You are on page 1of 12

c c

c c 
c
c
S 


c
c  c
c  cc   c
c
©c  c  cc c  c
c
 c Definitions
c c
c Jechem, Floydcc c
c c c ccc
cccc
¦c cc cc c c  c
cc c
c
cc cc  c c c
c c c
 cc c c

c c c c c c 
c c
c
 cc
c  c !c 
c c c
 
c

c c c 
!
c cc cc !c c c
c c cc" c
 c c

cc cc c
¦c " c  c c cc c  
c c# !c
c $c
jc  
c csovereign functionscc
jc ccreationcc c
c
cc
 cc
jc
c  cc
jc   cc
jc 


c c c 
cc
jc  c cc
cc
jc  c

c c c 
c c
c c
c
c ©dministrative Code (Exec Order No 292)c
c
¦c Vcc%  
c c c&c" cV c c
c
c ! c c'

c!
 c c  
!
c
c
 c'cVc cc! c
c  
c c!c
c
(c c c'cVc' !!
c c c
 c


c 
c c c) 
!
c c  c c cc  c! c c ! c!  c
c

c

c
c c
c ccc
 
c c!c
c c!c
 c c
!
c c !
c  !c c cc
c
*c
c

+c c!
!
c! c

c cc  
 (c cc cc ccc
cc c
c! c!c c c
!cc  
 c c c (c
c c

c

c cc
 +c 
c c
 

c  c c c !
c c
c 
c c c

c
ccc !c
¦c Vc,cV c c c'cVc&cc" c'cVc! c c
 c
c
!
 c
c

c c c) 
!
c

c 
!
&
c c
 c   
c  c 
c c
¦c VccV c&c" c- *c cc  c c c 
c c
c
c c
 c
c
c c c
'
c c. c c'

c' !!
c! c  !
c
c c! c 
c c c
!c/ c

c c- c c 


c
c  c
c c
c
c c
c
c §evised Penal Code c
¦c c01c2 c cc 3c4c/ c c c c 
c c 
c c c
c c
cc c c
 *c
c
c ccc 
c c c  c
c c  
!
cc !
c  c c *c
 c
c c !
c cublic functionsc
c c 
c) 
!
c c c !c
c c 
!
c c

c cc
 cublic dutiesc c
c! c 
c c 
c  c c
c
*c c c cc
!c cc cc c
c
2 c Purose and Nature - # !cc c 
c c c
 c c c 
c

c c
 
!
c c567 c! c! 
c  5c
c!

c  c c 
cc cc c
c

c
c Public Office, as a Public Trust (987 Constitution, ©rt XI) c
¦c [ c c c cc
c
¦c [ c8c c  c
 c c  
 c
ccc
jc c ccccc c
c! c!c c c!ccc
 c  
 c c c cc

c
c c

c c
c
c
 c c !c  c! c
c
c  c
c
c
 c c  c  !c
c8c
 c  c! ccc
jc " c
c8 
c c c


c
c c cc c c c 
cc
c9%c
c c
 cc  cc
jc ' c c'
c c:  cV
 c c$c:cc c c c!c cc
c c
; c
c
cc
c
c Public Office, not Proertycc
¦c [ c8c c!  c c

c  
c c cc
jc åc c<cc=c*cc
c  c !c cc cc
jc  cc
c c" cc
c
 c cc c 
$c
 c cc   c c  
c c!c
 c §!  ;

c  
c c c
 c   c c c!
;
c c !
 
c
 c 9 c c c
c c *c
c c 

c c c c
¦c [ c  c
cc c
c
cc cc
¦c [ >c c
c
c cc
c c 
cc
jc [c! cc c !c 
c

c c  c
jc Pc c c!

cc!c cc c c c c c cc  c
jc !c

c c c c?
c%c $c2 
c c
 c c c c?
c c
 c  c c c
cc
c c c 
cc
¦c [ >c c
c c !cc
jc '

cc ?cc c


c c >c  cc
c
c Public Office, not a Contractc
" c! c! 
c  c  c
 c
c c !c
c! !
c c
 cc c c 
c
c


c c
c c
 c c 
c c c
 c c !c c c 
c

c c 
!
c cc
 cc !c c c
c c c(c@c c !c 
c c c 
c c c 
c c c
 c c8 c   c c c!c
c cc c c cc
cA
c c c
c c
c c
c c
 cc
c cc c
¦c ' c
c
  c 
c 
c c
ccc
¦c c ccc c !c cPcc
c c
 c cPc c cc c c cc
¦c )
 c
c c c c !
 
ccc
¦c V  cc!c

c
c !c
c c c c ccc
c c
 c
c c!

c c
c c
 c 
c cc% cc
c
c Vecurity of Tenure in Public Office as roerty for uroses of due rocess &cc
c
]    
 

 
    

