Vectors

NOTATION
• A vector from a point A to a point B is
denoted AB or v , and a vector may be
denoted v , or more commonly v. The
point A is often called the "tail" of the
vector, and B is called the vector's "head."
A vector with unit length is called a
unit vector and is denoted using a hat, .
Vectors Addition
                         

Vector Difference
• Vector Difference
• A vector difference is the result of subtracting
one vector from another. A vector difference is
denoted using the normal minus sign, i.e., the
vector difference of vectors and is written .
• A vector difference is equivalent to a
vector sum with the orientation of the second
vector reversed, i.e.,
• A – B = A + (-A)
 The following conditions must hold

• In order for to be a vector space, the following

conditions must hold for all elements and any scalars :
• 1. Commutativity:
• 2. Associativity of vector addition:
• 3. Additive identity: For all
• 4. Existence of additive inverse: For any , there exists a
such that
• 5. Associativity of scalar multiplication:
• 6. Distributivity of scalar sums:
• 7. Distributivity of vector sums:
• 8. Scalar multiplication identity: