<yels úh¡

fuu jHjia:dms; wjYH;djfha jvd;a jeo.;a weÕùu jQfha hg;aúð; rdcHfhka Wreu fldg.;a
ks,Odßjd§ úhjq, ;=, rcfha fiajlhska r|jd ;eîfï wfmaCIdjhs¡ hg;aúð; hq.fha§ y÷kajdfokq
,enQ uQ,Huh yd mßmd,k kshdukhka rdcH fiajh úiska wLKavj wkq.ukh lrk ,§¡ n,h
úuOH.; lsÍug hg;ajQ mßmd,kuh wxYhka ;=,o fuu ,CIKh wLKavj ls%hd;aulh¡ oYl
34
follg jeä ld<hla ;siafia furg nyq ;, wdKavqlrKhla w;a±l ;snqKo kS;s mekúfï
l%ufõoh ish mdßfNda.lhdg fiajd iemhSfï m%fõYhla olajd fjkialsÍfï W;aidyhka b;d
l<lsrjk wdldrfhka wid¾:lj we;¡

5.3 ck;djf.a mrudêm;Hh

wdKavql%u jHJa:dfõ 3 jk j.ka;sfha fufia ±lafõ¡ —YS% ,xld ckrcfha mrudêm;Hh ck;dj
flfrys msysgd we;af;ah¡ mrudêm;Hh w;ay< fkdyelaflah¡ mrudêm;Hhg md,k n,;," uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï yd Pkao n,ho we;=,;a jkafkah¡˜

fï wkqj wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 3 jk jHjia:dj md,k n,;," uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd Pkao n,ho
mrudêm;Hh m%ldY lsÍfï l%uhka f,i olajñka mrudêm;Hh ms,sn| woyig mq¿,a w¾:hla
,nd§ we;¡ fuu w¾:ksrEmkhg jvd ia:djr;ajhla ,ndfoñka 83 jk jHJia:dj olajd isákafka
fuu jHjia:dj fjkia lrk ljr fyda kS;shla iïu; lsÍug kï —md¾,sfïka;=fõ uq¿ uka; S%
ixLHdfjka ;=fkka foll wkque;sh iy cku; úpdrkhl§ ck;dj úiska wkque;sh ,nd§u˜
wjYH jk njhs¡ ¡

fuys wka;¾.; uQ,sl ldrKhla jkafka cku; úpdrk yryd jHjia:d iïmdokhg Rcqju
odhlùfï n,h ck;dj fj; ,nd§ ;sîuhs¡ fuu wdKavql%u jHJia:d m%;smdokhka jir yhlg
jrla meje;afjk ue;sjrKhkays§ iajlSh Pkao n,h Ndú;d lsÍfï whs;sh iy wdKavql%u
jHJia:dfjka m%ldYhg m;afldg we;s yd fY%aIaGdêlrKh úiska w¾: ksrEmkhfldg we;s uQ, sl
whs;sjdislï i|yd iqrCIs;hla njg m;aj we;¡ cku; úpdrkhla§ újD; fõÈldjka ;=, ck;dj
úiska úOdhlfha yd jHjia:dodhlfha ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka úu¾IKhg ,laflfrk neúka
cku; úpdrk ms,sn| jdlHdxYh úiska mdrøDIHNdjh wdKavqlrKfha jeo.;a wx.hla njg
m;afldg we;¡ ta wkqj tjeks ;SrKhka mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï fkd;ld yßñka yd ksi s
ffk;sl ls%hd mámdáhlska f;drj ryfia ;SrK .ekSu l< fkdyels fjhs¡

fuu m%;smdokhka yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| mßÉfþoh tlaj wdKavql%uh ;=, ;ukag ysñ
ia:dkh ,nd.ekSug bv i,ihs¡ wdKavqfõ iy rdcH mßmd,kfha ls%hdjka wOlrKh bÈßfha
wNsfhda.hg ,lalrñka m%;sl¾uhka i,id.ekSfï whs;sh Tjqkg ysñh¡ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd
fY%AIaGdêlrKfha n,hka iïnkaOfhka jk fulS m%;smdokhka b;d meyeÈ,sh¡ wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ 126 jHjia:dj olajkafka —»»» jk mßÉfþofhka fyda »¼ jk mßÉfPAofhka fyda
m%ldYfldg ms,s.kakd ,o hï uQ,sl whs;sjdislula ke;fyd;aa NdId whs;sjdislu hï úOdhl fyda
mßmd,k ls%hdjla uÕska lvlsÍu fyda lvlsÍug w;Hdikakj mej;Su yd iïnkaO ljr fyda
m%YaKhla úNd.fldg ;SrKh lsÍfï ;ks yd wkkH wêlrK n,h fY%aIaGdêlrKh i;=j˜ we;s
njhs¡ ta wkqj lsishï mßmd,k wdh;khl idudðlhl=" úfYaIfhkau rcfha fiajlhl=g tfrysj
35
rfÜ by,u wêlrKh bÈßfha kvq mejßh yel¡ ck;djg ish whs;sjdislï lvùu iïnkaOfhka
jk ish ÿla.ekú,s olajñka meñKs,s bÈßm;a lsÍug;a" m%;sl¾uhka yd jkaÈ ,nd.ekSug;a whs;sh
we;¡ foaYmd,k l5Uh ;ukag jdisodhl wdldrfhka fhdod.ekSfï yelshdj mej;=ko
kHdhd;aulj fuu m%;smdokhka úiska ks;sfha md,kh foaYmd,k l%uh ;=, b;d m%lg me;slvla
njg m;afldg we;¡

5.4 uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| mßÉfþoh

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ m%ldYs;j olajd we;s uQ,sl whs;sjdislï my; uQ,sl j¾.SlrKhkag w;=, ;a
fjhs¡
(w). Ôú; wdrCIdjg we;s whs;sh:
jOysxid fyda lDDr f,i ie,lSu fyda o~qjñka ksoyi
kS;sh bÈßfha wdrCIdj ,eîfï whw;sh
(wd). .re;ajh
wudkqIsl yd wjuka iy.; ie,lSfuka yd o~qjñka ksoyi
is;Sfï yd yDoh idCIsfha ksoyi
(we). hqla;sh
kS;sh bÈßfha iudkj ie,l=ï ,eìfï whs;sh
idOdrK kvq úNd.hlg we;s whs;sh
(wE). kS;fha iqrCIs;;djh
kS;s úfrdaë f,i w;awvx.=jg .kq ,eîfuka ksoyi
jrolrejl= njg Tmamqjk ;=re ks¾fodaIS whl= njg mQ¾j ks.ukh lsÍfï whs;sh
(). ksoyi
m%ldYkfha ksoyi
/iaùfï ksoyi
iud.ufha ksoyi
jD;a;Sh iñ;s msysgqùfï yd tajdg ne£fï ksoyi
kS;Hdkql+, /lshdjl" jD;a;shl" Ys,amhl" fj<\ul fyda jHdmdrhl ksr;ùfï ksoyi
(f). wd.u
;uka wNsu; wd.ula fyda úYajdihla je<| .ekSfï ksoyio we;=,;aj wd.ñl ksoyi
tl,dj fyda wkawh iuÕ wd.ula weoySfï ksoyi
(g). mqrjeisNdjh
YS% ,xldjg kej; meñKSfï ksoyi
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ,ndÈ we;s whs;sjdislï furg mqrjeishka fkdjk kS;Hdkql+,j
,xldfõ mÈxÑj isákakkago ysñfõ

36
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj úiska kshufldg we;af;a thska ms,s.kq ,en we;s uQ,sl whs;sjdislïj,g
wdKavqfõ ish¿u wx.hka úiska .re l<hq;= njhs¡ l,ska mßÉfPAofha olajkq ,enq wdldrhg uQ, sl
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khùug fya;=jkakdjQ mßmd,k ls%hdjka wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka uQ, sl
whs;sjdislï iïnkaO wêlrK n,h mjrd we;s fY%aIaGdêlrKh bÈßfha wNsfhda.hg ,lal<
yelsh¡

fY%AIaGdêlrKh fj; n,h ,ndfok m%;smdokhkag wu;rj uQ,sl kS;sh úiska rcfha fiajlhska
fj;ska isÿjk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvùï iïnkaOfhka wúêu;a m%;sl¾uhka ,nd.ekSfï ud¾.hla
f,i mßmd,k lghq;= ms,sn| md¾,sfïka;= flduißiajrhd ^Tïnqâiauka& ;k;=r ia:dms; fldg
we;¡ miqld,Skj wdKavqj úiska fY%aIaGdêlrKfha ixlS¾K ld¾h mámdáfhka f;drj ck;djg
iykhka ,nd.ekSug wjia:dj Wodlr foñka udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy uQ,sl
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>khùu ms,sn|j úu¾IKh lsÍu i|yd cd;sl udkj ysñlï fldñiu ia:dms;
lrk ,§¡

Tïnqâiauka ;k;=r ks¾udKh lrkq ,enqfha rcfha ks,OdÍkaf.a ys;=jlaldÍ ls%hdjka

iïnkaOfhka ck’;djg hqla;sh bgqlr.ekSu i|yd myiq m%fõYhla i,id§fï wruqKsks¡ wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj olajd isákafka ish uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvlrk ,o fyda lvlrk ls%hdjla isÿlsÍug
w;Hdikak rcfha ks,Odßhl=f.a ´kEu ;eke;a;l= úiska Tïnqâiaukajrhg meñKs,s l<yels
njhs¡ Tïnqâiaukajrhdg ´kEu rcfha wdh;khlg we;=,aùfï yd j¾.SlrKh lrk ,o
f,aLkhla hehs kï fkdl< ´kEu f,aLKhla mÍCIdlr ne,Sfï n,h we;¡ flfiafj;;a
n,d;aul l<yels wêlrKuh ksfhda. lsÍfï n,hla Tyqg fkdue;¡ Tïnqâiaukajrhdf.a ld¾hh
jkafka wúêu;a m%;sl¾uhka Tiafia wdrjq,a iu:hlg m;alsÍu iy ta ms,sn|j md¾,sfïka;=j yd
ckdêm;sjrhdg jd¾;d lsÍu;ah¡

udkj ysñlï m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy uQ,sl whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍïj,g wod, wdrjq, a
wfkHdakH tlÕ;ajfhka hq;=j iu:hg m;alsÍu i|yd jk úêksfhda.hla iys;j YS% ,xld udkj
ysñlï flduIka iNdj ia:dms; lrk ,§¡ ta wkqj fldñIka iNdj wúêu;a f,i udkj ysñlï
W,a,x>kh lsÍï iu:hg m;alsÍfï wruQKska hq;=j tajd ms,sn|j úu¾IK isÿlrhs¡ uE;ld,Skj
th tjeks meñKs,s úi£u fukau fY%aIaGdêlrKfha fhduq lsÍu u; uQ,sl whs;sjdislï kvq
iïnkaOfhka úia;rd;aul f,i úu¾IK lghq;= isÿlsÍu i|yd fY%aIaGdêlrKhg iydhùfï
ld¾hho isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡

flfiafj;;a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï laFIa;%h ;=, fï ish¨ wdh;khkays ls%hdldÍ;ajh ;Dma;su;a

úhyels uÜgulska ls%hd;aul fkdfõ¡ fï wdh;k iajdëk f,i ls%hd;aul ùug wjYH udkj yd
uQ,H iïm;a fï wdh;k fol i;=j fkdmj;S¡ ffk;sl m%;sl¾uhka ,ndÈug fkdyelsùu
37
fya;=fldgf.k fï wdh;k fol uyck;djf.a úYajdih Èkd.ekSug iu;aj ke;¡ tneúka
úpdrlhska úiska fï wdh;k foaYmd,k l%ufha wx.hka f,i f,an,a fldg we;¡

5.5 rdcH uQ,H

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska rdcH uQ,H md,kh lsÍfï j.lSu mjrd we;af;a md¾,sfïka;= fj;h¡ ta
wkqj rdcH wodhu tl;=lsÍu fukau th úhoï lsÍu i|ydo md¾,sfïka;=fõ wkque;sh wjYH fõ¡
fï wruqK i|yd taldnoaO wruqo, iy wúksYaÑ; wjia:d wruqo, kñka hq;a wruqo,a folla
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska ia:dms;fldg we;s w;r fulS wruqo,a Ndú;d lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk
úia;rd;aul ffk;sl ld¾h msámdàkao tys olajd we;¡
fuu jHjia:dms; m%;smdokfha Rcq m%;sM,h hg;aúð; ks,Odß ;rka;%h úiska wdrïN lrkq ,enQ
yd 1948 yd 1972 jHjia:djka uÕska ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a lrkq ,enQ uOH.; fmdÿ foam,
l<uKdlrK l%uh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hduhs¡ rdcH uQ,H l<uKdlrKh yd md,kh lsÍfï
j.lSï iïm%odhslj mejÍ we;af;a NdKavd.dr fomd¾;fïka;=j iy ú.K;dêm;s
fomd¾;fïka;=jgh¡ by; wdKavql%u jHjia:duh m%;smdokhka ;=,ska W;amdokh jk rdcH nÿ
m%;sm;a;sh l<uKdlrKh lsÍu" rdcH wdodhu iM,odhS wdldrhlska Ndú;d lsÍu" rdcH uQ,H
fr.=,dis n,d;aul lsÍu" cd;sl whjeh ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy whjeh md,k n,d;;aul lsÍu hkd§
m%Odk ls%hdjka NdKavd.dr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ j.lSï f,iska y÷kdf.k we; ^YS% ,xld uqo,a
wud;HdxY fjí msgqj n,kak&¡

rdcH mßmd,k ksfhdað;dh;khka úiska rdcH uQ,H Ndú;d lsÍu md,kh lsÍfï§ md¾,sfïka;=jg
iydhùu ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ j.lSu fõ¡ ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fjí
wvúhg wkqj tys fufyjr jkafka md¾,sfïka;=jg rdcH uQ,H md,kh lsÍu i|yd ú.Kk
isÿlsÍu iy md¾,sfïka;=jg jd¾;d lsÍu ;=,ska rdcH j.ùu m%j¾Okh lsÍuhs¡ wdKavqfõ ish¿u
fomd¾;fïka;=" m<d;a iNd" m,d;a md,k wdh;k iy rdcH ixia:d yd wdKavqj fj; mjrd we;s
´kEu jHdmdrhla fyd fjk;a mjrd.ekSulau jd¾Islj ú.Kkhfldg md¾,sfïka;=jg jd¾;d
lsÍu ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%Odk ld¾hh fõ¡

fuu wdKavql%u jHJia:duh yd mßmd,k ieliqï ;=,ska fmkShkafka YS% ,xldj —úOdhl yia;h
úiska fufyhjkq ,nk uQ,H wOCIKh lsÍfï jHjia:dodhluh N+ñldj wjODrkh lrk ndysr
uQ,H md,k uQ,O¾uh˜ wkq.ukh lrk njls¡ fuh uQ,H yd mßmd,kh mQ¾K jYfhka tlsfklska
fjkaj mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk fjiaÜñksiag¾ iajrEmfha wdKavq l%uhla ;=, ms,s.; yels mßphls¡

ú.Kldêm;s úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk jd¾;djka md¾,sfïka;=j fjkqfjka mÍCId lsÍu iy
md¾,sfïka;=j iy uQ,H yd mßmd,k fr.=,dis úiska kshufldg we;s uQ,H úkh lvlsÍï
iïnkaOfhka .;hq;= w;HdjYH mshjr md¾,sfïka;=jg ks¾foaY lsÍu i|yd md¾,sfïka;=j úiska

38
rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj iy rdcH jHjidhl;aj ldrl iNdjg idudðlhka md¾,sfïka;=
uka;S%jreka w;=ßka m;a lrkq ,nhs¡

jd¾Isl úi¾ck mk; ilia lsÍug iïnkaO jk yd rdcH wdohu mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd ueÈy;ajk
fomd¾;fïka;=j f,i rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, uQ,Huh m%ñ;Ska mj;ajdf.k hdu uyd NdKavd.drfha
j.lSula fjhs¡ wdKavqfõ fomd¾;fïka;=j, fiajl ixLHdjka i|yd wkque;sh ,nd§u yd wdKavqj
;=, wruqo,a fjkalsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk wNsu;dkqidÍ n,hla thg we;¡ wdKavqlrKfha iEu
uÜgulu fmdÿ foam, md,kh lsÍfï uOH.; kshduk hdka;%Khla ls%hd;aul lsÍfï mßph
hg;aúð; mßmd,kfhka WreujQjls¡

fuu uOH.; kshduk hdka;%Khka hg;aúð; mßmd,kfhka Wreu jQ tajd jqjo ksoyiska miq tajd
lsisÿ m%n, iqiudo¾YS ú;ekaùu;g ,laj fkdue;¡ tys m%;sM,hla f,i fuu wdh;k fiajd
iemhSfï iajrEmh fjkialsÍug ork W;aidyhka ksfYaIkh lrkq ,nk ks,Odßjd§ md,khka
njg m;aj we;¡ rdcH fiajh ms,sn| fmdÿ ±lau jkafka fuu wdh;k ld¾hmsámdál m%ñ;Sk a
ms,sn|j Wkakaÿj ±lqjQjo rdcH jevigyka ixj¾Okh b,lalfldg.;a mqrjeis flakaøSh rdcH
fiajdjla iemhSug wiu;aj we;s njh¡ kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍu i|yd mßmd,lhskag n, lsÍu i|yd
ks,Odß ;ka;%h foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍug W;aidy lrk foaYmd,{hska fuhg j.lsjhq;= nj
iuyre lshd isá;s¡ flfiafj;;a wjidk jYfhka YS% ,xldfõ mßmd,k ieliqu tlS ieliqfï
hym; ñi ck;djf.a hym; .ek fkdis;k ;j;a tla mßmd,k ieliqula njg m;aj we;¡

5.6 rdcH fiajh md,kh

ckdêm;s f,alï" leìkï uKav,h wud;Hjreka yd m<d;a iNd iNd wud;Hjreka hkd§ rdcH
fiajfha m%Odk ks,OdÍka m;alsÍfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhd i;=jk neúka rfÜ rdcH fiajh ienE
jYfhka mj;skafka ckdêm;sjrhdf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;ah¡ fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSka m;alsÍfï"
Wiiaùï§fï" udrelsÍfï" úkh md,kfha iy bj;a lsÍfï n,h ysñj we;af;a leìkï
wud;Hjrekag jk neúka ta flfryso ckdêm;sjrhdg n,mEï l< yelsh¡

ckd;djf.a úOdhl n,h ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj uÕska ks¾udKhfldg we;s
jHjia:dms; hdka%Kfha flakaøSh ,CIh úOdhl ckdêm;sOQrh jk neúka fuu ;;ajh je,elaúh
fkdyelalls¡ ckrcfha ckdêm;sjrhd rdcHfha m%Odkshd" wdKavqfõ m%Odkshd iy ;s%úO yuqodjkays
fiakdêkdhl nj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj olajhs¡ yuqod m%OdkSka" fmd,sia n,ldfha m5Odkshd yd
fY%aIaGdëlrK úksiqrejreka hkd§ rdcH ks,OdÍka m;alsÍfï ;ks n,h ckdêm;sjrhd i;=fjhs¡
rdcHfha yd wdKavqfõ m%Odkshd jYfhka ckdêm;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,nk ish¿ kS;Hdkql+,
ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka kvq mejÍfuka uqla;shla Tyqg wdKavl%u jHjia:dj úiska ysñlr§ ;sfí¡
w;S; w;a±lSï úiska wmg fmkajd fokq ,nkafkaa iuia: Èjhsku ;ks ue;sjrK fldÜGdYhla

39
f,i i,ld mj;ajkq ,nk ckdêm;sjrKhl§ f;aÍ m;ajk ckdêm;sjrhdg jHjia:dodhlfha yd
wêlrKfha n,hka wNsnjd hñka taldêm;s wdKavqlrKhl fh§fï yelshdj we;s njhs¡

17 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka rdcH fiajh iïnkaO j.lSu rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj fj;
mrd we;¡ ±ka wdKavql%u jHjia:dj rcfha fiajlhskaf.a m;alsÍï" Wiiaùï" udrelsÍï" úkh
md,kh iy bj;a lsÍï iïnkaO n,;, mjrd we;af;a rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdjgh¡ 17 jk
jhjia:d ixfYdaOkh iïu;ùu;a iuÕ rdcH fiajd fldñIka iNdj yd fmd,sia fldñifï
;SrKhka iïnkaOfhka wNshdpkh lsÍu i|yd mßmd,k wNshdpk úksYaph iNdjla ia:dms;
flßk¡ ta wkqj by, ks,OdÍka úiska ish whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh lsÍï iïnkaOfhka
fY%AIaGdêlrKh fj; hkjd fjkqjg mßmd,k wNshdpk úksYaph iNdj bÈßhg hEfï úl,amh
rcfha fiajlhkag ,nd§ we;¡

foaYmd,kSlrKh ;=,ska rdcH fiajhg ;uka úiska isÿfldg we;s ydksh foaYmd,{hska úiska
wjfndaO fldg.ekSula f,i 17 jk jhjia:d ixfYdaOkh ye¢kaúh yel¡ ks,Odß;ka;%h
foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍu wdKavqlrKfha ,snr,a ms,sfj; ;=,.eíj mj;akd rcfha fiajlhskaf.a
foaYmd,ksl uOhia:Ndjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uh W,a,x>kh lsÍuls¡ fï wkqj ,snr,a wdKavql%uhla
;=, ´kEu foaYmd, mCIhlska f;aÍ m;ajk foaYmd,k úOdhlhg WmfoaYlhl=f.a N+ñldj bgq
lsÍu i|yd jk foaYmd,ksl fkdjk mßmd,hl=f.a meje;au iy;sl lsÍu i|yd foaYmd,k mCI
úiska wdKavqjg n,mEï lrkq ,nhs¡ —m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh foaYmd,ksl ls%hdldrlula f,i yd tlS
m%;sm;a;s ls%hdjg kexúu ks,Odß ;ka;%fha ls%hdjla f,i;a˜ y÷kd.ekSu kQ;k m%cd;ka;s%h
wdKavqj, m%;sm;a;suh iajrEmh flfrys n,mEï iy.;jQ rdcH ;dka;s%lhska úiska fhdod.kq ,enq
foaYmd,k mßphka ;=,ska mekke.=kls¡
YS% ,xldj ;=, foaYmd,ksl uOgia:Ndjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uh rdcH mßmd,kh ;=,g we;=,;a lsÍu
rcfha fiajlhskaf.a foaYmd,k wmCImd;SNdjh iqrCIs; lsÍu i|yd rdcH fiajd fldñIula
y÷kajdfokq ,enQ fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%u jhjia:dj olajd Èjhhs¡ 1948 wdKavql%u jhjia:dj úiskao
kej; jrla rdcH fiajd fldñIu ia:dms; lrk ,o w;r rcfha fiajlhskaf.a m;alsÍï" Wiiaùï"
udrelsÍï" úkh md,kh iy bj;a lsÍï iïnkaO n,;, ta fj; mjrd ;sìk¡ flfiafj;;a rdcH
fiajfha iajdëk;ajh 1950 ka miq furg foaYmd,k n,h ysñfldg .;a;kaf.a ukdmh
ysñlr.;a;la fkdùh¡ 1960 .Kkaj, isgu uOH.; m%n, wdKavqjl wjYH;djh foaYmd,{hska
úiska f.kyer ±laùug mgka .ekqkq w;r ckrc jHjia:djka uÕska th m%dfhda.sl;ajhg kxjkq
,eìk¡ 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ls%hd;aulùu;a iuÕ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajg iudka;rj rcfha
ks,OdÍkao úOdhlh úiska m;alsÍu wdrïN úh¡

17 jk jhJia:d ixfYdaOkh iïu; lr.ekSfï§ bÈßm;ajQ uQ,slu ;¾lhjQfha ks,Odß;ka;%h

foaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍfï ls%hdoduh wdmiq yerùu iy ldrHCIu;djh yd fiajd iemhSu by,
kexúh yels iajdëk jD;a;Sh ïÜgfï rdcH fiajhla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs¡ flfiafj;;a 17 jk
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh iïnkaOfhka jk w;a±lSï ;=,ska fmkShkafka th ls%hdjg kexùu ;Dma;su;a
40
úhyels uÜgul fkdmj;sk njhs¡ md¾,sfïka;=fõ iq¿;r mCI w;r jHjia:dodhl iNdjg kï
lrk ish ksfhdað;hd iïnkaOfhka tlÕ;ajhlg t<eöug fkdyelsùu;a" th fya;=jla
lr.ksñka ckdêm;sjrhd jHjia:dodhl iNdj m;afkdlsÍu;a fya;=fldgf.k 2005 jif¾ isg
jHjia:dodhl iNdj ls%hd;aul fkdfõ¡ jHJia:dodhl iNdfõ m<uq j¾;dfõ ±lafjk —17 jk
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh hymd,kh iïnkaOfhka jk jeo.;a mshjrla jqjo rfÜ faoYmd,k foayh
;=, mj;akd ish¿ frda.dndOhkag Èhyels fldalg;a ff;,h jeks tlu fT!IOh th hehs is;d
úldr iy.; i;=gla ,eîu fkdl, hq;=h˜ hk m%ldYh fuys§ i|yka lsÍu jeo.;a fjhs¡

3- fldgi
6 – rdcH mßmd,kh ms,sn| uyck;djf.a woyia- f;dard.;a ia:dkhkays isÿlrk ,o rdcH fiajd
iemhqu ms,sn| ióCIKfha m%;sM,

6.1 ye¢kaùu

zrdcH fiajd yd NdKaË hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka idudkHfhka rch úiska imhkq ,nk c,h"
ikSmdrCIdj" >k wmøjH tl;=lsÍu" m%jdykh" fi!LH yd wOHdmkh wd§ m%cdjf.a uQ,sl yd
iduQysl wjYH;djkah¡ ta wkqj rdcH fiajhla mej;Sfï uQ,sl wjYH;djh jkafka NdKav yd
fiajdjka m%cdj fj; iïmdokh lsÍuhs¡

m%cdjf.a wjYH;djka yd wfmaCIdjka jkakdjQ rcfha iajdjka ksYaph lsÍu" ksIAmdokh lsÍu yd
iïmdokh lsÍu rcfha wdh;khkays j.lSu fjhs¡ tys§ tu wdh;kj, j.ùu" wmCImd;S;ajh"
újD;Ndjh" m%fõYúhyelsùu iy mx;s" j¾. fyda wd.ï fNaohlska f;rj iEu mqrjeishl=gu yd
m%;spdr ±laùu hk .=Kdx.hka tlS wdh;khka wkq.ukh lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId lrkq ,nhs¡
flfiafj;;a ck;djg NdKav yd fiajd iemhSfï§ rdcH wdh;khka fj;ska Èiajk
ks,odß;ka;%fha kdia;sh" wldrHCIu;djh" ÿIKh" fjkiafldg ie,lSu" wjksfhdackh" j.lSï
úrys;Ndjh iy fjk;a jHdëka fndfyduhla fjhs¡

fuu .eg¿ flfrys wjOdkh fhuql< yels fyd|u wdldrhla jkafka rcfha fiajd iemhSu
ms,sn|j uyck;djf.a woyia ±k.ekSu i|yd uyck u; úuiqï Tiafia Rcqju mqrjeishkaf.a
woyia ,nd.ekSuhs¡ rdcH fiajh ms,sn| mqrjeishkaf.a woyia yd tu fiajdjka ms,sn| Tjqkaf.a
we.hSu fiajd iemhSu jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a f;dr;=re fndfyduhla iïmdokh lsÍug
iu;a fjhs¡ thg fya;=j rcfha fiajdjkays ldrHCIu;djh" m%udKj;anj" m%fõYùfï yelshdj iy
úYajdikSh;ajh ms,sn| Rcq w;a±lSï ,nkafka mqrjeishka jk neúks¡

41
ck;djf.a w;a±lSï u; msysgd fiajd iemhSfï iajNdjh yd tlS fiajdjkays .=Kd;aulNdjh
ms,sn|j ,efnk o;a; tlS fiajdjka úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.ekSug yelsùu
fya;=fldgf.k fuys§ bÈßm;ajk mqrjeishkaf.a woyia w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ¡ rdcH fiajfha
úfYAAIs; .eg¿ mqrjeishka úiska y÷kd.kq ,enQúg {dia;%{hska jk wmg mqrjeis ixjdohka i|yd
jk m%;sfmdaIKhka f,iska tajd iqiïnkaO lsÍu fyda ksis ls%hdud¾. .eksug fm<Uùu i|yd
wod, rcfha wxYhka fyda udOH fj; fhduq lsÍu l< yel¡ tlS .eg¿ ienúkau mj;sk tajd kï
ta ms,sn|j mÍCIdlr n,d tajd úi£fï wjia:dj rchg ysñfõ¡ tajd i;H fkdjkafka kï tlS
woyia jerÈ f;areï.ekSula fya;=fldgf.k we;sù we;akï tlS woyia fjkia lsÍu i|yd mshjr
.ekSuo rch úiska isÿl< yel¡

6.2 ióCIKh

fuu ióCIKh kqjrt<sh ^j;= Èia;s%lalhls&" foysw;a;lKaäh ^kef.kysr m<df;a uyje,s

ckdjdi m%foaYhls& iy l,auqfKa fjr<nv ^kef.kysr m<df;a w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYhls& hk
m%foaYhkays rcfha wdh;khka úiska iïmdokh lrkq ,nk fiajd ms,sn|j fidhdne,Su i|yd 2009
cQ,s 23 isg 30 olajd Èkj, isÿlrk ,§¡ m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul o;a; tla/ia lr.ekSu i|yd
jk m%YaKdj,shla fï i|yd fhdod.kq ,eìk¡

rcfha wdh;khka úiska iïmdokfha§ olajk iudk;ajh yd ldrHCIu;djh lafIA;% ióCIKfha§

wjOdkh fhduqjQ m%Odk lrEK úh¡ mqrjeisNdjhg wod, fiajd iemhSfï me;slv ;=kla ms,sn|j
fmdÿfõ m%YaK fhduq lrkq ,eìks¡ ^1& ;uka mÈxÑj isák m%foaYfha mj;sk wdh;khka yd
tajdfhka ,nd.; yels fiajdjka ms,sn| Tjqkaf.a ±kqu ^2& rcfha wdh;k iïnkaOfhka Tjqkaf.a
woyi ^3& rcfha wdh;khkays ls%hdldß;ajh iïnkaOfhka Tjqkaf.a wdl,amhka yd yeÕSu

rcfha fiajdjkays m%;s,dNSka ms,sn|j jk u; úuiqula jk neúka miq.sh jir ;=, rcfha fiajd
,nd.ekSu i|yd rcfha wdh;kj,g .sh idudkH mqrjeishka ,;a w;a±lSï ms,sn| Tjqkaf.a woyia
úuiSug fuu ióCIKh iSud úh¡ fuu ióCIKfha§ fõ.j;a ;lafiare lsÍula isÿjQ neúka fuys§
wm m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul hk o;a; foj¾.uhu fhdod .kakd ,§ ^tkï m%YaK wid
f;dr;=re ,nd.ksñka tajd j.=.; lsÍu fukau mqoa.,hskag ish mqoa.,sl woyia m%ldY l<yels jk
wdldrhg §> idlÉPdjka isÿlsÍu&¡

tfukau uEld,Skj fjk;a ixúOdk úiska isÿfldg we;s wOHkhka úfYAIfhkau rdcH wxYfha
¥IKh yd fiajd iemhqï l%ufõohka ms,sn| wOHkhka wmf.a ióIKfha ysia;eka msrùu i|yd
jk ikaikaokd;aul wOHkhka f,iska fhdod.kq ,eìk¡

42
6.3 ióCIKfha§ wjOdkh fhduqjQ .eg¿

u; úuqifï m%;sM, jd¾;d lsÍug fmr fiajd iemhSfï§ ldrHCIu;djh" iM,odhS;ajh"

idOdrK;ajh yd m%;spdrd;aulnj flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdkakdjQ jeo.; lreKq lsysmhlla
ms,sn|j idlÉPd flfrkq we;¡

fiajdjka ,nd.ekSu i|yyd rcfha wdh;khka fj; .sh ;eke;a;kag uqyqK§ug isÿjQ m%Odk;u
.eg¿ f,iska y÷kd.; yelsjkafka ¥IKh" wksis wkq.%yh" kshduk ld¾h msámdàka yd
fiajlhskaf.a w,i Ndjhhs¡ ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, mßmd,k l5Ufõohka ms,sn|j
m¾fhaIK isÿl< fndfyda m¾fhaIlhska úiska hymd,khg ydks muqKqjk" rdcH m%;sm;a;sh úlD;s
lrk" iïm;a wh:d mßyrkhg uÕmdok iy rdcH yd mqoa.,sl wxYhg yd tajdfha ixj¾Okhg
ydks lrk idOl f,iska y÷kd.kq ,en we;s ndOlhka fïjdh¡

