You are on page 1of 18

}Æôf£ò }£ù ‰ûd£©ÜZ

ÆΩûd ‰ö£∫õ ‰ç z

1
(1) f£áÚ ‰ì¬ø®õ gZ *
‘æΩúZ ’ûf¨ûÆï :y¨¿±û¬ú *
Æè£ú Æ•òd :xZdÆôÆÖ *
-----------------------------
ÆôgÆÖ Õ®ä :gZ Æ≈¶ºÜ *
2000&04&17 :Æ≈¶ºÜ “ûf£Ü *
:Áº≈úzÆ•ºöZ Õ±à ›ûÆë gZ (£¡•±≈±òf£õ ‰ûd£©ÜZ) ‚≈±ú ‰º§é £Ö i£øÜ ifdÚ *
nasim@tele2.se

‰©πè ÕçÆ¡ï
2 x£ô¨¿úZ¬ã ‰Ö oÎëZ *
4 ‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf f£ò }ZÆÖ ‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf dØõ '1
6 dØõ ‚•±≈ç '2
9 }Æôf£ò }£ù ‰ûd£©ÜZ '3
15 }Æôf£ò [Øä flû '4
18 ⁄Ö£¿õ ÕçÆ¡ï '5

x£ô¨¿úZ¬ã ‰Ö oÎëZ

‚±≈ö£≈ç¬ç z Á°Zzhf¬Ö̀ ydÆ`ã ‚`±≈ö£`≈ç¬`ç ,˙`≈™Ü ‚`±≈ú¬`øò z ‚`±≈ö£`≈ç¬`ç £Ö̀ ygf£`§õ ·`â£`ì \fzÆ`ê
£`û z @Õ`öZ¨`ìA ,(@}d£`≥•ñZA) @}ÆÖ̀ZÆÖ̀A fd ı≤™Ö Zf (Á`øæì) ‚`±≈ú¬`øò z ‚`±≈ö£`≈ç¬`ç ‰`ò Á`°Zzhf¬Ö̀
Õ``±≈±òf£``õ Á``•ä z Õ``±≈ú¬``øò z Õ``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç xZ¬``¿ì Õ``©Ü z ¨``ú̀Z ydÆ``ò ‰``ö¬``õÆ``ï @Á``ì£``ø•âZ Õ``öZ¨``ìA
÷``™≤õ f¬``µÖ z w¬``ø∑öZ ˙``ì wdÆ``õ yd¬``Ü x¨``ú̀£`≤ò qZÆ``©úZ ‰``Ö̀ „``øê Zf Á``•±≈öÚ y¨``ûZ }£``¡•çZ¬``ã „``ûZ
„``ûZ ‰``æøâ gZ Æ``≈¶ºÜ ‰``Ö̀ ZÆ``õ ,¨``¿¿º≈õ ¤``≈æ§Ü ,Á``ÜZgf£``§õ Æ``∂ú gZ ‰``å z }Æ``ºï Æ``∂ú gZ ‰``å ,Æ``ôf£``ò È``∫§ë
/ÕéZdZz ,Õ±ûgZzhf¬Ö Õõ¨ã fd ‰ò ÁÜZÆ∂ú z £ù ÕçZ¬ã „ûZ ÆÖ ÕçZ }¨∫ú ı≤™Ö ‰ò ÆáZ
¨``∑Ö z Õ``çZ xZÆ``ûZ fd }f£``â Á``Ü£``∫§ë Çgf£``§õ Æ``≈ãZ xZfzd gZ Æ``ÜZÆ``ï Á``±Ö ‰``æ…±õ d£``∑ÖZ ‰``º¿ûZ ¬``ô
,˙``≈™Ü ‚``±≈ú¬``øò z ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç „``≈∏æ§õ ‰``ò dZd ¨``ùZ¬``ã x£``≤ú Á``™ûf£``Ü Á``çfÆ``Ö̀ fl``û /dfZd Á``ú̀£`¡â
’``§¿â ‰``Ö̀ Á``ø≈∂ì \£``õ¨``è ‰``å ,(xÚ ‹``æ•™õ v£``º éZ fd) Á``°Zzhf¬``Ö̀ z Á``°Zzhf¬``Ö̀ ydÆ``ã ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç

2
/¨úZ ydÆò dfZz ÁÜ£∫§ë ‚è£™Ü z ‚•ç gZ ÕûÆ≤Ö Áû£ùf ÆõZ z Æôf£ò È∫§ë Áú£¡â
z ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç }f¬``…Ü gZ Á``ù£``ôÚ [£``≈î fd ,’``º•øäg }£``ù yd¬``Ü z xZÆ``ôf£``ò Á``Ö̀Î`∫úZ f¬``é qÆ``è
Á`Ü£`∫§ë f£`ø¶•çZ gZ Á`û£`ùf ‰`Ö̀ ,’``º•øäg }£``ù yd¬``Ü z }Æ``ôf£``ò ’``§¿â Æ`Ö̀ xÚ ÿ``æ±Ü z Á``øæì ‚``±≈ú¬``øò
/d¬é Áøú Æ®¿õ
}f¬`…Ü „`•ã¬`õÚ fd Á`ù£`ܬ`ò ı•®≈•ú z ' Á`•±≈ú¬`øò Á`ù£`ôÚ £Ö̀ ÁÖ̀Î`∫úZ f¬`é „`•±úZd ÆÖ̀ZÆÖ̀ z x£``±ºû
Á``õdÆ``õ ,}Æ``ôf£``ò ’``§¿â }£``ù ‹``∑ê ‰``µ∫ú gZ Á``ºû ' xÚ gZ Õ``òÆ``ä z Á``øæì ‚``±≈ú¬``øò z ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç
Æ``Ωûd ‚``æì Æ``ù ¨``¿ú£``õ ,¨``é ·``û¨``§Ü ‚``æì ‰``Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``∑ñ¬``õ xÚ gZ ‚``±≈ú¬``øò z ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç /Õ``çZ Á``Ö̀Î`∫úZ z
/d¬é ‰•ã¬õÚ Á¿∑û ;d¬é f£•ïf ‚æì ‰Ö£¶õ ‰Ö ,xÚ £Ö ‰ò ¨¿º≈õ Ãæë
z £``ù Õ``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç }d£``≥•ñZ ' Á``™ûf£``Ü tfd w¨``ì ,’``≈à v£``ç y£``®¿àz¨``è gZ ’``≈Ö ,⁄``ñZz fd
xdÆ``ò ¤``≈æ§Ü Õ``æì ,Á``°Zzhf¬``Ö̀ z @Á``∫≈∫äA ,Á``°Zzhf¬``Ö̀ ydÆ``ã }£``ù Õ``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç ,˙``≈™Ü }£``ù Õ``±≈ú¬``øò
tfd w¨``ì ,Õ``æì ,x£``õg xÚ gZ ‘``à ˘z ;d¬``Ö̀ x£``ú̀Ú qÆ``ë gZ Á``•±≈öÚ y¨``ûZ \ZÆ``∂ú z £``¡•çZ¬``ã „``≈¿å
Õ``õ¨``ã fd ‰``ò }Z Á``•±≈öÚ y¨``ûZ \ZÆ``∂ú z £``ù Õ``çZ¬``ã „``≈¿å ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú £``¡úÚ }d£``≥•ñZ ' Á``™ûf£``Ü
}f¬``…Ü £``û z £``ûf£``•özÆ``à Á``û£``ùf ÿ``ûZÆ``é ‚``æì zÆ``≈à =) Õ``±≈±òf£``õ xZ¬``¿ì Õ``©Ü ‚``¡úÚ ,Õ``±ûgZzhf¬``Ö̀
˙``øì ‰``ºæÖ ,¨``¿ù¨``≈õ Õ``§±ú ‘``òf£``õ d¬``ã ‰``Ö̀ £``û z ,¨``¿¿ò Á``õ ¤``≈æ§Ü (Á``øæì ‚``±≈ú¬``øò z ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç
/‰ú£ù£ôÚ ÕçZ
}Z ‰``û£``à d£``¿çZ ‰``Ö̀ xZÆ``ûZ wdÆ``õ ‚``≈∫•±õ o¬``âf Õ``¡â Æ``Ωûd Á``ú̀£`ºõZ xdfzÚ d¬``â¬``Ö̀ ,ÿ``û ZÆ``é „``ûZ fd
È``Ö̀¬`¿Ö ‰``ò Á``ú̀ZÆ``Ωûd ÿ``ç¬``Ü ‰``ò Á``•≈øùZ /Õ``ï£``û }Z y∞``ûz Õ``≈øùZ ,Á``øæì ‚``±≈ú¬``øò z ‚``±≈ö£``≈ç¬``ç }f¬``…Ü
ƺ≤Ü x£≤û Á`Ωøù gZ ‰`æ≈ç¬`¿û¨Ö̀ z Õ`çZ y¨`é tfd ¨ú̀Z ydÆ`ò }f£`û ZÆ`õ yZf „`ûZ fd ,›`ûÆ`ë Æ`¡Ö z d¬`ã
/‚¿ò Áõ
z ¨`é }Æ`Ωûd Á`°Ø`â }£`¡éØ`∏ö z Á`°Î`õZ }£`¡éØ`∏ö ‰Ö̀ Æ`®¿õ Æ`áZ „``ûZ vzZ Æ``≈¶ºÜ œ``û£``Ü fd Á``ôdØ`Ö̀£`•é
,‚``•ï£``û ‰``æè£``ï „``ûZ fd ‰``ò Á``•èÆ``ï £``Ö̀ /¨``ûdÆ``ô ’``™à Õ``ú̀Æ`•¿ûZ ›``ûÆ``ë gZ 2000&04&17 “``ûf£``Ü fd
/wdÆò —≈©≥Ü Zf vzZ Æ≈¶ºÜ fd d¬â¬õ }£¡éØ∏ö z yd¬øú o¬âf Áçf£ï ‰øâÆÜ [£•ò ‰Ö Ùd¨®õ
\£õZÆ•äZ ‚û¨∫Ü £Ö
ÆôgÆÖ Õ®ä
2001&08&04

3
‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf f£ò }ZÆÖ ‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf dØõ

Í£``Ö̀ w£``ûZ fd z Õ``çZ y¨``é x£``•±æΩúZ }Æ``ôf£``ò ’``§¿â Á``Ü£``Ö̀£`™•úZ f£``∑é Í£``Ö̀ f£``∑é Æ``≈ãZ v£``ç 15 fd
„``ûZ ,1824 v£``ç fd qÎ``•°Z ¨``ê „``≈Ω¿ú „``≈úZ¬``ñ }£``∏öZ gZ ¨``∑Ö z }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ f£``ò „``•ïÆ``ô
¨``¿øù¬``ºé ’``§¿â x£``õg fd ‰``ò d¬``Ö̀ Á``Ü£``õ¨``ã Æ``•ø¡õ „``ûZ gZ z dZd w£``®úZ Á``ôfØ``Ö̀ \£``õ¨``ã f£``∑é
w£``®úZ ¨``¿•éZ¨``≈õÆ``Ö̀ w£``ô Á``°£``àzfZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ’``≈à£``≤≈à Á``±≈æΩúZ xZÆ``ôf£``ò ‰``º≈ú£``õg Á``¿∑û ' Á``•±≈Üf£``å
’``≈à v£``ç Á``ç Á``•ä z v£``ç y£``®¿à ‰``ò Á``Ü£``ì¬``ê¬``õ gZ }f£``≈±Ö z ¨``¿º≈øú ‹``ñ¬``Ü x£``õg £``õZ /Õ``ïÆ``ô
J
qzÆ``∑õ ·``ä yZf xÚ £``ûÚ /¨``¿é£``§≈õ Ã``ç£``¿•õ£``ú̀ Î``õ£``ò z ¨``ú̀Z y¨``é ‰``¿¡ò x¬``¿òZ ,¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀ }fzÆ``ê z yZ¬``™öd
?ÕçZ \£ì¬ê¬õ „ûZ gZ Áºû Ø≈ú ‰¿ûÆûd
‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò z ‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf dØ`õ £`õZ ,[¬`ã ?‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò }ZÆ`Ö̀ ‰`ú̀Íd£``ì ‰`ú̀Zgzf dØ``õ
·``õ£``ºÜ z ‰``•ï£``û Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ £``¡úÚ Õ``©Ü xf¨``õ ‰``∑õ£``â ‰``ò ' Á``¿≈úZ¬``ñ ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ‰``ú̀¬`Ωå £``¡¿ûZ z ?Õ``±≈å
‰`Ö̀ ‰`ú̀ Á``•±û£`Ö̀ ,‚``≈¿ò Z¨``≈à \ÍZ¬``…ç „``ûZ }ZÆ`Ö̀ Á``™ç£``à ‚``≈úZ¬``•Ö ‰``ºúÚ }ZÆ`Ö̀ ?¨`ú̀¬`≤≈õ „``≈≈∑Ü ' ¨`Ö̀£`û Á``õ
z }Æ`ôdZd z ‰`ú£`•çzd x£`±úZ ‹`ûÆ`í \£`ç£`±äZ ‰Ö̀ ‰ú̀ z ‚`ûgfz d£`¿•çZ Õ`öZ¨`ì £`û z r¬`∫ä £`û rÎ`ãZ ‚`æì
Ã``±äÆ``Ö̀ ‰``´úÚ Á``•ä }fÚ ,Õ``çZ ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì Á``ñÎ``ãZ Æ``∂ú gZ ‰``´úÚ /‚``ûdÆ``ô ·``ç¬``•õ ‚``äÆ``Ü z Õ``∫πé Á``•ä £``û
/¨``é£`Ö̀ ‰``•éZd \z£``πÜ ygZ¨`ú̀Z Á`Ö̀ ,Õ``çZ ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì Á``ì£``ø•âZ Æ``∂ú gZ ‰``´úÚ £``Ö̀ ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ ,Õ``çZ ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì x¬``ú̀£`ñ
‰``ò Á``øæì ‰``æ≈ç¬`Ö̀ ,dÆ``ò \z£``¥ñ ‚``æì fl``û fl``øò ‰`Ö̀ ÿ``∫ï xZ¬``•≈õ Á``ì£``ø•âZ Á``•öZ¨``∑≈Ö £``û Õ``öZ¨``ì yf£``Ö̀fd
/Áç£≈ç d£≥•ñZ ‚æì Á¿∑û ,dgZdÆß≈õ ‰öd£§õ z ¨≈ö¬Ü }d£õ \£≈∑ñZz ‰Ö
y¨``≈õ£``ú̀ ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì È``ú̀Zgzf f£``ò z ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì È``ú̀Zgzf dØ``õ }Ø``≈å ‰``å Á``ç£``≈ç d£``≥•ñZ i£``çZ Æ``Ö̀ Í£``ä ,[¬``ã
x£`û£`õÆ`ïf£`ò x£`≈õ ÕÖ̀£`ñf È`æ≈ç¬Ö̀ ‰`ò }Z ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò \¨`é z \¨`õ z dØ``õ —``µç yd£``ç ˙``≈ã ?d¬``é Á``õ
,¨``ú̀dÆ``ô Á``õ „``≈≈∑Ü ¬``©ú „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ £``¡úÚ ‰``ò Í£``ä ,[¬``ã /ddÆ``ô Á``õ „``≈≈∑Ü ,dZgÚ fZg£``Ö fd xZÆ``ôf£``ò z
?¨¿•±≈å
,¨``é£``Ö̀ }fzÆ``ê Æ``ôf£``ò j£``∑õ fZÆ``õZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``∏æ§õ ,}d£``ì ÿ``ûZÆ``é Õ``©Ü ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì ‰``ú̀Zgzf dØ``õ
z f£``ò ‰``õZdZ ‰``Ö̀ fd£``ñ £``Ü dfZd wgÍ d¬``ã f¬``≤ò z Õ``≈∑ñ¬``õ ,Á``ô¨``ú̀g —``µç i£``çZ Æ``Ö zZ ‰``ò Á``•≤≈∑õ
Á`ù£`ô z Æ`ÜÍ£Ö̀ Á`ù£`ô ,fZg£Ö̀ x£`ûÆ`â \£ú̀£`ç¬ú̀ Ã``±äÆ`Ö̀ ¨`ú̀Z¬``•≈õ dØ``õ Á``∑ñZz —``µç /¨``é£`Ö̀ d¬``ã ·``±ú }£``∫Ö
¨``ä gZ ¨``é£``Ö̀ \f£``§ì v£``äÆ``¡Ö ¨``û£``Ö̀ ¤``æ§õ „``ûZ }d£``ì ÿ``ûZÆ``é fd ˘z ¨``é£``Ö̀ fZ¨``∫õ „``ûZ gZ Æ``Ü „``≈°£``à
/£ùdØõ \£ú£ç¬ú ‰≈æò ÿ笕õ
flû xÚ Áë ‰ò ÕçZ Á`∑ñZz f£`ò gZ \¨`é xÚ z ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò gZ \¨`õ xÚ Á`¿∑øÖ ‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò
w£``®úZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ zZ Õ``≈ö£``∑ï ‰``Ö̀ ‰``ºúÚ xz¨``Ö̀ ,¨``é£``Ö̀ y¨``ú̀£`çf qÆ``≥õ ‰``Ö̀ Zf jgzf fl``û f£``ò }zÆ``≈ú w£``øÜ Æ``ôf£``ò
o¬``ê¬``õ ,i£``çZ „``ûZ Æ``Ö̀ /¨``é£``Ö̀ y¨``õÚ dfZz }Z ‰``øµö xÚ gZ ¨``∑Ö }£``ùgzf £``û z gzÆ``ú̀Ú }ZdÆ``ï fd f£``ò

