TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2008 and 2009

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Proton mass, m p 1.67 – 10 27 kg Electron charge magnitude, e 1.60 – 10 19 C
Neutron mass, mn 1.67 – 10 27 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV 1.60 – 10 19 J
Electron mass, me 9.11 – 10 31 kg Speed of light, c 3.00 – 108 m s
Universal gravitational
Avogadro’s number, N 0 6.02 – 1023 mol-1
constant, G 6.67 – 10 11 m3 kg<s2
Acceleration due to gravity
Universal gas constant, R 8.31 J (mol<K)
at Earth’s surface, g 9.8 m s2
Boltzmann’s constant, k B 1.38 – 10 23 J K
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1u 1.66 – 10 27 kg 931 MeV c2
Planck’s constant, h 6.63 – 10 34 J <s 4.14 – 10 15 eV <s
hc 1.99 – 10 25 J <m 1.24 – 10 3 eV < nm
Vacuum permittivity, �0 8.85 – 10 12 C2 N <m 2
Coulomb’s law constant, k 1 4 p�0 9.0 – 109 N <m 2 C2
Vacuum permeability, m0 4 p – 10 7 (T <m) A
Magnetic constant, k „ m0 4 p 10 7 (T <m) A
1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm 1.0 – 105 N m2 1.0 – 105 Pa

meter, m mole, mol watt, W farad, F

kilogram, kg hertz, Hz coulomb, C tesla, T
UNIT
second, s newton, N volt, V degree Celsius, ’C
SYMBOLS
ampere, A pascal, Pa ohm, W electron-volt, eV
kelvin, K joule, J henry, H

PREFIXES VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

D
Factor Prefix Symbol q 0 30D 37D 45D 53D 60D 90D
109 giga G sin q 0 12 35 2 2 4 5 3 2 1
106 mega M cosq 1 3 2 4 5 2 2 35 12 0
103 kilo k tanq 0 3 3 3 4 1 43 3 ‡
2 centi c
10
The following conventions are used in this exam.
10 3 milli m I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is
10 6 micro m assumed to be inertial.
9 nano n II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive
10
charge (conventional current).
12 pico p
10 III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at
an infinite distance from the charge.
*IV. For mechanics and thermodynamics equations, W represents the work
done on a system.

*Not on the Table of Information for Physics C, since Thermodynamics is not a

Physics C topic.

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 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2008 and 2009

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

u u0  at a = acceleration 1 q1q2 A = area
F
F = force 4 p�0 r 2 B = magnetic field
1 2 f = frequency C = capacitance
x x0  u0 t  at F
2 h = height E d = distance
q
J = impulse E = electric field
u2 u02  2a  x  x0 
K = kinetic energy 1 q1q2 e = emf
UE qV
k = spring constant 4 p�0 r F = force
ÇF Fnet ma
A = length V I = current
F fric … m N m = mass Eavg  A = length
d
N = normal force P = power
1 q
ac
u2 P = power V
4 p�0 Ç rii Q = charge
r p = momentum i q = point charge
t r F sin q r = radius or distance Q R = resistance
C
T = period V r = distance
p mv t = time t = time
�0 A
U = potential energy C U = potential (stored) energy
J FDt Dp d
u = velocity or speed V = electric potential or
1 1
1 2 W = work done on a system Uc QV CV 2 potential difference
K mu 2 2
2 x = position u = velocity or speed
m = coefficient of friction DQ r = resistivity
DUg mgh I avg
q = angle Dt q = angle
W F Dr cos q t = torque rA fm = magnetic flux
R
A
W V IR
Pavg
Dt
P IV
P F u cos q Cp Ç Ci
i
Fs k x
1 1
Cs
ÇC
1 2 i i
Us kx
2 Rs Ç Ri
i
m
Ts 2p 1 1
k ÇR
Rp i i
A
Tp 2p
g FB qu B sin q

1 FB BI A sin q
T
f m0 I
B
2p r
Gm1m2
FG  fm BA cos q
r2
Gm1m2 Dfm
UG 
eavg 
Dt
r
e B Au

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 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2008 and 2009

