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6^10 &yfuu G ?f csi;f wGi;f vrf;? a&TjynfomNrKd Ue,f/
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S wf rf; pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf 119^01(yHkESdyf) ooe-09
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rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ukov kd Ef iS 0hf ,f&aomaps;Bu;D 12
orifESifhwlaom vlom; 13
opfyifay:rSm vrf;avQmufol 15
MunfnKd p&m&[ef;ESihf cifp&m&[ef; 16
t0DpEd iS q hf ikd af omrif; 19
q&maumif;ESifh 'umaumif; 21
bk&m;rsuEf mS Munfo h l 23
bk&m;rsufESmMunfhaom qHk;jzwfcsuf 26
b,fol uJh&JUuJh&JU bk&m;ruJh&JUatmifae 27
rdzk&m;omoemrSm aecsifolrsm; 28
ydóav;ESifhypfaom tEkarm'emw&m; 30
c&pf,mefwpfO;D \ yg&rDxu kd of nft
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csr;f omNy;D ÓPfxikd ;f &jcif;taMumif; 34
yumoetvSLESihf ,rrif;tifwmAsL; 36
&SdwmtukefvSLaom tar&duefwpfOD; 39
rdbrJhuav;trsm;pk bmom;jcm;jzpf&jcif;taMumif; 41
aeU-pnf;pdrfpH? n-acG;pm;cH&jcif;taMumif; 43
tol&um,fjynfodkU wcP 46
olwpfyg;owfwdkif; tyg,frus 49
axmifESifh tyg,fav;yg;onf aMumufp&mr[kwf 53
ewfjynfa&muf "g;jyrsm; 56
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rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ajrjyifay:rS i&JbHk 62
ewfoufwpf&uf vloufwpf&m 67
aetdrfudkyif vSLEdkifol 71
aMumuf&if vGJ? &J&if rif;jzpf 74
pdwfonf raumif;rIü aysmf&jcif;taMumif; 77
olawmif;pm;jzpf&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif; 79
taumif;rBuKd ujf cif;taMumif; 82
vlowfrIusL;vGef&jcif; t"dutaMumif; 85
ynmrJhESifh pnf;pdrfOpöm 87
ukodkvfvkyfzdkU pnf;yGm;&Smol 89
vuf,ufwGif;ESifh wlaomt&m 92
Ak'¨ay;aom 'gejyKenf; 96
bmomjcm;q&mrwpfa,muf\ zGifh[0efcHcsuf 99
&wemoH;k yg;ESihf ode;f ESpq f ,f 103
trdu k q f ;kH ewf[o l nf 106
OD;pd;k Edik \
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tvky&f iS pf w d af rG;í tvky&f iS jf zpf&ol 111
acG;rsm;udk tefauR;aom u½kPm&Sif 114
pGJjcif;\ t"dutaMumif;w&m; 117
ukodkvfw&m;udk tjrefvkyfjzpfjcif;taMumif; 119
ukodkvfrsm;rsm; jzpfvdkovm; 121
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rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
jcaoFhvdkusifhrS edAÁmef& 126
ausmif;udkrD;½IdUoltm; aus;Zl;wif&jcif;taMumif; 130
edAÁmef&rnfh tEdkif,lenf; 135
ukodkvfjzpfjcif; taMumif;&if; 137
csKdrmvGifESifh a0rmvGif 141
ig;rdepfw&m; 144
xm;0,fNrdKUu avqifESmarmif; 147
jrefrmjzpf&jcif;twGuf 0rf;omp&mrsm; 150
om"krac:wwfaom Nydwåmrsm; 153
uRwfvGwfatmif trQay;enf;tpDtpOf 155
bmom;jcm;wdkU\ aemufqHk;yef;wdkif 157
]r} wpfvHk; aus&jcif;taMumif; 160
uGefypfaom q&mawmf 162
taumif;qHk;qGrf;ESifh ta[mif;qHk;ouFef; 167
rdrdtoufudk jzKef;wD;aeolrsm; 170
wpfb0wm o&P*Hk\ aumif;usKd; 173
rdbrsufpduG,fwm 0rf;omp&m 174
a0rmvGif ig;zrf;aeonf 176
od&rnfht&mESifh y,fowf&rnfht&m 178
Opöm,lenf; ESpfrsKd; 180
xrif;wpfeyftwGuf oH;k ESpu f Recf o
H l 182
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rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
atmifjrifjcif;\ aomhcsufwpfck 185
&SdvdkUrvSL? odvdkUvSLol 187
q&mESprf sK;d 199
wpfNydKifeuf om;ESpfa,mufqHk;&ol\ &ifwGif;pum; 201
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeU 203
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;pmwpfapmif 205
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;oHa0*pum; 208
bk&m;u rcdkufyg r½dkufyg 209
BuKd ;'Pfay;yHk jrifuiG ;f us,f 212
BudK;orm;\ oHa0*pmwrf; 218
acwfopf temxydPf 220
'kp½du k &f mG jzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if; 224
ajrjyifay:u i&Jjynf 230
wd&pämefESifhwlaom vlrsm; 233
awmifay:ubk&m; awmifatmifrSm bmomjcm; 235
bk&m;zl;&if; idk&onf 238
umaroku\ H qd;k usK;d rsm; 242
okóefxJrS rkefUqGrf;tvSL 244
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vljzpf&jcif;&JU
t"du&nf&G,fcsuf
om,m0wDrS armif&jJ rifo h nf tjcm;bmom0if jzpfonf/
pma&;olEiS hf bmomw&m;taMumif;udk yGiv hf if;&if;ES;D pGm aqG;aEG;
tNyD;wGif Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ olESifh aqG;aEG;yHk
tus,u f kd ]]t½I;H r&Sad om'óe}} pmtkyw
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olU tawG;tac:av; wpfckudk zwf½IcHpm;Munfhyg/
vlwpfa,mufrSm wDbDa&m*g jzpfaeonf/ ajcmufv
avmuf pGaJ omufvQif uif;&Si;f pGmaysmufrnfh aq;vnf; olUtem;
wGif &Sad eonf/ odUk aomf olum; xdak q;udk raomuf/ taMumif;
um; xdak q;onf olUEdik if rH S xkwv
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aysmufaprnfh wpfcw k nf;aom aq;onf Ak'\ ¨ 0dyóemw&m;yif
jzpf\/ xdk0dyóemaq;udk rdrdbmomu enf;vrf; r[kwfaom
aMumifh raomufoHk;Edkif? rusifhoHk;Edkif[k qdkvQif ylavmifaom?