4
:ddÆô ‹≈è¬Ü Æûg aÆ≤Ö ¨úZ¬•≈õ
fz¨``∫õ ’``ûZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ò }¨``ä £``Ü Á``¿∑û ¨``ù¨``≈õ fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‰``Ö̀ Zf d¬``ã gzf fl``û f£``ò }zÆ``≈ú w£``øÜ Æ``ôf£``ò
_£``•©û£``õ gZ fZ¨``∫õ x£``øù Õ``çfd zZ ·``Ö̀£ `∫õ fd /ddÆ``ô „``ºøõÆ``≈î xÚ wzZ¨``õ fZÆ``ºÜ ‰``ºúÚ xz¨``Ö̀ z Õ``çZ
‰``ú̀ z „``≈øù ,dg£``±≈õ Æ``û≠``à x£``ºõZ zZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ Zf Õ``≈ö£``∑ï x£``øù ‰``õZdZ ‰``ò ¨``¿º≈õ Õ``ï£``ûfd Zf Á``ô¨``ú̀g
,dfZ≠`Ω≈õ ‰`û£`õ Æ`•øò ‰`å Æ`ù fZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç z Æ`•≤≈Ö ‰`å Æ`ù Æ`ôf£`ò ,dZdfZÆ`ñ „`ûZ Õ`∑≈§ë Ã`±äÆÖ̀ /Æ`•≤≈Ö
J
/ÕçZ EÕöZ¨ì gZ Áè¬≥™õ Îõ£ò o¬ú „ûZ
x£``ú̀Zdd£``≥•ñZ Æ``∂ú ›``§ë ‰``ò £``®úÚ gZ :‚``ûgZdÆ``ßÖ o¬``ê¬``õ ‰``Ö̀ Æ``Ü ›``≈øì }f¨``ñ ‚``≈ùZ¬``™≈õ £``õ ˘z
zd Æ``ù ‰``ò ¨``é£``Ö̀ „``≈¿å ÙÆ``ù£``í ¨``û£``Ö̀ Õ``ö̀Z¨``ì ,d¬``≤≈õ „``≈≈∑Ü Õ``Ö̀£`ñf ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ,f£``ò \¨``õ z dØ``õ ,Á``ç£``≈ç
/Õ`±≈ú \f¬`è „`ûZ ‰Ö̀ ‰`≈¥ñ £`õZ /¨`¿é£Ö̀ ‰`•éZd }¨`äZz ‰ú̀Íd£`ì Õ``òÆ``ä ‰``µ∫ú ,}z£``±õ ÿ``ûZÆ``é fd qÆ``ë
fd z ¨``¿ò Æ``§è ‰``ò dfZd d¬``âz ’``ûZÆ``Ö̀ x£``ºõZ „``ûZ ,¨``çÆ``Ö̀ ›``ïZ¬``Ü ‰``Ö̀ Æ``ôf£``ò £``Ö̀ ¨``ú̀Z¬``•ú fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Æ``ôZ
gZ ÿ``∫ï zZ /Õ``±≈ú f£``ò „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ fd£``ñ Æ``ôf£``ò £``õZ /¨``û£``øú j£``∑õ fZÆ``õZ jZ ‰``û£``õÆ``ç gZ \¨``ø¿ûZ „``øê
f£``ºÖ Á``µûZÆ``é Æ``ù Õ``©Ü z £``â Æ``ù fd ,x£``õg Æ``ù fd ¨``û£``Ö̀ Õ``¡â „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ z ¨``¿º≈õ Á``ô¨``ú̀g jdØ``ø•çd
J
Î``õ£``ò ⁄``êz fd Á``Ω¿çÆ``ô Õ``æ∑Ö zZ /dfZ¨``ú̀ d¬``âz }Z ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì Õ```òÆ``ä ‰``µ∫ú Æ``ôf£``ò }ZÆ`` Ö̀ /dgZdÆ``ßÖ
/ÕçZ ÕöZ¨ì v£øò „ûZ ,fZd ‰û£õÆç È∫§ë Áç£≈ç d£≥•ñZ ›§ë ,„ûZ d¬âz £Ö /dfZd fZÆñ Á§ç£¿õ£ú
}£`ù ‰`ïÆ`ä fd Á`¿≈é£`õ }£`¡ù£`Ω•çd z Á`º≈ú£`ºõ }zÆ``≈ú xdÆ`Ö̀ f£``ºÖ /Õ``çZ o¬``ê¬``õ ·``ñZ¨``ä „``ûZ ‰``•§öZ
J
@£`¡•çdA Æ`•≤≈Ö ıø°Zd ,¨ú̀fZd _Zzf Î``∑ï ‰``ò Á``°£``ù ‰``ïÆ``ä fd Á``¿≈é£``õ y£``Ω•çd ·``õ£``ºÜ z ÿ``±Ö z ¨``û¨``â
y¨``é ¨``°Zg @}£``¡•çdA „``•é£``øô f£``ºÖ gZ Æ``Ü ⁄``ûÆ``ç Ã``ÜZÆ``øÖ Æ``õZ „``ûZ z ¨`ú̀ZÆ``≈õ xzÆ``≈Ö x£``éf£``ò ·``©õ gZ Zf
fd ·``õ£``ò yÆ``≈ãe ’``ÜfZ fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö @£``¡•çdA „``ûZ /dÆ``≈Ω≈õ \f¬``è f¬``≤ò ¨``û¨``â }£``ù ‰``ú̀£`ãf£``ò ÿ``ç¬``Ü
‰``Ö̀ ,¨``¿≤º≈õ Á``Ω¿çÆ``ô £``¡¿ûZ ,¨``é£``Ö̀ ¨``Ö̀ fZg£``Ö̀ ⁄``êz ‰``ò }dfZ¬``õ fd /¨``ú̀Æ`≈Ω≈õ fZÆ``ñ ‰``û£``õÆ``ç f£``≈•ãZ
fd z B¨``∑Ö \£``©πè ‰``Ö̀ ¨``≈¿ò y£``ΩúC ¨``ú̀zÆ``≈õ y£``ôf£``ºÖ ‰``ºúÚ £``û z ¨``¿¿º≈õ }dgd ,¨``úgZdÆ``ß≈õ }¨``ºÜ
‰``ú̀ ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü z ¨``ú̀Æ`≈Ω≈õ fZÆ``ñ yd£``π•çZ df¬``õ ¨``≈ö¬``Ü jÆ``•±ô }ZÆ``Ö̀ ,Õ``±Ö¬``ã fZg£``Ö̀ ⁄``êz ‰``ò Á``õ£``ûZ
fd ıïÆ``è ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ ‰``´úÚ Á``¿∑û ' ¨``¿é£``Ö̀ ydÆ``ºú Z¨``≈à f£``ò v£``πëZ z x£``ú̀g w£``øÜ ‰``ºæÖ xZdÆ``õ w£``øÜ £``¡¿Ü
Ã``â¬``õ ,yÆ``≈ãe ’``ÜfZ „``ûZ BdZÆ``ïZ x£``≈õC Õ``Ö̀£`ñf ' ¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZd df¬``õ fzÚ w£``çÆ``ç Á``ï£``êZ ¨``≈ö¬``Ü w£``ûZ
/d¬``≤≈õ xZÆ``ôf£``ò £``Ö̀ ygf£``§õ fd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç \f¨``ñ Õ``û¬``∫Ü Ã``â¬``õ ,y¨``é £``ùdØ``ø•çd „``•éZ¨``ù£``Ωú „``≈°£``à
‰``ò ‚``ù Zf Á``¿≈Ω¿ç ‰``ú̀gz ¨``û £``Ö̀ ‰``ºæÖ ¨``ú̀fZd }f¬``â£``ú̀ ⁄``êz ‰``û £``õÆ``ç £``Ö̀ ‰``∫Ö£``±õ fd £``¡¿Ü ‰``ú̀ xZÆ``ôf£``ò
‰``Ö̀ }fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Á``ç£``≈ç d£``≥•ñZ Æ``∂ú gZ Æ``õZ „``ûZ ‰``•§öZ /¨``¿≤ºÖ yZÆ``øù ‰``Ö̀ ,Õ``çZ y¨``é ‰``•±Ö x£``≤û£``ßÖ
/EÕçZ ÕöZ¨ì Á¿∑õ
J
Î``õ£``ò dØ``ø•çd „``ûZ ¨``ùZ¬``ã Á``õ ⁄``§¿õ wZ¨``ò ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‰``ò ‚``≈¿ò Á``çfÆ``Ö̀ ‚``≈ùZ¬``™≈õ £``õ Í£``ä
}£``¿¶•ç£``Ö̀ z ¨``¿ò Á``øú jgfZ ¨``≈ö¬``Ü ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ˘z /‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ Õ``çZ Á``∑≈§ë /dgZdÆ``ß Ö Zf ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì

5
gZ /f£``ò v¬``≥©õ gZ Á``ù¬``§úZ Ø``®Ö Õ``±≈ú }Ø``≈å ‰``û£``õÆ``ç /Õ``çZ \zÆ``á ⁄``§¿õ £``¡¿Ü f£``ò ,„``≈õg z fl``æõ
Æ``ôf£``ò z d¬``≤≈õ Õ``ãZdÆ``à f£``ò d¬``ã ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ f£``ò dØ``õ ‰``ò d¬``≤≈õ }Æ``≈ô ‰``®≈•ú „``≈¿å Ã``æµõ „``ûZ
J
dØ`õ ,d¬`≤≈õ y¨`≈õ£ú̀ Õö̀Z¨`ì ͬ`ø∑õ ‰`´úÚ ›`§ë /¨`¿º≈õ Õ`ï£`ûfd jd¬`ã f£`ò v¬`≥©õ gZ Zf jdØ`ø•çd
/Õ``±≈ú ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì Á``ç£``≈ç d£``≥•ñZ i£``çZ Æ``Ö̀ ,„``ûZ z ¨``é£``Ö̀ zZ f£``ò v¬``≥©õ gZ \f£``§ì ¨``û£``Ö̀ Æ``ôf£``ò
}Ø``≈å ’``≈ô¨``ú̀g _£``•©û£``õ }Z¬``ç Æ``ôf£``ò z d¬``≤≈õ fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Ã``≈≥ú Æ``ôf£``ò f£``ò v¬``≥©õ ,‘``ºìÆ``Ö̀
‰``ò Õ``±ûZ @‰``ú̀Íd£``ìA Õ``Ö̀£`ñf }d£``ìÆ``≈î ‰``∫Ö£``±õ „``ûZ Á``°£``¡ú ‰``®≈•ú Ã``≈ÜÆ``Ü „``û£``Ö̀ z ddÆ``Ω≈øú j¨``û£``ì
¨``¿¿ò Á``øú f£``ò ‰``ò Á``°£``¡úÚ Õ``çd fd }Æ``û≠``à£``ú̀ [£``¿•âZ f¬``µÖ ¨``¿¿º≈õ f£``ò ‰``ò Zf Á``ú̀£``±ò f£``ò v¬``≥©õ
„``•ïÆ``ô Á``ôdÆ``Ö̀ ‰``Ö̀ }Z Æ``Ö̀ }¨``¿õzÆ``≈ú ‰``æ≈çz \f¬``≥Ö £``¡úÚ Õ``çd fd f£``ò v¬``≥©õ z dg£``±≈õ ‰``•é£``§úZ
/¨ûÛ≈õfd ,¨úZ ydfzÚ d¬â¬Ö ZÆúÚ ‰ò Áú£±ò
Ø`≈ú xÚ xd¬Ö̀ ‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰`ò ' ‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò yf£Ö̀fd /‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf f£`ò }ZÆÖ̀ ‰ú̀Íd£`ì ‰ú̀Zgzf dØ`õ
Zf Ã``æµõ „``ûZ ‚``ûf¬``§®õ ˘z /¨``é Æ``ò≠``•õ Zf Á``Ü£``ºú ¨``û£`Ö̀ ' Õ``çZ \Æ``âZ xd¬``Ö ‰`ú̀Íd£``ì j£``øñ fd ı¿≈ì
,Á``øû¨``ñ f£``∑é „``ûZ ‰``ò ddÆ``Ω≈õ x£``≈ì a¬``ê¬``Ö̀ ,‚``ûdZd aÆ``é ‰``´úÚ gZ /‚``≈°£``øú v¬``©õ }Æ``Ωûd Õ``èÆ``ï ‰``Ö̀
Ã``â¬``õ ‰``ò Á``•öZ¨``ì Õ``∫≈∫ä fd z ,Á``ç£``≈ç d£``≥•ñZ Õ``öZ¨``ì /dfZ¨``ú̀ }f£``§•ìZ Æ``Ωûd gzÆ``õZ z y¨``é ‰``¿¡ò
J
fZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç ⁄`π¿Ö z yd¬Ö̀ ‰`§ú£`â fl`û Î`õ£`ò Á`•öZ¨`ì ,Õ`çZ y¨`é Áú̀¬`¿ò ‰`∑õ£`â ÆÖ̀ ÿ`æ±õ „`≈úZ¬`ñ Õ`≈§¶Ü
Zf }Æ``Ωûd f£``∑é z dÆ``ßç t£``™Ö ‰``≤≈øù }ZÆ``Ö̀ Zf ‚``û¨``ñ Á``Ü£``Ö̀£`™•úZ f£``∑é ¨``û£``Ö̀ Õ``¡â „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ /Õ``çZ
/dÆò xÚ „≈≤ú£â
\ÍÚ „``≈é£``õ z £``ù ‰`ú̀£`ãf£``ò ,w£``ã dZ¬``õ ,f£``ò ·``û£``çz Ã``ä£``è ¨``û£`Ö̀ ‰``ò ¨`ú̀Z ’``º•øäg wdÆ``õ d¬``ã „``ûZ
/¨¿é£Ö

dØø•çd ‚•±≈ç

‰``ú̀Zgzf f£``ò }ZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì ‰``ú̀Zgzf dØ``õA Á``øû¨``ñ „``ûÆ``ïÚ wZÆ``•äZ f£``∑é ‰``•é≠``ô \Í£``∫õ gZ Á``ºû fd
‰``ú̀Zgzf dØ``õ ,Á``ú̀¬`¿ò Á``ì£``ø•âZ \£``§ç£``¿õ fd ‰``ò ‚``û¨``≈çf ‰``®≈•ú „``û£``Ö̀ z ‚``ûdÆ``ò Á``çfÆ``Ö̀ Zf E@‰``ú̀Íd£``ì
Æ`ôf£`ò Õ`ç¨Ö̀ ‰`ò Õ`çZ ˘¬`≥©õ ‚`≈±∫Ü o¬ú̀ „`ûÆ`Ü ‰ú̀Íd£`ì£ú̀ £Ö̀ qdZÆ`•õ }Æ`û≠`à£ú̀ [£`¿•âZ f¬`µÖ ‰ú̀Íd£`ì
f¬``§®õ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``º≈ö£``ä fd ,dØ``ûÆ``≈õ fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Ã``≈®Ö v¬``≥©õ „``ûZ ‚``∂ìZ ’``™Ö ZÆ``ûg ,d¬``≤≈õ ‰``•ã£``ç
/¨û£øú Õ죿ñ ,¨é£§≈õ }fzÆê ’æ±ú }£∫Ö z f£ò ‰õZdZ }ZÆÖ ‰ò fZ¨∫õ xÚ ‰Ö ÿ∫ï ÕçZ
Õ``çZ ‰``∑õ£``â d¬``â¬``õ }d£``≥•ñZ \Î``≈º≤Ü x¬``ú̀£``ñ Æ``Ωûd \f£``§ì ‰``Ö̀ £``û z Á``ç£``≈ç d£``≥•ñZ x¬``ú̀£`ñ „``ûZ
Æ``Ü \f¨``ñÆ``à ' x£``•±æΩúZ ˘£``ì y£``ôdZd ‰``ï£``ê£``Ö̀ ' x£``•±æΩúZ ‰``•é¬``ú̀£`ú z ‰``•é¬``ú̀ „``≈úZ¬``ñ o¬``ø®õ gZ ‰``ò
xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ¬``ç fl``û gZ Á``¿∑û Õ``çZ y¨``é ‚``≈±∫Ü ‚``è£``™•õ ‰``∫§ë zd ‰``Ö̀ ‰``∑õ£``â ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü ¨``é£``§≈õ

