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DHCP Concept: Installation of DHCP Server
DHCP Concept: Installation of DHCP Server
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is used to provide or assign IP
v4 addresses to the configure clients within the same network or between two subnets.
In window server 2003, DHCP server is not installed by default. Difference
between static IP address and dynamic address.
Static IP address Automatic IP address (DHCP)
(1) More time consuming practice. (1) Very less time required.
(2) We have to maintain a list. (2) No need, list is maintained by
DHCP.
(3) If wrong information is delivered then (3) No chance to deliver wrong
may be communication problem occurred. Information.
(4) If same information delivered again then (4) No chance.
may be IP address conflict with each other.
(5) More overhead on administrator. (5) Less overhead on administrator.
(6) If computer is shuffling from network then (6) In case shuffling, no problem of
may be communication problem occur. Communication.
1. Go to control panel
DHCP Server working
DHCP
Static IP 10.0.0.10 Scope
255.0.0.0
10.0.0.10
Scope Name
IP address
Start IP address
End IP address
Subnet mask
DORA Process
DHCP Server is used to provide IP address. We can configure DHCP Server by making a
scope. In which we can provide lots of information, which is assigned to the client
computer.
A DHCP Server has always Static address. When we configure our client
computer obtain IP address automatically then a DORA process communication is
performed between DHCP Server and DHCP Client.
Scope
Scope has IP related information, which is used to assign to the DHCP client computers
dynamically. The information is IP address, exclude the IP from distribution, router IP
address, parent domain name (DNS suffix), DNS IP address, WINS IP & Lease etc.
Creating Scope
In one subnet we can create single scope, but in case of multiple subnet we can create two
scopes with different subnet. To create the scope, open DHCP Server.
Right click on Server Local then New scope.
A new scope wizard appears on screen.
Super Scope
Super scope is a scope, which is used to handle multisubnet scopes. We can configure
this Super scope when our DHCP Server is configured to provide IP address between two
subnets or we can say when we want to centralized our IP address assignment method
between two subnets.
Lease
Lease is a time duration offered by DHCP Server to the requesting client that how long a
client computer can use IP address. By default lease duration is 8 days. A client computer
can renew its lease after 50% of its lease duration. At the time of renewable request if
DHCP Server is not available then the second request sends by the DHCP client at 87.5%
of leased duration. We can renew leased duration manually by using following
commands: -
To renew the lease duration first of all we have to release the IP address then send the
renew request. To release the IP address the command is: -
C:\> ipconfig/release
(To remove configure or lease from DHCP database)
When you execute this command a release message will send to the DHCP Server to
release the information from his database. In this process client computer will use 0.0.0.0
as a source address. To renew the leased duration the command is
C:\>ipconfig/renew
A New lease duration is assigned to the client computer by DHCP Server.
ICS
ICS stands for Internet Connection Sharing. ICS is a method for connectivity multiple
computers in a local area network to the Internet through a single connection and single
IP. ICS typical uses NAT technology to achieve this and works with most connection
technology including DSL, Cables, ISDN, Dialup and Sattelite.
The device with the modem or broadband Interface that establish the connection to the
Internet ICS host or gateway while the other computers that connect to the Internet via
the network and the ICS are called ICS clients. If ICS host fails all the ICS clients lost
their Internet connectivity from the Internet.
We can enable ICS through software or hardware. All versions of windows 98 and all
other latest version windows have ICS software include in the operating system.
Requirement of ICS
Windows operating system XP or Server 2003, two LAN cards, Internet connectivity,
Public or Static IP address, Administrating rights, knowledge of TCP/IP.
Now your public interface lan card has sharing hand icon.
It will set 192.168.0.1 IP address on second lan card, which is used as a gateway for your
ICS client. On client side, configure TCP/IP obtain IP address automatically.
Working of ICS
When we enable ICS on ics host computer, it will start act as a NAT Server which means
ics host computer is a gateway for local area network client or ics client between local
area network and public area network. When it receives request from ics client, it will
translate the request and IP header private area to public area IP address means start act
as a source address and sends the request over the internet. When it receives the request
from the internet, it will again translate the request public IP to private IP address and
respond back to the requesting client. When it sends the request over the internet then it
will change source address and when it receive the respond back to the requesting client
then it will change to the destination address.
DHCP Allocator
When we enable ICS on the interface, it will start act as a DHCP allocator means start act
as a DHCP Server. It will provide IP addresses from C class also called private range IP
address (192.168.X.X). we can not change this range it will automatically change the IP
address of second lan card which is 192.168.0.1. when we configure our client computer
obtain IP address automatically they start broadcasting in the network then it will offer IP
addresses information in which IP address, subnet mask, gateway and DNS IP address
included. When our client computers accept this information they are able to access the
Internet by using single IP address.
It is recommended ICS is designed for small area network means it work properly
only five to ten computers.
Offline Files
Microsoft provides us the feature of offline files by default this feature is disabled.
Offline files offer us offline working on the file of remote computer when our
connectivity is not available then we can continue with that file. When we select a file
make available offline then that file is available in our computer’s offline cache. When
our connectivity is not available then we can access the file from offline folder, make
changes. When connectivity is available then we can access the file from offline folder
make changes when connectivity is available. We can synchronize our file with remote
computer by just right click on it. When you click on synchronize option all the contents
will be automatically synchronized or updated without accessing the remote computer,
without overwrites the remote computer file. This feature is more productive for laptop
users and desktop users also.
This feature is not available in case of Remote Desktop Connection is
configured on your computer. So we have to disable the Remote Desktop Connection
option from the availability of offline file feature.
Software Router
Routing & Remote Access
Microsoft provides us facility of Routing & Remote Access. RRAS is installed by
default. But we have to enable and configure it according to our requirement. This feature
is available in server operating system. For e.g.: - window server 2003 and window
server 2000 operating system.
Features of Routing & Remote Access
(1) VPN (Virtual Private Network)
(2) NAT (Network Address Translator)
(3) RAS (Remote Access Service, Dialup Server)
(4) DDR (Demand Dial Router)
(5) VPN/NAT
(6) Lan Routing (Local Area Networking Router [Software Router]
Types of Routers
There are two types of Router: -
(i) Software Router
(ii) Hardware Router
Router is a piece of hardware, which is used to communicate two different networks.
Hardware router is a dedicated router, which is used to design routing & path
determination.
Router
10.0.0.1 11.0.0.1
10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0
IP 10.0.0.2 IP 11.0.0.2
SM 255.0.0.0 SM 255.0.0.0
GW 10.0.0.1 GW 11.0.0.1
RJ 45 – Resistance Jack
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
In computer networking, the address resolution protocol is the method for finding a host
hardware address (mac address). When only its network layer address is known means it
has only IP address. ARP is used to translate IP address to Ethernet mac address. It will
also use IP over other lan technology such as token ring and IP over ATM.
ARP uses in four cases of two computers communication: -
(1) When two computers want to communication on the same network and one desire
to send a packet to the other.
(2) When two computers on different networks and must use a gateway/router to
reach the other computer.
(3) When a router a needs to forward a packet for one host through the other router.
(4) When a router a needs to forward a packet from one host to the destination host
on the same network.
S.IP=10.0.0.4
D.IP=10.0.0.1
S.MAC=00-17-6a-b5-
a7-d3
D.MAC=00-14-5b-c3-b2-c2
arp cache
arp entry
Switch = 4 minutes
Pc = 4 minutes
In case of Router
S.IP=10.0.0.2 S.IP=10.0.0.2
D.IP=11.0.0.2 D.IP=11.0.0.2
S.MAC=r1-r1-r1-r1-r1-r1 S.MAC=r2-r2-r2-r2-r2-r2
D.MAC=r2-r2-r2-r2-r2-r2 D.MAC=b1-b1-b1-b1-b1-b1
Router
10.0.0.1 11.0.0.1
10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0
IP 10.0.0.2 IP 11.0.0.2
SM 255.0.0.0 SM 255.0.0.0
GW 10.0.0.1 GW 11.0.0.1
S.IP=10.0.0.2 S.IP=11.0.0.2
D.IP=11.0.0.2 D.IP=10.0.0.2
S.MAC=a1-a1-a1-a1-a1-a1 S.MAC=b1-b1-b1-b1-b1-b1
D.MAC=r1-r1-r1-r1-r1-r1 D.MAC=r2-r2-r2-r2-r2-r2
Functions of Router
Router acts as a junction between two or more networks to transfer data packets among
them. A router is different from a switch. Switch is a centralized device, which is used to
connect multiple workstation and it connect devices from local area network.
Router has network address and routing table in which it stores routing
information with it directly connected networks and other routing information send by
other routers.
A router can communicate with other routers using routing protocols. A
router has routing table in which stores best path for certain network destination. Routing
protocols are: -
(1) RIP, RIP2
(2) OSPF
(3) IGRP
(4) EIGRP
(5) EGP
(6) BGP
(7) IS-IS
(8) IDRP
(9) CSPF
The Routed Protocols are the protocols, which are used to forward your IP
Packets for example Routed Protocols: -
IP, IPX/SPX
Scenario 1 11.0.0.1
Router1 Router2
10.0.0.1 12.0.0.1
11.0.0.2
10.0.0.0 12.0.0.0
Router1 Router2
Directly Connected = 10.0.0.0 Directly Connected = 12.0.0.0
11.0.0.0 11.0.0.0
Not Directly Connected =12.0.0.0 Not Directly Connected=10.0.0.0
Routing
(1) Static Routing
(2) Default Routing
(3) Dynamic Routing
Router1
Default Routing
Interface = 11.0.0.1
Destination = 0.0.0.0
Subnet mask=0.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.2
Static Routing
Interface =11.0.0.1
Destination = 12.0.0.0
Subnet mask=255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.2
Router2
Default Routing
Interface = 11.0.0.2
Destination = 0.0.0.0
Subnet mask=0.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.1
Static Routing
Interface =11.0.0.2
Destination = 10.0.0.0
Subnet mask=255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.1
Scenario 2 11.0.0.1
Router1 Router2
10.0.0.1 12.0.0.1
11.0.0.2
10.0.0.0 12.0.0.0
IP 10.0.0.2 IP 12.0.0.2
SM 255.0.0.0 SM 255.0.0.0
GW 10.0.0.1 GW 10.0.0.1
Static Routing
Router1 configuration
(i) Directly Connected Networks
10.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
(ii) Remaining Networks
12.0.0.0
(iii) Route to be added
12.0.0.0
(iv) Static Route
Interface = 11.0.0.1
Destination = 12.0.0.0
Subnet Mask = 255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.2
Router2 configuration
(i) Directly Connected Networks
11.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
(ii) Remaining Networks
10.0.0.0
(iii) Route to be added
10.0.0.0
(iv) Static Route
Interface = 11.0.0.2
Destination = 10.0.0.0
Subnet Mask = 255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.1
Commands
C:\> Route Print
To view the route table of network.
C:\> arp –a
To view the MAC address of gateway.
Default Routing
A default route is also known as the gateway of last resort is the network route, used by a
router. When no other known route exist for a given IP packets destination address. All
the packets for destination not known by the router’s routing table are sent to the default
route. This route generally leads to another router, which treats the packet the same way.
If the router is known the packet will get forwarded to the known route. If not, the packet
is forwarded to the default route of that router, which generally leads to another router.
The default route in IPv4 is 0.0.0.0/0 often called the quad-0 route. Since the
subnet mask is given /0 is effectively specifies no network and is the shortest match
possible.
Static Route
Static routing describes a system in which default routing is not implemented. In these
system route through a data network are described by fixed paths means static. The
system administrator usually enters these routes into the router and the entire network can
be configured using static route. But this type of configuration is not fault tolerance.
When there is a changing in the network or failure occurs between two statically
defined nodes traffic will not be re routed. So in this situation, the effected path will
either have to wait for the failure to be repair or the static route to be updated by the
administrator.