sof vie Maronarion oF cumeese crvauizarion sei for ew eee nw (sce 83] This new term, fom the time twas fst carted og as tare the ist trade the actries (chang) est of ‘lngha and, ler, the let tad west of Zhengzssn iveling ict st cially profced in Chang in orth China... Now he ale price of lt Under the Tisket Sytem i ony half of that ude the Licensed Monopoly ‘Sher, Why wari that formerly, unde he Licensed Monopoly stem the ‘monopoly merchants allowed the ports to be underplied andthe testo be In amen, wheat there has been aig rsh to ship salt in abundance under thernew Tekst Spe? The reeon that refs under the Monopoly System snere pits the coup middlemen phnder. Twotenhs of he profits would >the pores atthe vebanks and to the packaging houses, another to {ents to the srg a he lakes and sverbans (who would tay out ofthe make only ae all nother sro teahs would go tothe oficial evi ‘he alt redcing fctories and verbs; and another vo tenths the by senantearies and to exceive and Eavdulent lis [regarding the quant tlt in cach package). The merchants therefore could ot even enjoy 19 erent prof What the Ticket Sse hat done tid ielf of he corp ‘idler’ takings and give the profit the cketholes who applied tship {alan pad the tes in advance, This why they ze assured of prft ven sie the alt pce have been reduced by alt. “To sum up sbuses ave ually prt complecand dificult whereat itisonly by waking theater simple and easy tht abuses canbe prevented “Ty increase ln reverne iis neceuay to rede the cost [of stl hear tes, by increasing ics reult n decreasing even. This rule applies... bo to all scl sis inching the administration of tibte rice and customs [Huai pian hima in We Yon 2438-440 ~ KCL] THE WESTERN INTRUSION INTO CHINA “The year 8p, which aw the ginning of the Opium War between Briain and China, miletone in Chinese foreign afi. Asa cel of ths and fabsequent fois, Bai, followed by other Wee nations and Japan, Jmposed sss of “unequal teats on China, Over the couse ofthe ine- teenth century Westen powers came o contol areas of China known a com> ‘esi lenihols and pees ofnfence, Western aabonalsin China came tobe ined by their oun Inv, sot Chin's Chinese tris on exports and lnaports were hept lows opi wa ventiliealizad and misionais allowed to protien Chin's hinterand All of these developments deeply acted the coune of Chinese hi, and Chine tempi to reves them led © ‘major changes inthe Chine ae, society, and ele. The new China might breslow in coming, but the outcome ofthis histicencouner was ense (Chins Stata nd th Opeingef China the Wat 199 that eventually forces fiom the West woud jin with indigenous forest shape a new tre for China, The outbreak ofthe Opiam War may be atbuted to thee backaround ‘acon, The twas the Guangthou (Canton ting ten. For almest tree cere snc theft anal of the Portuguese off south Chin, the Chinese ‘out had succeeded in dslng with Weems on own es. Trade was Confined oa few pos here agent of the court ould regulate ely and ‘him profits of the tp. Beginning in 759 dhe Bish East India Company. ‘saneply licensed by the crow, ws ited to tading nthe poet of Guang ‘how as were oer Wester trader. Here the company had to del wath ‘pl of Chines trader, who were ofr in debt snd had tobe propped up by {he foeign merchant. The fregnes had to obey Chinete lav (wich they ‘beled to be arbinay, were resmcted toa wha on the er off Guangzhou, tnd could not communicate dey with Chinese fil, Ary communica tion had to go though the Chinese merchant guild. Even the Bish supe: intendent ote, the represent ofthe Brith crow im Guangzhou ser the deme of he Eat India Company (83), could ot communist diety seth Chinese oficial, Westerner, epeily Beit trades the eal nine teenth cent, remained eve under thee rections and resent them. The Bri “ee ade” phiceophy that called or governments not interere seth commerce heightened this resentment. “The second factor was the huge rade imbalance betseen Great Bitzn and China in the eightenth century. By the mil ofthe century, Bons af ll lave: had developed th habitoftea inking. The Est India Cmpany there fixe bought masive amount of Chines ten bot could nt Bd products the Chinese were willing to buy in equal amount, Ae result the Brith pd for the tea mor with sive, leading 0 serious bullion drain ata ume when “European ations considered bullion eens tobethe comertone af nation’s sealth and power The Chinese economy, on the oher hand, beefed from the masive na of ube, and he commer prrpesty that Ching enjoped inthe eighteenth century canbe atibuted in prt tothe wade imbalance Tosemedy thee problems the Brith dispatched a misin toChina in, “sensibly tof cation the Chinese emperocon his eghtith bitsy. “The mison, unde the experienced diplomat Lord Macatey, hoped put trade betneen the to emp on sb focing interest the Chinese x Bich soos, and plac a represent ofthe Brith crown pxanentl in Bejing. Despite some progres in ade als, the isin didnot prea advance Bish nal, andthe Chinese court showed no inclination to etablish equal elsbone ‘sk Western pores. "The Bh ducvery of opium fom Inds at a wonder drug to cue the onic imbolance of trade wth China provides the third and primay factor Jn he Opium Wat. The Eat India Company had» monopoly om opium in is ‘lon in Benga and forced the armen to grow poppy the plant om whichpio is derived, then processed the opm i ts factories, Although opium ‘asa in China, ovate Buitsh trader bought the compan’ opium on Credit, ok ito tgp on the Chinese const, and then paid the reese tates ofthe East dia Company in Gusngrhos. The representatives then ‘ued the money to buy ten This triangular wade arcngement kept the Est Tha Company fo Becoming dietyimlved nthe opium tae, but the fic was the sam —tadingopiom fr tea. A result the trade imbalance Sve the coure of several decades shied, and by the Sos and 1305 iver began o dsm out of Chin, creating enormous rca nd economic problems ‘The economy went into a depresion, and increasing numbers of Chinese of all clases were befoming addicted to opivm. Souugping. moreover, proved Tocratve at only fr the diet paricigants but or local oficial a well, who could be bribed to eep hand ofthe legal trae. Theefactoshelptoerlain ‘thy was dit for the goverment opt an end tothe opin td in ‘pte of tepested bins on isimporaton and le The tate Was not merely in Confit wth foreigners, bu wih ts own members, whore lfintzsted them fo quer” thet for thet penal Benet aher tan stamp i out or the good ofa ‘Gn the othe hap the “elf inkere” of aegners parcpatingintheChina trade mas not wholly boucd up withthe marketing of pi, and itis possble that itligen negosston sould ave brought about gradual reduction in Sinpors ofthe drawl other articles, expecially manusctured gods, took the pice of op in fhe wade. Unfortunatly, the tational conduct of foreign relations by the Chinese court wat conned ley to bute rel ‘ion with alerts. Tere was lie inclination to establish regular inter ‘ours withthe Wester power hat dd not adhere t the pattem of etal teins with the Chinese cour. For want of = mide ground on which 0 mec, the means yee Tncing whereby to resolve the constant conf tha trove in contacts utween Chines ad oegnes oer dieing coneepionsaf jute and equity ‘Under tev cieumatances confit was dic to aod The ei ofthe cpiun te were ofrseaching tat the Chinese cool ignore them ony at {eat per. Meare the Britsh crown depended heavily on revere fom the tea unde Any dicuption ofthe uade would have grestconsaquences Some sort of showdonn wa imminent. Aer an etnsve deat, dung which the Teglation of opin was considered the Chinese cout decided to tke a hard Tine and pot an cht the importation of epiom to China An expenenced official was appt a “aug teat” and dispatched to Guangzhou wth fll, mers to eat he opium scourge Here we sll ebncem ure es wth the mersfthe sues over which seat evntally broke ot than wth the Cnet ndentanding of them andthe ‘fect on Chines thinking ofthe event that followed. Instruct for his pur pose te the casey of two Chinese leaders inthe Gels of goverment and | Chine Stara te Opening of China te Wee 20h scholarship: Lin Zen (785-1856), imperial commisionr at Guangzhou in ‘Byp-syo andthe ehoar Wai Yuan 794-1856), who helped to interpret for (Chine minds the meaning of the tefl cont THE LESSON OF LIN ZEXU Lin Zem, a natve othe southeast cous provine of Fujian, was an exemplary producto the Chines efvcatonal nd ei sence stom. Aer winning the Fina degree in 8, be wore apidy trough the fil rank and sere with patil dnction n pont concerned wth fiscal mates and puble works, ning » wide repution for hit competence, ites, and humanenes, By the lt thins when pian smuggling became a presing question, Lin had Trendy eablhed hinelf as an able governor and then governor general of ich and populous provinces cental China. In such 3 postion 4 man less Aeeplyconcemed ver he ate his people might have been content enjoy the measure of penonal success that was sendy are hm. But Lin, basing luke song meatier to end he opium ate in hisoxn sphere of sition, ‘laced hie in he fteont of thoe who called upon the cout for 2 full Seale asiauton the optim menace. The result wat hirappoinmentas imperial omission at Guangzhou, with fll mes to deal with the probler, ‘Oo his ariel in Gaangzhou in Math 85, Lin demontaed that he was 41man of tow and infleuble purpor, not the ype f official who could be ‘rheeled, bribed or sled oft Within a fess monte hehe taken such song Zetion agaist the Hong merchant [Chine Merchant Gill] and Wester traders tht esting tock of opium had been detoyed and the eesaton of the lfc ma all but accepted by the foreigners It wa a hi ime hat Lie ‘dseed his celebrated Jeter to Queen Vietona demanding assurances ofan nd tthe rade "Were opium then, the sole a chi se beeen the Chinese and British, there mould presumably have been no cau forthe outbreak af the st Anglo. Chine Wat ater tht same yea To the Bash onthe scene, homer, Lin's ‘uncompromising police seemed not just rm o toh but anogant and ur rentable Though ready to make sustantalconcsions with regard to the tg tafe inorder not lose ll pportinites for tad, for ther the ae of ofits did not suc to overcome stg feelings in what hey regarded 2, Irate of principe. The lack of reaty relations mein that thee was no etab The proce forthe adminstatoncfjutice in ineidensiwabing Chinese nd frignes. Commissioner Lin was determined that Chinese authors Should mete ot punishment fr exes on Chinese si of which freignes had been acired. The Bosh were equally adamant in refsing to turn over sorpecs, whe guit was by no mean etablshed, othe merce of Chinese ficial whom they considered vindictive and inhumane, When Lin countered