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by: David Harel
Since the view of the imperative paradigm is closest to the “bare” machine, it is no
wonder that the first highlevel languages were imperative. Three of the earliest (whose
pedigrees can be traced as far back as the late 1950s) are FORTRAN, COBOL, and
ALGOL. The first two are still in use today, having successfully evolved to meet new
developments in hardware and software, while the third, though defunct, has been
perhaps the most influential of all.FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) was the result of
an acute need for numerical computations in scientific and engineering applications,
such as the simulation of the effects of a nuclear reaction. It was designed with efficient
compilation in mind, rather than clarity or readability. As a result, the basic version of
the language does not support many features for enhancing good program structure,
which are considered important in a highlevel language. The 1977 extension of the
language, FORTRAN 77, remedies this situation to some extent. FORTRAN supports
vectors and multidimensional arrays, but virtually no other data structures. As to its
numerical capabilities, these are quite powerful and extensive. The popularity of the
language in the scientific and engineering community has resulted in numerous complex
mathematical functions that have been preprogrammed as fixed subroutines, and which
are cataloged in various function libraries. Such functions, although not an original part
of the FORTRAN language, are made available simply by the same kind of subroutine
calling that one would normally use in the language. This cansignificantly extend the
programmer’s repertoire of elementary operations, and the availability of these function
libraries has played a large part in the continuing vitality of the language.
Reference: Algorithmics spirit of computing
Date: 02092008