Introduction To Routing Protocols

2204
1241_05_2000_c1 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1
Introduction to Routing
Protocols
Session 2204
2204
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr 1
Agenda
• IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

• Generic Routing Concepts
• Specific Routing Protocols
• Static and Defaults Routes
2204
MAC Address
48 Bit Hexadecimal (Base16) Unique Layer two address
1234.5678.9ABC
First 24 bits = Manufacture Code Second 24 bits = Specific interface,
assigned by IEEE assigned by Manufacture
0000.0c XX.XXXX XXXX.XX00.0001

All F’s= Broadcast
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
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IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network Host
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits
172 . 16 . 122 . 204
2204
IP Subnetting, Mask
Network Host
IP
Address 172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet 255 255 0 0
Mask
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position

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IP Address Classes
Start 1 0 0 0
Class A: End 126 255 255 254
Mask 255 0 0 0
Start 128 0 0 0
Class B: End 192 255 255 254
Mask 255 255 0 0
Start 192 0 0 0
Class C: End 223 255 255 254
Mask 255 255 255 0
Class D: for multicast
2204
IP Address Mask Formats
The Router will display different Mask

formats at different times.
• bitcount ---172.16.31.6/24
• decimal ---- 172.16.31.6 255.255.255.0
• hexadecimal 172.16.31.6 0xFFFFFF00
2204
Finding the IP Address
on the LAN
• ARP = Address Resolution UNIX Host A
Protocol
• Host and routers have pre
assigned MAC addresses 1111.1111.1111
1111.1111.1111 5555.5555.5555
5555.5555.5555
• Host A sends a ARP request for

router R1
2222.2222.2222
2222.2222.2222
• The ARP request is a broadcast
packet R1 3333.3333.3333
3333.3333.3333
• R1 replies with ARP response

unicast address 4444.4444.4444
4444.4444.4444
• Now both Host A and Router R1 R2

have the IP and MAC address for
each other in their ARP Table
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How Do I Get there From Here?

UNIX Host UNIX Host
Street A Street H
• Path choice is based on location

• Location is represented by an address
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Host Addresses
172. 16. 200.11 10.1.1.1/8

255.255. 0. 0 E0 E1
172. 16.3.10 10.250.8.11

255.255.0.0 255. 0. 0. 0
172.16.12.12/16 10.180.30.118/8
IP: 172.16.2.1/16 IP: 10.6.24.2/8
Forwarding Table
172 .16 12 . 12
Network Interface
255.255 0.0 172.16.0.0 E0
Network Host 10.0.0.0 E1
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Subnet Addressing
172.16. 3 . 5
172.16.2.11/24
E0 E1 255.255.255.0
172. 16. 2 . 2
172.16.3.100/24
255.255.255.0
172.16.2.160/24 172.16.3.150/24
IP: 172.16.2.1/24 IP: 172.16.3.1/24
Forwarding Table
Network Interface
172 .16 2 160
172.16.2.0 E0
255.255 .255 .0
Network Subnet Host 172.16.3.0 E1
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Discontiguous IP Subnet
A
Where Is 172
172.16.50.1
172.16.0.0? 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.4 .5
255.255.255.252 .13
B
.6
172.16
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0 192.168.1.12
255.255.255.252
.9
192.168.1.8 .14
255.255.255.252 .10 172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
Routing Protocols will by Default
Summarize Major Networks C
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Variable Length Subnet Mask
A
172.16.50.1
.5 255.255.255.0
172.16.1.4
255.255.255.252 .13
B
.6
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0 172.16.1.12
255.255.255.252
.9
172.16.1.X With a 172.16.1.8 .14

255.255.255.252 mask 255.255.255.252 .10 172.16.60.1
Or /30 the 1 subnet 255.255.255.0
my be broken into 64
Subnets C
Conserve IP Addresses
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IPX Addressing
80 Bits
Network Node
32 Bits 48 Bits
000C 15C0 0077.0650.2328

IPX Network # IPX STATION #
Usulay same a MAC address
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Address Configuration
Router (config-if) #
ip address ip-address subnet-mask
• Assigns an address and subnet mask

• Starts IP processing on an interface
ipx network network
• Assigns a network number

