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State by State Guide To Laws That Prohibit Discrimination Against Transgender People
State by State Guide To Laws That Prohibit Discrimination Against Transgender People
I. Introduction
Historically, transgender people have faced serious and pervasive discrimination in
many aspects of public life, either because their gender identity doesn’t match the sex
they were assigned at birth, or because they are perceived as failing to conform with
stereotypical expectations of sex-appropriate appearance, dress, and behavior. In the
past ten years, however, transgender people have been increasingly successful in
obtaining legal protections against discrimination at work, at school, in places of public
accommodation, and in other areas.
There is still no federal law that prohibits discrimination based on gender identity in
employment1 or public accommodations, although Congress recently enacted
protections against hate crimes based on gender identity.2 Furthermore, federal laws
that prohibit discrimination based on disability expressly exclude conditions related to
gender identity.3 While federal courts in the 1970s through the 1990s generally denied
sex-discrimination claims brought by transgender people,4 in recent years at least three
federal circuit courts of appeal – the First, Sixth, and Ninth Circuits – as well as a
1
The proposed Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), pending in Congress, would prohibit
discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
2
The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2009), enacted as a rider to the
National Defense Authorization Act for 2010 (H.R. 2647), codified at 18 U.S.C.A. § 249.
3
See Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C.A. § 705(20)(F)(i); Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C.A. §
12211(b)(1). Both Acts exclude “transsexualism” and “gender identity disorders not resulting from physical
impairments” from the list of protected disabilities.
4
See, e.g., Ulane v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., 742 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir. 1984) (holding that “the words of Title
VII do not outlaw discrimination against a person who has a sexual identity disorder, i.e., … a person born
with a female body who believes herself to be a male”); Holloway v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 566 F.2d 659
(9th Cir. 1977) (same) James v. Ranch Mart Hardware, Inc., 881 F. Supp. 478 (D. Kan. 1995) (same).
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number of federal district courts have held that transgender or gender non-conforming
people are protected under federal sex-discrimination laws such as Title VII.5
At the state level, however, fifteen states and the District of Columbia have passed laws
that offer explicit protections for transgender people. This publication is a guide to those
state laws that expressly prohibit discrimination based on transgender status, gender
identity, or gender expression.6
II. How Statutes Define Transgender Status
States have used three general approaches to provide protection against discrimination
for transgender people:
• In Iowa, Maryland, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Rhode Island,
Vermont, and the District of Columbia, the non-discrimination statutes explicitly
include “gender identity” as a protected characteristic.
5
See, e.g., Rosa v. Park West Bank & Trust Co., 214 F.3d 213 (1st Cir. 2000) (reinstating Equal Credit
Opportunity Act claim on behalf of transgender plaintiff who alleged that he was denied an opportunity to
apply for a loan because he was not dressed in “masculine attire”); Schwenk v. Hartford, 204 F.3d 1187
(9th Cir. 2000) (holding that transsexual prisoner could state a claim under Gender Motivated Violence
Act, because “[d]iscrimination because one fails to act in the way expected of a man or woman is
forbidden” under the proscription of discrimination based on sex); Smith v. City of Salem, Ohio, 378 F.3d
566, 94 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that transsexual city fire department employee stated a valid sex-
discrimination claim under either Title VII or the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment);
Barnes v. City of Cincinnati, 401 F.3d 729 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that transsexual police officer
“established that he was a member of a protected class” for purposes of Title VII sex-discrimination claim
“by alleging discrimination . . . for his failure to conform to sex stereotypes”). See generally National
Center for Lesbian Rights, Federal Cases Addressing Whether Discrimination on the Basis of Gender
Non-Conformity and/or Transgender Status Is a Form of Discrimination Based on Sex, at
http://www.nclrights.org/site/DocServer/Federal_Cases_Addressing_Whether_Discrimination_on_the_B.p
df?docID=3661.
6
It should be noted that courts and administrative bodies in several states have also interpreted sex and
disability anti-discrimination laws to apply to transgender people. See, e.g., Enriquez v. West Jersey
Health Systems, 342 N.J. Super. 501 (N.J. App. Div. 2001) (concluding that transsexual people are
protected by state law prohibitions against sex and disability discrimination); Lie v. Sky Pub. Corp., 15
Mass. L. Rptr. 412 (Mass. Super. Ct. 2002) (holding that a transsexual employee had stated a viable sex
discrimination and disability discrimination claim under state law). For a comprehensive discussion of
state court and administrative decisions applying sex and disability discrimination to transgender plaintiffs,
see National Center for Lesbian Rights, Cases Recognizing Protection for Transgender People Under
State Sex and Disability Discrimination Laws, at
http://www.nclrights.org/site/DocServer/state_cases091004.pdf?docID=1203.
Thirteen states (California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, New
Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington) and the District
of Columbia protect transgender people from discrimination in public accommodations.