tyg,foUkd qGcJ saom udavoma&m*grsm; raysmufuif;½Ho k m&S\
d /
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armif&jJ rifo
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vdkufaomtcg ]OD;0dok'¨} jzpfoGm;\/ a&TjynfomNrdKU? rEÅav;
ausmif;rSm ig;0gcefU oDwif;oH;k Ny;D aemuf aumhaomif;NrKd UodUk ajymif;
a&TUoGm;cJo
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tm; tawG;tjrifygonfh w&m;wdak v;rsm;udk a[may;avh&o dS nf/
olUw&m; trsm;pkonf tar;ygaomfvnf; tajzrygay/ tvGef
pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ojzifh erlemwpfck azmfjyygtHh/ wpfcgwGif
aumhaomif;NrdKU? olaX;uRef;[dkw,frS OD;bkef;jrifhwpfa,muf OD;0d
ok'¨\ awmausmif;av;odkU a&mufvmonf/ OD;0dok'¨u pwif
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avNyD/ urÇmhtwdkqHk;w&m;[k qdk&avrnfvm; rod/ OD;bkef;jrihf
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ukodkvfESifh0,f&aomaps;BuD;
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ukodkvfjyKzdkU twGufom jzpf\/ wd&pämefwGif 0rf;pm&Smjcif;? tdyf
jcif;? pm;jcif;? umr*kPcf pH m;jcif;[laom tcsuaf v;csu&f o dS uJo h Ukd
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vlonf wd&pämefESifh bmrQrxl;? twlwlom jzpf\/
vlom;onf ukodkvf (y&[dwtvkyf) udk vkyfwwf\/
wd&pämefum; rvkyfwwf/ þukodkvf (y&[dwtvkyf)aMumifhom
vQif vlom;onf wd&pämefxuf omvGef jrifjh rwfomG ;jcif; jzpf\/
(31)bHw k iG f vlUbHw
k pfbokH m ukov kd v f yk í
f &oavm? tjcm;bHrk sm;
wGif ukodkvfvkyfí r&NyDavm[k ar;cJhjim;tHh/ ]r&Edkif} [kom ajz
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awG rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;aomaMumifh rnfonfh ukodkvfrS jyKvkyfí
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csrf;omokcawG rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;aomaMumifh rnfonfhukodkvf
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orifESifhwlaom vlom;
rPð rda*g yóaEÅmyd?
wdPH cg'H0 *päwd/
v'¨umavm 'kyÜanmyd?
umrH bkÍÆH0 *päwd/
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onfvnf; vlUb0udk ukodkvf&zdkU toHk;rcsbJ umr*kPf cHpm;zdkU
twGuf toHk;csí tyg,fav;yg;odkU oGm;onf}}
þum; Ak'\ ¨ tqH;k tr a'oemawmfav;wpfcyk if jzpf
\/
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opfyifay:rSm vrf;avQmufol
&[ef;b0onf opfyifay:wGif vrf;avQmufoEl iS hf wl\/
vlUb0onf ajrjyifay:wGif vrf;avQmufolESifh wl\/ ajrjyifü
vrf;avQmuf&olonf acsmfvJvQif yGef;yJh½Hkom&Sd\/ xdkUxuf rydk/
xdUk twl vlUb0ü tjypfao;ao; usL;vGev f Qif raumif;usK;d ao;
ao;om cHpm;&\/ xdkUxuf rydk/
opfyifay:rS ajcacsmfusolum; ao&onfu rsm;\/
raovQifvnf; ajcusKd;? vufusKd;? cg;usKd;NyD; wpfoufvHk; vlpif
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usL;vGefvQifyif raumif;usKd;um; BuD;BuD;rm;rm; cHpm;&\/
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aMumifhyifwnf;/ "r®y'ü ]{&uywå} trnf&Sd e*g;wpfaumif
taMumif;yg&Sd\/ xdke*g;onf twdwfb0u &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
yif jzpf\/ wpf&ufwGif avSjzihf c&D;oGm;&m vrf;c&D;tMum;wGif
avSvl;aomaMumifh [efcsufysufoGm;aom cE¨mudk,fudk jyefxdef;
Edik &f ef avSteD; urf;pyfwiG af ygufa&mufaeonfh jrufyifwpfyifukd
qGJudkifvdkufrd\/
avS\ t&Sed af Mumifh jrufyifonf &[ef;\ vufwiG ;f odUk
jywfíygvm\/ xdUk aMumifh &[ef;wGif ygpdwt f mywf (tjypf)oifh
oGm;\/ aexdik &f m ausmif;odUk a&mufaomfvnf; a'oemMum;p&m
&[ef; r&Sad omaMumifh rMum;jzpfay/ wpf&ufwiG f a&m*gwpfcjk zifh
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H eG af wmfr&l m jrufyifukd qGjJ zwfcrhJ ad om tjypf (tmywf)aMumifh
e*g;b0odkU a&mufcJh&jcif; jzpf\/
vlom;wpfa,muftwGuf jrufyifwpfyifuEkd w k jf cif;onf