• Starts IPX processing on an interface
• Must have ipx routing configured
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Agenda

• Generic Routing Concepts
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Convergence
• Time required for router to identify and

use an alternate path
• Dependent on timer values and algorithm
• Difficult to predict precisely
A,B,C A,B,C B,C

D,E,F D,E,F D,E,F
2 4 6
Router’s 5 and 6
C E F
B D Have no knowledge of
A the new Network A Yet
1 3 A,B,C 5
A,B,C B,C
D,E,F D,E,F D,E,F
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Load Balancing
T1 T1
R2
N1 N2
R1 R4
T1 R3 T1
• Equal cost paths

• Rapid failover
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Load Balancing
256K 768K
R2
N1 N2
R1 512K R4
R3 T1
• Unequal cost load balancing: Eigrp
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Holddown
I Will Ignore
Routes to X
While in
Holddown
x
• Sets minimum convergence time

• Prevents forwarding loops
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Forwarding Loop:
A Routing Disagreement
Packets for Network X
• Packets do not get to the destination

• Temporary traffic surge until convergence
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Split Horizon
“
Do not send routing data
back in the direction from
which it came
”
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Split Horizon
Frame Relay Multipoint Network

Router 2,3,4
All advertise their Respective
Ethernets to Router D, Router D
knows all networks
PVC
2 A
PVC
D 1 3 B
B
S0
PVC C
4 C
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Split Horizon
Frame Relay Network

Router 1
Advertises network D
to routers 2,3,4 2 A
PVC
PVC
D 1 3 B
S0
PVC
Router 1 4 C
Knows all networks but
Will only advertise D out of S0
Because it learned A,B,C from S0
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Metrics (Cost)
• Numeric value used to choose

among paths
• RIP/RIPv2 is hop count and ticks (IPX)
• OSPF/ISIS is interface cost (bandwidth)
• (E)IGRP is compound
• BGP can be complicated
• Path determination depends on metric
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Agenda

• Generic Routing Categories
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Forwarding Table
One Forwarding Table per Router

One Forwarding Table per Network Protocol
Network # Interface Next Hop Metric Age Source
198.113.181.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [170/304793] 02:03:50 D
198.113.178.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [110/9936] 02:03:50 O
192.168.96.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [120/3] 00:00:20 R
192.168.97.0 Ethernet0 C
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Building the Forwarding Table
• Directly connected
Routes that the router is attached to
• Static
Routes are manually defined
• Dynamic
Routes protocol are learned from a Protocol
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Routing Protocols
I Know About: I Know About:

Network A Network X
Network B Network Y
A Network C Routing Update Network Z X
B Y
C Exchanges Network Knowledge Z
• Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers

to learn about paths to other logical networks
• Each routing protocol offers features that can make
it desirable as part of an internetwork design
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Routing Protocol Goals
• Optimal path selection • Easy to configure

• Loop-free routing • Adapts to changes
easily and quickly
• Fast convergence
• Does not create a lot
• Limited design
of traffic
administration
• Scales to a large size
• Minimize update traffic
• Compatible with existing
• Handle address limitations
hosts and routers
• Support hierarchical
• Supports variable length
topology
subnet masks and
• Incorporate rapid discontiguous subnets
convergence
• Supports policy routing
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IP RIP
• Routing Information • RFC 1058

Protocol
• Simple = limited
• Widely available
• Slow convergence
• Hop count metric
• No VLSM
• Periodic update
• No discontiguous
• Easy to implement subnets
• One of the first • Max 15 Hops
available
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RIP—Distance Vector
Net A Net D
R1 R2 R3
Net B Net C
E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0
Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface

A E0 B S0 C S0
B S0 C S1 D E0
C S0 A S0 B S0
D S0 D S1 A S0
Send RIP Routing Table to Neighbors

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Broadcast Routing Updates
All Stations Have to Listen to Rip Broadcast’s
S 10.1.1.1 D 255.255.255.255
RIP V1
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RIP Metric
1 Hop
Hops
Path A
R2
T1 T1
56k
R1 R3
Path B
0 Hops
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RIP V2
• RFC 1723
• Cisco IOS® 11.1 support
• Advertises masks
• Variable length subnet masks
• Route summarization
• Routing updates use multicast
• Authenticated updates using MD5
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Multicast Routing Updates
RIP V2
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When to Use RIPv2
• Subnet mask support

