Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

• PSO is a robust stochastic optimization technique based on

the movement and intelligence of swarms.
• PSO applies the concept of social interaction to problem
solving.
• It was developed in 1995 by James Kennedy (social-
psychologist) and Russell Eberhart (electrical engineer).
• It uses a number of agents (particles) that constitute a
swarm moving around in the search space looking for the
best solution.
• Each particle is treated as a point in a N-dimensional space
which adjusts its “flying” according to its own flying
experience as well as the flying experience of other
particles.
 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
• Each particle keeps track of its coordinates in the solution
space which are associated with the best solution (fitness)
that has achieved so far by that particle. This value is called
personal best , pbest.
• Another best value that is tracked by the PSO is the best
value obtained so far by any particle in the neighborhood of
that particle. This value is called gbest.
• The basic concept of PSO lies in accelerating each particle
toward its pbest and the gbest locations, with a random
weighted accelaration at each time step as shown in Fig.1
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
y
sk+1
vk
vk+1 vgbest

vpbest
sk

x
Fig.1 Concept of modification of a searching point by PSO

sk : current searching point.

sk+1 : modified
searching point.

vk: current velocity.

vk+1 : modified
 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
• Each particle tries to modify its position using the following
information:
 the current positions,
 the current velocities,
 the distance between the current position and pbest,
 the distance between the current position and the gbest.

• The modification of the particle’s position can be mathematically

modeled according the following equation :
Vik+1 = wVik +c1 rand1(…) x (pbesti-sik) + c2 rand2(…) x (gbest-sik) ….. (1)
where, vik : velocity of agent i at iteration k,
w: weighting function,
cj : weighting factor,
rand : uniformly distributed random number
between 0 and 1, sik : current position of agent i at
iteration k, pbesti : pbest of agent i,
 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
The following weighting function is usually utilized in (1)
w = wMax-[(wMax-wMin) x iter]/maxIter (2)
where wMax= initial weight,
wMin = final weight,
maxIter = maximum iteration number,
iter = current iteration number.
sik+1 = sik + Vik+1 (3)
 Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO)
Comments on the Inertial weight factor:
A large inertia weight (w) facilitates a global search while
a small inertia weight facilitates a local search.
By linearly decreasing the inertia weight from a relatively
large value to a small value through the course of the
PSO run gives the best PSO performance compared
with fixed inertia weight settings.

Larger w ----------- greater global search ability

Smaller w ------------ greater local search ability.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Flow chart depicting the General PSO Algorithm:

Start

Initialize particles with random position

and velocity vectors.
particles exhaust

For each particle’s position (p)

Loop until all

evaluate fitness

Loop until max iter

If fitness(p) better than
fitness(pbest) then pbest= p

Set best of pBests as gBest

Update particles velocity (eq. 1) and

position (eq. 3)

Stop: giving gBest, optimal solution.

 Comparison with other evolutionary
computation techniques.
• Unlike in genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming and
evolutionary strategies, in PSO, there is no selection operation.
• All particles in PSO are kept as members of the population through
the course of the run
• PSO is the only algorithm that does not implement the survival of
the fittest.
• No crossover operation in PSO.
• eq 1(b) resembles mutation in EP.
• In EP balance between the global and local search can be adjusted
through the strategy parameter while in PSO the balance is
achieved through the inertial weight factor (w) of eq. 1(a)
 Variants of PSO
• Discrete PSO ……………… can handle discrete binary
variables
• MINLP PSO………… can handle both discrete binary and
continuous variables.
• Hybrid PSO…………. Utilizes basic mechanism of PSO
and the natural selection mechanism, which is usually
utilized by EC methods such as GAs.
Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a
Meander-line Polarizer for LI→CP conversion
Intialization parameters used for PSO:
wMax=0.41
wMin=0.4
(Note:The inertial weight ,w is linearly decreased from wMax to wMin
according the Eq. (2), w is chosen virtually constant in this case for better
local search near the Sun’s Optimized parameters. )

c1=c2=1.49
maxIter=2000
The above parameters are used in conjuction with eqs.
(1) & (2)
Swarm size/Population size used for solution search : 25
Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a
Meander-line Polarizer for LI→CP conversion
Frequency band of interest: 3.5 to 6.5 (GHz)
(evaluated at 12 frequency points)

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Desired AR <= 0.5 (dB)
Total number of fitness evaluations: 100025
Note: For my implementation of the PSO the number of fiteness evaluations are
calculated as follows: (2 x swarmsize x maxIter)+ swarmsize = (2 x 25 x 2000)+ 25

The following slides include the results for the broadband case.
Mean best & Best fitness over 50 runs
VSWR
Axial Ratio (dB)
 Optimized dimensions for 4-layer
Meander Line Polarizer
Pitch Period Height Line Width dielectric
Spacer
Layer (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
lε i
a b h w1 w2 loi
2.2501351E- 1.5984001E- 8.4705018E-
1 0.3449360 0.7283382 0.2520565
02 02 03
0.5428128