6
ydfzÚfd d¬``ã f£``≥©úZ ‰``Ö̀ Zf \ÍÚ „``≈é£``õ z w£``ã dZ¬``õ ,„``≈õg z fl``æõ ' ¨``≈ö¬``Ü ·``û£``çz ‰``ì¬``ø®õ ‰``ò
wzÆ``©õ ¨``≈ö¬``Ü ·``û£``çz Æ`Ö̀ Õ``≈ºö£``õ o¬`ú̀ Æ``ù gZ ‰``ò Á``≤º•øäg wdÆ``õ Á``¿∑û xZÆ``ôf£``ò Æ``Ωûd }¬``ç gZ z ¨`ú̀Z
,dfZd d¬``âz Á``ì£``ø•âZ \Î``≈º≤Ü „``ûZ ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü }fÚ ,¨``ú̀fZ¨``ú̀ }Ø``≈å d¬``ã f£``ò }zÆ``≈ú Ø``®Ö z yd¬``Ö̀
‰``Ö Zf xZÆ``ôf£``ò £``¡úÚ ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ £``Ü dg£``±≈õ }¨``û¨``â }£``ùÆ``≈®úg gzf Æ``ù z ¨``ú̀£`ø≈õ \f¨``ñ f¨``ñ dØ``õ x¬``ú̀£`ñ
/dg£ç ·û¨§Ü ' ¨úZ y¨õÚ fd xZfZd ‰û£õÆç f£≥©ú£Ö ‰ò ' x£éd¬ã \ͬ≥©õ x£ôdÆÖ
/¨``¿¿º≈õ ygf£``§õ x¬``ú̀£`ñ „``ûZ ‰``≈æìÆ``Ö̀ ’``≈à v£``ç Õ``≥é ı§ûÆ``∫Ü gZ x£``•±æΩúZ }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ
v¬``≥©õ Á``¿∑û ‰``û£``õÆ``ç }Æ``ò¬`ú̀ gZ Zf Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ¨`ú̀Z y¨``é ›``ï¬``õ £``ûÚ ?Õ``çZ yd¬`Ö̀ ‰``å xÚ ‰``®≈•ú ,[¬``ã
¨úZ ydfzÚ ‚ùZÆï Æôf£ò ‰∫§ë gZ yzÆ`ô fl`û }ZÆÖ̀ Á`•ä Zf Õ`≈∑ñ¬`õ „`ûZ £`ûÚ ?¨`¿ù¨Ö̀ \£`®ú ,x£`éd¬`ã f£`ò
Ã``ä£``è z ydZd Y£``∫ÜfZ Á``ÜÆ``âZ ydÆ``Ö̀ gZ Æ``ÜÍ£``Ö̀ }Z ‰``§ÜÆ``õ ‰``Ö̀ Zf £``¡úÚ ‰``æ≈çz „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ ¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•±úZ¬``Ü ‰``ò
£``¡úÚ Ã``≈ÜÆ``Ü „``û£`Ö̀ z ydÆ``ò x£``é ‰``ïÆ``ä }ZÆ`Ö̀ wgÍ \ÍÚ „``≈é£``õ z f£``ò fZØ`Ö̀Z z w£``ã dZ¬``õ z ¨``≈ö¬``Ü ·``û£``çz
„`ûZ £`¡¿Ü ‰ú̀ }Æ`ôf£`ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ‰``ò ‚``≈úZ¨``≈õ £``õ ‰``øù ?¨``é£`Ö̀ yd¬``øú x£``éd¬``ã f£``ò v¬``≥©õ Ã``ä£``è Zf
/¨úZ ydfz£≈ú ·ø∑Ö df¬õ „ûZ fd Ø≈ú Á≤é¬ò ØôÆù ‰ºæÖ ¨údƺú Zf f£ò
x£``éd¬``âz ‘``à ¨`ú̀Z ydÆ``ºú „``≈¿å }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ x¬``å ‰``ò ‚``≈¿ò £``ìdZ ‚``≈ùZ¬``™≈øú ‰``âz ”``≈¡Ö £``õ
' Æ``Ωûd Á``•∑¿è f¬``≤ò Æ``ù fd ‰``å z x£``•±æΩúZ fd ‰``å }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ,‘``ºìÆ`Ö̀ Õ``çZ y¨``û£``ï Á`Ö̀
—µç „≈Ωú£≈õ /¨ú¬≤≈õ [¬±©õ ‰û£`õÆ`ç ¨`ê ÆÖ̀ £`¡úÚ ygf£`§õ }ZÆÖ̀ Á`ÜfzÆ`ê xZ¬`¿∑Ö Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë }ZÆÖ̀
Y£``≈éZ _f£``™õ „``≈õ∆``Ü }ZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ë¬``Ö̀Æ`õ f¬``≤ò ˘¬``ø∑õ Á``ô¨``ú̀g —``µç }£``¥•ñZ ‰``Ö̀ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``∏æ§õ ,dØ``õ
}£``ùÆ``≤ñ }ZÆ``Ö̀ ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ Á``ô¨``ú̀g —``µç „``ûZ /¨``é£``Ö̀ Á``ï£``ò f¬``≤ò xÚ ’``º•øäg wdÆ``õ g£``≈ú df¬``õ }fzÆ``ê
Í£``Ö̀ }ZÆ``Ö̀ ygf£``§õ fd }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ‰``ò Á``ôfØ``Ö̀ Õ``õ¨``ã /¨``é£``Ö̀ \z£``π•õ f£``≈±Ö ,}Æ``ôf£``ò ‹``æ•™õ
—``µç ¨``¿é¬``ò Á``õ £``¡¿ûZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ „``ûZ gZ \f£``§ì ¨``ú̀Z ydZd w£``®úZ f£``ò \£``ì£``ç ·``≈æ∫Ü z dØ``ø•çd xdÆ``Ö̀
Á``ú̀ZzZÆ``ï }£``ù ‰``ïÆ``ä ,Bx¨``¿ö Á``ñÆ``é ‰``≈öZ Á``¡•¿õC ¨``ú̀Z Õ``±ûZ fd /¨``ú̀Æ`§Ö Æ``ÜÍ£``Ö̀ z ¨``¿¿ò Ÿ``πä Zf Á``ô¨``ú̀g
⁄``õ Õ``çZ fZ¬``éd ygZ¨``ú̀Z x£``ø¡Ö z dfZd wgÍ \f£``¡õ £``ù£``¿Ö dÆ``ô£``é z £``ù£``¿Ö f£``ò ygZ¨``ú̀£ `Ö̀ ‰``ò dfZd d¬``âz
B£``ù£``¿Ö dÆ``ô£``é z £``ù £``¿ÖC £``¡úÚ \Æ``âZ ‹``≥ú Õ``øäØ``Ö̀ ,¨``¿¿º≈õ Õ``ï£``ûfd £``¡¿ûZ ‰``ò }dØ``ø•çd ‹``è¬``öZ
¨``¿úZ¬``•Ö ‰``ò dg£``±≈õ fd£``ñ Zf £``¡úÚ gZ Á``ùzÆ``ô ,}¬``ñ \Î``≈º≤Ü fl``û ‰``ò Õ``¡â „``û£``Ö̀ ÿ``∫ï ?ZÆ``å /¨``é£``§≈õ
Zf }Æ``ÜÍ£``Ö̀ Á``ô¨``úg —``µç ' ¨``ú̀¬`≤≈õ „``≈≈∑Ü xÚ i£``ç Z Æ``Ö̀ £``ùdØ``ø•çd ‰``ò ' }f£``â „``ûgZ¬``õ ›``§ë Æ``Ö̀
ÁõZØöZ \Zgz£®Ü ‰Ö £¡¿Ü ‰ú ¨û£Ö ,ÕçZ xZ¬Ü£ú z ·º≤•õÆ≈î ‰`ò Æ`Ωûd yzÆ`ô ‰`º≈ö£`ä fd ,¨`¿¿ò ‰`§ö£`µõ
¬``ã xÚ ‰``Ö̀ z ¨``¿º≈õ vØ``¿Ü ‰``•ïf ‰``•ïf £``¡úÚ Á``ô¨``ú̀g —``µç Á``¿∑û ,¨``ùdfd „``Ü Ø``≈ú £``õÆ``ïf£``ò ‰``ú̀£`˚£``í ‰``ºæÖ
Á`©µç ‰Ö̀ x£`≤û£`ùdØ`ø•çd ı∑§ë z ¨`¿ù¨Ö̀ ‰`õZdZ d¬`ã \£`≈ä ‰Ö̀ }Æ`•øò dØ`ø•çd £Ö̀ yfZ¬`øù ‰`ò ¨ú̀Æ`≈Ω≈õ
/¨úZ ydZd fd „Ü xÚ ‰Ö }Æ≈øú z f¬™Ö fZ¨∫õ xZ¬¿∑Ö £¡úÚ d¬ã ‰ò ¨¿º≈õ vØ¿Ü
[¬``åf£``å fd ‰``ºæÖ ¨``û£``øú }¨``ø®¿õ z fl``≤ã }¨``¿ÖgÆ``õ ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú ¬``©ú xÚ ‰``Ö̀ dØ``õ x¬``ú̀£`ñ „``ûZÆ``Ö̀£`¿Ö

7
ufØ``Ö }d£``±ò xZfzd }£``¿¶•ç£``Ö̀) x£``õg Æ``ù fd /¨``é£``§≈øú Æ``û≠``à£``ú̀ q£``µ∑úZ ‰``âz ”``≈¡Ö z yd¬``Ö̀ Á``≥™≤õ
Æ``áZ fd ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ £``ùdØ``ø•çd —``µç ,xÚ fd ‰``ò dfZd d¬``âz Á``≥™≤õ }£``¥ï }Z ‰``ïÆ``ä Æ``ù fd ,(fZg£``Ö̀
z fl``å ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ £``ùdØ``ø•çd \f¬``è Æ``ù ‰``Ö̀ /¨``û£``øú Æ``≈≈∏Ü ‚``è£``™•õ „``≈ïÆ``ë x£``≈õ ygf£``§õ –``û£``•ú
}¬``©¿Ö z Æ``Ü Á`ú̀ͬ``ë Á``ܨ``õ ¨``ú̀Z¬``•Ö ‰``ò Á``ïÆ``ë ,£``¡údg ‰``ú̀£`å z fl``å „``ûZ fd z ¨``ú̀¬`é „``≈≈∑Ü £``¡údg ‰``ú̀£`å
,¨``çÆ``≈õ zZ ‰``Ö̀ ‰``´úÚ gZ ’``≈Ö ‰``ò Õ``éZd ¨``ùZ¬``ã xÚ }ZÆ``Ö̀ }Æ``•≤≈Ö ‘``ú̀£`é ,¨``û£``øú Õ``õ£``∫•çZ ,Æ``ÜÆ``á»``õ
[¬``æ∏õ Á``ôd£``±Ö ,¨``¿¿ò ‰``æõ£``∑õ xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç £``Ö̀ }dZÆ``πúZ f¬``µÖ ¨``¿ùZ¬``™Ö xZÆ``ôf£``ò Æ``ôZ /dfz£``≈Ö Õ``ç¨``Ö̀
z ¨ú̀fzÚ d¬`â¬Ö̀ Á`ÜÎ`≈º≤Ü ,‰`•éf fl`û xZÆ`ôf£`ò w£`øÜ Æ`ôZ ˘z /¨ú̀dÆ`ô £`¡úÚ Æ`∂ú ‚`≈æ±Ü ¨ú̀f¬`§®õ z y¨`é
x£``û£``õÆ``ïf£``ò ·`Ö̀£`∫õ fd wzØ``ö \f¬``è fd ‰``ò ¨``¿é£``Ö̀ fd£``ñ £``Ü ¨``¿¿ò yÆ``≈ãe z }fzÚ ⁄``øâ Á``∏æ§õ d¬``ã „``≈Ö
£``Ö̀ \f¨``ñ fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö ¨``¿úZ¬``•Ö ‰``ò ¨``¿é£``Ö̀ fZdf¬``ãÆ``Ö̀ Á``•≈∑ñ¬``õ gZ ‰``æ≈çz „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ z ¨``ú̀fz£``≈Ö Õ``ñ£``ë
‰`ò Õ`éZd ¨`¿ùZ¬`ã ZÆú̀Ú ‘ú̀£`é xZÆ`ôf£`ò ‰`ò Õ`çZ \f¬`è „`ûZ fd ÿ`∫ï z ÿ`∫ï ,¨`¿¿ò yÆ`òZ≠`õ x£`û£`õÆ`ïf£`ò
f£``ò }ZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ú̀Íd£``ì ‰``ú̀Zgzf dØ``õ ,‰``∑õ£``â Á``ú̀¬`¿ò }d£``≥•ñZ Ã``≈òÆ``Ü fd ‰``ò Zf }Ø``≈å£``ú̀ fZ¨``∫õ xÚ ·``ñZÍ
/¨úfz£≈Ö Õç¨Ö ,d¬≤≈õ dZ¨øæñ ,‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf
f£``§•ìZ ‰``æ≈çz „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ ‘``ºìÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ºæÖ ¨``¿≈Ö Á``øú }Z ‰``øµö £``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ygf£``§õ Æ``áZ fd dØ``õ x¬``ú̀£`ñ
xÚ Á``•ä Æ``ôf£``ò ,dÆ``≈Ω≈õ \f¬``è }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``•õz£``∫õ xz¨``Ö̀ /¨``¿º≈õ Ã``±ò
ÿ``∫ï /dÆ``ò ¨``ùZ¬``™ú Õ``ï£``ûfd ,dÆ``≈Ω≈õ ›``æ∑Ü zZ ‰``Ö̀ dØ``õ ‚``•±≈ç \ZfÆ``∫õ Ã``±äÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ò ‚``ù Zf }fZ¨``∫õ
fZg£Ö̀ fd f£`ò }zÆ`≈ú jgfZ ‰`ò ¨`¿º≈õ xÚ ‰Ö̀ f¬`§®õ Zf xZfZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç }Æ`ôf£`ò }£`ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ gZ Õ``≤äz
}£`ù ‰`ûd£`©ÜZ }£``¥ìZ ‰`Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``°£``ùdØ``ø•çd ‰`Ö̀ ¨``≈¿ò y£``Ωú ?¨``≈ùZ¬``™≈õ }¨``ùZ¬``é /¨`ú̀gZdÆ``ßÖ xZÆ``ôf£``ò ‰`Ö̀ ,Zf
¨``ú̀Z Õ``±ûZ f£``ø≤≈Ö fl``å¬``ò }£``ù ‰``ïÆ``ä fd ‰``ò Á``°£``ùdØ``õ £``Ö̀ Zf £``¡úÚ z d¬``≤≈õ Õ``ãZdÆ``à ufØ``Ö̀ }Æ``ôf£``ò
/¨≈¿ò ‰±û£∫õ ' Æ∫ï }£çÆπú£â }£ù ‰îZg xÚ Á¿∑û ' x¨¿ö
Æ``•øò £``û Æ``•≤≈Ö ‰``•§öZ /¨``ú̀fzÛ``≈øú dfZz }Z ‰``øµö dØ``õ ‚``•±≈ç ‰``Ö̀ }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ Ã``≈ÜÆ``Ü „``û£``Ö̀
fZ¬``•çZ Õ``≈∑ñZz „``ûZ ‰``û£``à Æ``Ö̀ Õ``πã „``ûZ /d¬``≤≈õ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë Õ``πã Ã``â¬``õ ‰``ò Õ``±≈ú dØ``õ fZ¨``∫õ xd¬``Ö̀
f¬``§®õ ,¨``¿ò Õ``ï£``ûfd Zf jf£``ò v¬``≥©õ w£``øÜ ,d¬``ã f£``ò }ZgZ fd ‰``ºúÚ }£``®Ö ,Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``ò Õ``çZ
fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç /¨``ù¨``Ö̀ Õ``û£``êf ' d¬``≤≈õ y¨``≈õ£``ú̀ dØ``õ ‰``ò ' jd¬``ã v¬``≥©õ gZ Á``≤™Ö Õ``ï£``ûfd ‰``Ö̀ Õ``çZ
·``û£``çz Ã``ä£``è zZ ‰``ò ZÆ``ûg (dgZdÆ``à Á``õ Zf Æ``ôf£``ò dØ``õ xÚ gZ z) ¨``¿º≈õ Ã``ä£``≥Ü Zf v¬``≥©õ w£``øÜ
z fl``æõ Á``¿∑û ' ¨``≈ö¬``Ü ·``û£``çz w£``øÜ Ã``ä£``è Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü Õ``¡â „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ z ¨``é£``§≈õ ¨``≈ö¬``Ü
d¬``ã f£``ò \ͬ``≥©õ w£``øÜ Ã``ä£``è ‰``æ≈çz „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ z yd¬``§ú ' yÆ``≈î z \ÍÚ „``≈é£``õ ,w£``ãdZ¬``õ ,„``≈õg
/ÕéZd ¨ùZ¬™ú d¬âz Æôf£ò ‰∫§ë }ZÆÖ Á∑ñZz Á°£ùf ‰ú¬ô ”≈ù ,¨é£Ö y¨≤ú