 ½ cccc1933, Campos J.0c
S d c

c  c 
c  c
c c c
cc   ccc

 c 
c  c
c c c c
 c   c cd c c
cc
  cc  c
c
cccc c

 ccc
 c  c
c c  ccc   c cc c c c cc c
 cc
cc  c
c  c
   cccc cc c  cc  c

 cc  c c c

 c   cc
cc   c

cc
  cc 
 c

  c c cc


c  c c c c c
cc cc c   c c c   cd c c c c   c
c c cc
cc   c
c  c cc 
  c
cc   c
c cc  c
cc c

cc   c c c    cc  ccc c
ccc c c c  c
d   c  cc
c c cc   c c c
  c c c  c
c
 cc  c
c ccc

c  c c
 c
 c
c
  c   c c c  c

 c
c c cc
c  c

cc    c  cc

ccccc cc c
  cccc 
c c c
 c c

c
c  ccc 
c cc

  c
c 
c

c  ccc



 c ccc c  c
  c

c
c c

c c Õ
c
c
c cc c  c
  cc 

 c! c   c
c

cc c
c  c  cc
c ccc c c

 c  c cc
 ccc  c

 c
 
c
 ccc   cc
 c c cc c  c c

cc c  c   c c c cc


 c c c
c  c c
 c  cc c

c
  c  c c c
 c 
  cc cc c

c c c c c   c c  c


c  c c

 cc
cd c c  cc c   c   c
c

cc
c
 c  c½0c cc c c 
 c
cc   c
  cc½ 0c cc cc c
  cc
" ccc c c  ccc c  c cc  ccc

c ccc  c  c c c c


c    c

c
c
 c
c
c  cc c cc  c c cccc cc c c  ccc

c c c c





cc c
   c   cc
c
c Distinctionsc
c
©V TO PUBLIC OFFICE PUBLIC CONT§©CT
c c 
c ' 
c

c c 
c 
c !c c c c
 
c
 c8c c! 
c! cc
 cc
c c 8c ' 
c c c 
c c c c P! c  
c
c
c
c c
 
!
 c

c 
c
c 
c c !c

c
c 
cc
 c
c c8c! c :! c c c c
c 
c
c ! c  c!c
cc 
c
c

c cc 

c
c cc

c c
c 8cPc!c
c
c!c
   c c
 c


c
c  c c
c  
c c c
c
!

c
 c! c c  !c  c c


c c  cc
c
¦c " c c cc c c  c 
c c 
!
 c

c c
c
c
c c
 ccc
c c c
 c cc cc
c
©V TO PUBLIC OFFICE PUBLIC EJPLOYJENT
Bc
 
c cc
c c
c! !
c9 c c c c c
c
c
 c c c*c
 
cc
#

c c 
c ' cc c *c
c c c  
c!
cc
9 c cc P
 c c c c !c 
c c c
 
c c
c
3 c Elements
c
c '§:":%c$cc
c'

c
0cc ;; ; c c
1c !c c c 
c c  c c c c c c
c c
c A"[§P"Cc c c !c 
c c c 
c c c cV c cc c cA- P'cP9":§:V"c
c 2:§Vc
c/A9'"P9Vc
ccc
c'

c
0cc ;; ; c c
c %c 

c  c c:§/§#:%cP9%::9%:9" Cc  c
 c c c c c  c
c c
A9 :VVc c c c c
c
 c c 
c c c c  +cc c c
c c
cc
c c
 c
 c c c c c c cc
c '9"P9AP9)c9%c:§#9:9"c
c
c
c
c  
c c
!
cc
c
´ c Creation of Public Office

c
c c

c c ´
c
c
¦c )
 cc

c c  c 
c cc  c
ccc
¦c -c'
c
jc :D':"$c c cc c

cc
jc %
c c c'
c  c c c
 c c c   c c

c c c  cc c 
c
cc
jc '
 !
c  c c c c c c c'
c! c* cc c?  
c c

cc
c c! c c
c c cc
¦c -c
cc
jc Vc1c c:c00c4cå" c
c8c c c c c c: cc
c
c c c  c
!c
!c
c
c c c c


c  c c 
+c c !
 c
c c cc c c
=cc
c
Ë c ·inds and Classifications
c
c c c
c c

c
c 'c c
0c # c c
c
-c c c 
cc
c '

c c
0c V  c c
c
'c c c c !
c c 
!
c c  cc
c
c  c
0c : c
1c . c
c
%c c c
 c c 
!
cc
c 9 
c c
0c  c c
c
:c c c  c c c
cc?c
c E &8 c c
0c #
 c c
c