• Reduce broadcast load
• Validated updates
• Multivendor environment
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IPX RIP
• Widely available • Tied to SAP

protocol
• Hop count metric
• Simple = limited
• Ticks (1/18 sec)
• Slow convergence
• Periodic update
• No default route
• Easy to implement
• Routing loops
• Free on servers
• Max 15 hops
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IPX RIP—Ticks
• Ticks are used • IPXWAN

to determine calculates for
server timeout its interfaces
• Default for LAN • can be set via
interfaces is 1 the ipx delay
number interface
• Default for WAN
sub command
interfaces is 4
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IGRP
• Interior Gateway • Cisco IOS 9.21

Routing Protocol
• Periodic update
• Cisco developed
• No VLSM
• Distance vector
• Default timers
• Compound produce slow
metric convergence
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IGRP Compound Metric
• Administrative
weight T1
R2
• Delay
• Bandwidth T1
• Reliability 56k
• Load R1 R3
(K2 * BW) K
= ((K1 * BW + (256-load) + K3* delay)) * (reliability5 + K ))
4
2204
How the IGRP Metrics Work
Delay Metric- D1 D2 D3
Based on
D1 + D2 + D3
Bandwidth 1.5 Mbps 64 kbps 1.5 Mbps

Metric-Based
on 64 kbps
• Bandwidth dominates short paths

• Delay dominates long paths
• Configure bandwidth on all interfaces
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Enhanced IGRP
• Extremely fast • Best of DV and LS

convergence
• Low overhead
• VLSM support
• Guaranteed
• Discontiguous loop-free
subnets
• Reliable, incremental
• Arbitrary route update-based
summarization
• Multiprotocol:
• Supports prefix and IP, IPX®, AppleTalk
host routing
• Easy to configure
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Advanced Distance Vector
On Startup Routing Tables
Are Exchanged; Routing
A 27
Table Built Based on Best
B 12 Paths from Topology Table
A 1 Z C 35
B 13
C 20
A 27 Z
A Q 2 1 Q
B Z 13
Q Y 5 X
C X 13 B 12 Z
.. .. ..
Y’s Table
A 5 Topology Table
B 3
C 3 X • Construct neighbor tables
X’s Table
• Construct topology tables
• Compute routes
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EIGRP Tables
• Topology table • Neighbor table

• Acted upon by DUAL • Keeps adjacent
neighbor’s address
• All routes advertised
by neighbors • Keeps the hold time
• List of neighbors for • Information for
each route reliable transport
• Routes passive
or active
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Diffusing Update
Algorithm (DUAL)
• DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm

that performs a diffused computation
of a routing table
Uses a new routing algorithm
Achieves fast convergence
Network changes propagate only to affected
nodes (“bounded updates”)
• No need for route holddown
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IPX EIGRP
• Automatic redistribution of routes

into RIP/SAP
• Maximum network size is 224 hops
vs 15 for RIP
• Incremental SAPs sent, reducing
bandwidth usage
• All other benefits of EIGRP
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When to Use EIGRP
• Very large, complex networks

• VLSM
• For fast convergence
• Little network design
• Multiprotocol support
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Link State Routing
Z’s Link State

Q’s Link State
Topology Information Is
Z Kept in a Database Separate
from the Forwarding Table
A Q 2
B Z 13
Q Y C X 13
• OSPF
X
X’s Link State • IS-IS
• NLSP
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Link State Routing
• Neighbor discovery
• Constructing an LSA (Link State
Advertisement)
• Distribute LSA
• Compute routes using SPF
(Shortest Path First)
• On network failure
New LSAs flooded
All routers recompute link state databases
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OSPF
• Open Shortest • Fast convergence