8
}Æôf£ò }£ù ‰ûd£©ÜZ
1
J
„``≈úZ¬``ñ x£``û£``õÆ``ïf£``ò fÆ``¥Ö ‰``ò }¨``ä £``Ü ¨``ú̀¨`é Ã``â¬``õ ‰``ò Zf }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ Õ``≈ö£``∑ï Î``§ñ
‚``ûgZdÆ``à Á``õ o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ ‰`Ö̀ g£`Ö̀ £``õ /‚``ûdZd fZÆ``ñ ‰``â¬``Ü df¬``õ ,ddÆ``ô ZÆ``âZ dØ``ø•çd ‰`Ö̀ m¬`Ö̀Æ`õ }d£``≥•ñZ
/ÕçZ Á°ZØ±Ö Õ≈øùZ ¨âZz ,¨¿ò tfd Áç£çZ f¬µÖ ZÆúÚ ¨û£Ö Æôf£ò ‰∫§ë w£øÜ ‰ò ‰•ºú „ûZ ZÆûg
‰``ò ¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZ¨``ú̀ ‰``•ºú „``ûZ „``•ã¬``õÚ ‰``Ö̀ _£``≈•äZ x£``•±æΩúZ }gzÆ``õZ Æ``ôf£``ò ”``≈ù ‰``ò ‚``≈¿ò Á``õ f¬``≥Ü
Á``•ä £``ùdØ``ø•çd ‰``ò Õ``±úÚ fd fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‰``∫§ë ·``ò ⁄``ï£``¿õ ‚``ù z xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç gZ fl``û Æ``ù ⁄``πú ‚``ù
v¬``≥©õ :Õ``çZ ydZd x£``≤ú }Æ``û≠``à£``ú̀f£``ºúZ ¬``©¿Ö ,zdf£``ºûf ¨``û¬``ûd ‰``ò f¬``µú£``øù /¨``ú̀¬`é ydZd vØ``¿Ü x£``ºõÍZ
Zf xZÆ`ôf£`ò dØ`õ xÚ Õ`ø±ñ fl`û /ddÆ`Ω≈õ ‚`≈±∫Ü ’``™Ö zd ‰`Ö̀ ‰``ë¬`Ö̀Æ`õ _f£``™õ w£``øÜ ›``ûÆ``πÜ gZ ¨``∑Ö f£``ò
Æ``ù fd f£``ò ÷``ö£``ã v¬``≥©õ ‰``ò £``®úÚ gZ Í£``ä /Zf xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç d¬``ç Æ``Ωûd Õ``ø±ñ z ¨``ù¨``≈õ ·``≈º≤Ü
ÆΩõ ¨Ö£`û ’`ûZØ`ïZ ¨ú̀Z¬`•≈øú ,d¬`≤≈õ y¨`≈õ£ú̀ d¬`ç ‰`ò Á`≤™Ö Õ`çZ Á`¡û¨Ö̀ ,¨`é£`§≈õ Á`¿≈∑õ fZ¨`∫õ df¬`õ
,£``ùdØ``ø•çd vØ``¿Ü ‰``ò Ã``æµõ „``ûZ f£``ºúZ /¨``Ö̀£`û ’``ù£``ò ' d¬``≤≈õ y¨``úZ¬``ã dØ``õ ‰``ò ' Æ``Ωûd ’``™Ö ‰``ºúÚ
fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ⁄``π¿Ö ,d¬``ç ’``ûZØ``ïZ ‚``≈°¬``ΩÖ ‰``ò Õ``ç£``ìdZ „``ûZ £``Ö̀ qdZÆ``•õ ,¨``é£``§≈õ fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Æ``∂ú df¬``õ
/¨é£§≈øú
ZÆ`ú̀Ú z ¨``¿ûZØ``ï£``≈õ d¬``ç Æ`Ö̀ ı•ñ¬``õ ‰``ò ¨`ú̀¬`≤≈õ Õ``ï£``û Ø``≈ú }Æ``Ωûd ·``û£``çz ‰``ò ‚``≈úZ¨``≈õ [¬``ã ˙``≈ã £``õ
‰Ö̀ £`®¿ûZ fd ‰`ò Õ`±≈ú xÚ ‰Ö̀ _£`≈•äZ ,¨`¿ùd Á`øú Æ`≈≈∏Ü Zf Á``õ¬``øì x¬`ú̀£`ñ ‰``º≈ö£``ä fd ,¨``¿ù¨``≈õ Æ``≈≈∏Ü
/‚ûgZdÆßÖ £¡úÚ
J
,¨``é£``Ö̀ y¨``é ‚``∂¿õ Á``≥™≤õ Î``õ£``ò z —``ûÆ``è }d£``≥•ñZ x¬``ú̀£`ñ ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ £``ùdØ``ø•çd xZØ``≈õ Æ``ôZ ,[¬``ã
dØ``ø•çd ‰``Ö̀ m¬``Ö̀Æ`õ }d£``≥•ñZ x¬``ú̀£`ñ ?¨``¿ù¨``Ö̀ ·``≈æ∫Ü Zf £``ùdØ``ø•çd ¨``¿úZ¬``•≈õ ‰``ú̀¬`Ωå xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‘``à
Á``Üf¬``≥Ö ⁄``ñZz fd z Õ``çZ Æ``û≠``à q£``µ∑úZ ‚``û¨``ûd ‰``ò f¬``µú£``øù £``õZ ,¨``é£``§≈õ Æ``û≠``à£``ú̀Æ`≈≈∏Ü z dfZd d¬``âz
xdÆ`ò \d£`ì Æ`áZ fd Á`¿∑û ' ‚`≈∫•±õ f¬`µÖ £`û d¬`é ydZd vØ`¿Ü ‰`•éf fl`û fd ¨`úZ¬`•≈õ dØ`ø•çd /‰`ú̀£`ôzd
Á``¿∑û ' ‚``≈∫•±õÆ``≈î f¬``µÖ £``û z ' Æ``Ü „``≈°£``à Á``ô¨``ú̀g —``µç ‰``Ö k£``ã ‰``•éf fl``û xZÆ``ôf£``ò Á``®ûf¨``Ü
,(f£``ò \¨``õ x£``øù v¬``ë fd f£``ò \¨``é Æ``Ö̀ xdzØ``ïZ £``û z) ‰``ú̀Zgzf f£``ò \¨``õ xdÆ``ò Æ``Ü Á``ú̀ͬ``ë ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀
/dØø•çd ’ûZØïZ xz¨Ö
ÕÖ̀£`ñf Æ`áZ fd ,¨`ûZØ`ï£`≈Ö d¬`ã d¬`ç ÆÖ̀ ,’ú̀ZÆ`ôf£`ò dØ`ø•çd ·`≈æ∫Ü £Ö̀ ‰``º¿ûZ ‰`Ö̀ fZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Æ``ù ‰``ñÎ``ì
d¬``ã }£``§ñf gZ ‰``ò ¨``¿º≈õ Á``∑ç £``¡úÚ gZ fl``û Æ``ù /ddÆ``Ω≈õ ¨``û¨``≤Ü ,‰``•éf fl``û xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç x£``≈õ
£``ùdØ``ø•çd xdfzÚ „``≈°£``à yZf fd ‰``ò Õ``çZ f¬``§®õ ,¨``¿ò Z¨``ï Zf d¬``ã d¬``ç ¨``ùZ¬``™ú Æ``ôZ z ¨``ézÆ``πÖ Æ``•úZgfZ
' dÆ``≈Ω≈õ \f¬``è xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ⁄``ï£``¿õ Æ``ë£``™Ö ‰``ò ' dØ``ø•çd }zf Æ``Ö̀ f£``≤ï ¬``©ú „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ /¨``é¬``ºÖ
J
Æ``•øò £``û Æ``•≤≈Ö d¬``ç ‰``Ö̀ m¬``Ö̀Æ`õ ‰``æ…±õ ÿ``∫ï Î``§ñ ‰``´úÚ /d¬``≤≈õ Æ``Ö̀ZÆ``Ö̀ yd ,£``¡úÚ ·``Ö̀£`∫•õ Õ``Ö̀£`ñf Õ``æ∑Ö

