48 CHAPTER? / FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS the die fora length of $O mm. The wire is drawn through the die at ‘speed of 50 m/s. Determine the force required to pull the wire. 2.48 A double-pipe heat exchanger consists of two concentric fiuid-carrying pipes used to transfer heat between nonmixing fluids. The figure shown below is a full-section view of a 0.85-m length of the double-pipe apparatus. P28 SABIOW-30 oil at 100°C flows through the 75-cm-outer- iameter inside pipe. Water at 10°C flows through the annulus between the inside pipe and the 11-cm-outer-diameter outside pipe. The wall thickness of each pipe is 3 mm. The theoretical ‘velocity profiles fo laminar flow through pipe and annulus are: Inner pipe: u(r) ‘Show that the no-lip condition is satisfied by these expressions. ‘The pressure drop across the given length is 2.5 Pa and 8 Pa for the water and oil flows, respectively. If both flows are in the same direction (slong the +z exis), what isthe net viscous force acting ‘onthe inner pipe? 249. Repeat Problem 2.48 assuming a counterlow arrangement, ‘where the oil flows inthe +2 direction and the water flows in the € pth iy = 0.1 Nes? and = 0.15 Nim? contained between two plates (each plate is 1 m? in area). The thicknesses are y= 0.5 mm and ha = 0.3 mm, respectively. Find the force F to make the upper plate move at a speed of 1 m/s. What isthe fluid velocity at the interface between the two fuids? BY a u 250 251 A concentic cylinder viscometer may be formed by rotat- ‘ng the inner member of a pair of closely fiting cylinders (see Fig. 'P2.53), For small clearances, a linear velocity profile may be as- sumed in the Liguid fling the annular clearance gap. A viscometer hasan inner cylinder of 75 mm diameter and 150 mm height, with, 1 clearance gap width of 0.02 mm. A torque of 0.021 N + m is requited to tum the inner cylinder at 100 rpm, Determine the ‘viscosity ofthe liquid in the clearance gap of the viscometer. 252 A concentic cylinder viscometer may be formed by rotat- ing the inner member ofa pair of closely fitting eylinders (see Fig. 253), The annular gap is small so that a linear velocity profile will exist inthe Liquid sample. Consider a viscometer with an in- ner cylinder of 4 in. diameter and 8 in. height, and a clearance gap ‘width of 0.001 in, filled with eastor oil at 90°F, Determine the torque required to tur the inner cylinder at 400 rpm. 2.53. A concentric cylinder viscometer is driven by a fal mass M connected by a cord and pulley tothe inner cylinder, 28, ‘shown. The liquid to be tested fills the annular gap of width a and ‘height H. After a bref starting transient, the mass falls at constant speed Vp. Develop an algebraic expression forthe viscosity ofthe Tiguid inthe device in tems of M, g, Vnw "+R, and H. Evaluate the viscosity ofthe liquid sing: 253,255 2.54 A shaft with outside diameter of 18 mm tums at 20 evolu tions per second inside a stationary journal bearing 60 mm long. ‘A thin film of oil 0.2 mm thick fils the concentric annulus be- ‘ween the shaft and journal. The torque needed to tur the shaft is (0.0036 N +m, Estimate the viscosity ofthe oil that fils the gap. 2.85. The viscometer of Problem 2.53 is being used to verify that the viscosity ofa particular id is w = 0.1 N s/n’. Unfortunately‘50 GHAPTER2 / FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 2,62. A viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of a patients blood, The deformation rate (shear rate)-shear stress data is shown below. Plot the parent viscosity versus deformation rate. Find the value of k and n in Eq. 2.17, and from this examine the aphorism “Blood is thicker than water. CSG2E D2 vsationconpany seating new mate oro tno eves, The eprincatl Jat x gen bbw or he sped Uo upper ae wich sept fom fe ower Meaty smack sole of be moa when agen shes Mies dpe Dac te eof ae arene nc wid mau yield es of 290 a ede what coat wil he mailed fo ave tes behav th Sawa nec asa sen 045073? shear stress that ats onthe surface of the conical shal. Calculate the viscous torgue that acts on the shaft. 2202 mm x H=25 mm 0 =30" P26 2.67 Design a concentric-cylinder viscometer to measure the viscosity of a liquid similar to water. The goal is to achieve @ measurement accuracy of +1 percent. Specify the configuration tad menos of te. viconir. Inet wis eared Parner wl bs wed einer is vasa of ei eae Siq266- A speci at heing i sown, The gp teveen he 2.64 ‘A viscous eluich is to be made from a pair of closely spaced parallel disks enclosing a thin layer of viscous liquid. [Develop algebraic expressions for the torque and the power trans- mitted by the disk pai, in terms of liquid viscosity, y, disk radius, RR, disk spacing, a, nd the angular speeds: ofthe input disk and @, of the output disk, Also develop expressions for the slip ratio, 1 = Acs, in terms of o, and the torque transmitted, Determine the efficiency, n, in terms of the slp ratio. dL. - 26s ’ jt = P264 2.65 A concentric-cylinder viscometer is shown. Viscous torque is produced by the annular gep around the inner cylinder. ‘Additonal viscous torque is produced by the flat bottom ofthe in ner eylinder as it rotates sbove the flat bottom of the stationary ‘ter cylinder. Obtain an algebraic expression for the viscous torque due to flow in the annular gap of width a. Obtain an alge- braic expression for the viscous torque due to flow in the bottom clearance gap of height b. Prepare a plot showing the ratio, b/a, required to hold the bottom torque t0 1 percent of less ofthe an ‘ulus torque, versus the other geometric variables, What are the design implications? What modifications to the design can you recommend? 2.66 A conical pointed shaft turns ina conical bearing. The gap between shaft and bearing is filled with beavy oil having the vs cosity of SAE 30 at 30°C, Obtain an algebraic expression forthe ‘spherical member and the housing is of constant width . Obtain ‘and plot an algebraic expression forthe nondimensional torque on the spherical member, a a function of angle a. (if (isos, 268 2.69 A cross section ofa rotating bearing is shown. The spheri ‘al member rotales with angular speed cy a small distance, a, above the plane surface. The narrow gap is filled with viscous ol, having 4 = 1250 cp. Obtain an algebraic expression forthe shear stress acting on the sphecical member. Evaluate the maximum shear stress that acts on the spherical member forthe conditions shown, (Is the maximum necessarily located atthe maximum ra- dius?) Develop an algebraic expression (inthe form ofan integral) for the total viscous shear torque that acts on the spherical ‘member, Caleulate the torque using the dimensions shown