Path First
• Variable-length
• Link state or SPF subnet masks
technology
• Discontiguous
• Developed by OSPF subnets
working group of
• No periodic updates
IETF (RFC 1253)
• Route authentication
• Designed expressly
for TCP/IP Internet • Delivered two years
environment after IGRP
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OSPF Areas and Rules
Area
• Backbone area (0) Border
Router
must be present
• All other areas Area 2 Area 3
must have
Area 0 Internal
connection Backbone
Router
to backbone Router
• Backbone must Area 4

be contiguous Area 1
• Do not partition
area (0) Autonomous
Internet
System (AS)
Border Router
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When to Use OSPF
• Large hierarchical networks

• Complex networks, except…
Topology restrictive
Additional network design
• VLSM
• Fast convergence
• Multivendor
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IS-IS
• IS = Intermediate • ISO 10589

System
• Two types of areas:
• Dual IS-IS Level-1 other areas
• Integrated IS-IS Level-2 backbone
• Metric is 10 bits • Default for
wide each level
• All interfaces • Much like OSPF
default to 10
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NetWare Link Services Protocol
• Derived from ISIS

• NLSP specs 3 levels of routers
• Only two levels are defined
• Spec is Novell NLSP version 1.1
http://www.novell.com
http://developer.novell.com/research
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BGP
• RFC 1771 • Many options for

policy enforcement
• Border Gateway
Protocol • Classless Inter
Domain Routing
• Version 4 is current
(CIDR)
• Exterior routing
• Widely used for
protocol (vs.
Internet backbone
interior)
• AS=Autonomous
• Uses TCP for systems
transport
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BGP Basics
Peering
A C
AS 100 AS 101
B D
E
• Runs over TCP AS 102
• Path vector
protocol
• Incremental update
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Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering
AS 100
D
A
B
• BGP peer within the same AS

• Not required to be directly connected
• IBGP neighbors should be fully meshed
• Few BGP speakers in corporate network
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External BGP (EBGP) Peering
A
AS 100 AS 101
C
• Between BGP speakers in different AS

• Should be directly connected
• Don’t run an IGP between EBGP peers
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Policy Drives
BGP Requirements
AS 200 Static
Route
BGP
AS 100 BGP AS 400
BGP
AS 300
• Policy for AS 100: Always use AS 300

path to reach AS 400
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When Not to Use BGP

Network
Static Number
C
A ISP Runs BGP
BB
Advertise Default
Network Via IGP Use a Static Route to
Provide Connectivity
• Avoid BGP configuration by using

default networks and static routes
Appropriate when the local policy is the
same as the ISP policy
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Agenda

• Generic Routing Categories
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Static Routes
• Routes configured manually

• Useful when few or just one
route exist
• Can be administrative burden
• Frequently used for default route
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Administrative Distance
• The router treats different routing protocols with a different preference
Route Source Default Distance
Connected Interface 0
Static Route 1
Enhanced IGRP Summary Route 5
External BGP 20
Internal Enhanced IGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120
EGP 140
External Enhanced IGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
Unknown, Discard Route 255
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Floating Static Routes
• A static route with a high distance

• Can be overridden by dynamic info
T1
172.16.3.2
3 172.16.1.0
ISDN
C15C0
172.16.3.1
3
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 140
ipx route C15C0 3.0000.0c15.3628 floating-static

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Default Routes
• Route used if no match is found in

forwarding table
• Can be carried by routing protocols
• Two models
Special network number:
0.0.0.0 (IP)
-2 (IPX)
Flagged in routing protocol
• Protocols support multiple models
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Creating a Default Route
• RIP, RIPv2: network 0.0.0.0

• IGRP, EIGRP: ip default-network
• OSPF:ISIS default originate
• IPX: ipx route default
• default gateway is for “host mode”
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Default IP Subnet
172.16.0.0 Internet
s0 s1
172.16.1.0
• Two defaults
For unknown networks
For unknown subnets
• Controlled by ip classless
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Comparison of Routing Protocols
Link Traditional Advanced Path

State Distance Distance Vector
Vector Vector
Scalability Good Low Excellent Outstanding

Bandwidth Low High Low Low
Memory High Low Moderate High

CPU High Low Low Moderate
Convergence Fast Slow Fast Moderate

Configuration Moderate Easy Easy Hard
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Internet Routing Protocols
• IP routing protocols are characterized as
Name Type Proprietary Function Updates Metric VLSM Summ
RIP DV No Interior 30 Sec Hops No Auto