     ½"#$cc cc , Buena, J.0c
S 
 ccc c  c c½  cc c#"cc 
cc c#% 0cc 
c c
cc

  c
c&c  c

c c c  c

cc c c  c   c


cc  c
cc
   c
c  cc
   c cc
 c
c
 c   c c  c  cc
 c c  c c  c 
c
c

c
  c
 c c  c c c c
c c  c

c
c c  
 c c
c c c
c

cc c  c cc c   ccd ccc  c½
  c0c c
cc    c
c  c

 c
 

 c
c

c cc c  c c


c c
  c c c c cc
½0c c c    c½
 c0c
½ 0c cc½  c  c c c  0c
½"0c c   c
cc½c c cd c  cc c c c
cc  c  c c c0c
cc c  c c c  c c
c c c
   c c c c  cc c
cc cd c c
  c c cc  c
  cc
  c 
c c c  cccc cc c c
   c
c cd cc
c c    c
c&cc ccc c
  c c c c  c  
  cc
c cc cc   c c cc  cc  c

c c cc

c c cc
c  cc
cd c
c c cc  c  c

 c
c  cÔarin v Executive Secretaryccc c
cc#c½c


  c c
c&!c"0c
c c cc$#c½c
c&!c0ccc$ %c½c
c&!c#0cc  c
c   c c

c
c c

c c Ë
c
c
c " c c % c c
cc  c½$#cc 0c c cd c
c cd cc
c  cd c## c cd cc
c
d
     ½ cccc1995, Kapunan, J.0c
S d   c ccd  c     c
ccc  c   cc  c   c
c c c c
   c
c c"½0c
cc"%c½ 
cc 
cd c 0 c  c     c
c   c c cd

cc

c  c   c  c
c   c c c cd cccc
  c c  c
 c  cc c
 cc c
c c  c
c

 c 
 c
c c c c   cc
cc   c
cd cc c cc   c ccc cc
c

 cc
c  ccc
 c c c cc c
  c   c½   cc
cc

c
  cc
c
 0 ccc
 c

  cc
 c c   cc
c c c c c c  c c c c c
c  c
c " c c c cc  c
c

 cc
 cd ccc
c

c ccccc cc"%


!ccc cc
c

c ccc c c


 

cc d   c   c c
  c
c'
c

'cc  c c"%cc  c c c ½0c 


c'
c cc


 c

cc
 c
 c c 
 c cc c
c c 
c c
 cc c
 
  cc c
 c c  c c c 'c
cc c c' 'c cc
 cc
c

cc c ½0c c  c c


  cc c   cc c'
c

c c
 c'cc c c  c
c
  cc cccccc
c c  
 
cc   
cc cd c$%#c
  c
c c    c
c ccc  cc c c  c
 c
c$# cc
ñc    
cc
  cc c c(cc
c ½0c c cc c c  c
c c  c  c
c cc
 c c
c cccc
c ½ 0c ccc c cc
 c

c cc ccc  c c  c
c c

  c   c c  c cc



 c ccc c c c   c
cc
  c
  c
cc

c
  cc c
c c ccc  c
c ½0c c

cc c
 c c 
 c 

c
c ½ 0c cc c

c
c cc c c c
  c c c
 c
c cd cc c
 c c
 
 c 

½0c
c ½"0cccc
c  cc c c
c c
c

cc c
 c c 
 c 

c
c ½0c   c
 c c  c c
  cc c  ccc c cc
c   c c  cc


c c c c  c
c c cc ccc c
  c  c cc 
c cc

c

 ccc cccc c cc

c c 
c c

c c c c cc c
 c
 cc c
c  cc
 c
 c c c  cc
c ½0c  cc c
  c
c   c cc  c  cc  c    c
c
 
d

½$$cdccc1951, Bengzon, J.0
S d c

c  c cc c


c  c  cc 
c
c 

c    c c c   c


c c %c
½  c 0 cc
cc  c
cc
cc 

c   cc
cc
c½d%0 cc
 c ccc
c

c c c c


c c %"
!ccc cc
c
  c c c cc  c c 
 
c
c ccc c   c  c
   ccc
c

c c c c


c c %"cc cc
 c' c c
 c
  c
cc

c  c c

  c c 
  c   cc c
 cc c

c
c
c
  c
c cd

c  c cc



ccc  c c c
c cc
c ccc
 c  c c
   c

c c cc c 'c c


  cc  c 
c cc c c c
c c
 c c
  c c c  c& c c

c
c cdc c c   c c c   cc cc
c
c

c c
'

'cc'
 ' c
c   c
c 
 c

c
c
c
  c cc cc& c c

c
c
 c c c 
 c


c
c
c
  cc

 c c   cc
 cc
c

 cc
 c c  cc  cc
 cc


c c c  c
c

c c c c  c   c c c c



  c
c  cc 
cc
c cc c c c

c  c
cc
c 

c c
c c
c
cc  cc  cc
 cc  c c 
 c
 ccc  c c
 c

 c

c
c c

c c ë
c
c
c
 


c½"$cc$cc , Kapunan, J.0c
S   c cc "c
c c    c
c  c
c c  cc$ c c  c c c  c
 c  c  cc $ccc
cdc c c  c
 cc  cc
cc cc   ccc
c c c c½ cc
c
c c
c c& c cd  ccc

c  c) 0cc
 
cd c c c
c c
  c
cc   c  c
c cc  ccc
c c cc  c  c c  c
c c c
c   c
cc"% c
c  c
c  ccc cc
c