tjypf r[kwfaomfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;twGufum; tyg,fodkUyif
usa&mufc&hJ \/ opfyifay:rSusvQif tenf;qH;k usK;d yJo h mG ;rnf[k
qdkxm;onf r[kwfygavm/ xdkUaMumifh &[ef;b0wGif &[ef;vdk
aeEdkifu aumif;\/ &[ef;vdk raeEdkifu vlxGufoifh\/
&[ef;[lonf MunfndKp&maumif;aom &[ef;? cifp&m
aumif;aom&[ef;[k ESprf sK;d &S\ d / MunfnKd p&maumif;aom &[ef;
[lonf ]Ak't ¨ vdu k s&[ef;} yif jzpf\/ cifp&maumif;aom &[ef;
[lonf ]vlUtvdkus&[ef;} yif jzpf\/
MunfndKp&m&[ef;ESifh cifp&m&[ef;
MunfnKd p&maumif;aom &[ef;wGif cifp&maumif;aom
tcsufrsm;udk rawGUEdkifovdk? cifrifp&maumif;aom &[ef;wGif
vnf; MunfndKp&maumif;aom tcsufrsm;udk awGUEdkifcJ\/
MunfndKp&maumif;aom &[ef;onf ]w&m;&zdkU} udkom
t"du xm;\/ cifrifp&maumif;aom &[ef;onfum; ]ypönf;
av;yg;&zdUk } udo
k m t"duxm;\/ w&m;&zdUk udk t"durxm;/ tHMh o
p&maumif;onfum; -
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t0DpdESifhqdkifaom rif;
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rif;vkyo
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xdtk cg q&mawmf a[mMum;vdu k af om w&m;onf vd&k if;
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eef;rawmfr,fEo k nf twårmeBu;D rm;\/ ol awmifeef;pH
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q&maumif;ESifh 'umaumif;
olwUkd ESpOf ;D um; q&maumif;ESihf 'umaumif; yDopGm ae
xdik uf sio hf ;kH Mujcif;yif jzpf\/ ay;vSLwwfou l kd ]'umaumif;} [k
ac:&aomaMumifh 'um[kqv kd Qif trsK;d om;a&m trsK;d orD;yg ESpOf ;D
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0g;av; aezdUk ? bk&m;zl; vdu k yf Ukd zdUk ? w,fvzD ek ;f &atmif qdik &f mvlBu;D
udk csOf;uyfzdkU tvkyfrsm; rygacs/
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tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f tm;xkwv f su&f adS om q&mtm; vdt k yfaomypön;f
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bkef;BuD;tm; oGm;ajymzdkU tvkyfrsm; rygacs/
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onf wpfcgwpf&H q&mawmfajymaom pum;av;udk wpfcGef;
ESpfcGef;cefU em;axmifvdkonfom jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh wpfckaom
&ufwGif ausmif;odkUtoGm; þodkU qHk;jzwfcsuf csxm;\/
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tuGufusus pDpOfNyD; ESpfESpft&G,f ajr;rav;udk ausmif;odkUac:
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bk&m;rsufESmMunfhol
q&mawmf OD;Ak"fum; 'um? &mxl;? aiG? *kPf rnfonfh
t&mudkrQ rMunfhbJ bk&m;rsufESmudkom MunfhNyD; omoemjyK
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http://www.dhammadownload.com
aq;usrf; (15)usrf;
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http://www.dhammadownload.com
awmf tBuHjyKygw,f/
pma&;ol\ ñTeMf um;csut f wdik ;f rlvwef;ausmif;aqmif
um; aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;oGm;ayNyD/ tkwfa&uefESifh pm;yGJ? ukvm;
xdik rf sm;vky&f ef (15)ode;f usyuf vkd nf; qufvufvLS 'gef;oGm;onf/
ol ,ckvdk vSL'gef;jcif;onf &SdvdkUvSLjcif; r[kwf? odvdkU
vSLjcif;omjzpfaMumif; pmwpfapmifukd (25.1.2009) &ufaeUu
pma&;olxH a&;ydUk cJo h nf/ ol\pmudk zwfMunfyh gu a&SUwGif pma&;
ola&;om;cJah om bwåbwduESiw hf vl aS Mumif; pmzwfol aumif;
aumif; oabmaygufEdkifygonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;? orD;rsm;tay:wGif tBuD;? ti,f?
a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav; cGJjcm;rIrjyKbJ tnDtrQcspfoifhonf/
tnDtrQ tcGit hf a&;ay;oifo h nf/ ukov kd u
f aH Mumifh vljzpf&wm
csif;twlwl rdef;uav;udkESdrfNyD; a,mufsm;av;udk OD;pm;ay;jcif;
onf obm0 rusay/ xdkodkU rdbrsm;\ tcspf rnDrQrIaMumifh
wcsKdUaomuav;rsm; pdwåZa0'emyif pGJuyfoGm;onf/
a0rmvGi\ f pmwGif þcHpm;csuaf v;rsm;vnf; ygonf/
vlwikd ;f twGuf tusK;d rsm;Edik of jzifh a0rmvGi\ f pmukd rl&if;twdik ;f
