Essays on Individualism Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective Louis Dumont The University of Chicago Press Chicago and LondonLey of Cone Cain Pb Dat To Jenny's memory9 On Value, Modern and Nonmodern saw Radeitfe-Bros only once in his ver oom. ny memory Tan sil sce him today, though somewhat hails. detering the Hoey Memorial Lecture for 1951 (Radi Brow 1988) i ‘ave dest London forthe ocasion, ros Oxford where wast ‘ew i aot that young, lecture As Tstened to hi. he Seemed to Nave made one step inthe decon of Lev Straus. and T fl omfotd in my recent strctral legis In fat ws oly Tite, passing convergence Ta hose dys Tes us) Jeaming a good del fom hin and ‘om British anthropology a lags, which had reached unpiece ented eights pany under hs influence. Yet must cones that forone mbne imagination had Seen nial fired by Maus Sebi ener me meee Sean ino monies oe utd (intone te mop aston ane) fe spr sore api teed peg ohh prt i hae nmap Prat Se inde ere Eo nal bumanism, Radeite-Brown's constricted versio of Dutk Feimian sociology was nt very trative “Today ne els the ned oss, beyond al divergences. on coatnty on ane baie pol Reading be Nena Scene of Sot fey one issrick by Raclife-Brown s decided hols Whatever the shortcomings of his concept of “system.” the pont—sbold | ‘sy the importation probably dese nthe development of ‘tool nth ou adit pmae te Salou ih "There i lately te about values in Radcitfe-Brown's cwrings” Yet the expression wa very mc nthe sn Bash ‘partments of athropog ithe lst yey 0 i es Mi preson was that it Bgued arel as asubsute for ieas," whieh ‘Sroned the sation toaton and was therefor less npalstble the empiricist temper. No doubt the Station is gute dierent toy But to state pisinly the reston for my use ofthe Tr Preteably inthe singular, and for my choice of lope: 1 have Bee Trying i rocent years o sll the profession the idea of hierarchy th ite sucess. may a thought of making another bi hi time by wing the proesionally recived vocble, whieh T hid instinctively shunned heretoore, suppose because ofthe fr bddng cites the term seoms Yo preset. May the attempt ln a ab xg pny gee wah Freie ete hoy mem ch seen ‘Pomtofte snubs mah pomce bee ah and pen (ics ta ty tei ter ae tesmcntecuy wei pdm ates men ‘capa i ath sae tno ihe pay Se le itn tye Lae at tnt men ed ucbe taken as an effort come dose wo the Radelife-Browsian rerio Th fact intention soll 1 ofer anabseration bearing on the elation eevee eas ad values, o father 0 comment on tat ‘observation and draw some consequences fom i. The modern pe ‘ofeulure in which anthropology rooted and the nonmodern pe ‘ifr markedly with epar to valu. and {hold that the anthro Tope problems elas to value raquite thatthe two be eon Homa! Weshalsurt rom the moderacouizuation which epe ‘Scneaniovation, then introduce in contrast some funn {eataresofthemore common enmosernconguraton anally return tothe modere predicament th 4 em To set it spective” and to thts its hoped, towns Some ht om the Postion and task of anthropology asa menting agency, "The modern scene is fama In theft pase, moder soa scioutnem attaches value predominantly to the iil, and Pllosopiy deal at_anyratepredamsinaly. with ‘nail ‘alas whe anthropology takes value ar esentaly soca. Then, Incommon prince the word whch ment Latin healthy gor fin strength and n medieval times the wario’s bravery, symbol ines mont the time the power of mone to meatare everything “Ths portant spect Wl Be present Recon by inpcton (et Mi, ‘As tothe absolute sense ofthe erm, the modern configuration issu generis and value harhesome amajorpreaceupation. In ote in Lalande’ Philosophical Dictionary, Maur Blondel said that the pedominance uf «pitoxopy of value characteris the eon temporary peed, folowing a modern plosopty of knowledge sd'an aque and medieval philosophy of being (Lalande 1968: TING). For Plt the supreme Being was the Good. There wis a0 This indent an exam reais etncen men (series) ing bona to Felations ois (Goods), and tre were to sy, say, 4 Melanein se of ‘changes would come neue the ak revere the pia Sha spe of pestions and goods, 1 mean pestis (relations fetween men) including things oF encompassing het contrary, things. "We hve alread alluded othe cond hare, reversal ‘The loge eatonship betwen pris and ing, foun ia fda (nearer tou, m Cheat Het fie cena ater Chis, Under the pen of Pope Oela, exemplary inthis rea. In Iter of reign, and Rene solely. the priest superior © the king or emperor to whom public ode entra. But so fect the rest willbe the kin in ater of public order, hat Insubordinate matters above, cap.) Thi chim icharatr- ‘cof hierarchy of te arcuate pe es obcuredonly when the superie poo the herarcticalopponon scorns ih te wot ad the inferior poe determine solely vlaon to the formar. asin the instance of Adam and ve, Eve beng reat fom !pat of Adam's, What happens hee that ti al on the ‘empirical leveland thar not wih he ieoloy propet-shat reversal canbe detected, when the moter comes to dominate foe the fay in which shes pine aia te er Insband. The reversals bu thesmoment he seco unetion ened, temas the reversal forthe itatons belonging ow That ‘sto say, hierarchy i bidinenona tears aot nlgon the ence fonidered Dut aso on the corespondingsitatons, and his tidiensonalty ents he eeversal- Asa sonsequene, imo ‘enough here speak of diferent “content as ditigusbed hy for they ae foreseen imseredorimpledn the deans tel We rust speak of alferen “Tevele”harchied together with the oresponing eis Inthe third place, vals are often seme or rater. shouidsy, vale saormalysepnened ins application except in Specially modern repesemtntons. shal pes few eample of striking contrast between nonmodem apd modern cutee, which {ears onthe way datinctions are organized or coniurte. ‘resonisicaly, on oa side, Is of Inds, dtinctons ate numerous, Aa exible, running independent of each ote. ‘velaping or intersecting they are also arably steed secon ing to the situation a hand, ow coming tothe fore and now receding. On the other se, we think most a black and whi extending over a wide range cer etheror disjunction ad wing 4 smal umber of ri, tickoundaies defining sold ents {(Dumoot 18755 0) Tes woteworthy hat the sane contest es ‘cently found between early Chetan andthe ite Mc Ages ‘in polite theology. cording to Gerad Capary, the “slow {romth of sehoaste and lpal modes of ticking conphsscng "laity and distinctions ater than ineltonships hs en bed the political diteason wile the mulated a tran paren symbols. have become one-dimeninsl snd eae ‘emblems Similar contrast as ben pated out in modern psyshologyby Erik Erikson, Dicusing the aotescea’ dems formaton ‘Sonia two posable outomes of he proves, whic he Sholeness” and totality.” as two diferent forms o pattern ‘As a Gently then, wholenes emphasizes a sound, organi ‘rogue tmutaaity between diver unetons aa pan ‘Tin corey, the boundaris of which ar open and Boe {Note he prt Toa, onthe contrary vos Ges hich an obsolte boundary i emphasd; ven cen Sry detneton: nothing tha elongs sae ma et ‘ute, nothing tht mst be ute can lero ade, A {ota fe as abaoutly lacie as 1 ley exces ‘whether or nt the eatepor-4o-be-madeabslute Mel foe, or whether the parts telly hat. So speak earning for ane another. (Erikson 196: 90) ‘We cannot thispoint foto any farther Ebon’ dice sion, We retain eset the perexpion of wo conception OF ‘efron: of a whole, one trough & ral boundary, the eter ‘rough ner! interdependence andconsiten, From our pom ‘fv: the fer moder and arity or samewkat mechan al the second tational an tural = Ito dearth ns tne gent ansegmented reprecetations have ot ae aay from al inte i apgexiato te open tween tlic vas inthe former and nid valusin he ate. Towe to Robert Bell a super reference to hierarchy in Shakespeare Inthe third scene of Tro und Crestide Uns pronounces along eulogy of order as degre “The heavens themselves, the planets and hs contre ‘Observe degree, pry. and place, Insite, course, propoion season, form (ice aad custom nal ine of ord “Thereisone egregious xampl ofthe segmentation of ae. t isthe representation ofthe universe a ner here o egy 28 Eton ak oh mt erm aoa nly in ‘tatnen are ery sec he burl am mooi Soe ‘hat scaled the Great Chun of Bing, Ke wsnlaent l tough ‘history from aeopatonis to the nineteenth center. nah Shown inthe wallow book wbich Art Lovejoy devoted eit (G973). Tepes the word ay. continuous eri beings fam the greatest wo the east I combines, Laney tells plete ‘ontnuty, and gradation 1 king of tad with secret The rungs ofthe adder ates multipethat he datuace tween to sucess rng sheds int insignia leshes Bo vi the dncontinatybeoncen dierent sorts a beings ths se a ‘continuity of Being aa whole. The hirucical ape cen, tit appeatson efetion that Lovejy dno dot lose, As ‘most moderns. he was unable wo see the function ohare ithe sete, He give tant attention tothe ony teatine we have on hierarchy. tat of the Paeudo-Dionses Arcopagtun in Tac double reatseoncelestitandon errs erachy. Let usa {Took at Dionysn's definition” {mean by berate a holy ordering, a knowlege, and an ctv, hich asimiaes sll a closely as pose othe ‘dine form, and which ales sl to the ition of God in ‘apervon ihe lkewhich Goh une oi be et ‘wh worthy of God eng spe aed goo! nthe pin Flea ination 8 thee hind abvoltly pate 6 ay ‘istry. and onthe eer grant teach one-hecedng to hie desert, share atts ow ight she tintintsech one in the most divin nao, forming tem to an hans ad indstngusabie Hens of Tat The ato crac therefore the aainment a far ax pore ens a of union i io "eis worth stressing that in Donia the emphasis throughout 'son communication x ot on malt at ast ot in See the term). The angels and eter eeturs stuated heemeen met and God are thereto tans or ela the word of God whieh te ‘ould not otherwise peesneas well 50 pave the way ost wee ‘ype iat hen neyteat enough, ten, sea of tortion f dco tout icon. ie wdc and deo the Gre Chan of Bing apes arafor or achoowidsngatrencs whe at he cee saorlnang tem and ences sh nly ‘thogan be mortem tie gad chee an he Ameren “clr far OF core tere fo hom fo he ‘tte epson i to mem Gi acorance i te inner beugeh man anne) Yt ian caret thee ace Ce Chain ofthe radon mode Ot troup Amen, tena bing ded on mer oft ‘Snag or sass revo, armory ws earch Soumos, ame eal but for one sian, Iho a suber of dancin hd onset one ase inpuate Aeendag. Charette enc of te sade found {Ether peony: noble oroed mult, meso ae ‘ognzed here what nope we Back “ary ne ene xe the pret oppo 0 Seeman The om sso dn ht Oe might wel peak of ase sensed the sian ib he ober exiles sed {Tato how tha form #uaster of mole Sealy ‘vi rnking, tera, aod sepmertion, we have gained some migt nthe sommon, moose, Ia tempted 109 orl confusion fe Suchs Contain prt ah pure of the em of epee (caranaies) wich Sire se fee, seo e cnr SJrcan ser) ferent rom te aden Pe owe precbel Pte hats pot completly shen fom modems. Strnes min pre anda some degree ia fo ha rn ‘Sologig teen rye, binecd exceptional Pola ona an saps off Non we have sen, scene ba reloinan pace ante mode oy Koons a cm cies gre losin inked they ar nh the meneame, ae en ated for tntvoylogal sty snd clot omparson Actual 1 ibaa om te omen boc a an vals hs 9 we teeta ee" mour-abraon.> we shold pices | | the same tine te wary of pbing oor own ies, expecially our ost hail fensmenal estou sabe aero do {hs ot course en and the et posi for he cago work “heote." Weare hug between te Sin of sce, {ism and the Chard fobsarty and income” All cura tn kao pe or motes oe Stoke We hate to wor picomeasndht hat oply hs doe. a ts history shows The shtncs one fet pate ‘uting nec inqusion” or inte sath ywre net he ‘tom amownts tpcicines nt Jo toh whe se Standen tenis he crc commun ers ‘dot much Rezading our sof ven concept mit be ofsome help to getaclerer ew of plae among moder valves sal ake tn example Cer the abolte dtincion Dewey subject and objet indent or snd we tend fo ep cere ‘ven unktowingy Ink wth sme ofthe ews cay men ones bows, and it len bee val ress" Al these time thas betigon contemporary problem, We bel ees ‘theory of exchanges fr the enshrined deal tcesence of eran sce ain Melneu Now, judging lo ear. ture, We seem condemned ert subd enangs the ‘Sc morpoloy. or the revere. The two domais or mers Cole and we hate no mene of sobuming em ance» ued iramework Have we nt here case uber ur seat sje ‘objet dati oeudes? When Lexy Brablspokeetprty tion betaeenmen andes ws heoo ying ocean he Aistincion” Mauss ine on Gift oy ecbaed mows. Ings a acknoweping wo fact tthe ehangescant sited yp in ecnams. ardel eos sod ther net ut tncathat stone andthe came ine apontntieeva te at ‘Oe that now why anita an second that men ds ht ‘tcange tings a eu thik ur, ietcaly ond Bato tng mised up with those “things.” something of themsees Tam not plea for sanceling ll dton Between uc na objet Dut ol Torrie the alee tat aso thesatis, ths suspending its absolute character and allowing the ‘oundary to Mucus the cae maybe andr oer dencons, 1 come ito play ia exp wth native sales But such a approach practicable? Is een attempted: A ‘young scholar. Ande lean hs taken such acoure meal Sisofthe Orokaia, a Papuan oc) ftom Willan’ sand Seni. ‘mers titi. In my reading of hi Book (983) heh found an ternative priate for ordering the dt n an asumption that ‘zai comrades out feeined conceptions, altho shoud ot Sem so Surprsing afterall namely tha the Sosy han to Be Though of ncading the dead the clations with them being ‘onsite oft and offering the global framework within which ot only alle detail frit and festive exchange, Dut also what there of socal ogunzation proper make sense The Orokavn do not have moneys inthe scl Meloesan seme. Yet as Melanesian money as general to do with ie ad the ancestor, the paramount place thatthe Oka pve tothe ‘oad vemiads us ofthe canes where ceremonil exchanges do make ‘eof iastuonal money Here am incined tring together wo problems thatcan hal be ently et out ofa dewsm bearing fn vale. Those “primi” moneys hve to do with absoite ‘ue Therefore their eatin Yo money i the moder, ested Sense ofthe term it somehow homologs he relation ong {between values the general, moral oe metaphysical cane and ‘ale in the festctedcebnomie seme. I the hacgroand of both lcs the conan between cultural forms that are cena lal ‘nd those i hh the field spared out oe decomp ito parcular domains or planes. tats roughly speaking. between Ionmodern and mode orn Paps two features ofthe contra may prove significant. sit 2 fatima socetios that, where ne have elaborate stems of xchange making use of one or mre wan mieys monly Setlmoneye—to expres and seal wide range of Sermoni {eanstions and important rituals, we do not have pesmsnen i rate citship oe flerhip an conversely that whee heater 2 a os pitt Comin ty ory ‘iis ce te pe mney i = pi ‘i found he forme ate absent Melanesia and Paynes seem dearly onteasted in that regard. ths eres, me might suppon tht One ‘hing con replace the str, that thee a getain eaueence of futon betmeen them. Now, modern Europe the predominance ‘of econo epresenlations ae ete rom the emancipation of ‘conomies from polis and har demanded, at some sage, the urtamen of pottcal prerogative above, cup 3). Is therehee, “kes the as ference inthe backgrounds, more than chance pects of soe? “Another feature drew the attention of Kal Polanyi. He con teated the ted equivalencies” betwoon objects of exchange in Primitive o archai socetes wth he actuating price of gods market economies. Malthe former ae the phere of gu lence and possibly of exchange ma erste to fe type of jes whl the cond, money tends tobe a unin equ Ten But the question wai tne aout the coatst beeen fod and Nctating ete of exchange Plant (196) stated the fy eneoustered ia Dahomey to royal replation. But the Phenomenon was probably widespread. Inthe Solomon Islands ‘whee regulation oy politcal auhonty was out ofthe gueton the ‘ate of exchange between native money aod the Ausland ‘emaied unaltered over ang pio. even hough the devalation ff the dalla ened very upleasuat consequences" At the other ‘end ofthe spectrum. inthe eas of high aston ana acompex Society, Byzantium ofers petal ese of i. The parchas Ing poner of go money remained practical unchanged! or the Ith to he eleventh coma." The fact seem lead one thinks ofthe icitude of he Exp dring that perio, where as repeately every cea. threatened in ery existence. Given the circumstances, the admited excellence of imperil 1 ‘enue amination fs pethaps nts suient explanation of this remardable phenomenon. | propos «diferent hyp which uy or may no be teed bt whic scott tenon or ping forth. When the ate of exchange seen as linked tothe base Salus) ofthe soviet it istale- anit alowed to Mutu on ‘hen and where the link wih the baie value and isetty of tesociety is broken oo longer period, when money ceases 0 bea "otal social fact” and becomes 3 merely econ act 1 remains wo eeaptlte the foregoing and sein perspective the modem ieologil rarteork sd the unthroplopeal pede tment. The picture wl be perforce compete and posta, he Ienguage very approximate. The sso verb a muni of features, most whe found stay espn here here Benen thom insted encwhere on man aan ideal blog ‘probubly the cardinal modern vale and on the consonant em Plas rene Retweon men thd tg gun eam fetncen men "The two estes han notable concn fe edng val. Fl the conception of man san indivi nails the recog nition of wide frectom of choke Some of he aus stead of Emanating rom th sxc, wil be determin he ina for his own ase In other mods, the inde! w scl valued Iman hat sce shold delete oh oto vale eng ‘ape. Freedom of conscience the standard example” THe absence of prescription ubih makes coke possible stl commanded superior preseiption, Let me ay inpasing hat [therefore ile to sappone that me mst haven sot Similar tage a ees open thom. Contains. and ery {erally vue sembeded in th onion of es AS seesaw with right an left ths sondtonpucais a lone he saath conf apy ned 87 11-) The et Semana nserver Se (aa meager ean oe i sek be gen. te nay ste i eos shim cna onl aps ong peat cme Serna nce dant nua relation between part and whol i electsly present, a ong as xpeicnce mspontancowsy refered to deptce of toa and there mo place here for Irectom of oie. We are faced, once hein, wth two alferative configurations ier vale stacker > the wine in relation to Ws par" and value embeded, Pre ‘cif, at were. bythe vty stem of epesetation, ovale ‘aches othe naval, which ets, awe have see nthe ‘Sparation Between en and ac. The antithesis economics Imater Being tht feedom of choice oe Karle excrsed in 3 ‘Tort without wholes, or rather ina arid where the anemblages, ‘Levon empirical whos that re stl encountered ae deprived of ‘ir onetating function or vale functon Let us tum tothe comple ink between the medern value onfiirtion in the Flaton between man ad ature. Relations fetween men hive tobe subordinated forthe india abject 0 ‘Resutonomous and “equl”-tbe elation of manto nature acquires ‘racy. Dut ths relation iss genes. fo. whether oF nt the Independence of he mdi demande manitindeedseparated from mature: the free agent oppoed mature as determined” ‘ubjectand objet are aol dsungushed. Heve we encounter sence and ty predominance ia the etre a woe. Tet he ‘tory sor. let ss thatthe dls it question i atlas in ‘uence an as distanced himself frm naire andthe universe of Sic he man part an as eer capo rermodel ings ‘Sccordingto sw. Azan makes fllsense ttt Natur bexcen superseded by Kail th tering taken here es ‘brary il than ay detached. embedded independent il Given the clase ink between the wil and ales, h & worthse tsking whence came this anpresedented type of il Teme tha twa forget in the etherworidines ether ‘ouoworiness oferty Christianity rom whic sus Ball the figure of Cavin, a prototype of meen aan, ith So? ll footed predestnaon. On this Chan psation ems fo me fomake understandable the ungue ata strange promeeisn” f ‘moder man (ee above. chap. 1) ‘Atany ete with Karls oman wl detache rom nature nan tagand applied its subjugation, we rein position to appreciate the Sleep anchorage of the dicbotomy between and ought in modern ‘cology and ie Finally. our two coaigurationsemboy to deren relations, between Knowledge and action. Inthe one cts, thesgreement between the twos guirantedon:helevelof he wckty' Wess are in conformity wath the ature and order of the worl, andthe sujet can do no better than consciously inset insti ta, ‘nde In the other ease, there fe n0 humanly sigfcat word ‘te, anise tothe individu sabjet to establish the leton teeween representations and actin. thats ts brody peaking, ‘tween social representations ad ha own action. Inthe ater ‘case ths world devoid of vals, to which valuesaesperadded by ‘human choke. a subhuman worl, a wosk! of ehjct of hing, ‘One can know it exactly ad st on on condition of abstaining from any vale imputation. Is work without man, «word rom which ma has deiberately moved nanselfand on which eas ble to impose is wil “This tansformation hasbeen made posible ony by the de: ‘aluation of elations between men, elatins wich generally com ‘manded the reltion to things. They hae ls inthe predomi ‘cology. heir concrete charter they se epecally een rom he ‘iewpont of elatonto things (ememte he Parson ates) ‘xcept for one residue, namely moral action. Hence the abstact ‘nisersaliy ofthe Kenan imperative ‘So much for te subject sie ofthe mater Despite our absote ‘isintion betwee subject and object, there some Homology ‘tween he ways me look abot sides. Twih fond fe texan the object side to complet the pcre tnd to dw alten few features of the modern configuration of knowkdge. It's 2 commonplace to say that moder knowledge sds into a ‘number of spurte compartments, to speak oft high dees of sion of Inbor of cenit specaization. shall ty and chat ‘ceize the modern model more precsely in cone K the twadioal ove, of which me resale some major mpet in the Foreping. "The modern configuration canbe taken 4 selting fom the breakup of the value flaton fetween element ad whol The hole has become a heap It 36 i bag conning balls ad “outa: the lls averted wana directions. This gun fommoaplace. The fc thatthe objective world made wpa ‘Separate entities o substances inthe age ofthe nda ub Jest. whore empincallyasetained relations ate akon as exer {o thom" Vette image pre Inthe fst plac, sues that ‘he fal dstebuton ofthe elements random. Actaly com ex, multidimensional world of ordered and fctstng relations Fas ben analyzed, decomposed by th eto of (phlsophia nd) ‘enti reason into simpler components whose ines constitution ‘sndelaansare que peculiar A somewhat fetter image tha 2 muliiensioal solid busing out into 4 amber of dere. Straight surfaces or planes tat can aecommodate ony level ineat figure and telations. Those plies have, think, ee characters ‘5 they ae ably separate and independent, the are hom. ‘ogous to cich ater and cach of them homogeneous throughout “The bursting oun general is elatvel fai: he story of modern painting trom Impressionism oowards provides an exam: ple. The mean ha were uni then ordinate tthe descriptive fefernee were emansipaed and cach of them coun rn ose ‘he foreground: Nor's there any doubts tthe perfect seperation ofthe “planes of knowledge do we peak of psn or chemistry. acology or physiology, mytolog or saceogy? But what i that determine the seni ofeach ofthe dspins anions which ‘He constituents ofthe mois have been debt? The ansnet ‘ems tobe thatthe astruentl pont of sewn decisive * Corel stvely, we had eccsion to point ou tho exveme and srikine ‘eaknese ofthe notion of whole” in pilswopical thought ‘Secondly, the planes” on which Knowledge and popes ace concentrated remain “homopeneathrovghost ther extent. All ‘he phenomena considered re of the sme naire, Rave el and are essentially simple. The paradigm here would be suai pron ni ines onl oeCGalite's model of rectinear uniform mlon: a single meri point moving though empty space. AS consequence the planes faves tendency to pit when the development of sence revel an strumentl) heeropenei "etal planes sre homologous, at east a plac, athe sease thatthe methods appledto drs kinds of phenomena ae den {aL Thee only one mode ofthe natural snore. Iti toe tit ‘ith time and experience the model may be tered, bu nly with Liou (ines blog ad peychotog). The modes mechani ‘heruanatve, ret On use andes (one india pen, ‘ne indidul sul)" Is essential to not that sce rational {ns presen and at work ony on each of these distin planes. an ‘hot ts eres sypove that the whole Ras Ben pt pes. Th ‘Succemful a they have een a ensuing the mastery of man over the natural wold, the scenes have hid eter ress, one of Shichi to coon us with what Alexandre Kote aed “the nigmacot man” anthropoloyyiesling. nts own manne, with "ha" enigma," then tba a integral prt ofthe modern worl, nd in charge of ascending i orate of reategratiag i min the more common human world hope tha our observation oa ‘aluc have pointed that destin. There remain to face squarely ‘he question of ou relation to val anthropoloey poe he tweens "valefiee" scence aod the atest oresorevalue ows rope and universal place. The philosophical citi of sacl ence ‘lmands that sould be evaluative He may grant ute bit 0 tp beyond mere neural in the mater and Yet maint tht we fre unble to get of completly and to estute or prescribe That stein practic Test quite, Ingest, mpi, sd the points worth making, What happen the snbropolg ‘aliew that every soley isrelativzed an reaton a otey Is ota mater of tbsoluterelavam, The unity of mankind post. Tate and alo vere lowly and puintull) by anthropology sets lints othe variation. Each parca conguration of ens and ‘alues contained wth allothersin univer gue of wich tia Partial expression (ce chap. Sabo, frst pat). Yet thieves gure so complex that eannot he dese, but oly tagly Imagined 1 klnd of su integral of al concrete coaigurations. sain phn anton ao om ob r 1nisthasimpossibe fort grasp det the universal matin in which se coherence ofeach partes value stm ome bits perepubleim another way each actyo cate cares the trace fh isrpion ts olgy vin he human predic ‘meat isa nceative mark, cred blow the surface agi. 5ast as, an acto’ has unoreseencomequencs of "peresc sffects”o as cach nid hoc nour sits ria 8 males of greater complet and this rings forth volt tfc. 30 each ieonormatne conigwetin ha tr spec, tbsare je competing concomitant which accompany fs Shadow sd which manifest the hana condo Incanto “hese concomitants ate what Tcled 2 somewhat fren coment he nile ees” hat we i compra nd which we see as toncomeoun execs nspecte by the rope themetves (ct HH #119) "Therein in ach oncet ace the imprint of hic iver sal mel which tecomes prespibi o some dere a son 5 Eomparion Deis It negate imprint, whch athetcte so {ospeak the society human and whose preion nese hen onparson proceeds It istructhat we camo denne a peepion irom this imprint, bt represents the ever sie ofthe reser ‘on, os hit. tn principe, anthopongy ths taught wth Prowresin the knows fae end benef pesin cl {nd his shoul ead i the end to aTeforaaton he Pion ‘her protem But what soot here and now? Granted tht the meaning of “preston” made more compen ur paps, tote {extent tat we hou preter to speak of const rahe than ion tin, can we not offer something ofthe sot om the tox oar factual contusions? We found th the modern configuration, how ver oppored othe ainsi located wtn the moses ‘model tan exceptional vr ofthe general model apd Yeas nese ov encompassed, within. Hierarchy universal the Same nets ere parva but efecivey contradicted. Whats then tht is ecessary mi? A st ah apronmate ane tha ther are things tht equality can and igs that cannot do A Contemporary tren in pube opinion, in Franc and ewe, Suggest an camp here ismoch atk ond abou of diferece," the sehabita- tion of thee that ae in one nay or another “ier he recognition ofl This ay mean two things In far asImater of enftanchisement i enerl equal sights and opportu tes equal treatment of women oof homestand uch Sento be the main port ofthe claims pat forward oo behalf of Sich eategories there no theoretical problem, It should ony be Pte out that in such equatarian treatment dierence dite {ated neglected, or subordinated nd no recopized.” Given the easy transition trom equality to Met. the long range out ‘come kel 1 beim the dreton ofthe casing of dite characterises tthe sense of 3 os ofthe meaning or vale pre Srouay atte tote conresponding dstinctons But there maybe more in ese clams, The pression that smother meanings abo sbuy present them, pimel the ec tion of alter quale. sb hat sack recopoton con only be hierarchical" was keenly petceed by Burke in is flint fn the Revolt n France Hoe, 1 ecopize the stn 0 ‘ue orto iterate (remember the Great Cain of Being). Ths Statement fs nthe face of our Mereotyper or prejudes, for nothing Is more remote ftom our common sone thin Thoms ‘Aquinas’ dctam ht onde cen toconest manly in equal) (orsitlerence disparate)” (aboven 23). Yetit ony by spores oa orimpovershment ofthe noi of order tate may bee fonearve tht eguaity ca by lf onsite ap order. To be {xp ler wl hen be thought of as superior a nferioro a, ‘sth the important qulicstion of revs hich ot preset ‘he Great Chinas seh), Tha 10 5a) that, Male was taken a lobaly inferior. he mould tim ota sperie on secondary eels [St comideration ‘What maintain that, he advocate of terns cls for itboth qual and recognition, they da tbe posse. Here we 4 Ete inn hp ae chy wi tee f ate reminded ofthe America slogan separate bu ea” which Imarked the wanstion from slavery a To be more accurate, however, T shoul! ty tat the above fs tue onthe lvl of pare representation equity or herachy— and ths make room fora alternative a ferent kin. Ache Practical forms of tegration ox of thane We can thik of ether "semble equal. pinay eal agents, sn operation, oF Isler oa whole and ae imp berarchicl ste iso of labor. Only contctaualies, as Max Glickman has shown x Integrator. We should then sy. speaking soul, thatthe are ‘wo ways of Somehow recopizng alr: hearty and cont. ‘Now, tht conics incitable and perhaps acess tone hing and fo posi it asap ideal ofa am operative vale que ftotheraloh it isn Keeping withthe ner rend. id no ‘Max Weber niet gram more stesso mar than to Poser? Cont hs the meet of supe while hsratchy ena com plestion similar to that of Chinexe etiquette. The mre 8,6 thou here have to be encompassed within the parthount sae of Individuals andequaiy, Yet Tmt confess my ie lores forte hater Posscrgr 1983). tooo. isperhaps reed nay be thought with some reason thatthe above emerson proposes ra Siew of moder culture. a icture so ocomplete thst ght spy Tovsometime nthe pst ut doesnot the present ansmote Ths itl be npued the peo sence presenter pied abo. has Jig Been supersede theory, pip the sepaaion he tweens" and "ought tobe” far fom ig genes ated Ths Kind of criticism can be met in to sts. Fin the endeavor was to fy bare a general enfgeration tht undetesthe Common way of thinking a Well specalzed Knowledge By “eam way of hiking ism ons tht the athe street ut that presupposed by pol itatons wel 0 "gun the predominatt assumptions in he stay of wey In sich ‘eonsierationallextinfeatres donot weigh cual that feature appears ina spcalty docs ot pve the sme weights any othe nthe global configuration. Fontan, it would seem 4 wh oy ve Ml am is eihat rlativty theory. though 0 wo resent, has motto this day conquered «place ofthe same order ab Newtonian psc nthe ‘eunnon reprsetaons ‘Second: there a problem of veabolry, and it vers problem of method, The configuration wich was the am ofthe tho research to oat as lled goer in the seve ot beng "horace ot modern woes a8 opposed tanned toes Iaiviaatism isso fundamental therein tit we may cll altogether, an indus contigurationOn the oer had. fone Speaks of modernity ina merely chronlopet seme, then found to comain. not only on the lev! ol practic teen fm that of eotoy eel mich more than the indus som figuration which characterises comparatively. (the way hin ‘ot tr only in vew ofthe moat eset properly “comtemporary ‘evelopment, but michele) Inthe ight of he rss we hate tained, thssiuation seen as ily meaning sp as able {estar to a anal renee terme Works Cited ‘Tlateaon" Amercon dopo Sk 21-3 ‘Arent Hannah 58 The Orn of Tolar London. ‘Asin, Sin 1972 The Cio God. engin Boke ‘Avstony. rv, 2. "Pram Neuman Bekemote” Le Debu 22 wer. Erne 193, Se Gir 957 TSU nro in Barer. ed, Sova Cora sas by Tsk, Hue and Routes The Wert Class, s Loon fun, Gregory 197 Spo Ecol of Mind. Ballin Boks Fes, Brena E1972 Pan Scieyo Koki Sh 9 igh and "Lata in South na, Vaan, est Righetctt Beson of Soth Ind Soi Beta Yt ter 1, La on kano. Fa Bet ib, Vo ond Hover To Ses nthe Hoye eva Ey, 197, Sin epi (Tans eom the Es ‘kPa Bide 32 a Cit monde tn Ci soe dee Sees: Tine de Pcatimie Roya de elie, Lets se V0 ley pie oan, Bernard 110 The Phiesopiel Theor of the Se. 2 Royle Can Haley eh 1951 La doin de Sunt Soon, Expos oui, Pe. 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