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? Philippine Revolution
ilio Aguinaldo was elected and is
officially considered the First
President of the Philippines in m

while Bonifacio was executed.

? Aguinaldo·s exile & return

 August m
 negotiations between Aguinaldo and
Fernando Prio de Rivera the current Spanish
Governor General were opened.

MÚhe Pact of BiaknaBato

ë a truce between Spanish Gov·t and revolutionary
leaders which was signed Noveber m

 Aguinaldo wrote retrospectively in m

that he
had et with U.S. Consuls . Spencer Pratt &
Rounceville Wildan in m
between April  .


eanwhile Pratt counicating with Adiral
George Dewey the U.S. Navy·s Asiatic squadron
coander by telegra passing assurances fro
Dewey to Aguinaldo that the U.S. would at least
recognize the independence of the Philippines
under the protection of the U.S. Navy.

 Aguinaldo agreed to return to the Philippines. And

on
ay m
 he arrived in Cavite.
 n a atter of onths after Aguinaldo·s return the
Philippine ary conquered nearly all of Spanish
held ground within the Philippines.

 n June m m
 Aguinaldo declared

independence at his house in Cavite l Viejo.

n August m  with Aerican coanders unaware

that a peace protocol had been signed between
Spain and the United States on the previous day
Aerican forces captured the city of
anila fro the
Spanish. GovernorGeneral Ferin Jaudenes had
ade a secret agreeent with Dewey and General
Wesley
erritt.
?Aguinaldo·s exile and return
 n the eve of the ock battle General Úhoas
.
Anderson telegraphed AguinaldoJ
   


 
    
  

 
       

  



 Úhe June m declaration of Philippine independence

had not been recognized by either the United States or
Spain.

 Úhe Úreaty of Paris

ë signed on Deceber m m

 n January m m

 Aguinaldo was declared

President of the Philippines.
 Adiral Dewey later argued that he had proised
nothing regarding the future:

D
  
      
 
         
 
 
 
    
  
J
      
   
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D
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? Conflict origins
 Filipino historian Úeodoro Agoncillo writes of
"Aerican Apostasy" saying that it was the
Aericans who first approached Aguinaldo in Hong
Kong and Singapore to persuade hi to cooperate
with Dewey in wresting power fro the Spanish.

 Agoncillo concludes that the Aerican attitude

towards Aguinaldo D      
    
J      ! 
 
D
  n Deceber m m

President
cKinley issued a
Proclaation of Benevolent
Assiilation. General tis
delayed its publication until
January 4 m

 However General
arcus
iller then in loilo and
unaware that an altered version had been published
by tis passed a copy of the unabridged proclaation to a
Filipino official there.
  on January  Agunaldo issued a counter
proclaation:

D  
 
 
      
  
 "
   
   


 
  

       


  #      
   
    
 
   ! 

   $       

 
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    ! 

    
    
 
 

 
   

  !

 n a revised proclaation issued the sae day

Aguinaldo protested "ost solenly against his
intrusion of the United States Governent on the
sovereignty of these islands. "
 n the evening of February 4 two Aerican
sentries on guard duty at
anila's San Juan del

onte bridge fired the shots which began the m

Battle of
anila.

Úhe following day General Arthur

acArthur
without investigating
the cause of the firing
ordered his troops to
advance against
Filipino troops
beginning a fullscale
ared clash.
? First Philippine Coission
*Úhe Schuan Coission
 n January  m

 President
cKinley had
appointed Dr. Jacob Gould Schuan to chair a
coission with Dean C. Worcester Charles H.
Denby Adiral Dewey and General tis as
ebers.

 Fighting had erupted between U.S. and Filipino

forces in February and the nonilitary coission
ebers found General tis looking on the
coission as an infringeent upon his authority
when they arrived in
arch.
  n the report that they issued to the president the
following year the coissioners acknowledged
Filipino aspirations for independence; they declared
however that the Philippines was not ready for it.
Specific recoendations included :

m the establishent of civilian control over

anila
 creation of civilian governent as rapidly as possible
especially in areas already declared ´pacifiedµ
 establishent of a bicaeral legislature
4 autonoous governents on the provincial and
unicipal levels
 a syste of free public eleentary schools
? Second Philippine Coission
 Úhe Second Philippine Coission (the Úaft
Coission appointed by
cKinley on
arch m
m
 and headed by Willia Howard Úaft was
granted legislative as well as liited executive
powers.