azmfjyvdkufygonf/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
odkU
q&mawmft&SifZ0e
wynfhawmf a0rmvGif ½dkaopGmjzifh pma&;vdkufygw,f/
ausmif;a&pufcs tvSLyGrJ mS q&mawmf ud, k w
f ikd f <ua&mufcs;D jri§ hf
wJhtwGuf q&mawmfudk aus;Zl; t&rf;wifygw,f/ q&mawmf&JU
w&m;udv k nf; tNreJ m;axmifygw,f/ em;axmifwikd ;f vnf; rSwrf d
atmif? usifhBuHEdkifatmif aoaocsmcsm em,lygw,f/
wynfah wmf ausmif;aqmufvLS 'gef;wJt h aMumif; rdbrsm;
tm; todray;&jcif;taMumif;udk &Sif;jyvdkygw,f/ wynfhawmf
rdbawG[m q&mawmf&UJ w&m;acGxu J twdik ;f rd½;kd zvm Ak'b
¨ m
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cifu 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ bk&m;/
wynfah wmfrcd ifu w½kwt f &rf;qefw,f bk&m;/ wynfh
awmf i,fi,fuqdk jrefrmoli,fcsi;f awmif ay;raygif;bl; bk&m;/
wynfhawmf rdbawGudk ausmif;tvSLtaMumif;ajymzdkU olwdkU&JU
pdwfudk wD;acgufMunfhwJhtcg taru - ]vSLw,fqdkwm udk,fhrSm
ydrk S vSL&rSm} wJ/h Ny;D awmh wynfah wmfrb d awGu a':vmav;ode;f
weftrd u f kd ESpof ;kH q,fqyfpepfeUJ 2008 ckEpS uf ta<u;0,fvu kd f
ygw,f/
'DrmS (tar&duef)awmh vlwikd ;f ta<u;pepfeUJ tdraf wG0,f
Muwmcsn;f ygyJ/ tdr0f ,fNy;D wJt h cgrSmvnf; vpOf ta<u;qyfEikd f
atmif rdbawG pdk;&drfaomua&mufygw,f/ rdbawG&JU t"du
http://www.dhammadownload.com
|mef;ausmif;aqmufzUkd ajrae&mcsex
f m;ay;ygvdUk ½dak opGmavQmuf
xm;tyfygw,f/
wynfh - a0rmvGif
þpmtkyf ed*Hk;ydkif;wGif avmuudk rdrdtwGuf toHk;csol
wpfOD;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk avmutwGuf toHk;csol wpfOD;wdkU
taMumif;udk wifjyrnfjzpfonf/ 'kw, d vl taMumif;udk a&SUydik ;f
wGif tawmfjynfph akH tmifazmfjyNy;D jzpfí þaemufq;kH cef;wGiu
f m;
oljyKcJhaom vlrIa&;u@tao;pdwfudk wifjyrnfjzpfonf/
vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufudk odolrsm;onf rdrd
udk,fudk avmutwGuf toHk;csMuonf/ vljzpf&jcif;\ t"du
&nf&, G cf suuf kd rodorl sm;onf avmuudk rdrt d wGuf toH;k csMu
onf/ EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIw&m;cH *VKefOD;apmum; vljzpf&jcif;\
t"du &nf&, G cf suu
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&atmif ,lcJhjcif;onf EdkifiHhaumif;usKd;udk aqmif&GufzdkU r[kwf/
olUaumif;usKd;udk aqmif&Guf&eftwGufom jzpfonf/
q&mESpfrsKd;
rdrd ywf0ef;usifwGif vlaumif;vnf; &Sd\/ vlqdk;vnf;
&Sd\/ Munfhwwf jrifwwfvQif vlaumif;vnf; rdrdq&mjzpfovdk
vlq;kd vnf; rdrq d &mjzpfEikd \
f / tusiahf umif;aom vlwpfa,muf
udak wGUvQif rdrv
d nf; xdtk usiahf umif;udk vdu
k uf si&hf \/ xdt
k usihf
http://www.dhammadownload.com
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeU
1948 ck? arv (8)&ufaeU? eHeuf (5)em&D? (30)rdepfwiG f
OD;apm? armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f ESihf rIBH u;D wdUk udk tif;pde?f A[dt
k usO;f axmif
twGi;f &SBd uKd ;pifü BuKd ;ay;vdu k af vonf/ pdeBf u;D ESihf &efBu;D atmif
wdUk udk &efuek f A[kt d usO;f axmiftwGi;f ü wpfcsed w f nf; BuKd ;ay;cJh
onf/ BuKd ;ay;rnfah eUu OD;apmonf olUtm; aomuf&efay;xm;
aom eHeufpm vufzuf&nfudk teD;ü qGrf;uyfcJhonf/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;pmwpfaqmif
*VKeOf ;D apmtm; BuKd ;'PftwnfjyKNy;D aemuf OD;apm\ZeD;
a':oef;cifu 1948 ck? {Nyv D (27)&ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &
tzGUJ ESihf 0efBu;D rsm;xHoUkd OD;apmtm; BuKd ;'Pfay;Ny;D aemuf ¤if;½kyf
uvmyfukd aetdro f Ukd ,lvykd gojzifh cGijhf yKyg&ef avQmufxm;cJo h nf/
odUk aomf tpd;k &u OD;apm\ ½kyu f vmyfukd axmifocsKiØ ;f rS
vGJí tjcm; rnfonfh ocsKØif;twGif;rS jr§KyfESHcGifhr&Sd[k qdkonf/
o&P*Hw k ifciG u hf ukd m; tpd;k &u cGijhf yKco hJ nf/ BuKd ;wdu
k x
f aJ &muf
aeaom OD;apmuvnf; ZeD;a':oef;ciftm; y&da'0rD; rawmuf