9
/ÕçZ y¨é wZØöZ ‰æ…±õ x¬¿òZ d¬Ö
}Æ``á»``õ ‰``æ≈çz ”``≈ù ,Æ``û≠``à£`ú̀ x£``û£``à z wzZ¨``õ f£``≤ï „``ûZ ·`Ö̀£`∫õ fd Õ``õz£``∫õ }ZÆ`Ö̀ ·``º≤•õÆ``≈î xZÆ``ôf£``ò
dØ``õ ,¨``¿•±≈ú ·``º≤•õ ,£``¡úÚ xZÆ``ôf£``ò ‰``ºûZ }¨``≈ö¬``Ü }£``ù ‰``•éf fd Õ``¡â „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ /¨``ú̀fZ¨``ú̀ f£``≈•ãZ fd
’``≈à wZfÚ wZfÚ ‰``çzÆ``à „``ûZ /dfZd }d¬``∑è ’``ûZÆ``ô ıø°Zd f£``ò \¨``õ z ‰``•éZd ˘zØ``ú̀ ’``ûZÆ``ô yfZ¬``øù
fd ˘z ddÆ``ô xÚ ‹``ñ¬``Ü Ã``â¬``õ }d£``≥•ñZ Á``°£``ï¬``ºé xZfzd ,£``®úÚ z £``®¿ûZ fd Õ``çZ „``ºøõ /dzÆ``≈õ
J
‰Ö̀ ‰`•ïf ‰`•ïf ͬ`ø∑õ xZÆ``ôf£``ò /¨``ûZØ``ïZ Á``õ xÚ Õ``ìÆ``ç Æ`Ö̀ Æ``•≤≈Ö yf£`Ö̀zd Ù¨``∑Ö fZg£`Ö̀ }d£``±ò xZfzd lÆ``ì
£``ùdØ``ø•çd ,d¬``≤≈õ ydzØ``ïZ f£``ò \¨``õ Æ``Ö̀ ‰``º≈ö£``äfd z ¨``¿¿ò Á``õ \d£``ì }Æ``Ü „``≈°£``à ıø°Zd Á``ô¨``ú̀g —``µç
x£``ºõZ xÚ gZ Æ``•øò fZ¨``∫õ £``Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``∏æ§õ ‰``Ö̀ Á``¿∑û ' d¬``ã ›``æµõ ·``ñZ¨``ä xZØ``≈õ ‰``Ö̀ Æ``•≤≈Ö z Æ``•≤≈Ö
/¨ú¬≤≈õ ÆÜ flûdØú dfZ¨ú d¬âz Æôf£ò }ZÆÖ ·±ú ¨≈ö¬Ü z \£≈ä
}zÆ``≈ú v£``ø∑•çZ /dZ¨``≈õ ·``≈º≤Ü Zf Á``•ñ¬``õ Á``°£``¿¶•çZ Õ``ö£``ä fl``û B‚``ùdg¬``ú̀ xÆ``ñC Æ``ê£``ä xÆ``ñ ·``ûZzZ
‰``ò ' ZÆ`ú̀Ú }£``ù ydfzÚÆ``ï ‰``Ö̀ m¬``Ö̀Æ`õ }£``ê£``∫Ü q£``πò ,d¬``Ö̀ jÆ``•±ô v£``ä fd Õ``ìÆ``±Ö ‰``ò „``≈é£``õ z f£``™Ö
,¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀ Í£``Ö̀ ıܨ``ì£``ñ £``ùdØ``ø•çd ,¨``≈ö¬``Ü }£``ù ‰``•éf „``ûZ fd /dZ¨``≈øú ' d¬``Ö̀ fZdf¬``ãÆ``Ö̀ }Æ``•∑ûÆ``ç ¨``éf gZ
Á``ø±â f£``ò /¨``ú̀¬``≤≈õ ‰``•ãzÆ``ï xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‰``Ö̀ f£``ò ‰``ú̀£`ã ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö ‰``ò ˘£``πëZ dØ``ø•çd }£``¿¶•ç£``Ö̀
Á``∏æ§õ ,Õ``éZd Á``°Í£``Ö̀ f£``≈±Ö dØ``ø•çd ,dÆ``≈ΩÖ \f¬``è Õ``±úZ¬``•≈øú Á``õZ¨``ñZ ”``≈ù xÚ xz¨``Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``≥≥™Ü
,Õ``éZ¨``≈õ Õ``ï£``ûfd w£``ûZ xÚ fd ,Á``•çd y¨``¿ï£``Ö̀ £``û z Æ``Ö̀ ·``ø™õ fl``û ,fl``≈ú£``ºõ fl``û ,gÆ``Ωúf fl``û ‰``ò
y¨``é ydg f£``¿ò £``ù „``≈é£``õ ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ‰``ò Á``°£``ù ‰``ïÆ``ä ,xÚ £``Ö̀ x£``õØ``øù /¨``ûÛ``≈õ Ø``≈õÚ ‰``ú̀£`±ïZ Æ``∂¿Ö gzÆ``õZ
‰``ò Zf Á``ú̀ZÆ``ôf£``ò ‰``•ïf ‰``•ïf ,oZÆ``•ãÍZ ¨``û¨``â }£``¡¿≈é£``õ ‰``•§öZ ¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀ Á``®ûf¨``Ü uÆ``õ ‰``Ö̀ w¬``º©õ ,¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀
¨`¿•ã£`±≈õ „`≈é£`õ x£`éd¬`ã ‰`ò ¨ú̀¨`é oZÆ`•ãZ Á`°£`ù „`≈é£`õ z ¨ú̀dg f£`¿ò ,¨ú̀dÆ`º≈õ Õ`ï£`ûfd }d£`ûg dØ`õ
Ø``≈ú xÚ gZ ’``≈Ö ‰``ºæÖ ,¨``ú̀dZ¨``≈õ Zf d¬``â¬``õ }£``ê£``∫Ü }¬``ï£``ºÜ £``¡¿Ü ‰``ú̀ Á``¿≈é£``õ }£``ùÍ£``ò ⁄``ñZz fd z
,¨``ûdÆ``ô fZÆ``ñÆ``Ö̀ yf£``Ö̀zd Ã``ÜÆ``õ ¨``•ç z dZd ,Á``õ¬``øì —``æè Æ``áZ fd ,1815 fd Á``•ñz /¨``ú̀dÆ``º≈õ ‰``êÆ``ì
xZÆôf£ò ‰ò Á°£ûZØõ w£`øÜ /¨`ûdÆ`ô g£`îÚ ¬ú̀ gZ xZÆ`©Ö z Á`ï£`êZ ¨`≈ö¬`Ü ,}d£`≥•ñZ Á`°£`ï¬`ºé ‰ö̀£`±ùd yfzd
Á``ï£``êZ ¨``≈ö¬``Ü xZfzd }£``¿áZ fd Í£``ø•äZ z ¨``úd¬``Ö̀ ydfzÚ Õ``ç¨``Ö̀ ‰``•é≠``ô }d£``≥•ñZ Á``°£``ï¬``ºé }£``¡úZfzd fd
ydfzÚ xzÆ`≈Ö x£`≤Ω¿å gZ Æ`Ωûd f£Ö̀ ,xZÆ``©Ö z fZg£`Ö̀ d¬``òf w£``ûZ fd d¬`Ö̀ y¨``é ydzØ``ïZ £``¡úÚ Æ`Ö̀ Á``•ä ,xZzZÆ``ï
¨``≤≈õ Æ``Ü fl``ûdØ``ú̀ ›``æµõ ·``ñZ¨``ä ‰``Ö̀ ıø°Zd ·``º≤•õÆ``≈î xZÆ``ôf£``ò dØ``ø•çd ‰``ºúÚ gZ ¨``∑Ö z ' }dzØ``Ö̀ /¨``é
/¨ú¨ûdÆô dØõ Áõ¬øì x¬ú£ñ v¬ø≤õ ,¨údƺ≈õ f£ò x£•±æΩúZ }£ù ‰ú£ãf£ò fd ‰ò }dZÆïZ '
‰``¿©è dfZz Ø``≈ú ' ¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀ y¨``é Á``ú̀¬`ú̀£`ñ 1824 gZ ‰``ò }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ x£``≈õ „``ûZ fd ‰``•§öZ
dfZ¬``õ Æ``¶òZ fd z ¨``¿•±ù ·``º≤•õ yfZ¬``øù xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç /d¬``Ö̀ y¨``≈çf ZÆ``ï ı∑ñZz ‚``¡úÚ Õ``ñz z ¨``¿•≤ô
‰``±û£``∫õ fd ‰``ò £``¡úÚ dZ¨``∑Ü /¨`ú̀fZ¨`ú̀ }fZ¨``õdÆ``ç ”``≈ù z ‰``õ£``¿õ£``∂ú ”``≈ù ,Á``øçf ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ”``≈ù ‰``Ö̀ _£``≈•äZ
\Æ`é£`∑õ ,¨`¿ù¨`≈õ ·`≈º≤Ü Zf k¬`≥™õ ‰`∫§ë fl`û £`¡úÚ ‰`ò Õ`≈π≈ò „`ûZ z ¨`¿é£`§≈õ Ø`≈å£ú̀ xZÆ`ôf£`ò £Ö̀

10
‰`ò Á`•ñz Á`¿∑û Ù¨`∑Ö z ,dg£`±≈õ ¨`°Zg Zf £`ùØ`≈å „`ûZ ‰`øù ,Æ`Ωû¨`ºû £Ö̀ £`¡úÚ Á`ì£`ø•âZ z Á`Üf£`®Ü Á`ø°Zd
yg£``Ü ' Æ``≈≤ΩúÍ fd Á``â£``±ú ⁄``û£``¿è ·``¶õ ' ¨``é£``Ö y¨``é ÿ``æ±õ ‰``∫µ¿õ fl``û fd Á``•∑¿è ‰``•éf fl``û
g£``îÚ x£``øù gZ xZÆ``ôf£``ò ‘``ºìÆ``Ö̀ /d¬``≤≈õ }fzÆ``ê xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç Á``øçf }Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ fl``û Õ``ñ¬``ú̀Ú
J
z xZfZ¨õdÆç ‰æ≈ç¬Ö ‰ò ¨é£Ö ‰•éZd Á≥™≤õ Îõ£ò ‰õ£¿õ£∂ú ‰ò ' }¨¿õzÆ≈ú \Î≈º≤Ü xz¨Ö̀ ,f£`ò
x¬``ú̀£`ñ ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ ,\Î``≈º≤Ü „``ûZ /¨``ú̀Æ`§Ö ’``≈à gZ }f£``ò ¨``¿úZ¬``•≈øú ' ¨``û£``øú e¬``πú v£``øìZ d¬``ã }£``ù ‰``•≈øò
yd¬``Ü Æ``Ωûd z y¨``é Á``Üf¨``ñ x£``•±æΩúZ fd xZÆ``ôf£``ò ¨``∑§Ö x£``õØ``ú̀Ú gZ z ¨``¿•ïÆ``ô d¬``™Ö Á``ú̀¬`ú̀£`ñ ‰``§¿â 1824
xZfdZÆ``Ö̀ aÎ``µèZ ‰``Ö̀ £``¿Ö ‰``ò Á``ñz¨``¿è \f¨``ñ Æ``áZ fd }dzØ``Ö̀ /¨``ú̀d¬``§ú }Z y¨``¿òZÆ``à ,‰``•é≠``ô ·``¶õ z Ø``â£``ì
qÎ``•°Z ‰``ò Á``°zÆ``≈ú Æ`Ö̀ ,d¬`Ö̀ y¨``é v£``õÍ£``õ BxZÆ``ôf£``ò Á``ú̀z£``∑Ü rz¨``¿èC @Õ``õz£``∫õ v¬``àA gZ £``õ }¬``±úZÆ``ï
„``≈°£``à z d¬``Ö̀ ydÆ``ò Æ``≈≈∏Ü x£``•çZd w£``øÜ fl``¿ûZ ,d¬``Ö̀ ydzØ``ïZ /d¬``Ö̀ ydÆ``ò x£``≤§≈≥ú £``¡úÚ tÆ``•≤õ dÆ``Ö̀f£``ò z
/ÕéZd Zf fl±ûf flû ‚ºä fZd ‰û£õÆç }ZÆÖ ÆΩûd f£ò \¨õ xdÆò ÁúÍ¬ë £û z dØø•çd xdfzÚ
„ûZ /¨ûgf¬≈õ d£¿ì z ‚≤ã }Æôf£ò ‰ûd£©ÜZ ‰Ö Õ`§±ú x£`õØú̀Ú fZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç ‰`∫§ë ‰`ò d¬Ö̀ Õ`¡â „`û£Ö̀
yfZ¬``øù ,d¬``Ö̀ ydÆ``ò ZÆ``âZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë Õ``ç¬``à x¨``¿ò df¬``õ fd ¨``û¨``õ }£``¡Ü¨``õ ‰``ò Zf Á``ézf z yZf ‰``∫§ë
/d¬``Ö̀ x¨``é ‰``•™Ü v£``ä fd x£``òd „``ûZ Í£``ä z dÆ``º≈õ Á``∫æÜ d¬``ã ¨``¿•±õ z Á``ú̀¬`ú̀£`ñ y∞``ûz ›``ä fl``û xZ¬``¿∑Ö
·``¶õ ·``ñZÍ z ¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀ ydÆ``ò £``àÆ``Ö̀ }¨``û¨``é v£``®¿â z f£``â xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ‰``ò Õ``éZ¨``ú̀ d¬``â z Á``•πΩé }£``â
/ÕçZ y¨é fZd ‰øµö x£é Õ≈ºö£õ z r¬∫ä ‰ò ¨údƺ≈õ i£±äZ ,gzÆõZ }¨¿öÆûZ „≈ºö£õ
}£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ x¬``¿òZ /Õ``çZ ydÆ``ò Æ``ÜÆ``∂ú Ã``ä£``è Á``øò Zf £``¡úÚ ,Á``ÜZgf£``§õ \£``≈ÖÆ``®Ü v£``ç Õ``≥é
„``≈≈∑Ü ·``õZ¬``ì gZ Á``ºû xZ¬``¿∑Ö £``¡úÚ dÆ``ºæøì z ¨``¿•±ù }Z y¨``é ‰``•ã£``¿é Õ``≈øçÆ``Ö̀ ÿ``Ö̀Z¬``ê }Æ``ôf£``ò
‰``Ö̀ m¬``Ö̀Æ``õ „``≈úZ¬``ñ dÆ``ºæøì ‰``ò dfZd fZÆ``ñ v¬``§ñ df¬``õ ygZ¨``ú̀Z x£``ø¡Ö dØ``ø•çd xZØ``≈õ ‚``≈∂¿Ü fd y¨``¿¿ò
,Æ``≈≤ΩúÍ Á``â£``±ú ⁄``û£``¿è x£``§ä£``è }fÚ ,f£``ò \¨``õ ‚``≈∂¿Ü y¨``¿¿ò „``≈≈∑Ü ·``õZ¬``ì ‰``Ö̀£`¶øÖ £``ù ‰``ú̀£`ãf£``ò
‰``ú̀¬`Ωå ,¨``é£``Ö̀ x£``é ⁄``π¿Ö Á``•ñz ‰``ò ¨``ú̀Z ‰``•ïÆ``ô d£``û Í£``ä z ‰``•ã¬``õÚ ,xZÆ``ôf£``ò Ã``•ºõ gZ Á``•ä ÙÆ``≈ãZ
/}Æôf£ò ‰ûd£©ÜZ Æù gZ Æ•¡Ö £û z ÁÖ¬ã x£ø¡Ö ⁄ñZz fd z ¨úgZ¨ú£≈Ö yZÆÖ [£≥•ìZ
dØõ x¬ú£ñ ,x£`û£`õÆ`ïf£`ò Õ`õz£`∫õ ‚`îÆ`≈æì ‰`ò Õ`çZ }Æ`ôf£`ò }£`ù ‰`ûd£`©ÜZ \ZÆ`≈á∆`Ü ‰`®≈•ú fd „`ûZÆÖ̀£`¿Ö
·``ñZÍ ‰``ò ¨``ú̀fZd fZÆ``ñ Á``∑êz fd ,¨``¿é£``§≈õ ·``º≤•õ [¬``ã ‰``ò Á``°£``ù ‰``•éf xZÆ``ôf£``ò z ¨``çÆ``≈õ Ã``û¬``≥•Ö
z ¨``¿¿ò Á``õ Ã``±ò ' ¨``¿ù¨``≈õ fZÆ``ñ £``õÆ``ïf£``ò f£``≈•ãZ fd ‰``ò ' Zf }f£``ò }zÆ``≈ú jgfZ w£``øÜ ı§ûÆ``∫Ü
Æ``•≤≈Ö ‰``ò ' Á`ú̀£`õg v¬``ë Æ``¶òZ¨``ä gZ ·``ñZÍ f£``ò \¨``õ ,Á``•özd „``≈úZ¬``ñ fl``øò ‰``Ö̀ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Õ``¡â „``≈ø¡Ö
Æ``¶òZ¨``ä „``ûZ ‰``•§öZ /¨``¿ò Á``øú gz£``®Ü Æ``•≤≈Ö ˙``≈ã ' ¨``•ïZ Á``õ ›``õf gZ w£``Ω¿¡Ö£``ú̀ ,f£``ò }zÆ``≈ú ,xÚ gZ
J
ͬ``èZ ' ¨``¿é£``§≈õ ·``º≤•õ Æ``ê£``ä v£``ä fd ‰``ò Á``Üf¬``≥Ö ' }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ }ZÆ``Ö ‰``ò Õ``±ûØ``≈å
z /xZÆ``ôf£``ò v¬``à z zÆ``≈ú ‚``≈∂ì tÎ``¡•çZ £``Ö̀ z wzZ¨``õ \Zgf£``§õ Õ``©Ü ÿ``∫ï ‚``¡úÚ ,Õ``çZ v¬``≥ä ·``Ö̀£`ñ
fl``û fd ‰``æè£``ä }£``ùdfzÚ Õ``çd Æ``Ö̀ ¬``ú gZ v£``ç yd Æ``ù ·``ñZÍ }d£``≥•ñZ o£``êzZ }£``ù¨``õ z fØ``â Õ``ñ¬``ú̀Ú

11
Áú̀Zfzd Õ`òÆ`ä „`ûZ /ddÆ`ô g£`îÚ ¬ú̀ gZ Á`•±û£`§≈õ f£`å£ú̀ ygf£`§õ z ¨`≤ò Á`õ xÎ`µÖ ÿ`ã xdg ‚`ùÆÖ̀ ‚`≤å
z ¨``ú̀£`ø≈õ Á``ñ£``Ö̀ Õ``çZ yd¬``Ö̀ ‰``ò x£``øù Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë /dfZ¨``ú̀ d¬``âz xÚ gZ Ø``ûÆ``ô yZf ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``ç¬``©¿õ
J
£``ûÚ /¨``ú̀£`ø≈õ Á``ñ£``Ö̀ Á``ÜÆ``âZ x£``ôdÆ``Ö̀ ‰``∫§ë ¨``ú̀Z y¨``≈õ£``ú̀ ZÆ``ú̀Ú Í£``øâZ £``õ Õ``±≈Üf£``å x£``≈¿≈≤≈à ‰``ò f¬``µú£``øù
Á`°£`î q¨`ù ‰`≤≈øù }ZÆÖ̀ ¨`û£Ö̀ „`ûZ £`ûÚ ?¨`é£Ö̀ „`ûZ ¨`û£Ö̀ Ã`°£`≥õ z }f£`òZ¨`ï ,f£`ò ‰`øù xÚ Á`°£`¡ú ‰`®≈•ú
„`ûZ ‰`ò ¨`é¬`ºÖ yÆ`ãÍ£Ö̀ ¨`û£`§ú £`ûÚ „`≈õgÆ`ç „`ûZ Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë ‰`º¿ûZ £`û z ?¨ú̀£ `øÖ Á`ñ£Ö̀ Á`±≈æΩúZ xZÆ`ôf£`ò
?¨¿ò Z¨≈à ,˙òf¬µÖ dØõ ‚•±≈ç }£∏öZ }ZÆÖ Á•òÆä }¬±Ö ÁÜ£®ú yZf z ¨ï£º≤Ö Zf w¬é yÆûZd
,¨``¿¿ò Á``õ }g£``Ö̀ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë \Î``≈º≤Ü xZ¬``¿∑Ö }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ‰``ò Zf Á``≤∫ú y¨``¿ûÚ ‰``•πù
/dÆò ‚≈ùZ¬ã ÁçfÆÖ