RIPv2 DV No Interior 30 Sec Hops Yes Auto
IGRP DV Yes Interior 90 Sec Comp No Auto
EIGRP Adv DV Yes Interior Trig Comp Yes Both
OSPF LS No Interior Trig Cost Yes Man
IS-IS LS No Interior Trig Cost Yes Auto
BGP Path Vec No Exterior Incr N/A Yes Auto
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Topology/Technology
Considerations
• Routing and services overhead is usually
not a big deal when you have a lot of
bandwidth (i.e. LANs)
• Protect WAN bandwidth using update-based
protocols—more bandwidth and buffers for
application traffic
• High densities of sub (interfaces) can cause
“hot spots” and router CPU overload
• NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access)
technologies always require good
design practices
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For Further Reference…
• EIGRP Network Design Solutions

by Ivan Pepelnjak,(ISBN: 1578701651)
• Interconnections : Bridges and Routers
by Radia Perlman (ISBN: 0-20156-332-0)
• Internetworking with TCP / IP, Volume 1:
Principles, Protocols, and Architecture
by Douglas Comer (ISBN: 0-13216-987-8)
• IP Routing Fundamentals
by Mark Sportack (ISBN: 1-57870-071-x)
• IP Routing Primer
by Robert Wright (ISBN: 1-57870-108-2)
• OSPF Network Design Solutions
by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
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For Further Reference…
• Routing in the Internet

by Christian Huitema (ISBN: 0-13132-192-7)
• OSPF Network Design Solutions
by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
• ISP Survival Guide : Strategies for Running a
Competitive ISP
by Geoff Huston (ISBN:0-47131-499-4)
• Internet Routing Architectures
by Bassam Halabi (ISBN: 1-56205-652-2)
2204
Thank You!
• Related sessions:
2208 Deploying IGRP/EIGRP
2205 Deploying OSPF
2209 Deploying BGP
2200 Advanced IP Routing
2204
Introduction to Routing
Protocols
Session 2204
2204
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1241_05_2000_c1 © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1

• IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

0000.0c XX.XXXX XXXX.XX00.0001

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

172 . 16 . 122 . 204

Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position

IP Address Mask Formats

The Router will display different Mask

• Host A sends a ARP request for

• R1 replies with ARP response

• Now both Host A and Router R1 R2

How Do I Get there From Here?

• Path choice is based on location

172. 16. 200.11 10.1.1.1/8

172. 16.3.10 10.250.8.11

IP: 172.16.2.1/16 IP: 10.6.24.2/8

IP: 172.16.2.1/24 IP: 172.16.3.1/24

Variable Length Subnet Mask

172.16.1.X With a 172.16.1.8 .14

000C 15C0 0077.0650.2328

• Assigns an address and subnet mask

ipx network network

• Assigns a network number

• IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

• Time required for router to identify and

A,B,C A,B,C B,C

• Equal cost paths

• Unequal cost load balancing: Eigrp

• Sets minimum convergence time

Packets for Network X

• Packets do not get to the destination

Frame Relay Multipoint Network

Frame Relay Network

• Numeric value used to choose

• IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

One Forwarding Table per Router

Network # Interface Next Hop Metric Age Source

198.113.181.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [170/304793] 02:03:50 D

198.113.178.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [110/9936] 02:03:50 O

192.168.96.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [120/3] 00:00:20 R

I Know About: I Know About:

• Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers

• Optimal path selection • Easy to configure

• Routing Information • RFC 1058

Network Interface Network Interface Network Interface

Send RIP Routing Table to Neighbors

Broadcast Routing Updates

All Stations Have to Listen to Rip Broadcast’s

When to Use RIPv2

• Subnet mask support

• Widely available • Tied to SAP

• Ticks are used • IPXWAN

• Interior Gateway • Cisco IOS 9.21

IGRP Compound Metric

Bandwidth 1.5 Mbps 64 kbps 1.5 Mbps

• Bandwidth dominates short paths

• Extremely fast • Best of DV and LS

• Topology table • Neighbor table

• DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm

• Automatic redistribution of routes

• Very large, complex networks

Link State Routing