ÿIKh f,iska y÷kajkq ,nkafka rcfha ks,OdÍka úiska iajlSh mqoa.,sl ,dn m%fhdackh ;ld
w,a,ila ms,s.ekSu" b,a,disàu fyda nf,ka ,nd.ekSuhs¡ ¥IKh wµ;k f,dalh nrm;,u
wNsfhda.hls¡ th hymd,khg ydks meñKùu" rdcH m%;sm;a;sh úlD;s lsÍu" iïm;a wh:d
mßyrkhg uÕmE§u iy rdcH yd mqoa.,sl wxYhg yd tajdfha ixj¾Okhg ydks lsÍu isÿlrhs¡

f.da,Sh ÿIKh ms,sn| o¾Ylhkag wkqj rgj,a 115 la w;=ßka 2004 jif¾§ YS% ,xldj 84 jk
ia:dkhg m;ajQ nj fuys§ i|yka l<hq;=h ^2006 yd 2001-2002 g%dkaiafmhrkais bkag¾keIk,a" YS%
,xld wd¾Ól ix.ufha 2007 Oj, m;s%ldj&¡ flfiafj;;a YS% ,xldj iïnkaOfhka .;al< by;
i|ykal< fmdÿ .eg¿j,g wu;rj ÿIKh i|yd fya;=jkakdjQ úfYAIs; fya;= idOl lsysmhlau
mj;S¡ 2007 jif¾§ YS% ,xld wd¾Ól ix.uh úiska ilia lrk ,o Oj, m;s%ldj YS% ,xldfõ
¥IKhg fya;=jkakdjQ idOlhka ud;Dld .Kkdjla hgf;a idlÉPd lrhs¡ whym;a md,kh" rdcH
wxYfha jegqma my, mÜgul mej;Su" ixialD;sl miqìu" rcfha fiajlhkag m%udKh blaujQ
wNsu;hla mej;Su" rcfha fiajdjka iemhSfï§ ;rÕhla fkdùu yd j.ùu ÿ¾j, ;;ajhl mej;Su
hkdÈh ta w;r fjhs¡ ÿIKh i|yd fya;= jkakdjQ iudcfha mj;akd ixialD;sl wdl,am úfYAIfhka
.eñhka w;r mj;akd wdl,am ms,sn|jo fuu jd¾;dj idlÉPd lrhs¡ ï wkqj ¥IKhg fya;=ù
we;af;a wdh;khka ;=, mj;akd jerÈ iy.; ld¾h msámdàka muKla fkdfõ¡ fiajd ,nd.kakka
fj;skao ÿIKh i|yd Èß.ekaùula ,efnhs ^by; mßÈ&¡

fuu u; úuiqfï§ ish m%foaYfha jvd;a ¥Is; wdh;khka f,iska ck;dj y÷kd.kakd ,oafoa
fmd,Sish yd .%du ks,Odß ld¾hd,hhs¡ fiajd ,nd.kakkaf.a me;af;ka ;ukag ysñ fiajdjka
ms,sn|j ±kqj;aNdjhla fkdùu" fmd,Sish yd .%du ks,OdÍka jeks iuyr rcfha ks,OdÍka fj;
mjrd we;s m5udKh blaujQ wNsu;dkqidÍ n,;, yd rdcH fiajlhka ;=, fijd iemhSu
flakøfldg.;a udkisl;ajhla fkdùu hkdÈh ióCIKh ;=,§ wmg y÷ke.; yelsúh¡

wksis wkq.%yh f,iska y÷kd.kq ,nkafka kd÷kk wh wNsnjd ±kye÷kqïlï we;s wh" ñ;=rka
yd mjqf,a whg leue;a;la ±laùfï idudkH udkj keñhdj muKla fkdfõ¡ foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól"
43
wOHdmksl yd iudc n,h we;a;jqka flfryso úfYAI wkq.%yhla ±laùu fuhska woyia fõ¡ th
ljr wdldrhlska isÿjqjo rcfha fiajhka ,nd.ekSu i|yd idudkH ck;djg we;s whs;shg thska
ndOd muqKqjk neúka th ¥Is; mßphla fjhs¡ rcfha ^iy mqoa.,sl wxYfha& fiajlhska wksi s
wkq.%yhla olajk úg Tjqyq ñ;%ix.%yh fyda {d;s ix.%yh isÿlrkq ,n;s¡ ¥IKh fukau wksi s
wx.%yho fndfyda ÿrg mj;skafka ck;djg fiajh imhk rcfha wdh;khkaysh¡ ióCIKh ;=,§
fmkS.sfha th iEu rcfha wdh;khlu b;d iq,nj mj;sk nj;a thskao fi!LH laFIa;%h bÈßfhka
isák nj;ah¡

fï wkqj rcfha fiajd imhk wdh;khkays ÿIKh yd wksis ix.%yh hk folu mej;Sug uQ,sl
fya;=j ;ukag ysñ fiajdjka ms,sn|j iy tlS fiajdjka ,nd.ekSug wkq.ukh l<hq;= ud¾.h
ms,sn| ck;djf.a fkd±kqj;aNdjhhs¡

6.3 rcfha fiajd iemhSu ms,sn| ck;djf.a yeÕï iy w;a±lSï

fuu mßÉfþofha§ ióCIKfhka wdjrkh flrekq rcfha wdh;khka ms,sn| miqìï f;dr;=re
wkdjrkh flfrhs¡ úúO mk;a" wd{d mk;a yd m%×ma;s mej;sho YS% ,xldfõ fndfyduhla rcfha
wdh;khka úêu;a ld¾h msámdàka yd mßphka wkq.ukh lsÍfuka iEySug m;aúh yels ldrHCIu
fiajdjla iemhsug wiu;aùug m%Odk fya;=j rcfha wdh;k.; jHqyh ;=, fukau uyck;dj
;=,o mj;akd wdl,am fya;=fjka nj fmkS .sh lreKla úh¡

rcfha fiajlhska úiska ,ndfok fiajdjka ms,sn| tlS fiajdjka ,nd.kakd ck;djf.ka jeä
msrisla wi;=g m<l< w;r Tjqka nyq;rhlf.a woyijQfha ;=kajk md¾Yajhl iydfhka f;drj
;ukag ksis fiajhla wfmaCId l< fkdyels njhs¡ Tjqka iydhg Ndú;d lrk ;=kajk md¾Yaj
iydhka jkfka ñ;=rka" ×d;Ska" foaYmd,×hska fyda wod, ksOdßhdg Rcqhju fyda uÈy;alrejl=
,jd wod, ksOdßhdg w,a,ia ,ndÈuhs¡ fï wkqj fjkia iudcSh" ckj¾.Sh iy ixialD;s mokï
iys; mqrjeishkag iudk yd idOdrK m%fõYhla ,nd§u mj;akd l%uh yd rdcH fiajd iemhSfï
hdka;%Kh ;=, ;j;a wiSre ù we;s nj fmkShhs¡

6.4 uQ,sl f;dr;=re

uq,È i|yka l< wdldrhg by; Èia;s%lal fol ;=, msysá N+f.da,Sh m%foaY 8 la ióCIKfhka
wdjrkh flßks¡ ta w;=ßka y;rla w¾ධ kd.ßl m%foaYo ^iuka;=frhs" kskaojQ¾" wlalfrhsm;a;= yd
w,häfjïnq-wïmdr Èia;s%lalh&" tlla uyje,s ckmohlao ^foysw;a;lKaäh-wïmdr Èia;s%lalh&"
tlla j;= m%foaYhlao ^kdkqTh-kqjr t<sh& wfkl isxy, .ïudkhlao ^l,dmqr-kqjrt<sh& úh¡
ksheÈ jHdma;sh fndfydaÿrg wod, m%foaYh uekúka ksfhdackh jk wdldrfhka úh¡ tys§ rfÜ
iEu N+f.d,Sh yd ckjd¾.sl ixflakaøKhlaumdfya wdjrkh flßks¡ úia;rd;aul f;dr;=re
,nd.ekSu i|yd újD; m%YAK lsysmhlao wka;¾.;jQ úêu;a w¾O jHqy.; m%YaKdj,shla
fhdod.ksñka o;a; tla/ialsÍu isÿúh¡ úia;rd;ul f;dr;=re m%udKd;aulj .Kkh lsÍu i|yd
m%YaKdj,sh fla;lrKh yd j.=.;lsÍu isÿflßk¡
44
 G eog raphic al Dis tribution of the s ample

26% D ehiatta kandiya

36% Nintavur
Akkaraipattu

12% S amanthurai
N'E liya
12% 14%

ksheÈfha N+f.da,Sh jHdma;sh

foysw;a;lKaäh

kskaojQ¾

wlalfrhsm;a;=

iuka;=frhs

kqjrt<sh

j.=j 2: m%foaYh wkqj ksheÈfha ckjd¾.sl ieliqu

m%foaYh ksheÈh isxy, % fou< % uqia,sï %

1.foysw;a;lKaäh 40 40 26.0 - -- - -

2.iuka;=f¾ 20 - - 05 3.0 15 9.0

3.kskaojQ¾ 20 - - 05 3.0 15 9.0

4.wlalfrhsm;a;= 20 - - 10 7.0 10 7.0

5.kqjrt<sh 60 30 18.0 30 18.0 - -

tl;=j 160 70 44.0 50 31.0 40 25.0

45
ksheÈh foysw;a;lKaäh kef.kysr fou< yd uqia,sï m%foaY kqjrt<sh
tl;=j

isxy,

fou<

uqia,sï

6.4 ck;dj ks;r ks;r rcfha fiajlhska yuqúh

ióCIKfhka fmkS.sfha Èia;s%la f,alï ld¾hd,h" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h" .%du ks,Odß
ld¾hd,h" fmd,sia ia:dkh yd rcfha frday, hk rcfha wdh;khka fj; kshe§kag wh;ajQ úúO
ckj¾.hkag yd úúO N+f.da,Sh msysgqïj,g wh;ajQ msßiaj,g ks;r ks;r hdug isÿj we;s njh¡

uyje,s ckmohkays yd j;= ckdjdihkays mÈxÑ msßig ;ukagu wkkHjQ wh;ksl ieliqula
mj;S¡ uyje,s ckmohka uyje,s wud;HdxYh úiska m;alrkq ,nk l,dmSh yd Èia;s%la ks,OdÍka
yd l<uKdlrejka úiska /ln,d .kq ,efn;a¡ f.dú m%cdjkag wjYH fndfyduhla lDIsld¾ñl
fiajdjka imhkq ,nkafka fuu ks,OdÍka yrydh¡

fuu j;= m%cdjka i;=j tlS j;= m%foaYhkagu wdfõKsljQ wdh;ksl ieliqula mj;S¡ cd;sh
f.dvke.Sfï wud;hdxYh hk mq¿,a wud;HdxYh hgf;a ls%hd;aul há;, myiqlï wud;HdxYh
yryd j;= Èia;s%lalhka ;=, ish wêldrh ia:dms;fldg we;¡ j;= mqoa.,SlrKh lsÍfuka miq j;=
iqNidOk wruqo, kñka wruqo,la ls%hd;aulúuo werö ;sfí¡ fuu wdh;ksl ieliqï
fya;=fldgf.k hg;aúð; iufha ia:dms; flrekq j;= rdcHh ÿ¾j, ù we;¡ flfiafj;;a kj
m%foaYfha kj foaYmd,ksl ieliqï fukau l=,h mokï fldg.;a foaYmd,k yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s
úiska .%du ks,OdÍ we;=¿ rcfha ks,OdÍka iuÕ isÿjk .Kqfokq md,kh lrkq ,nhs¡

46
iEu m%foaYhlu mj;akd fuu úfYaI ixúOdkhkag wu;rj c;sl ye÷kqïm;a" úfoaY .uka n,m;%
whÿïm;a whÿïlsÍu" urK ,shdmÈxÑh" mÈxÑh ms,sn| iy;sl" pß; iy;sl" Pkao ysñhka f,i
,shdmÈxÑùu" .ia lemSu i|yd jk n,m;%" ck;dj w;r iq¿ wmrdO yd iq¿ wdrjq,a wdÈh
iïnkaOfhka ck;dj .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h fj; ks;r h;s¡ .%du ks,OdÍjrhdg mejÍ we;s fuu
ls%hdjka ;=,ska fmkShkafka fuu ks,Odßhd .ï ïÜgfï§ ck;dj weiqre lrk tlu rcfha
ks,Odßhd jk njhs¡ wod, m%foaYh Èia;s%la fyda m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hg ÿßka msysgk ;rug
.%du ksOdÍjrhdg kS;sfhka kshufldg we;s ls%hdjka iïnkaOfhka jvd;a mq¿,a wNsu;hla mj;sk
njhs¡ fmd,Sish iuÕ Tjqkf.a mj;akd lsÜgq iïnkaO;djh fya;=fldgf.k Tjqka i;= n,h wh:d
f,i fhdod.ekSfï yelshdjka ;j;a jeäù we;¡

iïuqL idlÉPdjkag ,lalrkq ,enQ msßif.ka nyq;rhla Èia;s%la yd m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,"
fi!LH ffjµ ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h" .%du ks,OdÍ" iuDoaê nexl=j" ;eme,a ld¾hd,h" f.dúck fiajd
uOHia:dkh" fmd,sia ia:dkh yd iuQmldr fj<|ie, hk ia:dkhka ;uka yd ;u mjqf,a wh
rcfha fiajdjka ,nd.ekSu i|yd ks;r hk tk ld¾hd, f,iska ±lajQy¡ .ïj, yd j;=j,
ie,lshhq;= ixLHdjla rcfha yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ld¾hd,hla fjkafldg y÷kd.ekSu
wmyiqùu úfYaI lreKls¡ WodyrKhla f,i kqjrt<sh Èia;s%lalfha isxy, .ïj,§ wmg yuqjQ
nyq;rhla ;uka ks;r hk tk rcfha ld¾hd,hla f,i i¾fjdaoh olajd isáhy¡ fuhska
fmkShkafka idudkH ckhd i;= rcfha wdh;k ms,sn| ±kqj;aNdjh muKla fkdfõ¡ thska
Tjqkaf.a mqrjeisNdjh ms,sn|j woyila ,nd.; yel¡ 3 jk j.=fjka ±lafjkafka ish m%foaYhkays
ld¾hd,hkaf.ka ,efnk fiajdjka ms,sn|j ck;dj ,ndÿka f;dr;=reh¡

3 j.=j: rcfha wdh;k yd tajdhska iemfhk fiajdjka ms,sn| ck;djf.a ±kqj;aNdjh

wxlh wdh;kh fiajdjka

01 frday, fkdñf,a fkajdisl ffjµ myiqlï" fT!IO"

Y,Hl¾u

02 fi!LH ffjµ ks,Odß ld¾hd,h ;S%fmdaI" tkak;a lsÍu

03 Èia;s%la f,alï ld¾hd,h bvï m%odkh

^lÉfÉßh&

04 .%du ks,Odß ld¾hd,h mÈxÑh ms,sn| iy;sl fyda pß; iy;sl"

wod,ï ;;ajh ms,sn| iy;sl" cd;sl
ye÷kqïm;a yd úfoaY .uka n,m;a whÿï m;%
ksl=;a lsÍu" Wm;a yd urK ,shdmÈxÑh" Pkao
ysñhka ,shdmÈxÑh

04 m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a" úfoaY .uka n,m;%"

Wmamekak iy;sl" jdyk wdodhï n,m;%"
mqkre;a:dmk wruqo,a jkaÈ" jHdmdr
,shdmÈxÑh iïnkaO ld¾sh msámdáh bgq lsÍu

05 lÉfÉßh ßhÿre n,m;%

47
06 f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh fmdfydr fnod§u" îc yd me," jdß nÿ yd
f.dú;ek iïnkaO .eg¿

07 iuDoaê nexl=j$ ld¾hd,h Kh yd fjk;a iuDoaê iykhka

08 fmd,Sish isú,a meñKs,s" fmd,sia jd¾;d" isú,a wdrjq,a

yd iu: lsÍu

09 iuQmldr fj<|ie, i,dl ^.ïjeishka úiska iy,a yd N+ñf;,a

ñ<§ .ekSu&

10 ;eme,a ld¾hd,h md¾i,a" fg,s.%Eï" ,shqï

11 mY= ffjµ ld¾hd,h .jhska /ln,d.ekSu ms,sn| Wmfoia" i;=ka

fndalsÍu yd i;=kag je<f|k iq¿ frda.

12 .fï uyje,s cdkmÈl ld¾hd,h f.dú;ekg wjYH c,h ms,sn| .eg¿" bvï
^fld<ks ld¾hd,h& b,a,Sï" fmdfydr iykdOdrh

3 jk j.=fjka ±lafjkafka rcfha wdh;khka yd tajdhska iemfhk fiajdjka ms,sn| ck;djf.a

±kqj;aNdjhhs¡ j.=fõ olajd we;s fiajdjka nyq;rhla ck;dj úiska b,a,d isák tajd fjhs¡
flfiafj;;a ióCIKhg iynd.S lrjd.;a 160 fokl= w;=ßka m%dfoaYSh jYfhka mj;akd
wdh;khka y÷kd.ekSug 75 ] ;g jeä msßila iu;ajQy¡ flfiafj;;a fuu ld¾hd,hka fj;ska
;ukag ,nd.;yels uQ,sl fiajdjkaf.ka jeä fldgila ^m%YaKdj,sh ;=, wm úiska fiajdjka 30
lg jeä .Kkla olajd ;sìk& ±laùug wiu;ajQy¡

iuyreka lshd isáfha rcfha wdhlkhka fj; hdug ;uka ñ;=rl=f.a$ {d;shl=f.a fyda fjk;a
;=kajk md¾Yajhl iydh ,nd.kakd njh¡ cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a fyda Wmamekak iy;sl jeks yÈis
wjYH;djkaw i|yd ;ukag w,a,ia ,nd§ug isÿjk nj iuyre újD;ju lshd isáhy¡ j;=lrfha§
fuh b;d idudkH isoaêhla úh¡ foysw;a;lKaäfha§ wmg yuqjQ wfhla lshd isáfha ish mq;%hdg
wêlrKfhka wem ,nd.ekSu i|yd udkj ysñlï fldñIka iNd ld¾hd,fha wfhl=g f.ùula
,ndÿkako wod, ld¾hh isÿfkdjQ njh¡ ;j;a whl= lshd isáfha .%du ks,OdÍka b;d lmá nj;a
hï ld¾hhla fõ.j;aj isÿlr§u fjkqfjka l=ula fyda Tjqka ,nd.kakd njhs¡ ;j;a whl=
lshdisáfha fmd,Sisfha nyq;rhla ñksil=g wdpdrYS,Sj l:dlrkafka flfiao hkak fkdokakd
njh¡ ish fmd,sia ia:dkhka fj; tk krl ñksiqka yd fyd| ñksiqka w;r fjki y÷kd.ekSug
Tjqka wiu;a njo fuys§ mejisk¡

fndfyda fokl= lshd isáfha ;uka rcfha ld¾hd,hla fj; hkúg thska i,ikq ,nk fiajdjka
fudkjdo hkak iy tys§ wkq.ukh l<hq;= ld¾h mámdáh l=ulao hkak ms,sn|j ±kqj;aj
fkdisák njhs¡ fuu ld¾hd,hka fiajh imhk ksYaÑ; fõ,djka mej;sho ta ms,sn|j fidhd
48
ne,Sulska f;drj ;uka ld¾hd,hka fj; hk nj iuyre mejiQy¡ ,nd.;yels fiajdjka
fudkjdo hkak iy tlS fiajdjka ,nd.ekSu i|yd uyck;dj wkq.ukh l<hq;= ld¾h msámdáh
l=ulao hkak ms,sn|j f;dr;=re m;s%ldjka iïmokh fldg we;af;a rcfha wdh;k lsysmhla
muKla jk njhs¡ fï wkqj fï iïnkaOfhka fndfyduhla whf.a m%;spdrhjQfha zjevla lr.kak
kï mq¿jka ;rï Wfokak hkakZ hkakhs¡ fiajd iemhsu iïnkaOfhka jk me;sudkhka folu
fuu m%ldYfhka uekúka úµudk fjhs¡

6.5 rcfha wdh;khkays ldrHCIu;djh

rcfha wdh;khkays ldrHCIu;djh uekSu i|yd jQ Rcq m%YaK m%YaKdj,sh ;=, wka;¾.; fkdjQ
kuq;a rcfha wdh;khkays fiajd iemhSfï ldrHCIu;djh ms,sn|j jQ m%YaKhla fjkuu ,ndfokq
,enQ w¾: jHqy.; m%YaKdj,sh ;=, wka;¾.; úh¡ flfiafj;;a ,ndfok fiajdjka iïnkaOfhka
ck;djf.a m%;spdrhka ,nd.; yelsúh¡ fuu Wm mßÉfþoh ksheÈhg we;=,;ajQ rcfha
wdh;khkays ldrHCIu;d uÜgu ms,sn| ióCIKhg ,lal< msßif.a w;a±lSï yd we.hSï
wka;¾.; jk flá úia;rhlska iukaú; fjhs¡

Average number of time taken to provide services

type of service
Rehabilitation Fund or
Compensation 5
Fertilizer Subsidy 3
Certificate from the GN 3
Police Report 4
Electricity (new connection & repair)
4
Water Supply 3
Samurdhi Loan 1
Obtaining birth certificate (If the
perfected application is submitted) 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of days

fiajd iemhSu i|yd idudkHfhka .;jk ld<h

fiajd j¾.h

mqkre;a:dmk wruqo, fyda jkaÈ

fmdfydr iykdOdr

.%du fiajl iy;sl

fmd,sia jd¾;d
49
úÿ,sh ^kj iïnkaO;d iy w¿;ajeähdjka

c, iemhqï

iuDoaê Kh

Wmamekak iy;sl ,nd.ekSu ^ksis f,i iïmQ¾K l< whÿïm;a Ndr§ we;s úg&

Èk .Kk

ióCIKhg iyNd.SjQ msßig wkqj b,a¨ï lrk ,o fiajdjla ,nd.ekSu i|yd o< jYfhka miq
j;djla muK rcfha wdh;khla fj; hdug isÿfjhs¡ fuu jdr .Kk ia:dkh wkqj fukau
b,a¨ï lrk ,o fiajdj wkqjo fjkiaúh yel¡ WodyrKhla f,i by; j.=fõ olajd we;s mßÈ
l,auqfKa fjr<nv m%foaYfha urKhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd ióCIKhg ,lal< wfkl=;a
m%foaYhkag jvd jeä ld<hla .;fõ¡

4 jk j.=fjka fmkajd fokafka ;ukaf.a m%foaYfha rcfha wdh;khka ms,sn|j ck;dj ;=, we;s
yeÕSu iy wdl,amhhs¡ m%YAKdj,sh ;=, wms ck;dj iuÕ .Kqfokq lrk rcfha wdh;khka 12 la
kïfldg ish w;a±lSï wkqj tajdfha ldrHCIu" wldrHCIu" ¥Is; fyda n,h iys; whg
mCImd;Ndjh ms,sn|j woyia olajk f,i b,a,d isáfhuq¡ iuyreka wm úiska olajk ,o rcfha
wdh;khg f.dia fkd;snQ neúka ksheÈhg wka;¾.;jQ ish,a,kau tu m%YaKhg ms,s;=re ,nd§
fkd;snqKs¡ ta wkqj ióCIKhg ,lal< 160 l msßi w;=ßka wod, wdh;k ms,sn|j woyiï olajk
,o msßif.a w.hka m%;sY;hla f,i fuys§ olajkq ,efí¡ wmf.a ksÍCIKhkag wkqj jeä
msßilf.a ^41 ]& u;h jQfha jvd;a ldrHCIu rcfha wdh;kh jkafka frday, njhs¡ .%du ks,OdÍ
ld¾hd,h ^26 ]&" iuDoaê ^16 ]& iy f.dúðk fiajd ld¾hd, ^9 ]& B<Õg úh¡ w;s nyq;rhla
ck;dj ^78 ]& fmd,Sish jvd;a wldrHCIu ^28 ]& yd n,j;a whg mCImd;Sj lghq;= lrk ^28 ]&
wdh;kh f,iska ols;s¡ wldrHCIu;djh w;ska B<Õg isáfha m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h ^37 ]& y
.%du ks,OdÍ ld¾h,hhs ^33 ]&¡ fuys§ wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= jeo.;a fy,sorõùula jQfha bvï
fomd¾;fïka;=j yer fiiq rcfha wdh;k ish mqoa.,sl w;a±lSï wkqj ksheÈfha tla fldgila
úiska ldrHCIu f,iska olajkq ,eîuhs¡ 4 jk j.=jg my;ska ±lafjk m%ia:drfhka ta ms,sn|
ikaikaokd;aul we.hSula olajd we;¡

50
4 j.=j: rcfha wdh;khka fj;ska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka ms,sn| ck;djf.a woyi- iEu m%foaYhlu ^msßi 160 ls&

wdh;kh wdl,amh ^iyNd.Slrejka 160 w;=ßka&

ldrHCIu % wldrHCIu % ¥Is; % n,j;=kag %

mCImd;S

lÉfÉßh 10 6.2 15 9.3 03 1.8 05 3.1

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 11 6.8 60 37.5 31 19.3 28 17.5

.%du ks,OdÍ 42 26.2 54 33.7 41 25.6 33 20.6

fi!LH ffjµ ks,Odß 08 5.0 15 9.3 02 1.2 03 1.8

ld¾hd,h

frday, 67 41.8 11 6.8 03 1.8 04 2.5

fmd,Sish 06 3.7 117 78.0 46 28.7 46 28.7

iuDoaê nexl=j$ ld¾hd,h 27 16.8 12 7.5 09 5.6 08 5.0

f.dúck fiajd 15 9.3 08 5.0 06 3.7 07 4.3

uOHia:dkh

,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h 10 6.2 10 6.2 06 3.7 05 3.1

c,iïmdok uKav,h 10 6.2 02 1.2 06 3.7 05 3.1

bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j ---- ---- 05 3.1 12 7.4 11 6.8

90
78
80
70
60
50 41.8
37.5 Efficient
40 33.7
28.7 Inefficient
30
corrupt
20
BiasFpower
10
0

51
fuu j.=.;lsÍu ;=,ska fy,sjk iuia: Ñ;%h my;ska ±lafõ¡ tla tla ldKavh olajk ,o
woyiaj, m%;sY;hka tys olajd we;¡ ta wkqj fuu ldKavhka i|yd jQ iuia: m%;sY;hka wkqj 36
] la wldrHCIu nj;a" 20 ] la ¥Is; nj;a" 18 ] la mCImd;Sj lghq;= lrk nj;a m%ldY fldg we;¡

Peoples' attitudes towards public service

institutions
18% 25%
Efficient
20% Inefficient
37% Corrupt
BiasF power

rcfha fiajd imhk wh;k iïnkaOfhka ck;djf.a wdl,am

ldrHCIu

wldrCIu

¥Is;

n,j;=kag mCImd;S

fmdÿfõ ck;djf.a woyi jkafka rcfha wdh;khkays isák ks,OdÍka iEufokdgu tl yd

iudkj fkdi,lk njh¡ fndfyduhla fokd l,amkd l< wldrhg n,j;a whg fyd¢ka i,lk
tlS ks,OdÍyq idudkH ck;djf.ka wiq;= ,dN m%fhdack wfmaCId lrk njhs¡ fï wkqj YS%
,xldfõ rcH fiajh kS;sfha md,kh ixl,amhg wkql+,j lghq;= lsÍu w;ska mj;skafka ÿ¾j,
;;ajhlh¡

ksis l,g ish ld¾hhka lr.ekSug ;ukag yeuúgu f;jk md¾Yajhlf.a iydh ,nd.ekSug isÿj
we;s nj ck;dj mjid isáhy¡ m%cdj fkdi,ld yeÍu yd jev lsÍfï§b;d w,i ú,dYhlska
lghq;= lsÍu iïnkaOfhka lÉfÉß" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hkays fiajlhka fj; fpdaokd
t,a,úh¡ iuyreka lshd isáfha ks,OdÍyq ljr fyda jrola fidhdf.k th fya;=jla f,i olajñka
;ukag fjk;a ojil meñKfk f,i okajd yrjd hjñka ;j;a Èklg jev l,aouk njh¡

rch úiska wmCImd;S meñKs,s Ndr.ekSfï hdka;%Khla iy m%;sl¾u ie,iSfï hdka;%Khla we;s
lrkafka kï ish lghq;= lr.ekSug jvd myiq ;;ajhla ks¾udKh jkq we;s nj iuyrekaf.a
woyi úh¡ w,a,ia f,i TAkEu fohla Ndr.ekSug iQodkñka isák .%du ks,OdÍka jvd;a ¥Is;u
ks,OdÍka njg m%ldY úh¡ ;jo ck;djf.a wjYH;djka fidhjd n,kq msKsi i;shlg Èkla fyda
folla ish ld¾hd,fha /£ isák Tjqyq ta Èkhkays§o kshñ; fõ,djg ish ld¾hd,hkag
52
fkdmeñfK;s¡ ish mreI yeisÍu yd ck;dj flfrys lreKdjla fkd±laùu w;ska fmd,Sish
fodaIo¾IKhg ,laj we;¡

fuu ;;ajhka l,dmShj fjkiajk wdldrh ±laùu i|yd j.= lsysmhla my;ska olajd we;¡ m%ia:dr
ks¾udKh fldg we;af;a ixLHd;aul w.hka fhdodf.k fkdj m%;sY;hka fhdod.ksñks¡ fuys§
fmkSf.dia we;af;a úúO m%foaYhkays .%du ks,OdÍka fj; úúO w.hka ,eî we;s njhs¡
ixj¾Okfha uÜgu ^kd.ßl$ .%dóh$ j;=& iy m%dfoaYslj fiajd iemhSu iy|d msysgqjd we;s
wdh;khkays yelshdjka fuu fjkig fya;= úh yel¡

j.=j 5 – m%foaYh wkqj rcfha fiaj, ms,sn|j ck;djf.a yeÕSu- l,auqfKa fjr<nv

wdh;kh wdl,amh ^m%;spdr ±lajQ 60 fokl= w;=ßka&

ldrHCIu % wldrHCIu % ¥Is; % n,j;=kag %

mCImd;S

lÉfÉßh 25 7.0 4 10 5 2 5 3

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 9 6.0 42 28 15 17 7 25

.%du ks,OdÍ 12 15 23 23 27 24 8 21

fi!LH ffjµ ks,Odß 8 5.0 15 10 2 1 2 2

ld¾hd,h

frday, 48 32 9 6 3 2 4 2.5

fmd,Sish 6 4 18 65 35 30 15 30

iuDoaê nexl=j$ ld¾hd,h 20 13 6 4 8 5.5 6 4

f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh 10 7 5 3 6 4 3 2

,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h 7 4.5 10 7 5 3.5 4 2.5

c,iïmdok uKav,h 10 7 2 1 6 4 5 3

bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j - 5 10 7 8 5.5

53
 People`s perception about govt.institutions-Kalmunai coastal
60 48
Nu.of people
50 42
40 35
30 24 2327
15 12 15 18 15 20
20 9 7 8 8 9 4 6 10 10 10 10
45 5 3 6 86 56 3 7 5 4 2 65 5 8
10 22 0
0

Authority
G.N

Hospital

Police
Kachcheriya

D.S office

Electricity
Bank/Office

Board
Water
M.O.H office

Department
Ag. Service
Samurdhi

Ceylon

Land
Board

Labour
Centre
Institution

Efficient Inefficient Corrupt Bias4power

by; j.=fjka meyeÈ,sjkafka m%foaYfha rdcH wh;khkaf.ka ldrHCIu f,i fndfyda fokl= ÿgq
tlu wdh;kh frday, jk njhs¡ lÉfÉßh ^40 ]& iy iuDoaê ld¾hd,h ^34 ]& B<Õg ldrHCIu
wh;k nj mejisk¡ ;jo wfkla o¾Ylhka ;=fkys§u wvqu w.hka ,nd.;a rcfha wdh;kh jQfha
lÉfÉßhhs¡ m%foaYfha jvd;a wldrHCIu wdh;k f,iska .%du ks,OdÍ ldd¾hd,h ^39 ]& yd
fmd,Sish ^18 ]& y÷kd.eksks¡ rcfha wdh;k 11 w;=ßka jvd;a ^59 ]& ¥Is; yd n,j;=kag mCImd;Sj
lghq;= lrk wdh;kh njg m;ajQfha fmd,Sishhs¡ ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkafka wfkl=;a
o¾Ylhka ;=fka§u wvq w.hla ,nd ÿkako bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j wldrHCIu nj lsisjl= úisk a
lshd fkdisàuh¡ ;jo rcfha wh;k 11 ka m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h" .%du ks,OdÍ" fmd,Sish"
,xld úÿ,s n,, uKav,h iy fi!LH ffjµ ks,Odß ld¾hd,hka wldrHCIu nj lS msßig jvd
wldrHCIu nj lshd isá msßi jeäúh¡ wfkla o¾Ylhka ;=kgu jvd .%du ks,OÍ ld¾hd,h yd
fmd,Sish ¥IKh yd ne£ isák nj ck;djf.a u;h úh¡

j.=j 5 – m%foaYh wkqj rcfha fiaj, ms,sn|j ck;djf.a yeÕSu- kqjrt<sh ^fou<&

wdh;kh wdl,amh ^30 fokl= w;=ßka&

ldrHCIu % wldrHCIu % ¥Is; % n,j;=kag %

mCImd;S

lÉfÉßh 09 30 12 40 08 27 01 3

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 03 10 01 3.0 01 3 01 3

.%du ks,OdÍ 09 30 6 20 3 10 1 3

fi!LH ffjµ ks,Odß 02 7.0 01 3.0 - - - -

ld¾hd,h

54
frday, 05 17 03 10 - - - -

fmd,Sish - - - - 03 10 - -

iuDoaê nexl=j$ ld¾hd,h 02 7.0 12 40 03 10 - -

f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh 03 10 - - - - - -

,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h - - 03 10 - - - -

c,iïmdok uKav,h - - 01 3 - - - -

bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j - - - - 03 10 - -

lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j 01 3.0 03 10 04 13 02 7

mdie, 03 10 - - - - - -

frðiag%d¾ ld¾hd,h 02 7.0 - - - - - -

úfoaY /lshd 01 3.0 - - - - - -

People`s perception about govts.Institution in Nuwara

Eliya(Tamil)

14
12
10 efficient
8 inefficient
6 corruption
4 bias of power
2
0
l i
riy
a .N ita th rd ity ce
e G sp ur b oa hor offi
h o m ut
c H Sa al ra
r
ch ric .A st
ka e c t nd g i
El La Re

55
 People`s perception about govt. institutions-Nuwaraeliya Tamil
Foreign
employment 1
Registrar
office 2
School
3
Labour 2
Department 1 3 4
Land 3
Authority
Water Board 1
Ceylon
3 Institution Bias4power
institution

Electricity
Institution Corrupt
Agri. Loan
3 Institution Inefficient
Samurdhi 3
Bank/Office 2 12 Institution Efficient
Police 3

Hospital 3 5
Dept.
Education 1 2
1 3
G.N 6 9
11
D.S office 1 3
1 8
Kachcheriya 12
9
0 5 10 15
nu.of people

jrt<sfha y÷kd.kq ,enQ rcfha wdh;khka 15 la w;=ßka 30 ] la .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h yd

lÉfÉßh jvd;a ld¾hCIu wdh;k nj lshdisá w;r ;j;a 20 ] la yd 40 ] la ms,sfj,ska tu
ld¾hd,hka fol wldrHCIu nj lshd isáhy¡ ;j;a 40 ] la iuDoaê nexl=j yd ld¾hd,h
wldrHCu yd ¥Is; nj lshd isá w;r lÉfÉßh yd lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j ¥Is; nj lshd isá
msßi ms,sfj,ska 27 ] la yd 13 ] la úh¡ mCImd;Sj f,iska lghq;= lrk rcfha wdh;khka
iïnkaOfhka jk woyiaj,§ fofokl= ^7 ]& lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=jo" tla whl= ^3¡ 5 ]& ne.ska
.%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h iy lÉfÉßh mCImd;S nj ;shd isáhy¡ ;jo
rcfha wdh;k 5 w;=ßka lÉfÉßh" iuDoaê" úÿ,s n, uKav,h" c,iïmdok uKav,h yd lïlre
fomd¾;fïka;=j wfkl=;a o¾Yl ;=fkys§g jvd whym;a m%;spdrhla ,nd .ksñka jvd;a
wldrHCIu wdh;k njg m;aúh¡

j.=j 7- rcfha wdh;khkaf.ka ie,fik fiajdjka ms,sn|j ck;djf.a yeÕSu- l,dmqr yd Ydka;smqr .ïudk ^isxy,&
56
wdh;kh wdl,amh ^30 fokl= w;=ßka&

ldrHCIu % wldrHCI % ¥Is; % n,j;=kag %

u mCImd;S

lÉfÉßh 01 4 12 40 01 4 02 7

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h - 05 17 - - 03 10

f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh 04 13 02 7 -- - 02 7

iuDoaê nexl=j$ ld¾hd,h 02 7 04 13 01 4 02 7

bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j - - 04 13 01 4 03 10

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s 01 4 01 4 - - - -

ld¾hdxYh

.%du ks,OdÍ 09 10 6 30 02 7 1 4

k.r iNdj 04 13 - - - - - -

mdie, 01 4 - - - - - -

frday, 11 37 -- - - - - -

People` s perception about govts.Institution in Nuwara

Eliya(Sinhala)

14

12

10
efficient
8
inefficient
6 corruption
bias of power
4

0
ic nde .N
Re al c ri ya
S

em amu e

ur
iya

er ncil

rt . t y
nd ym i
De ut h t
La pol rt h
.A en
D.

ri e S ff ic
m Ke G

bo
pa ori
er

gi ou

la
o
ch
ch

st
ip
ka

a
an
in

n
vij
ko

Fo

57
 People`s perception about GIs-Nuwaraeliya S inhala
Nu.of people
14
12
12 11

10 9 Efficient

8 7 Inefficient
6 Corrupt
6 5
4 4 B4Power
4 3 3 3 3 3 3
22 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 11 1 1
0 0
0
a ce a ce t .N l l l
riy fi ay ffi en ea
u G ci oo ita
he of dr O m ur un Sc
h sp
hc .S en k / a rt
t b co Ho
ac D K an ep en al
K na iB D m i cip

Institution
ji a dh n d o y
un
ov ur La pl M
G a m e m
S n
ig
o re
F

by; j.=j fmkajd fokafka kqjrt<sh isxy, l,dmfha y÷kd.kq ,enQ rcfha wdh;k 11 la w;=ßka
37 ] la fokd frday, ldrHCIu wdh;kla f,iska olajkq ,en we;s njhs¡ 30 [a la .%dui ks,OdÍ
ld¾hd,h ldrHCIu nj lSy¡ fï w;r ;j;a 40 ] la lÉfÉßh jvd;a wldrHCIu wdh;kh njo"
;j;a 30 ] la .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h wldrHCIu wdh;kh nj;a lshd isáhy¡ f.dúck fiajd
uOhia:dkh jvd;a ¥Is; rcfha wdh;kh nj 7 ] lf.a woyi úh¡ lÉfÉßh" f.dúck fiajd
uOHia:dkh iy m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h wfkl=;a o¾Ylhkag idfmaCIj wldrHCIu;djh
w;ska bÈßfhka úh¡ ;j;a úiañ; m%;sM,hlajQfha mdie,"" k.r iNdj yd frday, mQ¾K f,i
ldrHCIu wdh;k f,iska ck;dj olajkq ,eîuh¡ fï w;r bvï fomd¾;fïka;=j ld¾hCIu
wh;khla nj lsisjl= úiska fyda lshd fkdisák ,§¡

j.=j 8- rcfha wdh;khka fj;ska iemfhk fiajdjka ms,sn| ck;djf.a yeÕSu- foysw;a;lKaäh

wdl,amh ^40 fokl= w;=ßka&

wdh;kh ldrHCIu % wldrHCIu % ¥Is; % n,j;=kag %

mCImd;S

uyje,s l,dm ld¾hd,h 03 15.0 06 20.0 ---- ---- ---- ----

uyje,s ckmo ld¾hd,h 09 12.5 02 15.0 ---- ---- ---- ----

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 02 5.0 13 32.5 06 15.0 18 45.0

58
.%du ks,OdÍ 08 20.0 04 10.0 03 7.5 1 2.5

mdie, 02 7.5 ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

frday, 08 20.0 02 2.5 ---- ---- ---- ----

iuDoaê nexl=j$ ld¾hd,h 05 12.5 02 ---- ---- ---- 1 ----

,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h 03 7.5 03 7.5 01 2.5 01 2.5

fmd,Sish ---- ---- 25 62.5 05 12.5 05 12.5

fld<U- fi!LH wud;HdxYh ---- ---- 03 12.5 ---- ---- 01 2.5

lÉfÉßh ---- ---- ---- ---- 01 3.0 01 3.0

f.dúck fiajd uOhia:dkh 01 2.5 01 2.5 ---- ---- 02 5.0

úfoaYfiajd kshqla;s 01 2.5 ---- ---- ----- ---- 01 2.5

ld¾hdxYh

30
25
25

20 18

15 13 E fficient
Inefficient
10 8 8 8
6 6 6 C orrupt
5 5
4 55
5 3 3 33 3 pwr bias
2 2
1 1 11 1 1 1 11
0
ff ff ff ff l l i y e ol a r
il O o l O S O N O h o o pita rd h ric it olic C riy i S e
e c s u t t e r
ec P is h
a w Ma
C D G S Ho m
El in c h c gr
a
M Sa M A
Ka

by; j.=jg wkqj foysw;a;lKaäh m%foaYfha ie,lsh hq;= msßila ldrHCIu rfha wdhkhka f,i
y÷kd.kq ,en we;af;a frday,a yd .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd, muKla jk njhs¡ wfkla w;g 63 ] la

59
fokd fmd,Sisho 33 ]a m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h wldrHCIu nj lshd isáhy¡ ;j;a 20 ] la
uyje,s ld¾hd,h wldrHCIu nj mejiQy¡ woyia olajk ,o 40 fokdf.ka 18 fokl=u ^45 ]&
m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h n,j;=kag mCImd;Sj lghq;= lrk nj lshd isàu úfYAIh¡ fmr mßÈu
¥IKh w;ska fmruqKg tñka m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 15 ] l w.hlgo fmd,Sish 13 ] l
w.hlgo ysñlï lshk ,§¡ 40 fokd w;=ßka tla whl= fyda fmd,Sish" fi!LH wud;HdxYh yd
lÉfÉßh ldrHCIu nj lshd fkdisàu úfYaIfhka i|yka l<hq;=h¡ ;jo 8 ] la fokd iuDoaê
ld¾hd,h iy mdie, o¾Ylhka 4 w;=ßka ldrHCIu f,iska ±lqjQy¡ rcfha ld¾hd, 12 ka 5 la
^uyje,s l,dm ld¾hd,h" uyje,s ckmo ld¾hd,h" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h" fmd,Sish yd
fi!LH wud;HdxYh& ld¾hCIu;djh iïnkaOfhka ,nd.;a wh.hg jvd wldrHCIu;djh
iïnkaOfhka ,nd.;a w.hka by, ùu úfYaIfhka i|yka l<hq;= fjhs¡

my;ska ±lafjk 9 isg 12 olajd jk j.= fj;ska fmkajd fokafka uOHu rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=
úiska ÿr neyer m%foaYhkays ld¾hd, mj;ajdf.k hdfï jeo.;aluhs¡ ;uka miq.sh udi 6 ;=,§
.sh rcfha ld¾hd, fudkjd±hs m%YaKdj,sfhka úuid isák ,§¡ tfukau fiajd iemhSu fyda fiajd
iemhSu fkdlsÍug fya;= fudkjdo hkak ms,sn| ;ukaf.a woyia olajk f,iska fuys§ b,a,d
isákq ,eìks¡

j;= wxYfha fou< ck;djf.ka 96 ] la lÉfÉßh ^Èia;s%la f,alï ld¾hd,h& fj; f.dia we;s nj
fmkShk ,§¡ B<Õg jeäfhkau f.dia ;snqfKa iuDoaê ld¾hd, ^46 ]& yd lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j
^33 ]& fj;h¡ óg ál ld<hlg fmr j;= wxYh fj; iuDoaê iykdOdr fkd,eìk¡ iuDoaê
ld¾hd,h fj; jeä jdr .Kkla hdu úiska fmkajd fokafka j;= wxYfha ck;dj rcfha
iykdOdr n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk njhs¡ fï whf.ka jeä msßila j;= lïlrejka f,iska fiajh lrk
neúka lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=jg jä jdr .Kkla hdug isÿùu meyeÈ,sh¡ flfiafj;;a j.=fjka
fmkajd fokafka j;= wxYfha ck;dj ks;r ks;r rcfha wdh;khkag hk wh fkdjk njhs¡
miq.sh udi 6 ;=, ;uka .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,hg .sh nj mejiQ tlÿ whl= fyda fkdjqks¡ fuhg
fya;=j j;= ck;dj ;uka fiajh lrk j;af;a j;= wêldÍ jrhdf.a ld¾hd,h fyda jD;a;Sh iñ;s
ld¾hd,h yryd tu lghq;= isÿlr .ekSu úhyel¡ óg fjkiaj kqjrt<sh Èia;s%lalfha isxy,
m%foaYhkays ck;dj .%du ks,OdÍ ^100 ]&" frday, ^93 ]&" lÉfÉßh ^53 ]&" iuDoaê ld¾hd,h ^46 ]&
iy f.dúck fiajd ld¾hd,h ^43 ]& fj; ks;r f.dia ;snqKs¡

foysw;a;lKaäfha§ m%dfoaYSh mßmd,khg iïnkaO wdh;lk folla jk lÉfÉßh yd m%dfoaYSh

f,alï ld¾hd,h fj; f.dia ;snQ msßi ms,sfj,ska 2¡5 ] yd 1 ] ;rï wvq w.hla .ekSu úfYaIs;h¡
jeä msßila f.dia ;snqfKa c, iïmdok uKav,h ^100]&" frday, ^100]&" mY= ffjµ ld¾hd,h ^85
]& iy lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j ^92 ]& fj;h¡ foysw;a;lKaäh jeks lDIsld¾ñl m%foaYhl
ck;dj jeä jYfhka lïlre ld¾hd,h fj; hdu widudkH úh¡

l,auqfKa m%foaYfhka tla/ia lr.;a f;dr;=re fmkajd fokafka úYd, msßila m%dfoaYSh f,lï
ld¾hd,h ^81 ]&" .%du ks,OdÍ ^78]&" frday, ^75]&" fi!LH ffjµ ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h ^61 ]&" iuDoaê
60
ld¾hd,h ^58 ]&" iuQmldrh ^58 ]&" f.dúck fiajd ld¾hd,h ^58 ]&" fmd,Sish ^48 ]&" c,iïmdok
uKav,h ^41 ]& iy lÉfÉßh ^33]& fj; f.dia we;s njh¡ wfkl=;a m%foaYhkag idfmaCIj
l,auqfKa m%foaYfha ck;djg rcfha wdh;khkaf.ka ,nd.ekSug we;;s fiajdjka m%udKh úYd,
úh¡ fuhska fmkS hkafka .%dóh fyda j;= m%foaYhkays ðj;ajk ck;djg jvd kd.ßl m%foaYhkays
Ôj;ajk ck;djg rcfha wdh;khkaf.ka ,nd.ekSug fiajdjka fnfyduhla mj;sk njhs¡ my;ska
±lafjk j.= yd rEm igykaj, fuu m%dfoaYSh úúO;ajhka olajd we;¡

j.=j 9- kqjr t<sfha ^fou<& rcfha wdh;khka fj; .sh msßif.a ixLHdjka

wdh;kh .sh mqoa.,hska .Kk m%;sY;h

lÉsfÉßh 29 96.0

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 08 26.6

iuDoaê 14 46.0

.%du ks,OdÍ 06 20.0

frday, 09 30.0

mdie, 03 10.0

lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j 10 33.3

fmd,Sish 04 13.3

Nu.of.people visited main govet.institution in

Nuwara Eliya(Tamil)
35
30
25
20
15 Nu.of.people
10 visit.
5
0
a i l l r e
iy D.S urt h G.N pit a hoo bou olic
her m os Sc .la p
ch
c Sa H pt
Ka De

61
j.=j 10- kqjr t<sfha ^fou<& rcfha wdh;khka fj; .sh msßif.a ixLHdjka ^foysw;a;lKaäh&

wdh;kh .sh mßif.a ixLHdj m%;sY;h

lÉfÉßh 01 2.5

m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 04 1.0

iuDoaê 26 65.0

c,iïmdok uKav,h 40 100.0

frday, 40 100.0

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j 11 27.5

lïlre fomd¾;fïka;=j 37 92.5

mY= ffjµ ld¾hd,h 34 85.0

Nu of people visited main govt.institutions in

Dehiatakandiaya

Veterinary Office 34
in
Dept. Labour 37
st
it Dept. Agriculture 11
u
Hospital 40
ti
o Water Board 40
n
Samurdhi 26
s
D.S 4
Kachcheriya 1

0 10 20 30 40 50
Nu.of people

j.=j 10- l,auqfKa fjr<nv m%foaYfha rcfha wdh;khka fj; .sh msßif.a ixLHdjka ^foysw;a;lKaäh&

.Kk wdh;kh mqoa.,hska m%;sY;h

.Kk

1 frday, 45 75.0

2 ;eme,a ld¾hd,h 08 13.3

3 m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 49 81.6

62
4 f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh 35 58.3

5 c,iïmdok uKav,h 25 41.6

6 iuDoaê nexl=j 35 58.3

7 lÉfÉßh 20 33.3

8 nexl=j 10 16.6

9 iuQmldr fj<|ie, 35 58.3

10 fi!LH ffjµ ks,Odß ld¾hd,h 37 61.6

11 mY= ffjµ ld¾hd,h 09 15.0

12 ëjr iuQmldr ld¾hd,h 08 13.3

13 fmd,Sish 29 48.3

14 .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h 47 78.3

l,auqfKa fjr<nv m%foaYfha m%Odk rcfha wdh;khka fj; .sh msßif.a ixLHdjka

Num. of people

60

50 49
45 47
40
37
35 35 35
30 29
25 institutions
20 20

10 8 10 9 8
0
l e e r a k p e n e e
p ita ffic fic tre ard ank ri y a n ho f ic e f fic tio li c f fic
s o f n o B e B s f
o y o pr a o
t .o e B h e P .o
Ho os . S ri.c ter dhi chc ti v O .H ar oo .N
P D g a ur a a
r M. ri n G
A W m K e h .c
p e
t fis
Sa oo Ve
C

j.=j 12- rcfha wdh;khka fj; .sh msßif.a ixLHdjka – kqjrt<sh^ixy,&

63
.Kk wdh;kh mqoa.,hska m%;sY;h
ixLHdj

1 frday, 28 93.3

2 ;eme,a ld¾hd,h 02 6.6

3 m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h 02 6.6

4 f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh 13 43.3

5 k.r iNdj 05 16.6

6 iuDoaê nexl=j 14 46.6

7 lÉfÉßh 16 53.3

8 mdie, 12 40.0

14 .%du ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h 30 100

Num. of people visited main got.institution in Nuwara

Eliya(Sinhala)
35
30
30 28

25
20 16
13 14
15 12
10
5
5 2 2
0
ce il ol e
tal fic
e
ffi ay
a
nc an
k
iy
a
f ic
spi f o r u B er cho of
Ho s to S. nd co hi ch S .
Po D. a ke
ba n u rd a ch G.
N
n
ija Ur Sa
m K
v
Ko

7 – wjidkh- ldrHCIu" iM,odhS yd m%;spdrd;aul wdKavqlrKhla

7.1 ye¢kaùu

64
fmr mßÉfPAohkays§ wdKavqjg kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍug wdOdrl jkakdjq
úOdhl yia;h jk rdcH mßmd,kh yd ine¢ .eg¿ ms,sn|j idlÉPd lrk ,§¡ ;jo fuu
ixjdoh ;=,§ zks;sfha md,khZ iy zmqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislïZ rcfha fiajlhkaf.a ls%hdldrlï
;=, wka;¾.; úhhq;= wksjd¾h idOlhka f,iska y÷kd.kq ,eìks¡ ta wkqj rdcH fiajh úisk a
imhkq ,nk fiajdjkays .=Kd;aulNdjh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd rdcH fiajfha yelshdj muKla
fkdj ta i|yd jk lemùuo w;HdjYH fjhs¡

fuu idlÉPdj ;=,§ y÷kd.kq ,enQ ;j;a jeo.;a me;slvla jQfha rdcH iy rdcH mßmd,kh w;r
we;s iïnkaO;djhhs¡ fiajdjka iemhSfï§ rcfha fiajlhskag rdcH ksfhdackh lsÍug isÿjk w;r
tys§ rdcHfha n,h ck;dj flfrys n,d;aul lrkq ,nkafka Tjqka yrydh¡ rdcHfha n,h
ck;dj fj; fhdojkq ,nk wdh;khka lsysmhlau mj;S¡ fuu me;slv fya;=fldgf.k iudcfha
kS;sh yd m¾hdh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd iliafldg we;s ld¾h mámdáuh yd kshduk rduq
wkq.ukh lsÍug rcfha fiajlhkag n,flfrhs¡ flfiafj;;a by;ska olajk ,o kS;sfha md,kh
iy mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï hk ixl,amhka fol lsisúfgl;a rcfha fiajlhl=g wu;lflg
lghq;= l< fkdyel¡ fulS ixl,amhka fol tlsfkl u; r\ mj;sk w;r b;d ;Èka tlg ne¢
mj;S¡ hymd,khla i|yd fï foflys ukd ixl,khla wksjd¾hfhkau wjYHh fjhs¡

fuu mrsÉfþoh mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms,sn| wjOdkh fhduqlr isà¡ flfiafj;;a fuys§
wjOdkh fhduqjkafka mqrjeishkaf.a isú,a" foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól fyda iudÔh whs;sjdislï
iïnkaOfhka fkdfõ¡ fuys§ wjOdkh fhduqjkafka ldrHCIu" iM,odhS" hqla;siy.; yd
m%;spdrd;aul md,khla i|yd mqrjeishkag we;s whs;sh ms,sn|jh¡ mßmd,k ixjdoh ;=, fuu
me;slvg úYd, jeo.;alula ysñfõ¡ wd¾Ól úµd{hska" iudc úµd{hska yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha
l<uKdlrejka jeks úúO whg fï iïnkaOfhka úúO w¾:ksrEmk mj;S¡ fuu m;s%ldj
ldrHCIu;djh" iM,odhS;ajh" hqla;siy.;nj yd m%;spdrd;aulnj ms,sn| mßmd,kuh
w¾:l:khka iemhSug;a" tajd mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï njg m;ajkafka flfiao hkak idlÉPd
lsÍug;a ork ,oaodjQ W;aidyhls¡ tys wruqK wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOk keue;s úIh m:fhka
Tífnys Ôú;fha .=Kd;aulNdjh iy iudcfha iu.sh yd úúO;ajh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd mj;akd
wjldYh wjfndaO lr.ekSu i|yd fuu me;slv iïnkaOfhka jk ±kqj;a ixjdohlg myiqlï
ie,iSuhs¡

7.2 w¾:ksrEmk
ldrHCIu;djh" iM,odhS;ajh iy hqla;siy.;nj kQ;k m%cd;dka;s%l rdcHhkays rdcH mßmd,k
wdh;khka ixúOdkh jkakdjQ m%Odk ixl,amhka ;=k fjhs¡ fï ;=ku tlfia jeo.;a rdcH fiajd
jákdlï jk w;r ta wkjq rcfha fiajlhka wghq;= lrkq we;ehs ck;djg wfmaCId l<yel¡
rdcH mßmd,k ls%hdj,sh yd jHqyhka úiska fuu jákdlï wdrCId lrkq ,nkafka kï iy tlS

65
ixúOdkhka ;=, fiajh lrk mßmd,lhska fuu jákdlï moaO;shg ienúkau lemù lghq;=
lrkafka kï tuÕska —m%;spdrd;aul md,khla˜ ks¾udKh jkq we;¡

m<uqfjka wms ldrHCIu;djh" iM,odhS;ajh yd hqla;siy.;nj hk jákdlï mqrjeishkaf.a

whs;sjdislï f,iska úNd.fldg n,uq¡ túg wmg fïjdfha m%;sM,hka iy ±kgu;a wm úiska
ixjdohg ,lalrk ,o ixjdoh yd th wod, lrkafka lfiao hkak úuid ne,sh yel¡

fldmkafya.ka úYaj úµd,fha kS;sh ms,sn| uydpd¾hjrhl= jk fnkaÜ ls%iag¾fika lshd isákafka
Ydia;%d,Sh idys;H ;=, ldrHCIu;djh wju jYfhka w¾:hka ;=klska fhdod.kq ,en we;s njhs
^fnkaÜ ls%iag¾fika" “Efficiency and Rule of Law in Public Administration”, ialekaäfkaúhdkq
kS;S{jrekaf.aa úis yh jk ieisjdrfha§ bÈßm;a lrk ,o m;s%ldj" fy,aiskals" wf.daia;=, 1972,
msgq 55-56).
¡
— m<uqj fuu jpkh b,lal id¾:l lrf.k we;s uÜgu ±laùu msKsi fhdod.kq ,nhs¡
fuys§ iqúfYAIS f,i olajkq ,en we;s b,lalhla úfYAIs; mßmd,k ls%hdldrlula úiska
idrA:l lr.kafka kï th ldrHCIu fjhs¡ fojkqj fuu fhÿfï jvd;a nyq, w¾:h jk
l<uKdlrK wd¾Ól úµdj ;=, lshefjk ,oyels uqo,ska ueksh yels úYd,u m%;s,dNh
w;alr.ekSug lsishï ksIamdokhla iu;aùu ±laúh yel¡ ;=kajeks Ndú;h jkafka ld¾ñl
ksIamdokhg iudk jkakdjQ mßmd,k ls%hdldß;ajhhs¡ hï hï NdKav yd fiajdjka
ksIamdokh lsÍfï§ wod, lr.kq ,nk mßmd,kh fuhska woyia fjhs¡ ksmojkq ,nk
NdKav yd fiajdjka wkqj ld¾HCIu;djh ukskq ,nhs¡˜

wd¾Ól úµd{hskag wkqj ldrHCIu;djh hkq imqrd.;a b,lal yd tajd imqrd .ekSug fh¥
l%ufõohka w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djhhs¡ wd¾Ól ld¾HCIu;djh m%Odk jYfhka ie,ls,su;a
jkafka fh¥ l%ufõohka yd idCId;a lr.;a b,lalhkaf.a uQ,Huh úákdlï iïnkaOfhks¡
iïNdjH mßmd,k idys;H fuu woyi mq¿,a f,i ms,sf.k we;s w;r tl, mßmd,k wdhlkhka
y÷kd.;af;a wNsu; b,lalhka idCId;a lr.kq msKsi we;s ;dCIKsl hdka;%Khla f,isks¡ fuu
rdcH mßmd,kuh wdh;k jHqyhka ;d¾lslj ms,sfh, lsÍu ldrHCIu;djhg iudkfldg ±laùu
miqlf,l§ úfõpkhg ,laúh¡ thg fya;=j uqo,a yefrkakg iEu jákdlulau th úiska
m%;slafIam lrkq ,eîu;a tjeks w¾: ±laùula rdcH mßmd,kh iunkaOfhka b;d ÿ¾j, uÜgul
uÕfmkaùula ,nd§u;ah¡ wd¾Ól ldrHCIu;djh ms,sn| woyi m%;slafIam lrk wh ;¾lfldg
isákafka rdcH mßmd,khg ksrka;rfhka uQ,Huh jákdlïj, t,anf.k isáh fkdyels njh¡
tkï rdcH mßmd,kh uQ,sl;ajh fokafka ck;djf.a wjYH;d ;Dma; lsÍug" rdcH wdrCIdj
;yjqre lsÍug yd iudc b,lalhka imqrd,Sugh¡

66
 rdcH mßmd,kfha wka;¾.; uQ,Huh fkdjk jákdlï flfrys .eUqre ±laula fy,kqfha
hqla;siy.;nj hk fhÿuhs¡ hq;a;siy.;nj hk fhÿu rdcH mßmd,kh ;=, fhdod.efkafka
iudc yd wd¾Ól wiudk;ajhg ,laj ±ä mSvdjkag yiqj we;s iudc lKavdhïj,g idOdrK;ajh
bgqúh hq;=h hk w¾:fhk¡s ta wkqj rdcH mßmd,kfha ld¾hNdrh jkafka yqfola idOdrK yd
hqla;siy.; wdldrfhka fmdÿ NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu fkdj iudcfha fldka lsÍug ,lajQ
fldgia jk ÿ.S" wdka;sl lrk ,o" YdÍßl ÿn,;d we;s" jfhdajDO wh iy <uqka yd ldka;djkaf.a
wjYH;djka i|yd fjk fjku úi÷ï ,nd§uh¡ fï wdldrhg fiajd imhkakka ;ukaf.a
.Kafokqlrejkag tlu wdldrhlska fkdj fjkia wdldrhkaf.ka ie,ls,s ±laúh hq;= w;r
Tjqkaf.a fjkia wjYH;djkag fjkia wdldrhkaf.a úi÷ï ,ndÈh hq;=h¡ tfukau
hqla;siy.;Ndjh ms,sn| uQ,O¾uh uÕska lsisÿ m%udohlska f;drj mqrjeishkag ksis l,g
fiajdjka ,nd§ug rdcH md,lhka j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;= l<hq;=j we;s w;r ld¾hd,hka
ixlSrK ia:dk njg m;alsÍfuka je,lS isáh hq;=h¡ jvd;a jeo.;au ldrKh kï fiajd iemhqu
yryd iudc idOdrK;ajhg wod, .eg¿ úi£ug lghq;= lsÍuh¡ WodyrKhla jYfhka .;al<
iudc iqNidOk m%;sm;a;Ska wdodhu fn§hEfï wdldrh kej; ilia lsÍug fhdod .efkkakla
njg y÷kdf.k we;s w;r hï muKl fyda kej; fnofyeÍula isÿlsÍug iudcfha idOdrK;ajh
ia:dms; lr ;sîfï wjYH;djhla we;¡ ta wkqj hqla;siy.;Mdjh hkq msßjehla jk w;r oCI
f,i iïm;a l<uKdlrKh lsÍu uÕska bka we;sjk ÿIalr;d uÕyrjd .;yels fjhs¡ fï ksid
fuh uQ,Huh iy uQ,Huh fkdjk jákdlï yd iïnkaO fjhs¡

iM,odhS;ajh hk jpkh YíofldIhkays w¾: olajd we;af;a hï M,hla we;slrùug ienúkau

ls%hd;aul jkakdjQ fyda tjekakla i|yd n,hla we;s ls%hdldrlula jYfhks¡ iM,odhS;ajh hk
jpkh fhdod .efkkafka ksIamdok ls%hdoduhkays hï wNsu; M,hka w;alr .ekSfï w¾:fhks¡ ta
wkqj rdcH fiajhla iM,odhS tlla njg m;alr,sh yelsjkafka iliqrejñka hq;=j yd oCI f,i
nÿ f.jkakkaf.a wruqo,a Ndú;hg fhdojkafka kï muKls¡ fuys w¾:h kï rdcH fiajlhd
iajlSh fr.=,dis yd wNHka;ßl ls%hdoduhkag jvd m%;sM, b,lalfldg ls%hdlrk fiajlhl=ùuhs¡
tfukau iM,odhS rdcH fiajhla hkq lsisÿ m%udohlska f;drj ksis l,g iqÿiq wdldrfhka
ck;djf.a b,a,Sïj,g m%;spdr ±laùug yels tlls¡ m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh hgf;a rdcH fiajfha
iM,odhS;ajh ukskakdjQ ks¾Kdhlhla jkafka foaYmd,ksl m%;spd¾h;dfõ uQ,O¾uhhs¡ ñka
lshefjkafka bÈßm;a flfrkakdjQ foaYmd,ksl b,a,Sïj,g rdcH mßmd,kh úiska m%;spdr
±laùuh¡ mßmd,kuh úhoñka wvq" b;d fyd¢ka b,lal flrekq" idOdrK yd úksúoNdjfhka hq;a
m%;sm;a;s" jevigyka yd ls%hdoduhka yryd m%;spdÍ ùuhs¡ fïksid m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcH md,kfha
iuia: iM,odhS;ajfha jvd;a jeo.;a wx.hla njg .=Kd;aul rdcH l<uKdlrKh m;afõ¡ rdcH
wxYfha fuu iuia: M,odhS;djh ;=, rdcH fiajfha l<uKdlrejkaf.a m%ùK;ajho" fiajd
iemhqfï .=Kd;aulNdjho wka;¾.; fjhs¡ fuu ldrKd uÕska iudcfha iudk;ajh fyda
wiudk;ajh ;SrKh flfrhs¡ fmfydi;a yd n,j;a whg muKla fiajd iemhqu isÿlrhs kï
n,j;=kag jvd fyd| wdodhï wjia:d iajNdjfhkau ysñfjhs¡ rdcH wxYhg lsisjla ksis whqßka
lr.ekSug oCI;djla ke;s l,o m%;sM,h fuhdldru fjhs¡ rdcH fiajh iudk wdldrhlska ,nd
67
fokafka kï túg wdodhu fn§hEu ÈhqKq ;;ajhlg m;ajk w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka fldka
lsÍug ,lajqkq lKavdhïj,go ÿ.SNdjfha W.=f,ka úYd, wjia:djka /ila ks¾udKh jkq we;¡

7.3 ldrHCIu;djh" iM,odhS;ajh iy hqla;siy.;Ndjh cd;sl b,lalhka jYfhka

wm by;ska ±lajQ wdldrhg fuu ldrKd ;s%;ajh ck;djg whs;s iïm;a jvd;a iliqrejñka
fhoùu;a" fuu iïm;a Ndú;fhka ksIamdokh flfrkakdjQ foa idOdrK wdldrfhka fnodyeÍu;a
iy;slfldg isà¡ ñka weÕfjkafka rch yqfola ck;dj fj; wvq úhoñka fiajd iemhqu isÿ lrk
nj muKla fkdj iudcfha we;s iudc úIu;djhka bj;a lsÍfï fuj,ula f,iskao ls%hd;aul
jk njh¡ tjeks rchla uq,skau ish iïm;a yd uqo,a b;d iliqrejñka Ndú;hg fhdodjkq ,nk
w;r fojkqj ;u mqrjeishkag iudk f,i f;dard.ekSï isÿlsÍug;a" ,eî we;s wjia:djka
idOdrK f,i N=la;s ú£ug;a wjia:dj Wodlr fohs¡

wvq msßjeh iys; wdKavqjla ck;dj Èßu;a lrkafka ;ukaf.a m5d.aOkh yd jHdmdßl
ksmqk;djhka Ndú;d fldg wd¾Òl ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sfha .dul n,fõ.h njg m;ajk wdldrhgh¡
wfkla w;g fuh isú,a iudch Yla;su;a lrjk w;r rdcH jvd Yla;su;a lrjk ienE n,fõ.h
njgo m;afjhs¡ Yla;su;a isú,a iudchla mj;sk úg§ iudcfha ish¿ idudðlhkag iudk
ksoyialï" .re;ajh yd whs;sjdislï ysñfjhs¡ thdldrfhka .;aúg isú,a iudch yd rcHh hkq
ienE ksoyi N=la;s ú£uyg i,ik" hymd,kh iy;sl lrkakdjQ b;d ióm iïnkaO;djhla iys;
jHqyhka folla fjhs¡

mqrjeishkag iudk f,i f;dard.ekSï lsÍug yd idOdrK f,i ,eî we;s wjia:djka N=la;s ú£ug
wjldYh i,ikakdjQ rchla idOdrK f,i ishkakagu i,lhs¡ msßñkag fukau ldka;djkago
iudk wd¾Ól wdrCIK wjia:d mj;sk njg;a" lsisfjla ÿmam;alñka mSvd fkdú¢k njg;a" ;u
uy¿ úfha§ iudc wn,;djhkaf.ka lsisjl= mSvd fkdú¢k njg;a" fmdfydi;a yd ÿmam;a mjq,aj,
orejkag Ôú;fha tlu wdrïNhla ysñjk f,ig;a tjeks rchla iy;sl fjhs¡ rdcH fiajfha N+ul
jkafka fiajHhl= f,ig yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lrjkakl= f,ig fuu ish¿ wjYH;djka
imqrd,Sug iy;slfldg isàuhs¡ thdldrfhka oCI;dj yd idOdrK;ajh cd;sl b,lalhka njg
m;afjhs¡

ish¿ mqrjeishka fj; iudk wjia:d ,eìfï whs;sjdislu ;yjqrefldg isàu mßmd,lhkaf.a
j.lSu fõ¡ iudc ,sx.sl;ajh" jd¾.sl;ajh" ksmqk;djhka" mx;s hkd§jQ fjkialï l<uKdlrKh
lsÍug Tjqkag isÿfjhs¡ oCI yd idOdrK;ajfha uQ,O¾uhka wkq.ukh lrkakdjQ rdcH
mßmd,khla iajlSh ffoksl lghq;=j,§ cd;sl jYfhka jeo.;ajk wfkl=;a b,lalhka imqrd
.ekSu i|yd yelshdj ,ndfok W;afm%arlhla njg m;afjhs¡ tlS wfkl=;a b,lalhka w;r wd¾Ól
j¾Okh" ú/lshdj my; ±óu" ÿmam;alu my; fy,Su iy ;rÕldÍ;ajh jrAOkh lsÍu fjhs¡ fï
wkqj oCI;djh" iM,odhS;ajh iy idOdrK;ajh hk ldrKd ;s%;ajh cd;sl wdrCIdj Èßu;afldg
isàu uÕska udkj wdrCIdj Yla;su;a lrhs¡ fï ksid m%cd;ka;%jdofha meje;aug fuu ldRKd
68
w;HdjYH fjhs¡ m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%uhla ;=, mqrjeishkag ish whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£ug WmldÍ
jkakdjQ oCI" iM,odhS yd hqla;siy.; rdch md,kh cd;sl b,lalhla njg m;afjhs¡