J
dØ``ø•çd xZØ``≈õ ‚``≈∂¿Ü £``Ö̀ ‰``µÖZf fd ÿ``∫ï ‰``ò }¨``ä £``Ü Zf }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ x¬``≈±ºú¬``ï Î``§ñ
fZÆ``ñ xZÆ``ôf£``ò iÆ``•çd fd ,‰``û£``õÆ``ç £``Ö̀ ygf£``§õ }ZÆ``Ö Zf ·``û£``çz Á``ãÆ``Ö̀ ·``ñZÍ z ¨``ú̀fzÛ``≈õ ·``ø∑Ö Á``Ü£``õZ¨``ñZ
/ÕçZ y¨≈çÆú x£û£ßÖ o¬ê¬õ „ûZ yf£Öfd £õ Œ©Ö ˘z ‚ûdZd fZÆñ ÁçfÆÖ df¬õ ,¨¿ù¨≈õ
⁄õ ¨¿û¬ΩÖ ¨¿ùZ¬™≈õ ‰å Æù ‰û£õÆç „≈∑ïZ¨õ /‚`ûdÆ`ò Õ`§©è ‰`û£`õÆ`ç ‰`≈æìÆÖ̀ Æ`ôf£`ò ygf£`§õ gZ £`õ
}ZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``æ≈çz „``ûÆ``Ü Õ``äZf z „``ûÆ``Ü „``…øµõ dØ``ø•çd ·``≈æ∫Ü ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü dfZd d¬``âz ygf£``§õ „``ûZ ‹``è¬``öZ
J
ygf£``§õ „``ûZ ,dfZd d¬``âz dØ``õ ‚``•±≈ç ͬ``èZ ‰``º≈ú£``õg £``Ü ‰``•é≠``ô „``ûZ gZ }fÚ ,¨`ú̀£`øÖ Á``ñ£`Ö̀ d¬``ç ’``ûZØ``ïZ
‰`Ö̀ Zf Õ``≈∑ñZz „``ûZ Á``ï£``ò ÇgZ¨`ú̀£`Ö̀ }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ d¬``ã Õ``ûd¬``â¬``õ ıïÆ``è /Õ``éZd ¨``ùZ¬``ã d¬``âz Ø``≈ú
d¬``â¬``Ö̀ xZÆ``ôf£``ò r¬``∫ä ‰``Ö̀ ‰``û£``õÆ``ç }£``ùdÆ``§•çd ‰``≈æì Æ``Ö̀ ygf£``§õ Æ``ë£``™Ö £``¡úÚ Æ``ôZ ZÆ``ûg /¨``ú̀£`çÆ``≈õ \£``§áZ
J
\£``øæò „``ûZ gZ fl``û ”``≈ù £`Ö̀ /dfZ¨`ú̀ }Æ``øá \¬``ºç ?¨`ú̀Z y¨``õÚ d¬``â¬`Ö̀ ‰``å }ZÆ`Ö̀ Î``èZ ‘``à ,¨``¿é£`Ö̀ y¨``õÛ``≈ú
‚``≈±∫Ü Õ``±≈ú¬``ô£``•úÚ ufØ`Ö̀ ‰``∫§ë z¨`Ö̀ ıܨ``øì Á`ú̀¬`¿ò ‰``∑õ£``â ' ‰``ò Zf Õ``ég Õ``≈∑ñZz „``ûZ xZ¬``Ü Á``øú £``§ûg
fd z ¨`ú̀fZd Õ``çd fd Zf ¨``≈ö¬``Ü ·``û£``çz w£``øÜ ‰``ò ,xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ¬``ç fl``û fd /dÆ``ò Á``π™õ ' Õ``çZ y¨``é
Æ≈ãZ ‰∫§ë f£ò v¬≥©õ /¨¿é£Ö Áøú x£éd¬ã f£`ò }zÆ`≈ú Ø`â Ø`≈å ”`≈ù Ã`ä£`è ‰`ò xZÆ`ôf£`ò Æ`Ωûd }¬`ç
‚``≈±∫Ü „``≈øù Æ``çÆ``Ö̀ Õ``çfd ıø°Zd ygf£``§õ o¬``ê¬``õ z ddÆ``Ω≈õ ‚``≈±∫Ü ‰``∫§ë zd „``ûZ x£``≈õ BxZÆ``ôf£``òC
‰``ò Õ``±¿ûZ ygf£``§õ „``ûZ fd Ã``≈®ì Ã``æµõ z ¨``¿ò ·``è£``ä }Æ``•≤≈Ö ‚``¡ç ‰``ò ¨``é¬``º≈õ ‰``∫§ë Æ``ù /Õ``çZ
d¬``≤≈õ xÚ ‰`Ö̀ ‚``¡•õ ÙÆ``¶òZ ,¨``¿º≈õ ygf£``§õ d¬``ã v¬``≥©õ gZ Á``≤™Ö Æ``ë£``™Ö ÿ``∫ï ‰``å Æ``ôZ ,Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë
/¨à£å Áõ Zf fZd ‰û£õÆç ‰ò
Á``ç£``≈ç ygf£``§õ fl``û ‰``Ö̀ ,}Æ``û≠``à£``ú̀ [£``¿•âZ f¬``µÖ ,‰```∑õ£``â ufØ``Ö̀ ‰``∫§ë zd x£``≈õ ygf£```§õ ‰``•§öZ
fl`ö£`õ Á`çZÆ`ò¬`•±ûfZ z fZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç £`û ÿ`ç¬`•õ ‰`∫§ë x£`≈õ \¨`õ gZfd \Zgf£`§õ d¬Ö̀ „`≈¿å /¨`õ£`®ú£``≈õ

12
‰∫§ë £Ö̀ ‰`∫§ë fl`û ygf£`§õ Æ`ù fd /xZfZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç z Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë x£`≈õ ygf£`§õ Õ`çZ „`≈¿å Ø`≈ú z „`≈õg
‰``µæç gZ ‰``øò£``ä ‰``∫§ë /Õ``çZ Á``ç£``≈ç \f¨``ñ ,d¬``≤≈õ ygf£``§õ xÚ Æ``ë£``™Ö ‰``ò }Z ‰``µçZzÎ``Ö̀ q¨``ù ,Æ``Ωûd
Z¨``•ÖZ Æ``Ü „``≈°£``à ‰``∫§ë z ¨``¿º≈õ o£``ïd ‰``¿¿∫õ }£``ù Õ``…≈ù fd d¬``ã „``…øµõ Õ``ûÆ``¶òZ Á``¿∑û d¬``ã Á``ç£``≈ç
fZÆ``ñ Á``∑êz fd £``Ü ¨``¿º≈õ ygf£``§õ xÚ w£``øÜ }ZÆ``Ö̀ Ù¨``∑Ö z \f¨``ñ „``ûZ gZ Á``•ø±ñ xdfzÚ Õ``ç¨``Ö̀ }ZÆ``Ö̀
‰``∫§ë \f¬``è „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ /¨``ù¨``Ö̀ Æ``≈≈∏Ü d¬``ã }£``ùg£``≈ú z ⁄``ï£``¿õ £``Ö̀ r£``§µúZ fd Zf d¬``â¬``õ „``≈úZ¬``ñ ‰``ò dÆ``≈ΩÖ
›``æã f¬``≤¿õ Æ``ë£``™Ö Æ``¡ñ ‰``Ö̀ ·``ç¬``Ü £``Ö̀ Á``•ä z x£``®≈ù z f¬``é £``Ö̀ ¨``û¨``õ }£``¡ö£``ç Æ``≈§ò }£``≈ú£``•ûÆ``Ö̀ Æ``ôf£``ò
x£``•±æΩúZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë /dÆ``ò ygf£``§õ ,dZ¨``≈õ fZÆ``ñ zZ f£``≈•ãZ fd Zf Á``ç£``≈ç \f¨``ñ „``ûZ Á``•±û£``§≈õ ‰``ò
‰∫§ë „ûZ ‰ò ÕéZ≠ô Áñ£Ö ¨¿õgzÆ`≈à ÿ`ç¬`•õ ‰`∫§ë }zf ÆÖ̀ }Æ`≈á∆`Ü x£`¿´úÚ ,ygf£`§õ £`õZ df¬`ã Õ`±ºé
‰Ö̀ ›`ïZ¬`õ ¨ú̀Z¬`•Ö ,’`º•øäg wdÆ`õ ·Ö̀£`∫õ fd x¨`õÚ y£`ܬ`ò Õ`ø≈ñ ‰Ö̀ ‰`ò d¬Ö̀ v£`©é¬`ã ¨``∑§Ö x£``õg xÚ gZ
/ddÆô }ÆÜ ÁúÍ¬ë ‘Ö ’ÜÚ
x£``ø¡Ö z Õ``çZ aÎ``ç „``ûÆ``•ø¡õ \Î``≈º≤Ü ,Æ``Ωûd ‰``∫§ë ‰``≈æìÆ``Ö̀ }Z ‰``∫§ë Á``ç£``≈ç ygf£``§õ fd ‰``•§öZ
ygZ¨``ú̀Z x£``ø¡Ö ¨``≤≈õ ·``©ø¥õ Á``•±≈Üf£``å x£``õg£``ç Á``¿∑û Á``ç£``≈ç ıïÆ``è \Î``≈º≤Ü fl``û ‰``ò Õ``§±ú
‰``ò Õ``çZ y¨``≈çf Á``Üf¨``ñ ‰``Ö̀ x¬``¿òZ ‰``ºúÚ £``Ü Õ``≤Ω≈õ Æ``ܨ``¿õzÆ``≈ú ı§ÜÆ``õ }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ \Î``≈º≤Ü
zd £`Ü fl`û ·`õ£`é }Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ¨``¿å /¨``é£``§≈øú xÚ £`Ö̀ ‰``±û£``∫õ ·`Ö̀£`ñ Á``âf£``ã }Æ``ôf£``ò \Î``≈º≤Ü ”``≈ù
·``ø∑Ö £``¡úÚ gZ ˙``©õ £``û z Æ``•ºå¬``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``© ÜZ ‰``ò }Z Á``ú̀£``§≈•≤à £``Ö̀ z ¨``¿é£``§≈õ Æ``ôf£``ò x¬``≈æ≈õ
' }f¬`Ü ‰`å z ‡`ûz ‰`å ' ‰`øò£`ä ‰`∫§ë }£`ù Õ`özd gZ fl``û Æ``ù ‰``ò ¨``¿é£``§≈õ Á``Üf¨``ñ Æ``Ω¿û£``øú ¨`ú̀fzÛ``≈õ
/¨¿¿ò [£±ä £¡úÚ }zf ¨úf¬§®õ
„``≈õgÆ``ç „``ûZ fd x£``≤æõ£``ºÜ z d£``®ûZ £``Ö̀ ‰``µÖZf fd ‰``ò Á``•¿ç }£``¥•ñZ ‰``Ö̀ ¨``¿õzÆ``≈ú \Î``≈º≤Ü „``ûZ
xZØ``≈õ z f£``ò \¨``õ ‚``≈∂¿Ü fd ‰``ò ¨``ú̀Z ydÆ``ò dz¨``©õ ‰``π≈íz „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ ıïÆ``è Zf d¬``ã x¬``¿ò£``Ü ,¨``é£``§≈õ
¨`¿û£`øú ’`é¬`ò ,¨``¿é£``§≈õ }Æ``ôf£``ò ¨``ê ı•äZÆ``è ‰``ò Á``¿≈úZ¬``ñ }£``∏öZ }ZÆ`Ö̀ z ¨``¿é£`Ö̀ ‰``•éZd Á``≤∫ú dØ``ø•çd
J
‰``ò ¨``ú̀Z ydZd w£``®úZ Ø``≈õÚ Õ``≈∫ï¬``õ ygZ¨``ú̀Z x£``ø¡Ö Õ``çfd Zf Æ``õZ „``ûZ ¨``é ‰``•πô Î``§ñ ‰``ò f¬``µú£``øù z
‰``øò£``ä ‰``∫§ë :d¬``Ö̀ Æ``•≤≈Ö ‚``ù „``ûZ gZ x£``≤•≈∫ï¬``õ ˘z /¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZd d¬``âz xÚ f£``∂•úZ ›``©Ö Õ``±úZ¬``•≈õ
d¬``Ö̀ g£``Ö̀ ’``•çd ‰``ò }dfZ¬``õ fd ,£``¡úÚ d¬``ã £``Ü Õ``ç£``¿éÚ Æ``•¡Ö }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ \f¨``ñ £``Ö̀ ‰``ò
w£``øÜ ‰``Ö̀ }Zf ›``ä xdZd jÆ``•±ô /Õ``éZ≠``Ω≈õ Æ``ÜZÆ``ï £``à Ø``≈ú ¨``ä „``ûZ gZ ‰``ò dZd £``¡úÚ ‰``Ö Zf Á``ÜZg£``≈•õZ
/dZd }Zf ›`ä ·`º≤•õ Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë gZ Á`ôfØÖ̀ ’`™Ö ‰Ö̀ ‚`ò Õ`çd ,˙`≈°ZÆ``±ûd ÿ``ç¬``Ü £``ù ydZ¬`ú̀£`ã Y£``≈özZ
fd z Õ``éZd ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã gZÆ``Ö̀Z Zf d¬``ã k£``ã ydZfZ ¨``û¨``â x£``ô¨``¿¿ò [£``™•úZ „``ûZ ‰``ò dÆ``§≈õ x£``øô zZ Æ``ôZ
¨``¿ùZ¬``™ú BxZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``çC ÿ``ç¬``•õ ‰``∫§ë vZÆ``§≈ö xZfZ¨``ø•ç£``≈ç Õ``ç¨``Ö̀ Zf d¬``ã }Æ``§ùf Æ``Ωûd ,y¨``¿ûÚ
}£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ f¬``õZ yfZdZ £``Ö̀ ’``º•øäg wdÆ``õ ‰``´ú£``¿å z dÆ``º≈õ }d£``¡¿≤≈à „``≈¿å Õ``ñ¬``ú̀ Ú £``ûÚ ,dÆ``ßç
‰``ò d¬``Ö̀ fd£``ñ zZ £``ûÚ ¨``ú̀d¬``Ö̀ ydZ¨``ú̀ x£``≤ú Á``ç£``≈ç z }fZdZ }£``ùf£``ò }ZÆ``Ö̀ Zf d¬``ã Õ``ñ£``≈ ö ,‚``≈∂ì }Æ``ôf£``ò