Although the exact definition of a “public accommodation” varies from state to state, a
wide variety of businesses are typically covered by such statutes, including restaurants,
hotels, theaters, and retail stores. These private businesses that are open to the public
may not discriminate based on a person’s transgender status. Private clubs and
religious organizations, however, are often exempt from the reach of public
accommodations laws.
C. Housing and Real Estate
Thirteen states (California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, New
Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington) protect
transgender people from discrimination in housing. These laws require that a tenant or
homebuyer’s transgender status not be used as a basis for refusing– or offering less
favorable terms in – leases, mortgages, homeowner’s insurance, and home sales.
California
California’s non-discrimination laws rely on a definition of “sex” that includes “gender
identity and gender related appearance and behavior whether or not stereotypically
associated with the person’s assigned sex at birth.”8 This definition is used by
California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA),9 which prohibits discrimination
based on gender identity by employers, labor organizations, and apprenticeship training
programs.10 The law provides specifically that, while employers may impose gender-
based dress and grooming standards, an employee must be permitted to appear or
dress in a manner consistent with the employee’s gender identity.11
7
See the list of K-12 school districts that have enacted non-discrimination policies that include gender
identity and expression compiled by the Transgender Law & Policy Institute, at
http://www.transgenderlaw.org/college/index.htm#schools.
8
Cal. Penal Code § 422.56.
9
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12926(p).
10
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940.
11
Cal Gov’t Code § 12949.
12
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12955.
13
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12955(l).
14
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12955(j).
15
Cal. Gov’t Code § 12955(m).
16
Cal. Civ. Code § 51(b).
17
Cal. Civ. Code § 51(e)(4).
18
Cal. Civ. Code § 51(b).
19
See, e.g., Curran v. Mt. Diablo Council of the Boy Scouts of Am., 17 Cal.4th 670 (1998) (holding that
the Boy Scouts of America is not a “business establishment” for purposes of the Unruh Act, even though
the organization engaged in some business transactions with nonmembers on a regular basis); Doe v.
Cal. Lutheran High Sch. Ass’n, 170 Cal.App.4th 828 (Cal. App. 2009) (private religious high school is not
a “business establishment” subject to the Unruh Act).
20
See North Coast Women’s Care Med. Group v. San Diego County Sup. Ct., 44 Cal.4th 1145 (2008)
(medical group providing services to the public is a “business establishment” under the Unruh Act).
21
Cal. Educ. Code §§ 210.7 (“sex” includes gender and gender identity), 220 (prohibiting discrimination in
schools), 51500 (prohibiting instruction or school-sponsored activities that “promote[] a discriminatory
bias” based on gender identity).
22
Cal. Educ. Code § 220.
23
Cal. Educ. Code § 221.
24
Cal. Gov’t Code § 11135.
25
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 2-4-401(13.5) (definition for all Colorado statutes), 24-34-401(7.5) (definition
for anti-discrimination statutes).
26
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-402.
27
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-402(c).
28
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-502.
29
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-601.
30
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 12-59-106(1)(s) (private occupational schools), 22-30.5-104(3) (charter
schools), 22-30.5-507(3) (institute charter schools), 22-32-109 (public schools), 22-38-104(1)(d) (pilot
schools).
31
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 22-32-109(1)(ll)(II).
32
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 22-32-109(1)(ll)(I).
33
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-601(1).
34
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-601(1).
35
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-601(1).
36
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-34-602(2).
37
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 489-3.
38
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 489-2.
39
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 489-2.
40
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 489-2.
41
Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 515-3 (real property transactions), 515-5 (financial assistance related to real
property), 515-6 (restrictive covenants based on gender identity prohibited).
42
Haw. Rev. Stat. § 515-4.
43
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/1-103(O-1).
44
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/1-102.
45
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/5-101(A)(11).
46
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/2-101(D).
47
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/2-101(B)(2).
48
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-101.
49
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-101.
50
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-106(A) (private sale of single family home exempt if owner has interest in less
than three single family homes at the time of sale, owner or owner’s family member was last occupant,
and owner did not advertise an intent to discriminate in the sale of the home).
51
775 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3-106(H-1).
52
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.1 et seq.
53
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.6.
54
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.8.
55
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.7.
56
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.10.
57
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.9.
58
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.2(10).
59
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.6(1)(b).
60
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.6(6).
61
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.6(6) (employment); Iowa Code Ann. § 216.7(2) (public accommodations).
62
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.7(1)(d).
63
Iowa Code Ann. §§ 216.12(1)(b) and (e).
64
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.12(1)(c).
65
Iowa code Ann. § 216.9(2).
66
Iowa Code Ann. § 216.10(1)(c).
67
Md. Code Ann. Educ. § 7-424.
68
Md. Code. Ann. Educ. § 7-424(a).
69
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, § 4553(9-C).
70
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, §§ 4552, 4602(4).
71
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, § 1825-L.
72
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, § 4572(1)(A).
73
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, § 4572(1)(B).
74
Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, § 4572(1)(C).
75
Me. Stat. Rev. Ann. tit. 5, § 4553(4).
76
Me. Stat. Rev. Ann. tit. 5, § 4553(4).
77
Me. Stat. Rev. Ann. tit. 5, § 4553(6).
78
Me. Stat. Rev. Ann. tit. 5, § 4602(4)(B).
79
Parent of Minor Student o/b/o Minor Student (Orono) v. School Union 87 (Maine Human Rts. Comm’n,
July 1, 2009), available at http://www.maine.gov/mhrc/Investigation/RG/20090629_PAED08-0239.pdf.
80
Me. Stat. Rev. Ann. tit. 5, § 4602.
81
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.03, subd. 44.
82
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.08, subd. 2.
83
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.08, subd. 1.
84
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.09.
85
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.11, subd. 1.
86
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.13.
87
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.16, subd. 1.
88
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.08, subd. 4(1).
89
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.20, subd. 8.
90
Goins v. West Group, 635 N.W.2d 717 (Minn. 2001).
91
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.21, subd. 1(2).
92
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.21, subd. 1(3).
93
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.13, subd. 1
94
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.17.
95
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.20, subd. 2.
96
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.26.
97
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 363A.26.
98
Minn. Stat. Ann. §§ 363A.20, subd. 3; 363A.24, subd. 1.
99
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-5(rr).
100
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-4.
101
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 18A:37-14.
102
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-12(f)(1).
103
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-12.
104
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:2-1.
105
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:2-1.
106
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-5(f).
107
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-5(u).
108
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-5(l).
109
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-5(n).
110
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-2(Q).
111
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-7(A).
112
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-7(B).
113
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-7(F).
114
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-7(G).
115
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-7(H).
116
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-9(A).
117
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-9(D).
118
N.M. Stat. Ann § 28-1-9(B).
119
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-9(C).
120
N.M. Stat. Ann. § 28-1-9(C) (“[T]he provisions of the Human Rights Act with respect to sexual
orientation and gender identity shall apply to any other: (1) for-profit activities of a religious or
denominational institution or religious organization subject to the provisions of Section 511(a) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; or (2) nonprofit activities of a religious or denominational
institution or religious organization subject to the provisions of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended[.]”).
121
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-407.15(b).
122
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-407.15(d).
123
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-407.16.
124
Or. Rev. Stat. § 174.100(6).
125
Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.030.
126
Or. Rev. Stat. § 240.306(1).
127
Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.403.
128
Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.421 (sale, rental, or lease of property); Or. Rev. Stat. § 93.270 (prohibition
against restrictive covenants that discriminate based on gender identity).
129
Or. Rev. Stat. § 659.850(2) (publicly funded activities in public elementary and secondary schools and
community colleges); Or. Rev. Stat. § 338.125(3) (admission to public charter schools); 339.351(d)
(prohibition against bullying or harassment based on gender identity).
130
Or. Rev. Stat. § 418.648(10).
131
Or. Rev. Stat. § 179.750(2).
132
Or. Rev. Stat. § 101.115(3).
133
Or. Rev. Stat. § 430.550.
134
Or. Rev. Stat. § 443.739(19).
135
Or. Rev. Stat. § 458.505(4)(h).
136
Or. Rev. Stat. § 744.382(4).
137
Or. Rev. Stat. § 10.030(1).
138
Or. Rev. Stat. § 192.630(3).
139
Or. Rev. Stat. § 659A.421(8).
140
Or. Rev. Stat § 659.870(1).
141
R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-24-2.1.
142
R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-24-2.
143
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5-7.
144
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5.1-4(a).
145
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 §§ 34-37-4 (housing), 34-37-5.4 (residential real estate transactions).
146
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5.1-7(a).
147
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5.1-8.
148
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5-7(4).
149
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5.1-9.
150
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-5.1-14.
151
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 30-24-10(c).
152
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 34-37-4.2(a).
153
R.I. Gen. Laws 1956 § 34-37-4.5.
168
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.215.
169
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.180.
170
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.222.
171
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.190.
172
Wash. Rev. Code §§ 48.30-300, 49.60.178 (health insurance).
173
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.175.
174
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.040(2).
175
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.222(2).
176
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.222(7).
177
Wash. Rev. Code § 49.60.040(11).
178
D.C. Code § 2-1401.02(12A).
179
D.C. Code §§ 2-1402.11, 32-408.
180
D.C. Code § 2-1402.21.
181
D.C. Code § 2-1402.31.
182
D.C. Code § 2-1402.41.
183
D.C. Code § 2-1402.71.
184
D.C. Code § 2-1402.73.
185
D.C. Code § 4-754.21(10).
186
D.C. Code § 16-914.
187
D.C. Code §§ 31-2231-11(c), 31-2231.13(d), 31-1603 (impermissible factors in determination by
insurance companies of likelihood that a person will develop AIDS).
188
D.C. Code § 43-1507.
189
D.C. Code § 2-1402.41(3).
190
D.C. Code § 2-1402.24.