7.4 m%;spdrd;aul wdKavqlrKh

jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ .Kqfokqlrejdg m%;spdÍùu j.lSuls¡ foaYmd,kfha§ rdcHfha

mßmd,k wdh;khka mqrjeishkag m%;spdÍùu ifya;=l njg m;afldg we;af;a rdcH mj;skafka
ck;djf.a mrudêm;H mokïlrf.kh hk uQ,O¾uh u; msysàfuks¡ foaYmd,kfha§
m%;spdrd;aulnj w¾: olajd we;af;a mqrjeishkaf.a b,a,Sï imqrd,Sug m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska yd
mßmd,lhska úiska ;SrK .ekSfï lghq;a; ksis wldrfhka isÿ lsÍugh¡ m%cd;ka;%jd§ kHdh úiska
j.lSfuka hq;= rchla f,ig y÷kd.kq ,nkafka ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha§ uyck;djf.a
woyiaj,g .re lrkakdjQ rchls¡ ck;djf.a b,a,Sïj,g lkafok iy ck;djf.a iïm;a
Ndú;hg fhoùfï§ by, m%ñ;Ska mj;ajdf.k hdug yels rchlg wjYH md,k rduqj ks¾udKh
lsÍu i|yd ls%hdldÍùug m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchkag fuuÕska n,mEï flÍ we;¡

rdcH md,kfha§ fhdod.efkkakdjQ m%;spdrd;aulnj hk fhÿu m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska fyda rdcH

mßmd,lhska úiska ck;djf.a wjYH;djhkag b;d blaukska yd ienE f,iska m%;spdr ±laùug
we;s yelshdj úia;r lrhs¡ by;skao i|ykafldg wee;s wdldrhg óg wod,j kS;sfha wdêm;Hh yd
mqrjeishkaf.a whs;sjdislï hk b;d jeo.;a ldrKd oaffj;h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug
m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskag yd mßmd,lhskag isÿfõ¡ fï ksid m%;spdrd;aul rdcH md,khla hkq
kS;sfha wdêm;Hhg .re lrñka jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl yd mßmd,kuh ;SrK .ekSu yryd
ldrHCIu" iM,odhS iy hqla;siy.; fnodyeÍula iy;sl lrk md,khla mj;ajdf.k hdug
Wkkaÿjla olajk rchls¡

fï iïnkaOfhka .;al< mßmd,lhskag jvd jeä j.lSula m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhska fyj;a

foaYmd,{hska i;=j we;¡ ck;djf.a ksfhdað;hska f,i rcfha m%;m;a;s ;SrKh lsÍug wjidk
jYfhka j.lSu we;af;a Tjqkgh¡ fmdÿ ck;djf.a woyia yd b,a,Sï m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh flfrys
fhduq lsÍfï ;SrKd;aul N+ñldj bgq lrkq ,nkafka foaYmd,{hska úisks¡ fï ksid ck;djf.a
.eg¿ yd b,a,Sï idlÉPd lsÍfï fmdÿ lghq;a;g foaYmd{hd iyNd.S úhhq;=j we;¡ bkamiqj
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh flfrkakdjQ wxY fj; tlS b,a,Sï fhduq lsÍu Tyqf.a j.lSu fõ¡ ;jo
kS;sfha wdêm;H ia:dms; lsÍu iy ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï ;yjqrefldg isàuo Tjqkaf.a j.lSula
fjhs¡ m%;spdrd;aul md,kfha j.lSï wkq.ukh fkdlrkakdjQ foaYmd,{hskag tajd u;la lr§fï
úfYaI l%ufõohla ngysr rgj, we;¡ tu rgj, n,fha isák foaYmd,{hskaf.a ckms%h;dj mÍCId
lrne,Su w;=re ue;sjrKhla b,a,d isàfï yelshdj Pkaoodhlhska i;=j mj;S¡ ;u;a fujeks
l%ufõohla jkafka hï ksYaÑ; Pkao odhlhska ixLHdjla úiska w;aika lrkq ,enQ o< jHjia:duh
flgqïm;a md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj mej;Suh¡ fuu mshjrhka uÕska u;=fldg
isákafka rdcH md,kfha úúO uÜgïj, we;sfldg ;sfnkakdjQ md,k wdh;khkag f;dard
69
m;afldg we;s foaYmd,{hska u; ffk;sl ne£ula we;s lsÍfï jeo.;aluhs¡ fuhska woyia jkafka
m%;spdrd;aul md,kh yqfola ysáyeáfha u;=jkakla fya iajNdúlj we;sjkakla fkdjk njhs¡

by;ska olajd we;s wdldrhg foaYmd,k kdhlhskag muKla m%;spdrd;aul md,khla we;sl<
fkdyel¡ iudch ;=, fuu ;;ajh ks¾udKh lsÍug ldrHCIu yd iM,odhS núka hq;= rdcH
mßmd,khla mej;Su w;HdjH fõ¡ yelshdjka fyda ksmqk;d u; /lshdjkag n|jd .ekSu" mqyqKq
lsÍu" /lshd iemhSu iy hym;a jegqma ;, ks¾udKh hk m%;sm;a;suh lsrKdjka oCI md,k
l%uhla ks¾udKh lsÍug fya;= idOl fjhs¡ 19 jk ishjfia fojk Nd.fha isg foaYmd,k
ueÈy;aùï ksid ksmqK;d mokï fldg.;a msßia l<uKdlrK rgdjla mj;ajdf.khdfï ld¾hhg
ndOd meufKk nj wjfndaO fldgf.k ;snqKs¡ fï fya;=fjka foaYmd,kSlrKhjQ ks,OÍ
me,eka;shla isàu m%;spdrd;aul rdcH md,khg whym;a fohla nj fndfyda ld<hl isg ±kisá
lreKla úh¡ foaYmd,k weÕs,s .eiSï ksid fyda iudcfha fjk;a Wjukdjka u; fyda yelshdj iy
ksmqk;dj mokï fldg.;a f;dard.ekSï lsÍfï l%ufõohg ndOd meñKfjkafka kï wjidk
jYfhka isÿjkafka fiajd iemhSfï .=Kd;aul nj my; jeàuh¡ rdcH fiajh ¥Is;" WodiSk"woCI
fyda n,h i|yd mCImd;lï olajk tlla kï Tjqka md,k ls%hdoduh ;=, fiajd iemhqfï
fhfooa§ kS;sfha wdêm;Hg .re fkdlrk nj lsisjl=g lsj fkdyel¡

7.5 udkj ysulï yd m%;spdrd;aul md,kh

iM,odhS" ldrHCIu yd m%;spdrd;aul wdKavqlrKhla úYaùh udkj ysñlula f,iska fï jkúg
ms,s.ekSug ,laj we;¡ 1948 udkj ysñlï ms,sn| úYaj m%ldYfha ±lajqfka ziEu whl=gu Rcqj fyda
jl%j ksoyfia f;dard.kq ,enQ ksfhdaðl;hka Tiafia jl%j ;ukaf.a rfÜ wdKavqlrKfha
fldgialrejl= ùug;a" rcfha fiajh fj; iudk m%fõYhla ,nd.ekSug;aZ whs;sh we;s njhs ^21
jk j.ka;sh&¡ m%Odk udkj ysñlï iïuq;Ska folg w;aika ;nkq ,enq rdcHhka yd rdcH m%cdj
;uka úYaùh udkj ysñlïys wdrCIlhska njg Ym:fldg we;s neúka fuh Tjqka fj; jk
ud¾f.damfoaYhla njg m;aj we;¡

isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;shg wkqj rgl mqrjeishkag rdcH
md,khg Rcqj fyda jl%j iïnkaOùug whs;shla we;af;ah¡ Pkaoh§fï whs;sh" ksoyia yd idOdrK
ue;sjrKhla i|yd we;s whs;sh iy rcfha lghq;=j,g iynd.sùug we;s whs;sh fuu foaYmd,k
whs;sjdislï úiska ukdj ms,sf.k we;¡ tjeks iyNd.S;ajhla wjYH jkafka ukao hkak wd¾Ól"
iudÔh yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdislï ms,sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sfha olajd we;¡ iEu flfkl=gu
m%udKj;a Ôjk ;;ajhla ;sîfï whs;sh;a" wdydr" ksjdi" fi!LH" iudc wdrCIK yd wOHdmk
whs;sjdislï ,eìh hq;= nj th olajd isáhs¡ fuhska fmkShkafka foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï wjYH
jkafka fuu iudc whs;sjdislï ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd jk njh¡

f,dalfha fndfyduhla rgj,a fuu wd¾Ól wjYH;djhkaf.ka fndfyduhla imqrd,Sfï j.lSu

mqoa.,sl wxYhg ,nd§ we;;a tlS whs;sjdislï ieufokdu N+la;s ú¢k njg j.n,d.ekSfï j.lSï
70
rch i;=j mj;S¡ fï fya;=fjka rch yd mßmd,lhka ks¾mdCIslj isàu mqrjeishkaf.a wfmaCIdj
fjhs¡ rcfha m%;sm;a;s iïmdok ld¾hhkays§;a" jevigyka yd jHdmD;Skays§;a ish¨ mqrjeishkaf.a
iyNd.S;ajh wjYH fõ¡ tjeks iyNd.S;ajhla i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï whs;sh
mqrjeishkag mej;sh hq;=h¡ ;SrK .ekSfï n,;, fukau iïm;ao md<d;a md,k wdh;khka fj;
mjrd isàfï yd úuOh.; lsÍfï wjYH;dj mqrjeisfhda ols;s¡ zish,a,kag wOHdmkhZ hk
uQ,O¾uhg rdcH .re lrkq we;ehs mqrjeisfhda wfmaCId lr;s¡ wfkla w;g isú,a iudc kdhlhska
b,a,d isákafka wdKavqjla fkdj j.ùu yd úksúonúka hq;= rdcH md,khla iy iymd,k
ixialD;shls¡

ta wkqj m%;spdrd;aul md,kh hgf;a wm rdcHfhka wfmaCId lrkafka(

 kS;sfha md,khg yd uQ,sl udkj ysñlïj,g .re lsÍu

 b;d oCI yd iM,odhS;ajfhka imsß rdcH fiajhla ;yjqrefldg isàu
 ish¿ mqrjeishkag uQ,sl fiajd iemhSu
 ish,a,kag wOHdmk" fi!LH yd iudc wdrCIK fiajdjka ,nd§ug lghq;= lsÍu
 ÿmam;a yd wdka;sl lsÍug ,lajQ lKavdhïj,g Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£ug Wmldr
lsÍu
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh yd Ôúldjka Èßu;a lsÍu
 mqrjeishkaf.a Ôú;" foam, yd whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu
 iyNd.S;aj yd m%cd;ka;s%h md,k l%uhla ;yjqrefldg isàu

fï ish¨ ldrKdjka wka;¾.; fldg.;a jvd fyd| iudchla mQ¾K jYfhka ks¾udKh lr.kq
msKsi rdcH fiajh yd mßmd,k ieliqu rdcHhg yd iudchg iyfhda.h ,nd§u i|yd jk
meyeÈ,s ±laulska hq;=j ixúOdkh úhhq;= fjhs¡

7.6 wjidkh
fuu mßÉfþoh ;=,§ m%cd;ka;s%h wdKavqlrKhla ;=, m%;spdrd;aul md,khla hkq l=ula±hs hkak
wjfndaO lr.ekSu i|yd ldrHCIu;djh" iM,odhS;ajh yd hqla;siy.;nj hk fhÿïj,
w¾:ksrEmkhka úNd.fldg ne¨fjuq¡ rdcHhg ish iudÔh wruqKq idCId;a lr.ekSu i|yd
wdOdrlùu rdcH mßmd,kfha j.lSu jk neúka kQ;k rdcH l<uKdlrK l%ufõohka jk
uQ,Huh úákdlu" ls%hd;aul yd mqoa.,sl yelshdjka we.hSu jeks l%ufõohka wkq.ukh lrk
w;r;=ru tys ls%hdldÍS;ajh uQ,Huh fkdjk wdldrhlska we.hSug ,lal< hq;= njgop ;¾l
bÈßm;aj we;¡ kj rdcH l<uKdlrKfha ,CIK jk Ndú;d lrkakka úiska f.ùï lsÍu"
mqoa.,SlrKh yd rdcH iemhqï fldka;%d;a moku u; ,nd§u hkdÈh m%j¾Okh lrkq ,enqjo rdcH

71
yerkqúg fjk;a lsisÿ ms,sirKla fkdue;s ÿmam;a" iq¿;r yd wdka;sl lrkq ,enQ ck;dj rdcH
mßmd,khg wu;flg ±ñh fkdyel¡

72
 rdcH ks,OdÍka i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wdpdrO¾u moaO;sh'

^1996'12'06 isg ls%hd;aul jk uyd iNd fhdackdj,ska iïu; jQ fuu wdpdrO¾u moaO;sh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkh úiska mkjk ,oaols'&

I' uQ,sl uQ,O¾u

1' rdcH kS;sfhys ks¾jpkhg wkqj" rdcH fiajd ia:dkhla$ ld¾hd,hla hkq uyckhdf.a
úYajdikSh;ajh iq/flk whqßka Tjqkaf.a wNs,dIhka bgq lsÍug ls%hdlrkq ,nk ia:dkhls' rdcH
m%cd;dka;s%l wdh;k u.ska m%ldYs; wdldrhg rfÜ uyck;djf.a wjYH;djhkag lghq;= lsÍu rdcH
ks,OdÍkaf.a mru hq;=lu fõ'

2' mßmd,k m%;sm;a;s iy kS;Skag wkql+,j rdcH ks,OdÍka Tjqkaf.a hq;=lï iy ld¾hNdrhka iM, f,i"
ld¾hlaIu iy mßmQ¾K f,i bgqlrkafkao hkak ms<sn|j ikd: l< hq;=fõ' tfukau rdcH iïm;a
iM, f,i iy ld¾hlaIu f,i yeisrùu ;yjqre lsÍuo rdcH ks,OdÍka i;= j.lSula fõ'

3' rdcH ks,OdÍka Tjqka i;= ld¾hNdrh ie,ls,su;aj" idOdrK iy wmlaImd;S whqßka uyckhd yg
bgql< hq;=fõ' Tjqka lsisÿ wjia:dj lsisÿ lKavdhulg fyda mqoa.,fhl=g fyda jdisodhl wkaoñka
ie,lSu fyda lsisÿ lKavdhulg fyda mqoa.,fhl=g tfrysj fjkia f,i ie,lSu fyda ;uka fj; ,nd
§ we;s n,h iy wêldrh whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍu fyda fkdl< hq;af;ah

II wNs,dIhkaf.a .egqu iy fhda.H fkdjk nj

4' rdcH ks,OdÍka Tjqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl yd uQ,H wNs,dIhka uqÿkam;a lr.ekSu i|yd wúêu;a f,i
Wiiaùï isÿlsÍu i|yd ;u n,h mdúÉÑ fkdl< hq;=fõ' rdcH ks,OdÍka Tjqkaf.a fiajd ia:dkhkag"
j.lSï yd ld¾hNdrhkag wkql+, fkdjk f,i lsishï fyda .Kqfokqjla" lsisÿ ;k;=rla fyda
ld¾hNdrhla lsisÿ uQ,H m%;s,dNhla fyda Bg iudk m%;s,dNhla ,nd.ekSug lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h'

5' rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska ish ;k;=frys n,iSudfõ m%udKhg wkql+,j kS;suh iy mßmd,kuh
m%;sm;a;Skag wkql+,j wNs,dIhkaf.a .egqula we;súh yels jk ;udf.a jHdmdßl jdKscuh iy
uQ,Hug iïnkaO;d fyda uQ,Huh jdishla I,id .ekSu i|yd jQ ls%hdldrlï fy,sorõ l<
hq;af;ah

6' rdcH ks,OdÍka ;u ld¾hhkag wod<j fyda wod< fkdjk lghq;= isÿlsÍfï§ rdcH foam," uqo,a"
fiajdjka fyda f;dr;=re wh:d f,i Ndú; lsÍug wjldYhla fkdue;'

7' ia:dms; kS;Ska iy mßmd,kuh m%;sm;a;Skag wkql+,j " rdcH ks,OdÍka Tjqka fiajh l< ;k;=frka
bj;a jQ miqj fmr fiajh l< fiajd ia:dkfhka wh:d jdis ,ndfkd.; hq;=fõ'

73
 III j;alï fy<sorõ lsÍu

8' mj;sk kS;s iy m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+,j rdcH ks,OdÍka wjYH wjia:dj,§ Tjqka i;= yelskï
hefmkakkaf.a iajdñ mqreIhdf.a$ Nd¾hdjf.a j;alï iy j.lSï fy<sorõ l< hq;=fõ'

IV ;Hd. fyda wfkl=;a jrm%idohka ms<s.ekSu'

9' rdcH ks,OdÍka Tjqkag mejÍ we;s ld¾hNdrh bgqlsÍu fjkqfjka lsisÿ ;Hd.hla fyda fjk;a
jrm%idohla iDcqj fyda jl%j ,ndfkd.; hq;= fõ'

V f;dr;=rej, ryiHNdjh

10 rdcH ks,OdÍka i;=j we;s ryiHNdjuh jQ ldrKd hqla;sh iy rdcldßuh ls%hdldß;ajhka

iïnkaOfhka kS;suh j.lSula fkdue;af;a kï tlS ryiHNdjhka iq/lsh hq;af;ah

74
කවර ආයත කමය ග ල ෂණය ජාත වාදෙ පැවැ මට ඉඩ සලස ද,
එයට තහං පනව ද, එ ස්වභාවය රණය කර ද?