5.3999661E- 9.4296653E- 3.4676325E-

2 0.3798469 0.8704398 0.4707420
03 03 03
0.4211845

5.3999661E- 9.4296653E- 3.4676325E-

3 0.3798469 0.8704398 0.4707420
03 03 03
0.5428128

2.2501351E- 1.5984001E- 8.4705018E-

4 0.3449360 0.7283382 0.2520565
02 02 03 ----

Dielectric constants: ε ε i = 2.55 ε 0 i = 1.15

4 Layers for CP
Metal Dielectric Spacer
Layer Sheet
Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a
Meander-line Polarizer for LI→CP conversion
Frequency bands of interest:
Band1: 3.7 to 4.2 (GHz)
Band2: 5.9 to 6.4 (GHz)
(evaluated at 2 frequency points: 3.95 (GHz), 6.15 (GHz))

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Desired AR <= 0.5 (dB)
Total number of fitness evaluations: 100025
The following slides include the results for the dualband case.
Mean best & Best fitness over 50 runs
VSWR
Axial Ratio (dB)
 Optimized dimensions for 4-layer
Meander Line Polarizer
Pitch Period Height Line Width dielectric
Spacer
Layer (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
lε i
a b h w1 w2 loi
4.0456183E- 2.7704202E- 4.1147252E-
1 0.2528913 0.8081669 0.2480143
02 02 03
0.4533823

5.0358579E- 4.4981677E- 3.9593712E-

2 0.5425724 0.9529658 0.3433722
02 02 03
0.4482195

5.0358579E- 4.4981677E- 3.9593712E-

3 0.5425724 0.9529658 0.3433722
02 02 03
0.4533823

4.0456183E- 2.7704202E- 4.1147252E-

4 0.2528913 0.8081669 0.2480143
02 02 03 ----

Dielectric constants: ε ε i = 2.55 ε 0 i = 1.15

4 Layers for CP
Metal Dielectric Spacer
Layer Sheet
Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a
Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation
Intialization parameters used for PSO:
wMax=0.41
wMin=0.4
(Note:The inertial weight ,w is linearly decreased from wMax to wMin
according the Eq. (2), w is chosen virtually constant in this case for better
local search near the Sun’s Optimized parameters.)

c1=c2=1.3
maxIter=1000
The above parameters are used in conjuction with eqs.
(1) & (2)
Swarm size/Population size used for solution search : 25
Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a
Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation
Frequency band of interest: 3.5 to 6.5 (GHz)
(evaluated at 12 frequency points)

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Phase Difference around 180°
Total number of fitness evaluations: 50025

The following slides include the results for the broadband case.
Mean best & Best fitness over 15 runs
VSWR
Axial Ratio (dB)
Phase Difference
 Optimized dimensions for 8-layer
Meander Line Polarizer
Pitch Period Height Line Width dielectric
Spacer
Layer (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
lε i
a b h w1 w2 loi
2.8606838E- 3.0709708E- 2.1623570E-
1, 5 0.3631878 1.020600 0.2148045
02 02 02
0.4550797

4.1542474E- 3.4942929E- 4.0660784E-

2, 6 0.3848170 0.8225765 0.4374999
02 02 02
0.3959468

4.1542474E- 3.4942929E- 4.0660784E-

3, 7 0.3848170 0.8225765 0.4374999
02 02 02
0.4550797

2.8606838E- 3.0709708E- 2.1623570E-

4, 8 0.3631878 1.020600 0.2148045
02 02 02 ----

Dielectric constants: ε ε i = 2.55 ε 0 i = 1.15

8 Layers for LP
Metal Dielectric Spacer
Layer Sheet
Application of PSO ALGORITHM to Optimize a
Meander-line Polarizer for LP rotation
Frequency bands of interest:
Band1: 3.7 to 4.2 (GHz)
Band2: 5.9 to 6.4 (GHz)
(evaluated at 2 frequency points: 3.95 (GHz), 6.15 (GHz))

Desired VSWR <= 1.2

Phase Difference around 180°
Total number of fitness evaluations: 50025
The following slides include the results for the dualband case.
Mean best & Best fitness over 15 runs
VSWR
Axial Ratio (dB)
Phase Difference
 Optimized dimensions for 8-layer
Meander Line Polarizer
Pitch Period Height Line Width dielectric
Spacer
Layer (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
lε i
a b h w1 w2 loi
3.3202391E- 3.2010745E- 2.2299249E-
1, 5 0.3150869 1.055596 0.2747569
02 02 02
0.3544725

6.0811251E- 3.1127717E-
2, 6 0.4085801 1.164576 0.3565608
02
0.1126298
02
0.3159389

6.0811251E- 3.1127717E-
3, 7 0.4085801 1.164576 0.3565608
02
0.1126298
02
0.3544725

3.3202391E- 3.2010745E- 2.2299249E-

4, 8 0.3150869 1.055596 0.2747569
02 02 02 ----

Dielectric constants: ε ε i = 2.55 ε 0 i = 1.15

8 Layers for LP
Metal Dielectric Spacer
Layer Sheet
END