 Between Septeber m
 and August m
 it issued

4

laws.
 A º


  

 A 



.

 P

 
? Aerican Úactics

 Úhe Aerican ilitary strategy in the Philippines

shifted fro a conventional footing against Spain to
a suppression footing against the insurrection.

 Úhe use of internent caps or "zones of

protection"
 P

 
 stiates of the Filipino forces vary between 
and m with tens of thousands of auxiliaries.

 Úhe goal or endstate sought by the First Philippine

Republic was a sovereign independent socially
stable Philippines led by the  
  Aocal
chieftains landowners and businessen were the

 who controlled local politics.

 Coupled with the ethnic and geographic

fragentation unity was a daunting task. Úhe
challenge for Aguinaldo and his generals was to
sustain unified Filipino public opposition; this was the
revolutionaries' strategic center of gravity.
 Úhe Filipino general Francisco
akabulos
described the Filipinos' war ai as ´not to
vanquish the U.S. Ary but to inflict on the
constant losses.µ Úhey sought to initially use
conventional tactics and an increasing toll of U.S.
casualties to contribute to
cKinley's defeat in the
m
 presidential election. Úheir hope was that as
President the avowedly antiiperialist Willia
Jennings Bryan would withdraw fro the
Philippines.

 Úhey pursued this shortter goal with guerilla

tactics better suited to a protracted struggle. While
targeting
cKinley otivated the revolutionaries
in the short ter his victory deoralized the and
convinced any undecided Filipinos that the United
States would not depart precipitately.
¦
 P
 
 n m
 Aguinaldo shifted fro conventional to
guerrilla warfare a eans of operation which better
suited their disadvantaged situation and ade
Aerican occupation of the Philippine archipelago
all the ore difficult over the next few years.

 Úhe Philippine Ary began staging bloody

abushes and raids such as the guerrilla victories at
Paye Catubig
akahabus Pulang Aupa Balangiga
and
abitac.

 Úhe shift to guerrilla warfare drove the US Ary to a

"total war" doctrine.
     

  

 Úhe Philippine Ary continued suffering defeats fro
the better ared Aerican Ary during the conventional
warfare phase forcing Aguinaldo to continuously change
his base of operations which he did for nearly the length
of the entire war.

 n
arch   m
m General Frederick Funston and his
troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan sabela with the
help of soe Filipinos (called the
acabebe Scouts after
their hoe locale who had joined the Aericans' side.

 nce Funston and his ´captorsµ entered Aguinaldo's

cap they iediately fell upon the guards and quickly
overwheled the and the weary Aguinaldo.
 n April m m
m at the
alacanang Palace in
anila
Aguinaldo swore an oath accepting the authority of the
United States over the Philippines and pledging his
allegiance to the Aerican governent.

 n April m
 he issued a Proclaation of Foral Surrender

to the United States telling his followers to lay down their
weapons and give up the fight.
%  
  
  &  
     
  J
Aguinaldo said.
#    
    
   
" 
J    

     
  
    
   
     
 
     
 General
iguel
alvar took over the leadership of the
Filipino governent or what reained of it. He originally
had taken a defensive stance against the Aericans but
now launched allout offensive against the Aericanheld
towns in the Batangas region. General Vincente Aukban in
Saar and other ary officers continued the war in their
respective areas.

 n response General J. Franklin Bell adopted tactics to

counter
alvar's guerrilla strategy.
 Bell also relentlessly
pursued
alvar and his
enbreaking ranks
dropping orale and forcing
the surrender of any of the
Filipino soldiers. Finally

alvar surrendered along

with his sick wife and
children and soe of his
officers on April m  m
. By
the end of the onth nearly
 of
alvar's en had
also surrendered.
u    

 Úhe Philippine rganic Act of July m
 approved ratified
and confired
cKinley's xecutive rder establishing the
Philippine Coission and stipulated that a legislature
would be established coposed of a lower house the
Philippine Assebly which would be popularly elected
and an upper house consisting of the Philippine
Coission. Úhe act also provided for extending the
United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos.

 n July  the Secretary of War telegraphed that the

insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S.
having coe to an end and provincial civil governents
having been established the office of
ilitary governor
was terinated.
 n July 4 Úheodore Roosevelt who had succeeded to the
U.S. Presidency after the assassination of President
ckinley
on Septeber  m
m proclaied a full and coplete
pardon and anesty to all people in the Philippine
archipelago who had participated in the conflict.