HISTOLOGY

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• INTEGUMENT/SKIN AS AN ORGAN
HAS VARIETIES OF EPITHELIA,
SEVERAL TYPES OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUES, MUSCLE FIBERS, NERVOUS
TISSUE
• INTEGUMENT/SKIN AS A SYSTEM
CONTAINS A VARIETY OF SKIN
DERIVATES
FUNCTIONS

• PROTECTOR, protection from pathogens,

poisons, ultraviolet rays
• WATERPROOF, retains tissue fluids,
impervious to water
• REGULATES THE TEMPERATURE OF
THE BODY, heat loss through the skin by
radiation, convection, evaporation. Heat
conserved by reduction in the blood flow to
skin
• EXCRETORY ORGAN, through sweat
glands, sebaceous glands
• SELECTIVE ABSORBER, certain drugs,
hormones, vitamin D are obserbed
• REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL, epidermis
and dermis can repair
• SENSORY ORGAN, have many nerve
endings
TYPES OF SKIN

• THICK SKIN (PALMS OF THE HANDS,

SOLES OF THE FEET)
• THIN SKIN

HISTOLOGYCALLY IT CONSISTS :
• EPIDERMIS, ECTODERMAL IN ORIGIN,
SUPERFICIAL, EPITHELIAL,
WATERPROOF, AVASCULAR
• DERMIS/CORIUM, MESODERMAL IN
ORIGIN, A DEEPER, CONNECTIVE
TISSUE, VASCULER
THICK SKIN (PALMS OF THE HANDS,
SOLES OF THE FEET)
EPIDERMIS :
• STRATUM BASALE S MALPIGHI/
S GERMINATIVUM
• STRATUM SPINOSUM
• STRATUM GRANULOSUM
• STRATUM LUCIDUM
• STRATUM CORNEUM
• STRATUM BASALE, the deepest layer, single layers of
basophilic, columnar or cuboidal cells, frequent mitotic figures
are present
• STRATUM SPINOSUM, several layers of mitotically active,
basophilic cells, have short spines
• STRATUM GRANULOSUM, consist of two to four layers of
flattened cells, containing many prominent basophilic
granules, keratohyalin ganules
• STRATUM LUCIDUM, consist of two to three layers of
translucent, poorly stained, or slightly eosinophilic squamous
cells
• STRATUM CORNEUM, the outermost layer, consist of many
layers of dead, flattened,anucleate cells, cytoplasm is
replaced by keratin. The most superficial cells are
dehydrated, horny scales that are constantly being shed.
THICK SKIN
THICK SKIN
E : epidermis
SC : stratum corneum
SG : stratum granulosum
SS : stratum spinosum
SGe : stratum germinativum
IP : interpapillary peg
SDR : secondary dermal ridges
CL : capillariy loops
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
THIN SKIN (COVERS THE REST OF THE
BODY)

EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMIS OF THIN SKIN, THE STRATUM
LUCIDUM IS ABSENT, STRATUM
GRANULOSUM FREQUENTLY MISSING

CELL TYPES IN THE EPIDERMIS:

KERATINOCYTES, as the stem cells;
MELANOCYTES, as melanin producer;
LANGERHANS CELLS, a special types of
macrophage; MERKEL CELLS, as touch
receptors
DERMIS
THE DERMIS DIVIDED INTO :
• PAPILLARY LAYER, CHARACTERIZED BY
DERMAL PAPILLAE, CONTAINS CAPILARY
BED, TACTILE PAPILLAE
• RETICULAR LAYER, COLLAGENOUS
BUNDLES, FEW ELATIC FIBERS, DENSE,
IRREGULEAR, CONNECTIVE TISSUE. AT THE
DEEPER CONTAIN ADIPOSA TISSUE, SWEAT
AND OIL GLANDS, HAIR FOLLICLES,
SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS AND SKELETAL
MUSCLE FIBERS
THIN SKIN
THIN SKIN
E : epidermis
D : dermis
HF : hair follicle
H : hair
swG : sweat glands
sG : sebaceous glands
AP : arrector pilli muscle
B : bulb
P : papilla
d : ductus
hD : hypodermis
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
APPENDAGES OF SKIN

• HAIR
• SEBACEOUS GLANDS
• SWEAT GLANDS
• NAIL
 HAIR
• HAIRS ARE HARD KERATIN STRUCTURES PRODUCED
BY HAIR FOLLICLES.
• THEY ARISE AS THICKENINGS OF THE EPIDERMIS
THAT PROLIFERATE AS CORDS AND PENETRATE THE
DERMIS. THE BASE OF EACH CORD EXPANDS AND
ENCLOSES A PAPILLA, FORMING THE BULB.
• THE CELLS COVERING THE PAPILLA PRODUCE THE
SHAFT OF THE HAIR THAT ERUPTS FROM THE SKIN.
• THE CELLS COVERING THE HAIR BULB ARE
CONTINOUS WITH THE CELLS OF STRATA BASALE AND
SPINOSUM. THEY ARE CONSTANLY UNDERGOING
MITOSIS AND GIVE RISE TO THE VARIOUS CELLULER
COVERINGS OF THE MATURE SHAFT.
• HAIR GROWTH AND REPLACEMENT CYCLICAL, THE
PERIODS OF GROWTH AND REST VARY DEPENDING
ON THE REGIONS OF THE BODY.
HAIR FOLLICLE
CROSS SECTIONS OF HAIR SHAFT
Co : cortex
Cu : cuticle cells
IRS : internal root sheath
ERS : external root sheath
CTS : connective tissue sheath
BM : inner glassy membrane
AP : arrector pilli
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
• WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, FOUND EMBEDED IN
THE DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS IS
ASSOCIATION WITH HAIR FOLLICLES, LIES
BETWEEN THE ARRECTOR PILLI MUSCLES
AND THE HAIR SHAFT
• MORPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE OR
BRANCHED ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) GLANDS.
• ARE HOLOCRINE TYPE GLANDS
• PRODUCE SEBUM
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
BC : basal cells
N : Nuclei
sG : sebaceous glands
AP : arector pilli muscle
HF : hair follicles
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
SWEAT GLANDS
• WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, DISTRIBUTED
THROUGHOUT THE SKIN, EMBEDED IN THE
DERMIS OR HYPODERMIS
• MORPHOLOGICALLY IT IS A SIMPLE, COILED,
TUBULAR GLANDS, SECRETORY PORTION
SURROUNDED BY MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS,
ARE MEROCRINE TYPE GLANDS.
• LARGE APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS ARE
LIMITED IN DISTRIBUTION TO THE AXILLARY,
CIRCUMANAL, AREOLAR BREAST REGIONS,
THEY ARE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR
FOLLICLES, RELEASE A VISCOUS SECRETION
SWEAT GLANDS
d : ductus
s : secretory portion
L : Lumen
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).

THE MODIFICATIONS OF SWEAT GLANDS ARE

MOLL GLANDS, SERUMINOUS GLANDS,
MAMMARY CLANDS
NAIL
• ARE PROTECTIVE, KERATINIZED, HARD
PLATES OF CELLS THAT COVER THE
DORSAL SURFACES OF THE DISTAL ENDS
OF DIGITS OF ALL PRIMATES.
• GROWTH OF NAILS IS CONSTANT
NAILS
Ep : eponychium
Hy : hyponychium
NB : nail bed
D : dermis
Ph : phalange
NP : nail plate
FP : fibrous periosteum
Bo : bone
NR : root of nails
HC : hyaline cartilage
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).