c c c


  c
cc"%c  cc
c  c
 
cc  c c& c cd  cc ccc cc
 c 
cc
c c  c c  cc cc
c

 c
c " c cc
c ccc
 
ccc cc
c

 cc
c  c  c†y vs. Sandiganbayan cc   c
c c cc c cc c c c  c  c
c
c

c
cc #cc  cc
   c
  cc

  c c
ccc #c c c c
  cc    c c c cc c   c c c
 c c ccc
c

c ccccc
c   c
cc"%
!cc

c c
   
 
c
cc c  c cc
  c
c
c

c c cc##%c½ c 0c c c    cc


c c
c
c

cc c  c   cc c cc 


c cc cc
cc c
 c c
c cc c
  c c c
 c
c c  c
cc cc c c c
  c
c c  c
  c
c c
 c ccc cc
c c
 c
c c
 cc c c ccc
c

 c
cc c  c
cc
c

c  c cc c c   c


c  c
  c c  c ccc c
 c   cc  c c   c
c c
  c
c
c cc c   c
c c
  ccc

 c
cc d   c  c  c c
c c  cc c
 cc c
  c
ccc c½0c c   c
c
  c
  c½ 0c ccc

  cc cc c 
  cc½"0c   c c  c
c cc
 c 
 c
cc  cc c  c
  c  c
cd 

c  c ccc   c c c c


c c
c c  c

  c
c  c
ñc c  c $c  c cc c c
c c  c
  c
c  c  c ccc c  c
c cc

  c  ccccc  c c  c c c
  c
c cc cccc c
c cc  c  cc

c c
   cc c
c'c  c
cc c
c c
cc
 c c c cc c
c
c  c cc c
 c
  cc
 c c c  'cc c

  c 
c c c
   c
c c
cc c
 c c c
c cc   c ccc c* c
c c    c c   ccc  c c  cc
  cc
c c cc ccc  c c cc c  c
c  c c c
c c
   c cc c   cc ccc
c cc
c c
 c
c c

 c cc c c
ccc c

cc
 c
c cccc c   c

ccc

c cc
c c
c c
c  c
c cc c  c c c
c   c cc cc
c
c
c c c cc
 c' ccc
 c

'c cd c  c' c cc c c c ccc


c c cc cc c c

c
cc cc
c c cc c cc ccc
c c c  c c  'c
c
S
 
  c½  cc cc1995, Feliciano, J.0
S 
c d c

c  c c


cc c

c c cc

c½cc 
 c

0 c&cc c


 c
c

c
cd c 
  cc  ccccc  c
c c

c
cd c   cc
c d   c
cc 
 c ccc c c cc  c c   ccc
 c c c c
 c

 cc cc c cc


c c
c
c
 c c cc cc
c c c c

c!c
cc c c   c  c c
   c    c  c c  c
c  cc

 
c
 c$#ccc  c cc c c c    c   cc cc c ccc

c   c
c  c
c
 c c   cc

c
 c c c   c
c c cc c
c c c c
  cc
 c c c

c
c c

c c ˜
c
c

cc  c c   cc   c
c c  c
  c½  c
cc  c

0 cc&  cc


   cc c c c

 ccc
c
 cc c  c c c  cc c 
 cc
c

  c c c 

c
c c  cc c

  c cc

c
c

c c c

  c c
  c

  c c c
cc   c ½#0c cc c c   cc
c c$#cc c  ccc  c
  c cc c
  cc
c  c cc c
  c c  c
c  ccc cc cc
c  c c c
  cc c   c c c ccc  cc c c cc    c
cc  c  c c cc
 c 
c  c  cc c c c  c
c  cc
 c
c c   c  c
c

c cc

 c(c c c c(c cc


  c   c½Jiclat v. Ganadenc+%,cJaro v. Hon. Valenciac
+",0 c+Brillantes v. Guevarrac½0, cc
c

 ]
c½#cdc"cc19 5, Jalcolm, J.0
S d c

c  c cc  c


c
cccc c c
c c c c cc  c
 c c
 c
  c    c c  c
c c  c   cc
  c  c
  c
c c c"%#cc
 c  c  c
c c
cc  c  c
c c
ccc


 c cc  c  ccc c c


c c
c c cc c   c c
 
 c

 c c
 

cc   cc c  cc c c c  cc
c  c c c"c-c c c
 c
c c  c
c  c c c%c-c  c c
c  c c c #c-c  c c cc
c  cc %"cc %c½ c c
c

cc
c  c c c c"%#0c
c cc c
c  c cc c c  ccc

cc c cc c c   c  c c  cccccc  c cc

 c
c  c  cc cc c c c  c c c ccccc c

cc   c
cc c  c
c c c"%#c  c
c  c %"c
c c  c c c c  c
c   c

 ccc
 
c c

c
c
  c
c  c   cc
  cc c c c c  c %"c
c c  c cc
 c  c  c %c
c cc cc
 c  c
c c
c c c

c  c c  c c cc


c

  c
 c c cc

c c  c
c c
c cc

ccc cc
c
  c
 c
 c
c c  c  c c  c c cc  
cc  c ccc 
   cc c  c
 
c

c c c
c

 c
c
 c½#cc$ccc1989, Sarmiento, J.0
S   cd   c c"c c c  c
c    c  cc c   c     cc
cc    c   c
 cc  c

c½ cc  cc


c  cd0 c
c c#c c c  c
c
  c
 c
c
  cc #c
c c    c
c  c
c&cc  c
c
   cc
c   c c c  c  c c
c cc c c c 
   c
c    c c
'cc
 c c
  cc
 c
 cc c   c    c

c c
c c
 c
c  c
 ccc
 c
 c cc c
c"c
 cc   c c c
c c c c

c
 c c ccc c  c c ccc
c c  c #c
  ccc
 c c    c
 c c  c cccc
 c cc
 

 c  c
c  c
c&  c c$#c c

c    c
c c  c c(c
c
c c c
c

 c(cc  cc cc  
c½c  c c 0c c   c cc    c  c c 

 c

 c c c  c½c cc
cc  
  c
cc
 c  0cc cc
 c
c c  c
"c
c cc c #c c
 cc  c c c c c  ccc cc 
 c
    ccc c  c  c   c   c cccc(c cc    c  c  c
c
 c c(c c c  cc  c c c

cc cc c
 
cc ccc
c

  ccc 
cc c c    c c
c
cc cc c
c   c
c
 c    c
c

c c   c 


c c c
c   c c  c
c
  c cc
c
c
 c
cc
 c
c c cc c  c  c c
 c c"c  c
 c c
c c c cc
c  c
$c$$ cc  ccc  c c'
'c c  c
c   ccc c
  cc
c
c cd c c c
 c
 c

ccc  c


c     c& cccc  c

c c c c


  cc c c

c
c c

c c 
c
c
 cc c# c cc c
c c  c c cc c #c
c
 c c c     c c c c
cc ccc cc cc cc
 cc cc
c
  
 c½" %cc#%"cc1999, Ynares-Santiago, J.0
S d c

c  ccc. cc c


  c cd c c c cd cccc
cc ccc

c ccccc
c c

 c
  c cc  ccc
 ccc c   c c c  c c  c
 c
 c c dcc
 
cc

cc d c""#c c c c c  c cc c c c  c c
c ccc


 c  c c  cc cc c c cc cc 


 c
cc 

  c cccc
c  c ccc  ccc c

c c c


cc%ccc c
  c c
   c c'  'c
 c
 c c
  cc c d c  c"c
c ccccc
c
 c   c c d c""# c c c  c  c"c
c c   cc c c 
 c
c c
 c
c c

 c.c c cc d ccc
c c
 cc c c
   cc c c c  c  c
cccc

 c   c cc 


c c c c dc
   c ccc
c c
  c
c d c
""#c c  c c
c c

 c c  c c c c


c cc  c cc  
c c c c c c
 c  c c
c
 c
c  c c  c
 c
c c' 
 'c
c

c
 c c c

   c
cc c
  c c
  c
c cc c c  c 
 c
c c
 c
c c.c c c dc  c
 c
c cc
c  c c c
 c
c c c c c  c
c

cc c
 c   c  c' c
  c
c
  c
c
cc c

c c c   'cc cc c c  cc


c
c c c cc
c c cc
 c  c
  cc c c d c""# c
cc c
  c
c d c""#cc cc  c c c
c c

 cc cc c c


c  cc
c
c c c
 c c c c c ccc c c      cc   c c

cc
  c

 c c
 c
 cc c cc c
c c

 cccc
 c  c##c
c d c""#cc c c
c
c c
  cc
c c

 cc c c
c  c
 c c c  c   ccc  c c c  c c
c
c

 c c c c c cc c c


c c c ccc cc c  c  cc
cc  c  c
   c c'  'c
 c
 c
  c c  c"c
c cc ccc  c
   c c c   c
c  c
c c

  c
 cc cc  c cc  cc
ccccc    c c
 c ccc  c
cc c c

  c c

  cc

  c c c cc c   c c


 c  cc

  c
cc

c cc cc ccc  c  c c c
 c c c

cc c
  cc c c cc c

  c
 c c cccc  c c c

c c  c cc c

  c   c
c
ë c De Facto Officers

  c½ cc" ccc1998, Jartinez, J.0


S d c

c  c

 c

c c c  c  cd c c


cc   c  c c  c c½ c

 c

c 0cc c  c  cd c  cd   c c c


   ccc c c

 cc
   cc
c c½0 c
c d c  cccc  c c
  cc cc
c  cc c c

 c c  c cdcc&cc½ c c 0cc


c cc
 c

 cc
c c    cc  c 
 cc cc c c  c c

  ccc  cc c    cc


c   c c

c
c  c   c c c c cc
c c

c cc c c c


c c  c    ccc  c cc  c c c c
  c
c  c cc c  cc
cc c c  ccJenzon v Petillac  cc
 c

