• Calcium regulation is critical for

– normal cell function

– neural transmission
– membrane stability
– bone structure
– blood coagulation
– intracellular signaling
• unrecognized or poorly treated hypocalcemic
emergencies can lead to significant morbidity
or death.
Regulators Sites
• PTH • Bone
• Vitamin D • GI
• Calcitonin • Kidney

Calcium also is affected by magnesium and

phosphorus.
 Calcium

EXTRACELLULAR Bone
99%
ECF
1%

40% 1%
50%

Complexed
Ionized
Protein Eg citrate
(free)
bound
1-1.15 ALBUMIN
mmol/L