13
?¨ú£çÆÖ Ãû¬≥•Ö Zf x¬ú£ñ „ûZ
w£``øÜ z x¨``¿ö fd ‰``ò ¨``é Ã``â¬``õ z d¬``≤ô Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë }zf Æ``Ö̀ }Z yg£``Ü y£``ô¨``ûd wZ¨``ñZ „``≈øù ıñ£``πÜZ
£``Ö̀ ¨``¿úZ¬``•Ö ‰``ò dÆ``ò £``¡úÚ Ã``≈≥ú Zf Á``•≈∑ñ¬``õ ‰``æ≈çz „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ z ¨``¿é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZd Õ``ûÆ``¶òZ Á``•∑¿è }£``ùÆ``¡é
£`õZ /¨`¿û£`øú yd£`π•çZ }¨`û¨`â aÎ`ç gZ ‰`û£`õÆ`ç £Ö̀ ygf£`§õ fd ,x£`˚f£`à ‰Ö̀ d¬`ã ‰`∫§ë gZ }dZÆ`ïZ xd£`•çÆ`ï
x£``ô¨``¿¿ò Õ``çZÆ``ä xZ¬``¿∑Ö Zf d¬``ã ‹``û£``íz }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ £``®¿ûZ fd ‰``ò ‚``≈°¬``ΩÖ ‰``ú̀£`πç∆``•õ ¨``û£``Ö̀
”``≈ù ˘z dfZd fZÆ``ñ £``¡úÚ Õ``çd fd x¬``¿ò£``Ü ’``≈à v£``±ùd gZ ¨``û¨``â ‰``Ö̀Æ`ä /¨``ú̀Z ydÆ``Ö̀ d£``û gZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë
‰``∫§ë vzZ q¬``πè fd ı∑ñZz Æ``ôZ ‰``ò ¨``¿¿ò j¬``õZÆ``ï ¨``û£``§ú £``¡úÚ /¨``ú̀Z y¨``≈≤ºú xzÆ``≈Ö qÎ``î gZ ZÆ``ú̀Ú Õ``ñz
fZdf¬ãÆÖ xÚ gZ ygzÆõZ ‰ò Zf Á•≈∑ñ¬õ ‰≤≈øù }ZÆÖ̀ ‰`ò d¬Ö̀ ¨`¿ùZ¬`™ú xÚ ‰Ö̀ fd£`ñ ¨`¿¿ºú Õ`òÆ`ä Æ`ôf£`ò
J
' ‘``≈æΩúZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``∑≈§ëÆ``≈î Î``õ£``ò o¬``ê¬``õ fl``û „``ûZ Á``•çZÆ``Ö̀ /¨``¿û£``øú Ÿ``πä ,¨``¿•±ù
}ZÆ``Ö̀ ' ¨``•çÆ``πÖ x£``˚f£``à ‰``Ö̀ y¨``¿û£``øú xZ¬``¿∑Ö Zf Æ``ôf£``ò y£``®¿à £``û ·``¡å ‰``ò dfZd ZÆ``ú̀Ú \f¨``ñ ‰``å Æ``ôZ
}Î`òz ·`≈§ñ gZ £`¡úÚ v£`øì z xZfZd ‰`û£`õÆ`ç ‰Ö̀ Zf d¬`ã Á`ô¨`¿û£`øú ‰``ò Õ``çZ ydZd Õ``û£``êf xÚ ‰`Ö̀ ‰``≤≈øù
/dg£ç v¬©õ yÆ≈î z x£ô¨¿±û¬ú ,}Æ•±ôdZd
y¨``≈çf Á``ù£``ôÚ „``ûZ ‰``Ö̀ ‘``≈æΩúZ Æ``ôf£``ò È``∫§ë ‰``ò dfZd d¬``âz xÚ }ZÆ``Ö̀ }d£``ûg ¨``ùZ¬``é „``û Z Æ``Ö̀ yzÎ``ì
‹``ñz ıïÆ``è ‰``ò ' Á``ú̀¬`¿ò ’``§¿â z Õ``çZ ‰``•éZ¨``≈õÆ``Ö̀ w£``ô Á``µæî yZf fd ¨``û¨``õ }£``¡Ü¨``õ gZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ
”`≈ù ‰`ò Õ`çZ ‰`•ãZ¨ú̀Z Á`õ¬`é yÆ`ûZd ‰Ö̀ Zf Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë ' ¨`é£`§≈õ Æ`•øò f£`ò \£`ì£`ç z Æ`•≤≈Ö dØ`ø•çd
Õ`±≈ú dØ`ø•çd Á`øò ,˙`èZ Õ``§ºú ‰``ò Õ``çZ y¨``≈çf Á``ù£``ôÚ „``ûZ ‰`Ö̀ Ø``≈ú z dfZ¨`ú̀ d¬``âz xÚ gZ }fZÆ``ï yZf
,¨``Ö̀£`û ‰``ì£``éZ Á``õ¬``øì f¬``µÖ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë x£``≈õ fd Õ``ã£``¿é „``ûZ ‰``´ú£``¿å /Õ``çZ dØ``õ ‚``•±≈ç d¬``ã ‰``ºæÖ
J
fZdf¬``ãÆ``Ö̀ g£``≈•õZ „``ûZ gZ Æ``Ωûd £``¡úÚ z dÆ``ò ¨``ùZ¬``ã Æ``≈≈∏Ü Î``ò }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ Õ``≈∑ñ¬``õ Õ``ñ¬``ú̀Ú
gZ fl``û Æ``ù ‰``Ö̀ m¬``Ö̀Æ`õ }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ f£``¿ò fd /¨``¿é£``Ö̀ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë \Î``≈º≤Ü £``¡¿Ü ‰``ò d¬``Ö̀ ¨``¿ùZ¬``™ú
,Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë Á`ç£`≈ç \Î`≈º≤Ü fl`û ,y¨`©•õ }Zf¬`é fl`û ¨``û£`Ö̀ £``¡úÚ i~f fd £``û z Á``•∑¿è }£``ù ‰``•éf
/¨ûÚ d¬â¬Ö ·ò flû xZ¬¿∑Ö
‰``º¿ûZ vzZ :¨``¿é£`Ö̀ ‰``•éZd Æ``∂ú fd Zf o¬``ê¬``õ zd ,}Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Æ``•¡Ö Ã``≈ÜÆ``Ü „``û£``Ö̀
·``õ£``ò ‚``¡ç Ã``±ò f£``•çZ¬``ã w£``øÜ a¬``êz £``Ö̀ ,f¬``≤ò „``ûZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``ò ¨``çÆ``≈õ ZÆ``ï xÚ x£``õg Õ``ìÆ``±Ö
‰``ò ¨``¿ò tfd Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``ò d¬``≤≈õ fl``ûdØ``ú̀ xÚ Õ``ñz Õ``ìÆ``±Ö ‰``º¿ûZ wzd z ddÆ``ô x£``˚f£``à fd d¬``ã
fd }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ }£``ù Õ``≈ö£``∑ï w£``øÜ z Æ``•øò f£``ò \¨``õ z Æ``•≤≈Ö }£``ùdØ``ø•çd }ZÆ``Ö̀ ygf£``§õ
„``ûZ ˘z }fzÆ``ê z wgÍ f£``≈±Ö ‰``æ≈çz fl``û ,¨``¿é£``§≈õ ‰``æ≈çz ‰``ºæÖ yd¬``§ú q¨``ù d¬``ã ,x£``≤≈ú¬``¿ò ·``ºé
,˙``òf¬``µÖ dØ``õ ‚``•±≈ç xdÆ``Ö̀ „``≈ÖgZ Á``¿∑û d¬``ã ˘£``ì q¨``ù }ZÆ``Ö̀ ‰``ò Õ``çZ ˙``û£``çz gZ Á``ºû ÿ``∫ï
/dfZd Õçdfd
xdÆ``Ö̀ „``≈ÖgZ ·``û£``çz „``•ã£``ç yd£``õÚ }ZÆ``Ö „``≈¿´øù z x£``˚f£``à fd xZÆ``ôf£``ò ·``õ£``ò Á``ô¨``¿û£``øú f¬``∂¿õ ‰``Ö̀

14
‰``•éf gZ fl``û Æ``ù \Î``≈º≤Ü ‰``ú̀ z Õ``çZ g£``≈ú df¬``õ o¬``ø®õ fd Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë \Î``≈º≤Ü ,dØ``õ ‚``•±≈ç
Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë Æ``ôZ /¨``Ö̀£`û ›``∫©Ü Æ``Üdzg ‰``å Æ``ù ‰``õ£``ú̀Æ`Ö̀ „``ûZ Õ``çZ Æ``•¡Ö z ‰``ú̀£`ôZ¨``â f¬``µÖ Á``•∑¿è }£``ù
fd gzf fl``û Á``•ä ¨``ú̀Z¬``•Ö ‰``ò dfZ¨``ú̀ d¬``âz £``≈úd fd Á``Üf¨``ñ ”``≈ù ,ddÆ``ô ·``º≤•õ o¬``ø®õ fd ‘``≈æΩúZ
/¨û£øú Õõz£∫õ xÚ ·Ö£∫õ

}Æôf£ò [Øä flû

}¨``ä £``Ü z @/¨``≈ú£``øÖ fzd Á``Ö̀Ø`ä }£``¡•ç£``≈ç gZA :‰``ò ¨``ú̀dZd fZ¨``≤ù ,£``õ xZ¨``¿øñÎ``ì z x£``•çzd f¨``∫å
J
fl`û /Õ`çZ yd¬Ö̀ £`¡úÚ £Ö̀ ›`ä Î`õ£`ò ,d¬`≤≈õ x£`•±æΩúZ Áú̀¬`¿ò ÁÖ̀Ø`ä }£`ù Õ`ç£`≈ç ‰Ö̀ m¬Ö̀Æ`õ ‰`≈¥ñ ‰`ò
,£`¡öZÆ`§≈ö gZ ‰ú̀ z xZf£`ò ‰``∂ï£``©õ gZ ‰`ú̀ ,£``ù }f¬``Ü gZ ‰`ú̀ z £``¡Ωûz gZ ‰`ú̀ ‰``ò dfZ¨`ú̀ yg£``âZ }Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä
‰``∂ï£``©õ /¨``é£``Ö ‚``ù v£``ºûdZf Á``•ä ,}gzÆ``õZ Á``Ö̀Ø`ä w¬``¡πõ ‰``Ö̀ ‰``ò dfZ¨``ú̀ yg£``âZ Á``•ä z ¨``¿ò }fZ¨``ïÆ``ë
}£``¡ùzÆ``ô \£``ûÆ``∂ú z ¨``¿é£``§≈õ ‰``øò£``ä \£``∫§ë ⁄``ï£``¿õ ⁄``ïZ¨``õ £``¡¿ûZ ‰``øù ,£``¡ö£``ºûdZf ,£``¡öZÆ``§≈ö ,xZf£``ò
£``¡úÚ Æ``ôZ /¨``é£``§≈õ ˘¬``•±õ £``¡úÚ Æ``Ö̀ fl``å¬``ò f£``®Ü z xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ,„``≈õg „``≈ºö£``õ gZ Á``πæ•™õ
J
Á``ô¨``¿û£``øú Zf £``¡úÚ }¨``Ö̀ ¬``©¿Ö z ÿ``æ∏Ö ‚``æ±õ Î``õ£``ò f¬``µÖ ,¨``ú̀Æ`≈ΩÖ y¨``¡∑Ö Zf Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë Á``ô¨``¿û£``øú
d¬``ã k£``ã ⁄``ï£``¿õ }ZfZd Á``ì£``ø•âZ Æ``∂ú gZ ‰``å z Á``ç£``≈ç Æ``∂ú gZ ‰``å Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë /dÆ``ò ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã
‰``ú̀¬`Ωå ‰``ò Õ``±úÚ y¨``¿ùd x£``≤ú ,f£``ò \£``ì£``ç ·``≈æ∫Ü ’``§¿â z }Æ``ôf£``ò }£``ù ‰``ûd£``©ÜZ ‰``´™ûf£``Ü /¨``é£``§≈õ
d¬`ã Á`ì£`ø•âZ —ö̀£`≥õ Zf Á`°£`ùØ`≈å ‰`å z ¨`¿¿º≈õ ’`é¬`ò Æ`ôf£`ò ‰`∫§ë k£`ã ⁄`ï£`¿õ „`ûZ }ZÆÖ̀ xZÆ`ôf£`ò
z £``¡Ωûz ,£``ù }f¬``Ü Õ``ç¨``Ö̀ ·``õ£``ò f¬``µÖ ı§ûÆ``∫Ü Zf ’``û¬``ã Á``ç£``≈ç —``ö£``≥õ ˘z /¨``¿û£``ø¿≈õ Á``∫æÜ
Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ’``≈à xÆ``ñ ⁄``Ö̀Æ``ºû ı§ûÆ``∫Ü gZ z ¨``ú̀f£``ßç Á``õ Í£``Ö̀ ‰``∫§ë ‰``Ö̀ x£``Ω•±ÖZz Á``¿∑û £``¡ö£``ºûdZf
/¨é£Ö @vZƧ≈ö ufØÖ [ØäA }zf ‰ö£§úd aεè£Ö ‰ò ÕçZ ydÆò Õ죿ñ „ûZ ‰Ö ÿ∫ï ‘≈æΩúZ
' ¨``é£``§≈õ ZfZd £``àzfZ fd Zf \Î``≈º≤Ü „``ûÆ``•¡Ö ‰``ò ' }Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë y¨`ú̀gZÆ``Ö }Z Á``ç£``≈ç jzf „``≈¿å
[Ø``ä fl``û }ZfZd ’``≈à v£``±ùd gZ x£``˚Ú /¨``ú̀Z yd¬``Ö Æ``Ü v£``∑ï Ã``ÜZÆ``øÖ xZÆ``ôf£``ò £``ùf¬``≤ò Æ``û£``ç fd /Õ``±≈ú
Zf tf£``ø±≈Ö ,d¬``ã ¨``éf £``Ö̀ z ¨``ú̀fZd Á``çÆ``ò yd t£``•≤ûZf fd ‰``ò £``¡ÜZÆ``ºõd v£``≈ç¬``ç /¨``é£``§≈õ }Æ``ôf£``ò
fd £`õ ‰`ò ' ‰ú̀£`˚£`í \£`õZ¨`ñZ „`ûÆ`Ü „`≈Ω¿ú ‰Ö̀ Õ``çZ y¨``é f¬``§®õ zZ ‰``ò ¨`ú̀Z ydÆ``ò Õ``≤äz f£``åd }¨``©Ö
x£``˚Ú Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä ' tf£``ø±≈Ö ‚``îÆ``≈æì £``õZ /¨``ú̀Ø`Ö̀ Õ``çd ' ‚``ûdZd jfZØ``ô xÚ yf£``Ö̀fd }Æ``Ωûd ‰``ö£``∫õ
[¬¿ä fd }Æ¡éC ‚û£¡ú£õ Æ¡é „ø®úZ \£Ö£™•úZ fd ·`§ñ ‰`•πù „`≈øù ‰`æøâ gZ /¨`¿º≈õ Õ`ïÆ`≤≈à ı§ÜÆ`õ
,fl``û∞``æÖ fd /d£``•çÆ``ï „``±ò£``ç Á``•ö£``ûZ ‘``æ®õ ‰``Ö̀ y¨``¿û£``øú fl``û z dfzÚ Õ``ç¨``Ö̀ Á``çÆ``ò 16 Bx£``˚Ú Á``Ö̀Æ`î
}Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä fl``û £``ùf¬``≤ò „``ûZ gZ fl``û Æ``ù fd z ¨``ú̀Z ‰``•±â Á``ç∆``Ü x£``˚Ú ‰``ú̀¬`øú ‰``Ö̀ £``≈ö£``•ûZ z ¨``¿æù
wZØ``ìZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ Á``±ú£``é Æ``ê£``ä v£``ä fd ‰``ò Õ``çÍ£``Ö }f¨``∫Ö £``ùf¬``≤ò „``ûZ Á``Ü£``Ö̀£`™•úZ YZfÚ ‰``åÆ``ô ,dfZd d¬``âz

15
⁄``êz fd Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä x£``ø•ã£``ç x£``ûÆ``â ‰``±úZÆ``ï fd /¨``é£``§≈øú d¬``â¬``õ ‰``¿¿∫õ }£``ù Õ``…≈ù ‰``Ö̀ Á``ú̀£`ô¨``¿û£``øú
\£Ö£™•úZ fd z ÕçZ y¨é ÕûƶòZ Ø°£ä ,˙©õ \£Ö£™•úZ „û¨¿å fd ÙÆ≈ãZ z dfZd ‰õZdZ \¨`≤Ö Áú̀¬`¿ò
v£``∫•úZ ‰``ò Ø``≈ú £``ºûÆ``õÚ fd Á``•ä /dfzÚ ¨``ùZ¬``ã Õ``ç¨``Ö̀ Á``çÆ``ò }dZ¨``∑Ü fl``é xz¨``Ö̀ y¨``¿ûÚ Æ``§•òZ Á``õ¬``øì
\f¬``è Á``ôd£``±Ö ı•§±ú g¬``¿ù xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç £``û z f£``®Ü ,xZgfz£``≤ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``Ö̀ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫ §ë gZ dZÆ``ïZ
}ZÆ``Ö̀ xZÆ``ôf£``ò £``â ‰``øù fd /¨``ú̀dÆ``ô ·``º≤•õ ·``∫•±õ [Ø``ä fl``û fd ‰``ò ¨``¿úZ¨``≈õ wgÍ xZÆ``ôf£``ò ,dÆ``≈Ω≈õ
fd /¨``¿¿º≈õ ygf£``§õ ‰``¿¿∫õ }£``ù Õ``…≈ù fd d¬``ã ‰``∫§ë Á``ô¨``¿û£``øú }ZÆ``Ö̀ z Á``ç£``≈ç \f¨``ñ xdfzÚ Õ``ç¨``Ö̀
/Æ≈§ò }£≈ú£•ûÆÖ Ø®Ö ,£â ‰øù
¨ú̀Z y¨`é vZzØÖ̀ w¬`º©õ Á`øû¨`ñ [ZØ`äZ ‰`ò ' gzÆ`õZ ygZ¨ú̀£Ö̀ Ø`ôÆ`ù Á`ù£`ôÚ x£`•±æΩúZ fd ,„`ûZ d¬`âz £Ö̀
' ¨úZ ydZd ÕçdgZ Zf d¬ã \ZÆ≈á∆Ü Áøû¨`ñ v¬`øé x£`¡â ·`û£`çz z ‰`•≤ô Á`¿∑õ ÁÖ̀ Á`øû¨`ñ }£`ùf£`∑é z
¨`û£Ö̀ }¨`û¨`â yZf ‰`ò ¨ú̀Z ydÆ`ò Ã`æµõ „`ûZ tf¨Ö̀ ozÆ`é \£`∫§ë w£`øÜ ¨`¿õdÆ`ã xZdÆ`õ /Õ`çZ ‰`•ï£`≈ú ‰`ì£`éZ
Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ‰``ò x£``•±æΩúZ fd ‰``•§öZ /¨``é£``Ö̀ Á``çZÆ``ò¬``õd Õ``¡â fd ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈õ ÿ``∫ï yZf „``ûZ z d¬``é Á``ë
‰``∫§ë Õ``õ¬``ºä Ø``â }Ø``≈å Á``çZÆ``ò¬``õd ,¨``ù¨``≈õ ·``≈º≤Ü Zf ›``æã ‚``≈∂ì Õ``ûÆ``¶òZ ,}gfz£``≤ò z Á``•∑¿è
/Õ±≈ú Æôf£ò
Õ``õ¬``ºä }ZÆ`Ö̀ yd£``õÚ ,dg£``ç yd£``õÚ Õ``çzZ f£``∂•úZ fd ‰``ò Á``πû£``íz }ZÆ`Ö̀ Zf d¬``ã Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ¨``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ
£``¿éÚ ,d¬``Ö̀ ¨``ùZ¬``ã x£``é y¨``¡∑Ö ÙfZÆ``µêZ ‰``ò Á``•≈ö¬``…±õ £``Ö̀ £``¡úÚ ¨``ûfZ≠``ΩÖ ,£``≈ú£``•ûÆ``Ö̀ ufØ``Ö̀ }f¬``ÜZÆ``ßõZ Æ``Ö̀
ZÆ``ûZ Á``∑ñZz Õ``ûÆ``¶òZ ‰``º¿ûZ Á``¿∑û ¨``ú̀fZd f£``≈•ãZ fd ‰``ò Õ``çZ Á``Üf¨``ñ Æ``õZ „``ûZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ yZf „``ûÆ``•¡Ö z ¨``ú̀¬`é
}dZÆ``ïZ ‰``ò ¨``¿ùd fZÆ``ñ yd£``π•çZ df¬``õ xÚ }ZÆ`Ö̀ ¨``¿é£``§≈õ ZfZd Á``•¿µæç }f¬``ÜZÆ``ßõZ ufØ`Ö̀ Æ``¡é Æ``ù fd ‰``ò
ydZ¬ú̀£`ã Y£`≈özZ }ZÆÖ̀ Æ`ê£`ä v£`ä fd ‰`ò Á`Ü£Ö̀£`™•úZ ›`ä £Ö̀ /¨`¿•çÆ`πÖ ‘`æ®õ ‰`Ö̀ d¬``ã q¬``πè x£``≈õ gZ Zf
„`≈¿å fl`û ‰`Ö Á`õÆ`§õ g£`≈ú ‰`ò ' ‘`æ®õ ‰Ö̀ Zf Æ`ôf£`ò y£`®¿à £`û ·`¡å xZ¬`•≈õ Õ`ö¬`¡±Ö ,dfZd d¬`âz £`ù
‰``ò Õ``±≈ï£``ò ,x£``˚f£``à fd xZÆ``ôf£``ò dZ¨``∑Ü „``≈øù d¬``âz £``¡¿Ü /d£``•çÆ``ï ' dfZd }Z yg£``Ü ’``™Ö \£``≈ä x¬``ã
(‰``©ûÍ)·``≈Ö \£``øæò ‰``Ö̀£`≤Ü f¬``∂¿õC Zf ¨``¿öÆ``ûZ Á``êfZ v¬``î fl``û ‰``Ö̀ ¨``¿öÆ``ûZ Á``êfZ ‰``©ûÍ Á``®ûf¨``Ü ·``û¨``§Ü
dg£ç „ºøõÆ≈î ' dfZd x£`ûÆ`â Æ`ê£`ä v£`ä fd ‰`ò f¬`µú£`øù ' BÕ`çZ Á`±≈æΩúZ x£Ö̀g fd (v¬`î) v¬Ö̀ z
„``≈¿´øù z ¨``ûÚfd }¨``¿öÆ``ûZ fl``ö£``õ }ZÆ``Ö̀ \Zf£``±ã xZÆ``§â x¬``ú̀£`ñ fl``û \f¬``≥Ö dfZ≠``Ωú ‰```ºúÚ Á``¿∑û
y¬éf ¨û¨é \Zg£®õ ,x£˚f£à }£`¡≈çÆ`ò ¨`û¨`â ‚`≈±∫Ü ‰Ö̀ m¬Ö̀Æ`õ \£`§ö£`µõ £Ö̀ ‰`ò ¨`é ¨`ùZ¬`ã „`ºøõÆ`≈î
gZ _f£``ã fd £``â ‰``øù ‰``ò f¬``µú£``øù ' Õ``özd ‰``æ≈ç¬``Ö̀ \£``Ö̀£`™•úZ _f£``™õ „``≈õ∆``Ü ,Á``Ü£``Ö̀£`™•úZ }£``¡údZd
/ddÆô Õπö£™õ ,yÆ≈î yÆ≈î z ' ÕçZ w¬çÆõ x£•±æΩúZ
d¬``âz x£``•±æΩúZ fd ¨``ú̀Z¬``•≈øú }Z Á``∑ñZz \ZÆ``ò¬``õd [Ø``ä ”``≈ù ,Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä Ø``®Ö ‰``•é≠``ô „``ûZ gZ
‰``Ö̀ ¨``¿ùZ¬``™≈õ ‰``ò ygZ¨``ú̀Z xÚ ‰``Ö̀ ‰``âz ”``≈¡Ö x£``édZ¨``∑Ü ı¿øê ‰``ò) Æ``Ωûd \£``∫§ë y£``ôÚ dZÆ``ïZ /¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZd
Õ`ñZ¨`è }ZÆÖ̀ }¨`ùZ¬`é ‰`ºúÚ gZ ¨`∑Ö z ¨ú̀¬`é ›`©æõ [Ø`ä „`ûZ ‰Ö̀ ¨``¿úZ¬``•≈õ (Õ``±≈ú d£``ûg ,¨``¿úͬ``§∫Ö £``õ

16
dfZd rZ¨`≥õ £`â ‰`øù fd „`ûZ /¨ú̀¬`≤Ö x£`˚f£`à fd £`¡úÚ y¨`¿û£`øú ¨`¿úZ¬`•≈õ Á`•ä Õ`ñ¬ú̀Ú ,¨ú̀dZd ‰`°ZfZ d¬`ã
J
Á`º≈ÜZÆ`ò¬`õd [Ø`ä ”`≈ù £`õZ /¨`¿•±≈ú Á`∑ñZz Æ`ôf£`ò dfZ¬`õ w£`øÜ fd ,xZÆ`ôf£`ò x£`ô¨`¿û£`øú x£`˚Ú fd Î`¶õ
⁄``ë£``ñ Á``Ü£``∫§ë Õ``æ≥ã z ¨``é£``§ú }Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä fl``û ‰``´ú£``¿å ,Æ``Ωûd }£``®ò Æ``ù £``û x£``•±æΩúZ fd ¨`ú̀Z¬``•≈øú
z Á``°ZÆ``ô yzÆ``ô Ø``â }Z ‰``®≈•ú Æ``õZ „``ûZ gZ Á``µ™Ü /¨``ûÚ ·``û£``ú̀ }Æ``á»``õ }£``ù Õ``≈∑∫ï¬``õ ‰``Ö̀ ,¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZ¨``ú̀
/ÕéZd ¨ùZ¬™ú ÆÖ fd }g£Ö ‰∫ä
‚``ù gZ x£``õg gZ ‰``ú̀£`πç∆``•õ /dfZd rZ¨``≥õ _f£``ã gZ ’``≈Ö Á``•ä x£``•±æΩúZ df¬``õ fd o¬``ê¬``õ „``ûZ
Á``ï£``ò ygZ¨``ú̀£`Ö̀ £``¡ö£``ºûdZf ' £``ù Õ``±≈Üf£``å [Ø``ä Á``¿∑û ' “``ûf£``Ü fd }Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä „``≈özZ x¨``é y¨``≈é£``à
£``ûÚ ˘z /¨``ú̀dÆ``ºú Ã``±ò Á``•≈∫ï¬``õ z ¨``ú̀¨`é ‰``âZ¬``õ Á``õ£``ò£``ú̀ £``Ö̀ £``ù Õ``±≈Üf£``å ‰``•§öZ /¨``ú̀Z ydÆ``ò }g£``Ö̀ ‰``∫ä
z Á``π™õ }Zf ›``ä Á``¿∑û ' xÚ yd£``õ zd ,›``æã Bf¬``≤¿õC \f£``å yd£``õ ’``é gZ ?Õ``çZ „``≈¿å ı∑ñZz
z ¨úZ y¨õÚ fd x¬ú£ñ \f¬≥Ö f¬≤ò „ûZ fd x¬¿òZ ' ¨é£§ú dZÆïZ ˘£õ ⁄êz i£çZ ÆÖ ‰ºûZ f£`øéÆ`ç
}dz¨``ä£``Ü ·``ñZÍ ' £``ù ydZ¬``ú̀£`ã Y£``≈özZ }ZÆ``Ö̀ }~f ›``ä \f¬``≥Ö ' Á``õ¬``øì }Zf ›``ä Á``¿∑û ' w¬``ç yd£``õ
Á`°£`¡õÆ`ïf gZ Á`ºû xZ¬``¿∑Ö ' Á``Ü£`Ö̀£`™•úZ }£``ù yg¬``ä }Æ`Ö̀ZÆ`Ö̀ Á``¿∑û ' wf£``¡å yd£``õ z Õ``çZ ‰``•ïÆ``û≠``à ›``∫©Ü
’``§¿â x¨``é y¨``≈é£``à ‚``ù gZ Ã``≈ÜÆ``Ü „``û£``Ö̀ /Õ``çZÆ``âZ qÆ``é fd Õ``çZ ydZd ZÆ``ú̀Ú y¨``ìz Á``ú̀¬`¿ò Õ``özd ‰``ò
‰``∫§ë ˙``§ñ Á``ç£``≈ç \Î``≈º≤Ü yÆ``ë£``ã ıïÆ``è Á``•ñz /d¬``Ö̀ wZ¬``Ü xÚ ‰``õ£``ú̀Æ`Ö̀ gZ Á``ø≈ú ›``∫©Ü £``Ö̀ Á``•±≈Üf£``å
Á``ì£``ø•âZ }£``¡õÆ``ïf ‹``ûdf fl``û xÚ Æ``Ö̀ yzÎ``ì z Á``ç£``≈ç }£``ù wÆ``ïf „``ûZ Ã``â¬``õ Õ``çZ ‰``•±úZ¬``Ü ,Æ``ôf£``ò
£``û ·``¡å ‰``ò ' ¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZd d¬``âz ı∑ñZz Á``ç£``≈ç }Æ``ôf£``ò [Ø``ä fl``û Æ``ôZ \f¬``è „``ûZ fd ‘``à ,d¬``≤Ö
Á``°£``≈úd fd £``õ ?Õ``éZ≠``ô ¨``ùZ¬``ã Á``ñ£``Ö̀ Á``ÜZÆ``≈á∆``Ü ‰``å Õ``ñ¬``ú̀Ú ' ¨``é£``Ö̀ ‰``•éZd ‘``æ®õ fd y¨``¿û£``øú y£``®¿à
‰``Ö̀ ‘``≈æΩúZ Æ``ôf£``ò ‰``∫§ë ˘z ¨``¿ò yfZdZ Zf jd¬``ã Á``ô¨``ú̀g ¨``û£``Ö̀ ‘``ò Æ``ù xÚ fd ‰``ò ‚``≈¿ò Á``õ Á``ô¨``ú̀g
‰``õ£``ú̀gzf ,}Æ``•±ôdZd }Î``òz Á``¿∑û £``¡úÚ x£``Ω•±ÖZz z x£``ézÆ``ï ydÆ``ã z xZfZd ‰``û£``õÆ``ç ,„``≈ºö£``õ \£``∫§ë
ÿ`∫ï xZÆ`ôf£`ò ⁄`ï£`¿õ „`ø¥•õ }£`¡õÆ``ïf Æ``ôZ /¨``¿é£`Ö̀ zZ ⁄``ï£``¿õ y¨``¿û£``øú ‰``ò ¨``ù¨``≈õ yg£``âZ yÆ``≈î z x£``±û¬`ú̀
/dfZ¨``ú̀ d¬``âz Á``§®∑Ü }£``â ,¨``¿ûÛ``≈õ d¬``â¬``Ö̀ yÆ``µñ yÆ``µñ f£``Ö̀ Õ``òÎ``ï ⁄``êz „``ûZ £``Ö̀ ÿ``∫ï z }¨``¿ò „``ûZ £``Ö̀
wÆ``ïf Æ``ù ‰``ò Õ``éZd ¨``¿ùZ¬``ã ZÆ``ú̀Ú \f¨``ñ ‰``ò Õ``çZ Õ``ñ¬``ú̀Ú z ¨``¿ùZ¬``™Ö ¨``û£``Ö̀ ÿ``∫ï x£``•±æΩúZ xZÆ``ôf£``ò
’``é¬``ò „``ûZ ZÆ``å ‘``à /¨``ú̀fzÚfd ZÆ``âZ df¬``õ ‰``Ö̀ ,¨``¿º≈õ [£``®ûZ £``¡úÚ ⁄``êz ‰``ò ZÆ``ûZ Á``ì£``ø•âZ z Á``ç£``≈ç
?¨ûÛ≈øú ·ø∑Ö

17
*⁄Ö£¿õ ÕçÆ¡ï

‰©πè ¨æâ y¨¿±û¬ú xZ¬¿ì

247 ' 250 19 ‘æΩúZ ‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf f£ò }ZÆÖ ‰úÍd£ì ‰úZgzf dØõ -1
251 ' 253 19 ‘æΩúZ dØõ ‚•±≈ç -2
254 ' 260 19 ‘æΩúZ }Æôf£ò }£ù ‰ûd£©ÜZ -3
277 ' 279 19 ‘æΩúZ }Æôf£ò [Øä flû -4

''''''''''''''''''''''''
/Áú£˚Ú „•õ gZ ‘æΩúZ ' ‘òf£õ f£áÚ ‰ì¬ø®õ :⁄Ö£¿õ (*

18

You might also like