cc  c c c


cc  c c
 c cccc
 c

c  c c c


ccc
 
 
c
cc 

c cc#½0c
cc#%c½ c c 0c*c c c  c cd c  c c

 c cc  c c

 ccc
c 
 cc c c cc ccc
 c

c
c c   cc  cd c c
c   c c  c c c
c 
c c c
 c
c

   c cc c

cc ccc c c c c


  c 
c c c
c   c cc c c
   c c  c cc cc   c cc

  c
c    c c

  cc   ccc


c *cdd cc  c c c

c   c
cc c cc cc c
cc
  c
cc c

c

c
c c

c c 
c
c
c *c   cc c  cc
  c
c  c c   c cc
cc
 c cc c
cc c
c  c
ccc

  c    cc


 c cc
  c
cc c  c c c c

c c
 c
c cc

c cccc
c c c c c c
  c
c  c
 c c  c
c c
 c c
c   c c  c cc c c c c c
   c
c c  c c c c
cc  cd c ccc c c 
 c  c c

  c c   c 


cc
cc c c ccc  c  c
   c   cc  c  c
c   c c  c c c c cc
 c c
 cc

c 
 cc  c

  cc cc


c c  c ccc c   c
c c
    c  c cc
 c
c c    c
c   c c c c     c
c c&c&& cc
c c
c *c c ccc

  c
 c c c  c   c c

 c
c c

ccc

 c

cc c
c 

  ccc c c


 ccc
c *c c ccc
 c
cc

ccc  c c c c  c


c   c ccc c   cc
 c
c c

  c c c c


c c  c c  cc ccc   c
c *c c ccc
 c
cc

cc c
cc
c c
  c c  c
cc  c cc

  cc  c
c  c  c c

  c cc  c

     c½ cc"#cc1996, Hermosisima, Jr., J.0


S d c

c  c c


c/
c  c  c
cc c
 c c cc c c
 ccc  cc c 
c cc cc
c½ c
 cc c c  c 0c  c c cc c c
c c
  c c  c
c ccc c c   c
 c c 
c c
  ccc cccc  
 cc
 c ccc  
cc c
 c c ccc c  c
 ccc cc  
 c
 
c cc  
cc c c  c c c

 c  c c  c


c  c c
   c 
 
 


  
c  c c c c  c cc c c  cc c cc  cc
   cc
cc c c c

 c  c
c c c
 cc c
c c c
 ccc c    cc c c
c
c  c
  c
c  c c
c c
 cc  c  c  c c c
cc c  cc cccc c c

   cc c c c c


cc
cc c c  c c c

c
c cc

 c  c   c cc
   c 
c cccc
 c

c cc c
 ccc
 c
c c

c
cc c c c
  c  ccc  c  c  c c c   c
c c

 c

S
 ½ "cc$cc1993, Bellosillo, J.0
S    c

  cccc
c c

c
c c c c 
 c   c½0c   c
 cc cc c
c  
cc
cc  c c
cc# #c  c c c
 c c

 c c  c c


c  
cc cc cd   c
   c c
  c
c c  c
c    c
   c c  
c

c c c c

 cc
 c c

  cc     c!c


 
c  c c

c c  cc c


c

  c c c
  c
cc
c c cc
c
 c
cccc

  c  c
  c cc  c c  c  c c    c cc   c
c cc c
c  
c ccc   

 
 
c ! 
  
 
 c' c c c  c c  c
cc
c

c cc
c

c
c
 cc  cc cc c
cc
 c c c  c
c c
cc c
 cc c c
c c

ccc c c c c c  c
cc c
  c c

  c c c c

cc c c c c ccc c


c
cc c  c c

  c
  c c c c
c c
 c c  cc cc c  c c
c
c c
 c c  c c c
c c c
c c+ ,c c  c
cc  c c

  c c c
  c cc
c     cc
c ccc  c cc
  c 
 c c c  ccc c. c ccc
cc cc c   cc ccc
c c
 c  c
  c cc

  c cc c c c


c  c  c c c c c  cc c
c  c c+ c c c    c c
  ccc  c cc c  ,c


 c½$cdcc1948, Tuazon, J.0
S d c

c   cc c 


c  cc c c c  c  cc cc c
c c
c   cc c
cc   c
  cc c
c   cc
c c c
cc½  c cc c
c
c 0cc c
 c c c  c
c c c  c c c
  cc c c  cc

c
c c

c c 
c
c
 c c
  c½  0c
cc
c c c
ccc
 
 