ආයතනය ද නට ඇ සමහර ග ල ෂණ ජාත වාදයට තකර වන අතර තව

ඒවා ජාත වාදය නාශ කර දම නා ස්වභාවෙ ඒවා ෙව . ෙමම ධනා මක හා
සෘණා මක ග ල ෂණය කවර ෙහ ජාත වාදෙයක ස්වභාවය රණය කර .

ෙ ශපාලන නායක ෙ සහ රාජ ළධා ෙ ග ල ෂණ

ෙ ශපාලන මෙයක නායකයාෙ ග ල ෂණ, එන බලය භා තා කරන

ආකාරය බඳව ෙ ශපාලන නායකයාෙ ආක ප කවෙ ද, ආ ම
ව වස්ථාමය ලධ මය ෙවත ඔ ෙ ඇ කැප ම කවෙ ද යන කාරණා
ජාත වාදයට යහප ෙලස පව ට ව නා බලපෑ ඇ කර .

ජාත වාදයට තකර ව නා ආක ප, ජාත වාදයට හා කර ව නා ආක පය ,

හැ හා භා තාව . ෙ ශපාලන නායක ට හැ සහ භා තාව . ෙ ශපාලන නායක ෙ
සහ රජෙ ළධා ට ඉතා ඉහළ බලය සහ රජෙ ළධා ෙ සමහර ග ල ෂණය
භා තා කර නට ෙශෂ වග ම ඇ වා ෙසම, සා ජාත වා ආයතනය ෙ
එෙලස බලය භා තා කර නට අ ය ද පැව යාකා වයට හා පැ ණෙව . එ සාම
ඇ ෙ ය. ෙ සා, ඔ ෙ ආක ප, හැ , තම ෙ ෙ ශපාලන මය බඳව ද ජනතාවට
සහ භා තාව අ ශ ම වැදග කාරණා බවට ළ අ ශ්වාසය ෙග ඩ නැෙග . එවැ කාරණා
ප ෙව . ජාත වාදයට තකර ෙ ශපාලන සා වඩා උග හා ක ඇ තා ස
නායක ෙ සහ රාජ ළධා ෙ ල ෂණ සමාජෙය කට වල ත ම මග හැර
පහත ප ය: . ෙ ශපාලන නායක ෙ සහ රාජ
ළධා ෙ අ තකර ග ල ෂණ:

75
 වචනා ථෙය ම තම ෙ රටට ඇ  තම ග නා රණ බඳව
භ ය ෙප ය අතර රෙ අ ත ෙස ව ම, තම ෙ ව නාක
ආ ම ව වස්ථාෙව ඇ ව නාක සහ ඉල කය ආ ම ව වස්ථාවට සහ
හා ලධ මය ෙ ඇ වය ය ය. එ ධාන ලධ මය ට වඩා උසස් බව
 ජනතාවට යහපත ව නා දැ ම තා ම හා තම ෙ යාකාරක
හ නාගැ ෙ , ඊට කාශණය ලබා ෙ ආ ම ව වස්ථාෙ මාව ට යට
සහ එය ගැ ෙ හැ යාෙව ම. ෙන ය යැ තා ම.
 ෙප යහපත ගැන සැල ම ෙව  රවැ ය සහ රෙ ය අවඥාවට ල
ෙප කැමැ ත කාශ ෙම ලා ම.
අවධානය ෙය ම.  ෙප ජනයාට තම ව ණ ගැ මට ඇ ඉඩ
 රෙ ටග වය පළ ම සහ එම අ රා ම.
මට ඇ වග ම බාර ගැ ම.  සත ය ෙකෙ සැල ම නැ කම සහ
ව ම හා කෘ කර දැ මත වැ
ශ්වාසය ඳ ම.
 තම ෙ ලෙය ඇ වග ඉ
මට ඇ දැ ම සහ ද ෂතාව
ම.  ජනතාව ෙමෙහයව නට ඔ ෙ ාථ ක
 තම ෙ සහායක සමග ද, ෙවන හැ වලට සහ ග කමට ආම ණය
නායක සහ ළධා සමග ෙම ම ම සහ එම හැ බර ත වය ෙග
ෙ ශපාල ක ධවා සමග ද අවස්ථාවා ෙය ජන ගැ ම.
සහෙය ගෙය කට මට ,  බලය ෙන කඩවා ෙවනවා දැ මට ඇ
තම ෙ මතෙය එ බ ෙන ෙගන කැමැ ත ෙහ තම ලෙය ලබා ඇ
ෙවන අදහස් ගැ මට කැමැ ත මාව ඉ මවා බලය භා තා ම.
දැ ම.  ද ෂ හා බල වෙය පාලනය
 තම ෙ සහායක සහ ෙවන සඳහා අවශ දැ ම කරගැ මට ඇ
නායක සමග ෙහ ළධා සමග අකමැ ත ෙහ ෙන හැ යාව.
අවංකවම ෙන එකඟතාව ඇ කරග  මය වශෙය පැව ඇ බලය භා තා
ට එම රණය ෙව ෙව ත වම ෙප කර නට ඇ අෙප ෙහ ස කම ෙහ
මට ඇ කැමැ ත. පැ ම.
 තම ෙ රෙ කාලය අවස ට ෙහ  අ ලස් ගැ ම සහ තම ෙ අයට ෙශෂ
මැ වරණයක පරාජය ට තම ෙ සැල දැ ම ඇ ෂණ හා වංචා.
ළය අ හැ මට ඇ කැමැ ත.  රාජ ෙසවයට ප ෙ තම
 ළය ම ලබාෙද නා අ කා බලය හ න නා අයට ෙශෂ සැල දැ ම.
ෙහ නායක වෙ බලය යාවට නැං මට  ෙන ෙවනස්වන බව, තම ෙ මතය
ඇ කැමැ ත. වැ බව තා ම සහ තම දරණ
 යාකාරක වල ෙම පා ක ෙල අදහස අ හැර එකඟතාවකට ඒමට ඇ
ය ත කාල රා අ ගමනය ම, අකමැ ත.
කට කල ෙ කවර ෙ ලාෙ ද  අ අයෙ අදහස් ෙන මසා, තා
ය න දැන ම, ව ෙන කර ය බැ ම ෙත රව ආෙ ගය ට යට ව
ෙම ෙහ ත දැන ම සහ ෙ ව යා මක ම ෙහ උවමනාවට වඩා
ෂණය කල ෙම ෙහ ත දැන ම. කට මාද ම සහ පැහැ රණය
ඓ හා කව තම ට අ වන ය ෙන මැ ව කට ම නැ න
බඳව ෙහ තම ෙ ඓ හා ක අ ශ් තතාෙව ම.
උ මය බඳව සැල ම ම.  ෙප ජනයාෙ ව ණය බැහැරලන
ආකාරෙය ය හා නාමය අ
 පදනම ව ක ප දැ ම කරග නට ඇ කැමැ ත.
ෙස මට ඇ කැමැ ත.  ෙ ශපාලන බලය, රෙ ය අ භවා
න බව ශ්වාස ම.

76
77
 රාජ ආයතනය ෙ ග ල ෂණ

රෙටක රාජ ආයතනය ෙ ග ල ෂණය ෙස දැ ය හැ ෙ එම

ආයතනය ෙ බලය අදාල ප ෙව ෙක ට ම සහ එම ආයතනය ට පැව ඇ
වග ඉ කර ම ෙව . එ ට ජාත වාදෙ යහප පැවැ මට ඉ පලදා
බලපෑ ඇ ෙව .

ජාත වාදයට තකර ව නා රාජ ජාත වාදයට නාශකා ව නා රාජ

ආයතනය ෙ ග ල ෂණ. උදාහරණ: ආයතනය ෙ ග ල ෂණ. උදාහරණ:

 ආයතන වා ඇ ෛන ක ඉල ක ෙහ  ආයතන, වැර ෙලස අ ථ ද වන ලද බලෙය හා

අර ෙව ෙව ඒවා යා මක ෙව . එම වග ව ම. පැහැ ව දැ මා
මාව ව වස්ථාව ළ ෙහ ම ෙලස ෙන මැ ව ආයතනය තම ෙ බලය පමණ
සඳහ ෙන ෙක ට ණද, සමාජය ඉ මවා භා තා මට ෙහ තම ෙ වග
ෙගන ඇ තා ව නාක හා ලධ මය ළ අ ෙව ඉ මට ෙය ෙව ඇත. ඊට අමතරව
අ ත ගතව පව . ෙමම මාව පැනෙව ෙ ෙහ පැහැ කරන ලද මා නැ ව ආ ෙ
ආ ව ජනතාවෙ ෙසවකයා ස ස්වා යා බලය, සමාජෙ ය පැ කඩ ෙවත , ගල
ෙන ෙ ය යන අදහ . ඒ අ ව රවැ ය ෙ තවලට ආ මණ ෙලස ඇ ව ඇත.
ක අ වා ක ෙලස උ ලංඝනය  ආයතන තම ෙ අර ෙහ ඉල ක
කල හැ ෙන ෙව . ස රාගැ මට මව ෙත රව මෙ දය
 සාධාරණ මෙ දය භා තා කර නට පමණ ෙත රාගැ ම කර .
මා ආයතනය පැව ම. ආයතනයක අර  රාජ බලය න යෑම ෙහ ෙව වග ෙ
ෙහ ඉල ක ස රාගැ මට ෙය දා ග නා ය සල ණ ව ෙස යා ගැ මට ෙන හැ ම.
මෙ දය සාධාර කරනය කල හැ  රාජ ළධා තම ෙ දැ ම හා ද ෂතාව ගැන
ෙන ෙව . එම මෙ දය ජාත වාදෙ අ ත ෙස වක ම සා ජනතාව සහ
ක ව නාක සහ ලධ මය ට අ ව ෙන තකා හැ ම.
මාව ට ල ය ය.  ෙෂධ බලය භා තා කල හැ අවස්ථා අපමණව ඇ
 සමාජෙ ගැට වලට සැප ම , එම ෙහ ඒකාකා වය හා පාලනෙ ජරප ම සෑම
ගැට ස බ ධව ෙවලකට යා මක අංශයකම දැ ය හැ ම.
ම සහ තරම රවැ ය ට වග යන හා  ස්වා න අ කරණය මත බාධා ම.
වගවන ත වෙය පැව ම හා ෙප  හ දාව ට ෙස ද ෂතාව හා බලය
ජනයාෙ භ යට අවධානය ෙය ම ෙන මැ ෙෂ ය ෙවත ආ මණය ම.
රාජ ආයතනය ෙ කට ත ෙව . රෙ
 ‘නරක පාලනෙ ’ ණාංගය ෙප කරන
අවශ තාව හැ ෙ ම ෙවන ෙහ කව
ආයතනය ම. ෙමම නරක ණාංගය පහත
ම ෙවන ඒවා වද, එම අවශ තා ස ර නට
ප ය:
ආයතනය නම ය ය.
 අද ෂතාව
 ෂණය
 ‘යහ පාලනෙ ’ ෙප ල ෂණය ෙය ජනය  ෙන ෙවනස්වන බව (සං ණ, නම තාව
ම රාජ ආයතනය ෙග බලාෙප ෙර නැ ෙහ ෙස ජනතාවට උ තර
ෙව . පහත ල ෂණ යහපාලනය ළ අ ත ගත ෙන සපය නා ළධා ෙ ඒකා කා
ෙව : පාලනය)
 ද ෂතාව (අසාධාරණ යද , නාස් ය ෙහ  ද බව ෙන මැ කම
මාදය නැ ව ආ ෙ ඉල ක ස රාගැ මට  වග ෙම ෙත ර ම
78
 කට ම).  තම ගැන වැ උවමනාව ම (ආ ව රට
 අවංක බව ( ෂණෙය ෙත ර සහ ලධ මය ට ගැන තනවාට වඩා තම ගැන වැ
භ ම ව කට කරන ආ ව ම). සැල ල දැ ම)
 ද බව (ආයත කමය යාදාමය ෙප  රද බ ෙත ර ම නැ න ප ෙලස
ජනයාෙ ම ෂණයට ල ම, රණවලට ෙ ව දැ ම
එළැ පදන අවෙබ ධ කට ඒවා ම සහ  මෙ ගැ ම (පාලනෙ නා
රාජ ප ෙග අ ව නා පල අයෙ කැමැ ත අකමැ ත මත ගැ ම
ක දැ මට ඇ හැ යාව, සහ එම පල පදන ම සහ ඒ ඒ අවස්ථාවල ඇ ෙකෙරන
බඳව ජනතාව දැ ව ම. හැ බර ත වය මත ගැ ම)
 ණා මක බ ම ( රවැ ය ෙ
ඉ වලට සහ අවශ තාව ට චාර
දැ ම).
 ෙන කැ ඉ යටම පැව ම සහ සාධාරණ බව
(ස්ථා ත ෙක ට ඇ ප අරභයා රණ
ගැ ම සහ එ එ කාරණෙ ඇ අ වැ ක
වලට අ ලව එම රණ ගැ ම).
 ඥාස ප න බව (ගැ සමථයකට ප ෙ
ගැ ෙල ම සහ අවශ
ස ප ව අ න ම), සහ
 දැ ම ම (අනාගත පර පරාව බඳව
සැල ම ම සහ දැ ම ස ත ම).
 ආයත ක යාදාමය හා වැඩ ෙවල,
ගලය ට, ක ඩාය වලට සහ මහ
ජනතාවට ක වශෙය සාධාරණය වන
ආකාරෙය ය ය.

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 fmdÿ cSú;fha m%;sm;a;s y;

mrd¾:lduS nj

fmdoq ld¾hhka ys kshef,k mqoa.,hka ;srK .; hq;af;a fmdoq hym; i|ydu muKs' tfia ;SrK .ekSfus oS Tjqka
uQ,Hh jdis fyda fjk;a jdis ;ukag ish mjq,g fyda ;u hy¿us;%dkaoSkag ,ndoSfus wruqKska tfia fkdl, hq;=h'

RcqNdjh

fmdoq ld¾hhkays kshef,k mqoa.,hka ;uka f.a ks, lghq;= bgq lsrSfus oS uq,Hhuh jYfhka fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska
hus wksis n,mEula we;s lrk ne|Sus ndysr mqoa.,hkag fyda wdh;khka iu. we;s lr fkd.; hq;=h'

fmdoq wruqKg lemjSu

fmdoq ld¾hhkays kshef,k mqoa.,hka ish ld¾hhka bgq lsrsfus oS tkus ks,;, mejrSu fldka;%d;a ,ndoSu fyda
mqoa.,hkag m%;s,dN iy mdrsf;daIsl ,ndoSug ks¾foaY lssrSu jeks lghq;=j,oS f;dard .ekSus isoq l< hq;af;a Tjqka f.a
iqoqiqlu u; muKs'

j.jSu

fmdoq ld¾hhkays kshef,k mqoa.,hka Tjqka f.a ;SrK iy ls%hdjka ms<sn|j fmdoq ck;djg j.jsh hq;=h' tfukau Tjqka
f.a ld¾hd,hkays lghq;=j,g wod, jsu¾Ykh lsrSug wjldY ie,ish hq;=fjs'

jsjD;Ndjh
80
 fmdoq ld¾hhkays kshef,k mqoa.,hka Tjqkaf.a ;SrK iy ls%hd ms<sn|j yels;dla újD; úh hq;=h' Tjqka f.a ;SrK
ms<sn| lreKq bosrsm;a l< hq;= w;r fmdoq ck;dj meyeos,s f,i b,a,d we;s wjia:djkaysoS muKla f;dr;=re iemhSu
iSud l< hq;=fjs'

wjxlNdjh

fmdoq ld¾hhka f.a kshef,k mqoa.,hka fmdoq hq;=lus bgq lsrSfus oS lskï fyda fm!oa.,sl ,dNhla fyda in|;djhla
biau;=fjs kus th jsjD;j mejish hq;= w;r tu.ska hus u; .egqula fyda wka .egqula we;sfjs kus fmdoq hym;
wruqKq lr th iuhlg m;a lsrSug mshjr .; hq;=fjs'

kdhl;ajh

fmdoq ld¾hhkays kshef,k mqoa.,hka ksis kdhl;ajh fouska wdo¾Yu;a whqrska fuu m%;sm;a;Ska m%j¾Okh l< hq;=fjs'

81