avmifap&ef atmufygtwdik ;f pmwpfapmifukd 1948 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D
(30)&ufaeUu ay;ydkUvdkufonf/ pmyg taMumif;t&mrSm -
http://www.dhammadownload.com
rmrDcif
uReaf wmfh tavmif;udk tdro f Ukd r,lygESi/hf b,furkd v S nf;
r,lygESi/hf aoNy;D aom tykyaf umifBu;D [lí w&m;ESiahf jzyg/ owd
oHa0*jzpfyg/ tedpw ö &m;ESihf tewåw&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;yg/ aoNy;D
jzpfí rxl;yg/ xdUk aMumifh rmrD(a':oef;cif)wdUk 'kur© &SmygESiahf wmh/
aoolukd &nf&, G í f yÍöi;f cHjcif;? &Sijf yKjcif;? qGr;f auR;jcif; paom
ukodkvf aumif;rIrsm;udk jyKygu rmrDwdkUrSm ukodkvf&Edkifygonf/
þodkUaom ukodkvfa&;rsm;udkom *½kpdkufyg/
(yHk) armifapm - [lí jzpfonf/
om,m0wD OD;oef;jrihu f (15-7-1971)aeUxkwf td;k a0
*sme,fwGif ]] *VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;aeU }} acgif;pOfjzifh ,ckvdk
a&;om;cJo h nf/
xdkaeUum; 1948 ck? arv (8)&ufaeU t½kPfOD;yif jzpf
onf/ eHeufcif;\ ylaEG;aom t½kPOf ;D \ a&mifjcnfonf cyfqikd ;f
qdkif; cyfrIdif;rIdif;jzifh&SdpOf tif;pdefaxmifBuD;\ Al;0wGif w&m;a&;
&mXme twGi;f 0ef OD;pHñeG Uf ? tusO;f Xmerif;Bu;D OD;barmif? &JcsKy?f
&Jrif;Bu;D rsm;? w&m;olBu;D rsm;? q&m0efrsm;ESifh cGijhf yKcsujf zifh a&muf
&Sv
d mMuaom ppfbuf? e,fbufrS t&m&Srd sm;onf pka0;a&muf&dS
aeMuavNyD/
tif;pdefaxmifrS axmifydkifBuD; OD;wifarmifonf a&muf
&SdvmMuaom Xmeqdkif&mrsm;tm; c&D;OD;BudKjyKvsuf axmifBuD;
twGi;f odUk ¤if;uyif a&SUaqmif ac:,lomG ;Ny;D ,aeU eHeuf? aer
http://www.dhammadownload.com
*VKefOD;apm\ aemufqHk;oHa0*pum;
]]usKy[
f m wpfoufv;kH Ak'b ¨ momvdUk ajymcJwh myJ/ wu,f
awmh rnfumrwå Ak'¨bmomrQom jzpfcJhwmudk ckvdk w&m;pmay
avhvmrdrS ydkNyD;od&w,f/ usKyf[m avmurSm&SdwJh raumif;rI
rSeo
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f m avmu&JUcHpm;&r,fh
taumif;qH;k awGuv kd nf; rcHpm;zl;wm r&Sb d ;l / 'gayr,fh ckawGU&wJh
w&m;awmf&JU tqDtESpfawGudk usKyfwpfcgrS rawGUcJhzl;bl;}} - [k
zGifh[vQuf -
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tav;teuf rjyKrdbl;/ bmoma&;[m usKyftwGuf [efjy
ta,mifaqmifwpfckavmufom &SdcJhw,f/ usKyfqE´rSm &Sdwmu
usKyt f mPm wnfNraJ &;? Bu;D yGm;a&;eJU wdik ;f jynfukd usKyBf uKd uw
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[k zGifhtHcJhonf/
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aMumifh olUwGif pdwftxdcdkufqHk; jzpfcJh&ao;onf/
]]tJ'Dwkef;u usKyf[m eef;&if;0efBuD;b0eJU a&Tbdke,fudk
a&mufcJhw,f/ 'Dtcsdefu a&Tbdke,frSm tawmfxif&Sm;ausmfMum;
aewJh tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmifaZ,s udk;uG,fcJhwJh ouFef;euf
bk&m; rwf&yfqif;wkawmf[m tawmfwefc;kd Bu;D w,f? qkawmif;
http://www.dhammadownload.com
OD;apmtaMumif;udk jyefquftHh/
,aeUonf OD;apmtwGuf aemufq;kH aeU&uf? aemufq;kH
tcsed o
f Ukd a&mufcNhJ y/D tpDtpOfrsm;t& uReaf wmfwUkd tm;vH;k onf
toifhjzpfaeMuNyD/ w&m;a&;Xme twGif;0efESifh tusOf;Xmerif;
Bu;D wdUk a&SUaqmifvQuf uReaf wmfwUkd onf OD;apmxm;&m BuKd ;wduk f
odUk qdwNf ird pf mG avQmufvmMuonf/ OD;apm\ BuKd ;wdu k af v;onf
"mwfrD;a&mif? qDrD;a&mifrsm;aMumifh vif;oa,mif&Sdaeonf/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
BudK;'Pfay;yHk jrifuGif;us,f
BudK;wdkufa&SUodkU uRefawmfwdkU ta&mufwGif OD;apmonf
tNyKH ;jzifh qD;BuKd Ew
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rsm;yg a0a0qmqm uyfvSLxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
OD;apm\ tpm;taomuf wm0efu, kd &l aom tusO;f om;
uav; armifpifumylrSm ¤if;\ q&mtwGuf eHeufpmudk eHeuf
oH;k em&Duyif toifph pD Ofay;aomfvnf; OD;apmum; pm;roGm;awmh
ay/ OD;apmonf ¤if;\ud, k w
f iG f ol\ZeD; a':oef;cif (rmrDBu;D )
tBudKuf [k ajymaom t0ga&mif ydk;&Srf;abmif;bD? tjymEka&mif
yd;k &Syv
f ufw?kd a&n§ad &mif armfvNrKd if a&SUxd;k zdeyfrsm;jzifh oyf&yfpmG
0wfqifvsuf toifh&Sdaeonf/
usecf ahJ om olyikd yf pön;f av;rsm;udk olay;vdak omolrsm;\
trnfjzif, h OS v
f suf olUckwifay:wGif wef;pDwifcNhJ y;D ¤if;ESit hf wl
&Sad eaom t&m&Sid ,fwpfO;D tm; vTt J yfcahJ o;onf/ axmifrLS ;Bu;D
OD;pHwifonf BuKd ;usw&m;cHrsm; 0wfpm;&NrjJ zpfonfh tusjÐ zL ta&SU
ausmuGJ (0wf½jkH zL) udk vufwpfzufay: wifvsuf usev f ufwpf
zufrS OD;apm\ BudK;wdkuf oHwHcg;aomhudk zGifhrnfjyKpOf -
]]'D[mBu;D udk [dak y:a&mufrS 0wfay;&if rjzpfb;l vm;}}[k
OD;apmu ajymvdu k &f m axmifr;I Bu;D \ wHcg;zGiahf eaom vufonf
wefUoGm;Ny;D oufqikd &f mt&m&Srd sm;\ rsuEf mS udk qifu h q
J ifuh J Munfh
http://www.dhammadownload.com
vduk o f nf/ Ny;D rS trdeUf &onftvm; BuKd ;wdu k f oHwcH g;udk zGiv
hf u
kd f
onfEiS hf axmifyikd Bf u;D ESihf axmifrLS ;Bu;D wdUk onf OD;apmtm; 0J,m
n§yfvsuf wGJNyD;jzpfaeawmhonf/
OD;apmum; vufxyd rf yg/ 0wf½jkH zLAvmjzifh ¤if;\ aemuf
qHk;c&D;jzpfaom BudK;pif&Sd&modkU nifomwdwfqdwfpGmjzifh vdkufyg
vmcJo h nf/ uReaf wmfwUkd onf qdwNf ird af v;vHaom ajcvSr;f rsm;jzifh
OD;apm\aemufrS uyfvsuyf gvmMuaomfvnf; cHpm;csuu f jyif;
xefonf[k qdk&ygrnf/
touf&dS use;f rm0NzKd ;vsu&f adS omolwpfO;D tm; tokb
tjzpf vdu k yf gydUk aqmifouJo h Ukd &Sad eonfrmS uReaf wmfwUkd twGuf
roufomvSyg/ BuKd ;piftm; jrifae&avNy/D BuKd ;pifa&SU a&mufvk
eD;eD; OD;apmrSm ajcvSrf; av;vmonf/ ajc'&GwfqGJvmonf/ odkU
aomf owdu rvGwfay/
ol\ oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif;rsm;udk tNyHK;jzifh EIwfquf
vsu&f jdS yefonf/ BuKd ;pifajc&if;odUk ta&muf axmifrLS ;Bu;D \ owd
ay;rIjzifh toif&h adS eaom qif;wkawmfuav;tm; OD;ñGw0f wfjyK
vsuf OD;apmrSm zdeyfrygawmhbJ axmifrLS ;Bu;D OD;pHwif\ wGaJ c:&m
BudK;pifodkUom wef;wef;rwfrwf wufoGm;awmhonf/
BudK;pifrSm ESpfa,muf wpfNydKifeuf ay;Edkifaom ESpfckwGJ
jzpfaomfvnf; tcGit hf a&;awmif;wwfaom OD;apm\ awmif;yef
csuft& olUtm; aemufqHk;tcGifhta&;jzihf olwpfOD;wnf;udkom
yxr BudK;rdefUjypf'Pfudk cH,lapcJhonf/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
xdpk Ofu pdeBf u;D onf touf (21)ESp&f NdS y;D BuKd Uyifaumuf
NrKd Uom; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf rif;wdik yf iftrwfa[mif;ESihf jrLeDpy,f
pDt;D tdk (trIaqmift&m&S)d vlBu;D vkycf o hJ l OD;armifBu;D \ om;jzpf
onf/ BuKd Uyifaumuf t*Fvyd f - jrefrm pmoifausmif;rS ckepfwef;
atmifcNhJ y;D 1942 ck? *syefacwfwiG f bDtikd af twyfwiG f Adv k u
f av;
tqifhjzifh ppfrIxrf;cJhol jzpfonf/
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aeojzihf BudKUyifaumufodkU OD;apm w&m;yGJvma&mufusif;yNyD;
tjyef OD;apmESit hf wl vku d yf gaecJoh l jzpfonf/ &efBu;D atmifac:
armifvSxGef;onf BudK;ay;cH&pOfu touf (19)ESpfom &Sdao;
onf/ olonf tkwzf kd NrKd U? ta&SUtv,fuek ;f &Gmae OD;armifxeG ;f \
om;jzpfonf/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
BudK;orm;\ oHa0*pmwrf;
a'goESihf tmCmwçw&m;rsm;onf aumif;usK;d udrk ay;bJ
qd;k usK;d udo k may;onf/ olonf a'gorD;udk &if0,fyu kd Nf y;D tmCm
wçw&m; BuD;rm;vGef;cJhojzifh ol\b0udk wdkwdkESifhydkif;um Zmwf
odr;f qd;k cJ&h onf/ tu,fí a'gorD;udk &if0,frydu k b f J Nird ;f owf
Edik cf NhJ y;D tmCmwçw&m;udv k nf; azsmufzsuyf pfEikd cf rhJ nf qdyk gvQif
,ckvkd touf i,fi,f&, G &f , G Ef iS hf b0udk wdw
k ykd ikd ;f &rnf r[kwf
acs/ oljrwfEdk;aom ZeD;? olcspfaom orD;wdkUESifhvnf; tdkatmif
rif;atmif aexdik &f Ny;D wdik ;f jynftusK;d udk o,fy;kd xrf;aqmifomG ;
Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ ,ckrlum; vGefcJhavNyD/ NyD;cJhavNyD/ odkUwap
vnf; zcifjzpfo\ l trSm;rsK;d ? aemifwrsK;d ? oHa0*rsK;d udk orD;jzpfol
rBuHKawGU&avatmif zcif\ b0oifcef;pmudk ,lí a'gorD;udk
&if0,f rydkufaxG;bJ Nidrf;owfypfyg/ rnfolUtay:rQ &efNidK;zGJU?
&efNidK; rxm;bJ tmCmwçw&m;udk azsmufzsuf arhaysmufypfyg
av cspforD;/
azaz *VKefOD;apm
http://www.dhammadownload.com
arSmfq&mhpufuGif;
i,f&G,fEk&G? ysKdrspfvSí? rme,pfrl;? ½l;aeol
ynmxGef;awmuf? yg&*lajrmufí? armufrm rme? <uaeol
Opöm"e? ayg<u,f0í? twårme? BuD;aeol
rsm;acR&H&Sd? tmPmjynfhí? twdrme a&mufaeol
tm;tifjynfhrm;? rsm;xufomí? rmewHcGef xlaeol
trsm;ESifhqefUusif? t[kwfxifí? arSmf0ifrme yl;aeol
t&m&mus½IH;? cspfolrkef;í? EkH;csnfhrme pGJaeol
zdk;zvHtjzpf? rD;0,fepfodkU? rkef; cspf pGef;wGuf? rmewufbd
vuf&Sdtajc? atmifjrifaevnf;? a&yGufyrm? cPom
uHa[mif;ulaz;? tusKd;ay;aMumifh? vla&;cGif0,f?
vlwGifus,fvkyf? rmefpG,fxkwfjy?
o½kyfvSvnf;? vif;&vQyfpD;? wpfjyufom
aMomf ... vlawG vlawG? tylawGMum;? t,lrSm;vsuf
w&m;qdwfokOf;? tcsdefjzKef;aomf? vHk;&mrSjym;? jym;&mrStuf
tuf&mrSuGJ? uGJ&rSaMu? aMu&mrSrG? rG&mrSvGifh? vGifh&rSaysmuf
ed*Hk;a&mufaomf? awmufavmifrpJ? rD;usif;xJrS
vl;vJrxom? emBuD;emonf? rme'Pfu? pkef;arSmftoGif
romwrQ? eHpGESvHk;an§mf0if? xm0&? [efrus? NyHK;aysmfr&Tif/
(atmifyef;a0 - a&Tbdk)
http://www.dhammadownload.com
acwfopf temxydPf
tdE, d´ Edik if ?H om0w¬jd ynfwiG f aZw0efausmif;awmfBu;D udk
(54)uka# tukeftuscH wnfaqmufvSL'gef;aom temxydPf
olaX;Bu;D qdv
k Qif Ak'b ¨ momwdik ;f eD;yg; odMuonf/ xdUk aMumifh tvSL
twrf; &ufa&molrsm;udk acwfopftemxydPo f al X;[k ac:wwf
Muonf/ odUk aomf bk&m;wnf? ausmif;aqmuf? bmoma&; wpfck
http://www.dhammadownload.com
'kp½dkuf&Gmjzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;
ppfudkif;wdkif;? ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f aemufMunfhuRef; aus;&Gm
onf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; (80)cefUrS pí 'kp½dkufrIrsm;jzifh ausmf
Mum;aom &GmBu;D wpf&mG jzpfcohJ nf/ aus;&Gm\ bk&m;apwDEiS hf bke;f
awmfBuD;ausmif;onf cefUrSef;ajc (1970) ckESpfcefUwGif jrpfa&
http://www.dhammadownload.com
r&Sdjcif;/
(4) a&S;vlBuD;rsm;vufxufrSpí ¤if;wdkU\ raumif;rIp½dkuf
qd;k rsm;aMumifh teD;ywf0if;usi&f mG rsm;u 0dik ;f y,fxm;&m
txD;usefpGm aexdkifMu&onf/
xdktaMumif;aMumifh aemufMunfhuRef; &Gmom;rsm;onf
,ckuJhodkU vlqdk;? olcdk;rsm; jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh uRefawmf i,fpOftcgu Mum;odcJh&aom
¤if;&GmrS OD;oHacsmif;qdo k o
l nf pmayrwwfajrmufjcif;rS tpjyKí
¤if;\ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tpdk;&ESifh yk*¾vduwdkU\ opf? 0g;
azmifrsm;tm;ckd;,lNyD; toufarG;0rf;aMumif;jyKcJh&onf/ ¤if;ao
qH;k oGm;aomtcg ol\om;jzpfol OD;pd;k rif;oef;rSmvnf; zciftvkyf
udkyif qufvkyfcJhonf/ OD;pdk;rif;oef;rSm jypfrIBuD;ojzifh ,cktcg
axmif'Pf (32)ESpf uscH&vsuf&Sdonf/
OD;pd;k rif;oef;rS tpjyKí ¤if;ESihf yl;aygif;BupH nfol vlq;kd
olc;kd rsm;vufxufwiG f ppfuikd ;f ? rEÅav;? tr&yl&? wHwm;OD;paom
NrKd Ue,ftoD;oD;rS qdik u f ,f? pufb;D ponfwUkd tjyif awGU&mypön;f
rsm;udk cdk;,lí toufarG;cJhMuonf/
xdkuJhodkU ppfudkif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;ESifh rdrd\rdbrsm; aexdkif
onfh a'gif;raus;&Gm teD;w0du k w
f iG f qd;k &Gm;onfh tusiphf ½du
k rf sm;
&Sdaeonfh aemufMunfhuRef; aus;&GmrS &Gmom;rsm;tm; ,Ofaus;
vdrm® onfh vlUabmiftzGUJ tpnf;odUk jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd &f ef atmuf
ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
ajrjyifay:u i&Jjynf
&mZN*dK[fjynfwGif uka#rsm;pGm csrf;omaom olaX;BuD;
wpfOD;&Sd\/ ]r[m"eolaX;} [k trnfwGif\/ xdkolaX;BuD;wGif
wpfO;D wnf;aom om;wpfa,muf&\ dS / olaX;Bu;D onf ol\om;udk
rnfonft h wwfynmrS oifray;acs/ ol\tawG;rSm ighom;onf
http://www.dhammadownload.com
wd&pämefESifhwlaomvlrsm;
vljzpfaomfvnf; vlEiS rhf wlbJ wd&pämefEiS whf al om vlom;
rsm;&Sd\/ 0rf;pm&Smjcif;? tdyfjcif;? pm;jcif;? umr*kPfcHpm;jcif; þ
av;csuo f nf vlrmS vnf;&S\
d / wd&pämefrmS vnf; &S\ d / þav;csuf
jynfhpHk½HkrQESifhawmh vl[lí rac:&/ wd&pämef[kom ac:&aMumif;
0drme0w¬K? t|uxmwGif zGifhjycsuf&Sd\/
vlu wd&pämefxuf omoGm;aom tcsufrSm y&[dw
tvkyfudk vkyfjcif;yif jzpf\/ trsm;tusKd;aqmifaom tvkyfudk
vluom vkyw f wf\/ wd&pämefu rvkyw f wf/ trsm;tusK;d aqmif
jcif;[lonf 0dyóempum;ESifh ajym&vQif twåESifh avmbudk
http://www.dhammadownload.com
awmifay:rSmbk&m;? awmifatmufrSmbmomjcm;
xdktcsdefwGif bmomjcm; omoemjyKrsm;u awmifajcrS
qif;&Jom; Ak'¨bmomrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;udpörsm;udk tm;
wufoa&m axmufyMhH uonf/ awmifay:wGif vuf0g;uyfwikd Bf u;D
odef;wpfaxmif tukeftuscH pdkufxljcif;xuf awmifatmufu
qif;&Jom;rsm;udk axmufyHhjcif;onf olwdkU bmomtwGuf ydkí
aus;Zl;rsm;aMumif; bmomjcm; omoemjyKrsm;u odMuonf/
Ak'b¨ mom trsm;pkonf ajrjyifrmS bk&m;wnfzUkd om BuKd ;
pm;\/ bmomjcm;rsm;u vlwUkd \ ESv;kH om;wGif tMuifemarwåm
bk&m;rsm;wnfzdkU BudK;pm;\/ A[d'¨xuf tZÑwåçu ydkrdkxda&muf
onfrSm obm0yif jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; urÇmESifhcsDvdkufvQif
Ak'b
¨ mom0ifu tenf;qH;k tqifo h Ukd a&mufaejcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨
bmomrsm;u awmifxyd w f iG f xD;awmfwifatmifyBJG u;D Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf J
usi;f yaecsed wf iG f awmifatmufrS Ak'b ¨ mom av;ig;&GmrSm bmom
jcm;odkU ajymif;oGm;MuavNyD/ awmifay:rSm apwDqpfql wnfNyD;
wdkif; awmifatmufrS vlwpfaomif;cefUonf bmomjcm;b0odkU
a&mufoGm;MuavNyD/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
bk&m;zl;&if; idk&onf
odUk aomf MunfE;l &onft h cgxuf pdwx f cd u
kd &f onft h cgu
ydkrsm;ygonf/ wpfckaom wpfaxmifbk&m;rsm;udk zl;ajrmfMunfh&m
bk&m;½kyyf mG ;[líyif rodEikd af wmh/ bm½kyaf wGygvdr[ hf k awG;awm
,l&onftxd yHak wGuysupf ;D aeonf/ trd;k tum rygojzifh rd;k &Gm
awmhpdk? aeylawmhajcmufESifh ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm rJajcmufNyD; ysufpD;ae
avNyD/
http://www.dhammadownload.com
umarokuH\ qdk;usKd;rsm;
(309) rdkufrJ awGa0pGm olwpfyg;r,m;udk twifh&JpGm rSD0Javh&Sd
olonf tukov kd jf zpfjcif;? pd;k &draf omuaMumifh ESpNf cKd uf
pGm rtdyf&jcif;? tuJh&JU cH&jcif;? i&JodkUus&jcif; [laom
qdk;usKd;wdkUudk cHpm;&\/
(310) tukov kd f jzpf&jcif;? i&JoUkd us&jcif; [laom qd;k usK;d rsm;
tjyif rde;f ruvnf; txdww f vefU? ,mufsm;uvnf;
txdwfwvefU rSD0J&jcif;aMumifh arGUavsmfom,mjcif;rSm
tenf;i,fomwnf;/ y&'g&uHaMumifh rif;onf usL;vGef
olukd Bu;D av;aomjypf'Pfp&D if\/ xdUk aMumifh a,mufsm;
onf olwpfyg;r,m;udk rrSD0J&m/
("r®y'? ed&,0*f? olaX;om;acr0w¬K)
http://www.dhammadownload.com
okómefxJrS rkefUqGrf;tvSL
okóefxJa&mufí rowfrDtcsdefuav;wGif tmPm
om;wdkUu okvom ay;vdkufaom uwGwfrkefUav;ckESifh aomuf
a&udk xdo k tl m; ay;Muonf/ xdv k zl si;f onf rkeUf wdUk udpk m;&ef jyif
qifaepOfrSmyif t&Sifr[marm*¾vmefonf olUa&SUodkU <uvmí
qGr;f &yfavonf/ xdo k o
l nf þtwdik ;f aooGm;vQif i&JoUkd usrnf
jzpfonf/ tu,fí xdkrkefUudk olrpm;bJ rax&fjrwfudk vSLNyD;rS
aovQif ewfjynfodkUa&mufrnfjzpfonf/
t&Sifarm*¾vmef okómefxJxd qGrf;vm&yfjcif;onf
xdo k t
l wGuo f m jzpfonf/ t&Sijf rwftwGuf r[kw/f ynmrJw h Ukd \
tjriftm;jzifh ay;aomolonfuek \ f / ,laomolonf&\/ ynm&Sd
wdUk \tjriftm;jzifu h m; ay;aomolonf&\/ ,laomolonf r&/
ynmrJhwdkU\ tjriftm;jzifh tvSLcHolonf vSLoludk aus;Zl;wif
&onf/ ynm&Sw d Ukd \ tjriftm;jzifh vSLcGi&hf olu tvSLcHukd aus;Zl;
wif&onf/ ,ckjzpf&yfukd a&SUqufzwfvQif azmfjyyg'óeav;\
t"dyÜg,fudk aocsmodvmayvdrhfrnf/
]]owfrnfhqJqJ? ightwGuf þrkefUESifh a&udk pm;aomuf
jcif;jzifh bmtusKd;&SdtHhenf;/ rax&fjrwfudk vSLjcif;u oHo&m
http://www.dhammadownload.com
arwåm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)
(3.8.2008) aeUwGif pwifa&;om;í
(16.9.2009) aeU? rGefjynfe,f?
oxHkNrdKUe,f? usKdauúmf? odrfqdyf&Gm?
jynfhpHkxGef; aq;rsKd;pHka&mif;0,fa&;
rdom;pkwdkU\ aetdrfwGif
a&;om;Ny;D pD;onf/