 c
  c c  c c c cd cc ccc
 c

 cc    cc  c c


  cc cc

cc
 cc c cc c
  c
c c c

cc c ccc  cc cc c

cc
 c
c cc
  cc ccc

c
c cc c
c c c  c
c  cc c c  c
c
  c c
 c c c
cc
c   cc c

cc
 
 c
c

  c c  cc c



c  c
  cc  c c c

  c  ccc c

cc c cc c  c c c cc   cc


c  ccd cc c
c c
c c    c c c  c c

  c  c c c  c


c  c c c

 ccc c c


c c
 cc c c
c c
   c c
 c c c
 c  c   c

 c c
c 
 c
c c

c c cc c 
ccc c c
c 

      ½ cc" cc1995, Kapunan, J.0


S d c

c     c c c


  cc   c c c
  cc c  c
 c
c cd c
c  c c
cc 

  ccc c c 


c
c  c cd   c½ c
c cc cc cc
c c0cc
c

c
c cd c cccc c    cc c

c  c c  c c  c  c c c cc


c c
   cc 
c c c   c
cc"%c c
c c
c c
 c c
 ccc c

   c 
 c c

  cc cc  cc


c cc cc c c
 c

  c c


cc
c
 c   c
c c  ccc c cc

c c
   c½ c c0 cc
 c
 c
 cc  c c 
  c
c cccc
 

 c
c c c c  ccc c c c c c
 c c  c
 c
 c   cc c

  ccc c c
    c c c cc
   c
c c c

c
c cd c
c
cc
cc c
 c
 c c c&  c$c c  c½$0c c
c  c c c  c
c

 ccc
 c

 cc  c  cc  cccc c
  cc cc  cc
c & cc
c   c
 c  c c  ccc c c  c
 c
 c   cc

 ccc  c c cc cc
 c
c

c  c c 
  c
cc  c c
c c   cc c
cc
 c


cc c
  c
 0cc  cccc c

c
c 0cc  cc  c
c  c c c c c c
cc
c "0cc  cc c
 c
 c
c c

cc c
  cc
c cc 
cccc
 c

c  c
cc c
  c cc
 cccc cc
 c

cc cc
 cc c

c  c c cccc


 c

cccc c

 c

c½ %cc %cc1967, Bengzon, J.0


S d c

c  c c


c c
cc   cc  c  cc  c
c c
c  c c c c c c c c  c cc
 cc  c c c c  c
  c c c   c  c  ccc cc ccc
cc
 
 c
c cc
c cc c c  c  cc cc c ccc
 ccc c

c cc c c


 ccc  c
  cccc
 c

c  c c ccc c

c
c ccc c c   c
ccc  c c 
c
   cd   c
 c
cc c

 c  c


 c  ccccc

 c

ccc   c 
 c c

c
c c
c
cc c
  c c  cccc
 c

c  c c  cc


 c c cc cc cc
 c c
 

 c c
cc 
 c
c cc c c
   c cc
c
  " c c  cc c
c
 cc
  cc c 
 cc
c c cc

 c
cc  cccc  c c

  cc c c


 c

 c
c cc c c c c  c'  c c 
c  c
cc
c

c c c


 cc

cc
 c c cc
 c c c  c c c
cc 
c  cc  cc c c c

cc c
 cc c  c
c  'c  c


cc c
 c cc   c
c  c c c
  c
c c c c cc
 c

c cc c c


c c c cc
c c   c  c  c cc
 c  ccc
  c c
c c
   c
c cc

 c

c

 c c c
c c
   c
c c
cc c c  c cc c

c c
c
 c

c
c c

c c 
c
c
  c c c
cc

c  c c


c

 cc   c
c 
  c c

 c

cc
 
c  cc cc
 c
c  c c
c c

c  cc ccc


 c

c c c c  c c c


c cccc  c 
c  c c cc c

c
c c  c
c ccc  c c
 c
cc
 
c   c
c c
c

 c


  
dd
 
c½"$cc %%cc , Salvador-Gutierrez, J.0
S d c

c  c 


c ccd  c  c

cddc   c c


cc ddc  c    c c

c
c
 c
  c
c c c
c c  c  cccc


 c c  cc   c c


c c
  c
c c c
c½ 0c c

  ccc


 c  c c


   ccc cc 
c
c c c
c cc
 ccc

 c cc
 c
  c½  c

0c c c c c½c0c c ccc c cc


 

c   c c

  c   cccc  c
c  cc c  cc

  c
c 
c
 c c c

  cc cc c c c  c c   c
c
c

  cccc c

 c c
c cc
  c
c c
  c c

  c c  cc c c c

  c   cc

 c
 ccc c
c
c  cc c c
cccc c c  
c c   c
c
 c


  c c  c c


 c  c
c  c  c c c$#c    c+ c *c  c c
 c
½"0,c c cc
c c c c
c cc
c c

  c
 
c d   cc c  c
c

c  c
 c cc   c
 cc c cc c c  c
 c c c cc

  c c cc
  c ccc  c c  c
c  cc c  c cc
 cc
  cc c ccc ccc  cc  c c c   cc

  c cc 
 c
  cc cccc cc cc  c
c c c  c
c

c  c c c   c


c
 c  c c  cc c c
   c c
 c c c c
  c
c  c

c  c c


 c
cc
  c  c

   c c

  c c c   c


   c c
   c c c
 c cc c c"%c# c
c c c
 cc
   c c

  c c c   c


  cc ccc ccc  c
 ccc
 c

c  c c


 c
cc  cc 
 cc c ccc
 c
cc

cc c

 cc c
  c c  c
cc

  c c  cc  c c

  c c  c cc  c


cJonroy vs. Court of Appealsc c  c c  cc 
c  c
cc
c

c c c


 ccc
 c

c c
 cc c c c  c c c
cc 
c  cc  cc½ cc
 c

0c 
c c

cc c

 cc c  c
c   ccc
 c

c c cc c  c c cc cccc  c 


c  c c
cc c

c
c c ccc  c c
 c
cc 
c   c c c cc
cCivil Ôiberties †nion vs.
Executive Secretaryc c  c ccc
 c