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS WAVES AND OPTICS

P P0  r gh A = area u fl d = separation
e = efficiency f = frequency or
c
Fbuoy rVg F = force n focal length
u
h = depth h = height
A1u1 A2 u2 H = rate of heat transfer n 1 sin q1 n 2 sin q2 L = distance
k = thermal conductivity n2 M = magnification
1 sin qc m = an integer
P  r gy  ru 2 const. Kavg = average molecular n1
2 kinetic energy n = index of
1 1 1 refraction
DA a A 0 DT A = length 
si s0 f R = radius of
L = thickness
kA DT M = molar mass hi s
curvature
H
L n = number of moles M  i s = distance
h0 s0 u = speed
N = number of molecules
F P = pressure R x = position
P f
A Q = heat transferred to a 2 l = wavelength
system d sin q ml q = angle
PV nRT Nk BT
T = temperature
m lL
3 U = internal energy xm 
K avg k T d
2 B V = volume
3k BT u = velocity or speed GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
3 RT
urms urms = root-mean-square
M m Rectangle A= area
velocity
A bh C= circumference
W  PDV W = work done on a system
Triangle V= volume
y = height 1
DU Q W A bh S = surface area
a = coefficient of linear 2
expansion b = base
W Circle h = height
e m = mass of molecule
QH A pr2 A= length
r = density C 2p r w= width
TH  TC Parallelepiped r = radius
ec
TH V Awh
Cylinder
V p r 2A
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS S 2p r A  2p r 2
E hf pc E= energy Sphere
f = frequency 4 3
K max hf  f V pr
K= kinetic energy 3
h m= mass S 4p r 2
l p = momentum Right Triangle
p
l= wavelength a 2  b2 c 2
DE ( Dm ) c 2 f= work function
a
sin q c
c a
b q 90q
cos q
c b
a
tan q
b

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 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2008 and 2009

MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

u u0  at a = acceleration 1 q1q2 A = area
F
F = force 4 p�0 r 2 B = magnetic field
1 2 f = frequency C = capacitance
x x0  u0 t  at
2 h = height F d = distance
E
I = rotational inertia q E = electric field
u2 u0 2  2a  x  x0 
J = impulse Q e = emf
ÇF Fnet ma K = kinetic energy vÔ E < d A �0 F = force
k = spring constant I = current
dp A = length dV J = current density
F E 
dt L = angular momentum dr L = inductance
m= mass A = length
q
J Ô F dt Dp N = normal force V
1
4 p�0 Ç rii n = number of loops of wire
P = power i per unit length
p mv N = number of charge carriers
p = momentum 1 q1q2
r = radius or distance UE qV per unit volume
F fric … m N 4 p�0 r
r = position vector P = power
T = period Q Q = charge
W Ô F<dr t = time
C
V q = point charge
U= potential energy R = resistance
K
1 2
mu k �0 A r = distance
2 u = velocity or speed C
d t = time
W= work done on a system
P
dW x = position Cp Ç Ci U = potential or stored energy
dt m= coefficient of friction
i V= electric potential
1 1 u = velocity or speed
P F<v q = angle
Cs
ÇC r = resistivity
t = torque i i
DUg mgh w = angular speed fm = magnetic flux
dQ
a = angular acceleration I k = dielectric constant
u 2 dt
ac w2 r
r 1 1
k x Uc QV CV 2
t r–F
Fs 2 2 vÔ B< d � m0 I

Çt t net Ia 1 2 rA m0 I d � – r
Us kx R
2 A dB
4p r3
I Ô r dm
2
Ç mr
2
2p 1 E rJ
T
w f
I Neud A
F Ô I d� – B
rcm Ç mr Ç m
m Bs m0 nI
u rw Ts 2p V IR
k
L r–p Iw Rs Ç Ri fm Ô B<dA
A i
Tp 2p
g d fm
K
1 2
Iw 1 1 e 
ÇR dt
2 Gm1m2 Rp i i
FG  rˆ dI
w w0  at r2 e L
P IV dt
Gm1m2 1 2
1 2 UG  FM qv – B UL LI
q q0  w0t  at r 2
2
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 ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2008 and 2009

GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY CALCULUS

Rectangle A= area df d f du
A bh C= circumference dx du dx
V= volume d n
Triangle
S = surface area dx
x  nx n  1
1 b = base
A bh
d x
2 h = height
dx
e  ex
Circle A = length
w= width d 1
A pr2 1n x 
r = radius dx x
C 2p r
d
Parallelepiped sin x  cos x
dx
V Awh d
cos x   sin x
Cylinder dx
V p r 2A 1
Ôx
n
dx x n  1 , n › 1
n 1
S 2p r A  2p r 2
Ôe
x
dx ex
Sphere
4 3 dx
V
3
pr Ô x
ln x

S 4p r 2 Ô cos x dx sin x
Right Triangle
a2  b2 c2
Ô sin x dx  cos x

a c a
sin q
c
q 90q
b b
cos q
c
a
tan q
b

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www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).