c cc   c


c ccc c  cc cc
 cc c

c   c
c c 'cccccc cc cc c

ccc
 c

c cc c
 ccc
 c
c c

ccc
c  c c c
  c  cc  c  c c c   c
c c

cc cc


 c  c
c  c c c
cc c 
  c c c c

 'c
c  c cc  cc cccc c

ccc
 c

c  cc 


c  cc c  c c c   c
 c c c

cc
cc 
c c

cc c
  cc c c cc

c  c c c


 cc
cc
c c
 c   c
 cc c c
  c c
  c
c  c

c  cc c


 c
 c
c$$cc
  cc   c  cc cccc c c   c cc c
 
  c c c c

 c cc 
 c cc c
  ccc
c
c c 
 c
   c cc ccc  c
ccc cc 
c

c½  c 0cc c c


c
 c
c c
 cccc 
 c
c 
ccc  c  c c
 c

 c
c c
 c   c

 cc 
 cc  c

c
c c c c
cc c   c cc 
c
  cc  c  c
 c
 c

 c
 c c c

c c c c c


c c
  c
c c cc  c

 c
cc  cc
c c
   c c 
 c
 c c cc 
 c c c   c
  c
c c c c

cc  c c c"%c#c



! "

c½cc"#cc1991, Fernan, C.J.0
S c
cc      c
cc c
cc $ccc cc
c c c c  cc  c c c c
c  c

c c
  cc  c c c
 c
  c c  c c c   c c
c c
  c c  c"c c c
c c$#c     cc
 


c
c c

c c 
c
c
c & c cc c $c cc     c
c c  c c c
 c  c
c  cc
 c c&   c& c c  c
c c  c c c  c
c  c 
c&c c c
  c
c c
 c  c  cc  c
c c   c  c c c  c c c c

c
c
  ccc
cc c  c  c   c c   c 
  cc c  c
 c
 c c c cc
 c c
   cc c cccc  cc c  c 
 c c

  c 
c
c
c  c c  cc c   c
  c
 c cc cc
 c

ccc c  c c   c



c cc cc cccc  c'ccc cc cc 

ccc
 c

c cc c
 c
cc
 c
c c

ccc c c c


  c  cc  c  c c c   c
c c

c
c ccc


 c  c c c c
cc c 
  c c c c

 cc  cc


   c

 c c  c  cc cc   c  c c


c c
 c c cc
cc

cc

 cc cc
c
 cc c c
 c c c
c c cc c
cc c c c   cc c
c
 c c c
c cccc c   c
  c c 
cc c c  c


d
 c½#cc cc1991, Gutierrez, Jr., J.0
S d c

c    c  c


c c
cc   cc  cc cd cc  c c
c c c c ccc
  cc c  c c c
c
c  cd c½ 0cc c  c c
c d c  c½0   0c c
 c c.c c c  c
c c

   c.c  c cc cc


c
  cc c c  cc cc c ccc

c c
   cc

  c
c  ccc 
cc
 c
 
c
c cc c cc c

cc 
c cc  c 
c  cc c   c ccc cc c
c c
 c
 c  c c ccc c
 c c c
c c

 c
c 

  c c
  c
c c c cc ccc cc  c c

c
c c  cc
c cc c  c
 c  c
 cd cc

 c  c   c c c c


c cc c

c cccc cc



cc
cc  c 
c
 c cc c c
c c

c
c c   cc
c cc c 
  c  c  c
 cd c    cc  c c c

c
c c  c   c c
    cc c c
c c   cc c
c c c
ccd c  cc
cc
 c 
 c
c c  c c cc c cc
cc c
  cd c ccd c  c 
 c c c  c
  
c  c  cc c cc c

c
c c   cc
 c  c c  c
c c  cc

 
c c

 c c
   c c cc c
c
c c
  c  c c
 c cc cc 
  c  c
c c  c c c c c c cd c  c c ccc c c  c
  c

 c  c c
c 
c
c cd c c   c  c c cc

  cc cc c   c


c c
 cc   c  c cd c  c  c c  c
c c  c
c c
c c

 c c

   c c c c c c
   cccc
 c

c  c c 
   c
cc cc c  c  c c
   c c c

c
c c  c c  c
cc c

  ccc c
c c c
   cc

 c c cc c c c c


c cd c c  c
c c  c
c
cc cc  c
c

c
c c c   cc c

c
c 
  c
c c  c  c  cc
  c
c   c c

  cc c  c


c cc
 c c  c c c
c c
   c


  cc c ccc  c cc  cc c   c   c c%cc
c c cc
 c c
 ccc c  c  c  c c c
c c

  c
c c
   cccc cc c
   c  c
c c
   c
cc  c
 c
c cc c c c c c

c
c c   ccccc c c
c

c
c  c.
c c

c
c
c
 c cc cc
 c  ccccc   c
c  c c
 cc  c  c c c cc c c cc
c ccc  ccc c  c  c
c c

 c
c  c
c

You might also like