CONTENTS

AN INTRODUCTION TO TIME STUDY

THE ASSIGNMENT

ORIGINAL METHOD

PROPOSED METHOD

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
AN INTRODUCTION TO TIME STUDY
Time Study is a work measurement technique for recording
the times and rates of working for the element of a
specialized job carried out under specified conditions, and
for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for
carrying out the job at a defined level of performance.
A distinction is made in time study practice between what
are termed representative workers and qualified workers. A
representative worker is one whose skill and performance is
the average of the group under consideration. He is not
necessarily a qualified worker. The concept of the qualified
worker is an important one in time study. He is defined as
follows:
  
STEPS IN A TIME STUDY
When the work to be measured has been selected, the
time study usually consists of the following eight steps:
Obtaining and recording all the information available
about the job, the operative and the surrounding
conditions, which is likely to affect the carrying out of
the work.
Recording a complete description of the method,
breaking down the operation into “elements”.
Examining the detailed breakdown to ensure that the
most effective method and motions are being used, and
determining the sample size.
 Contd..
Measuring with a time device (usually a stop watch) and
recording the time taken by the operative to perform each
“element” of the operation.
At the same time, assessing the effective speed of working
of the operative relative to the observer’s concept of the
rate corresponding to standard rating.
Extending the observed times to “basic times”.
Determining the allowances to be made over and above
the basic time for the operation.
Determining the “standard time” for the operation.
 
OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENT
To understand the concept behind work study and their
implementation in:
 Improvement of processes and procedures
 Improvement in the design of the plant and equipment
 Improvement in the use of men, materials and machines
 Efficient materials handling
 Improvement in the flow of production and processes
 Economy in human effort and the reduction of unnecessary
fatigue
 Method standardization
 Development of better physical working environment
 
ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE STUDY
 We assume that our operator is a skilled qualified worker required for
time study and hence we shall give the rating 100
 As we are working on an experimental scale and not a very large scale
we shall take 5 observations for the existing method and two each for
the proposed methods
 We shall assume the following standard allowances for our
calculations:
 Personal allowance: 11 %
 Machine Allowance: 5 %
 Contingency Allowance: 3 %
 We are assuming a 8 hr shift wherein the total number of working
hours in a day are 8 and the month is assumed to be of 30 days

 
 THE ORIGINAL METHOD
The existing method adopted is the traditional
method in practice for making shirt front plackets. An
operation breakdown of the same has been shown
below which depicts the flow process and the process
breakdown.
OPERATIONAL BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET
 OPERATIONAL BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET
 Shirt front picked from right by right hand
 Shirt front nail pressed at 1.5 inch from centre front line to inner side
 Fabric kept in stitching area
 Pressure foot and needle moved down
 edge stitch at 5mm
 Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out
 Thread been cut
 Turn inside and nail press at 1.5 inch from the early folded area
 Fabric kept in stitching area
 Pressure foot and Needle moved down
 Edge stitch at 5mm from edge
 Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out
 Thread been cut
 Nail pressed open from the second stitch
 Stitched fabric is kept left side
OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER
ATTACHMENT
BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT
 Shirt back picked from right by right hand
 Shirt front picked from left by left hand
 Back aligned with front
 assembly kept in stitching area
 Pressure foot and Needle moved down
 Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of shoulder
 Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling assembly
out
 Thread been cut
 Stitched fabric kept left side
 
OPERATION BREAKDOWN OF SIDE SEAM
 
 Assembly to stitch is picked from the right by right hand side
 shared assembly of left hand to right hand
 Panels are aligned from the side seam
 Kept assembly at the stitching area
 Pressure foot and Needle moved down
 Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of side seam
 Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling assembly out
 Thread been cut
 Fabric kept to the left side

 
PROCESS CHART (FOR SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET)
PROCESS CHART (FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT)
PROCESS CHART (FOR SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT)
MAN MACHINE CHART

SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET

SHOULDER ATTACHMENT
SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT
TIME STUDY SHEET
 CALCULATIONS
Total Basic Time: 73.79 sec
 
Calculation of SAM:
Personal Allowance: 11%
Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 73.79= 8.11
Machine Allowance: 5 %
5/100 * 73.79= 3.68
Contingency Allowance: 3 %
3/100 * 73.79= 2.21
Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance
+ Contingency Allowance
= 3.68 sec + 8.11 sec + 2.21 sec = 14 sec
SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total
Allowances
Therefore SAM = 73.79+ 14 = 87.79 sec
 CALCULATIONS
Total Basic Time: 32.86 sec
 
Calculation of SAM:
Personal Allowance: 11%
Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 32.86 = 3.61
Machine Allowance: 5 %
5/100 * 32.86 = 1.64
Contingency Allowance: 3 %
3/100 * 32.86 = 0.98
Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance +
Contingency Allowance
= 1.64 sec + 3.61 sec + 0.98 sec = 6.23 sec
SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total Allowances
Therefore SAM = 32.86 + 6.23 = 39.09 sec

 
 CALCULATIONS
Total Basic Time: 27.73 sec
 
Calculation of SAM:
Personal Allowance: 11%
Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 27.73= 3.05
Machine Allowance: 5 %
5/100 * 27.73= 1.38
Contingency Allowance: 3 %
3/100 * 27.73= 0.83
Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance +
Contingency Allowance
= 1.38 sec + 3.05 sec + 0.83 sec = 5.26 sec
SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total Allowances
Therefore SAM = 27.73 + 5.26 = 32.99 sec

 
 THE PROPOSED METHODS
The initial changes:

The layout was organized

Proper lighting was ensured

The tools which are convenient to use were placed in

proper position keeping ergonomic principals in mind

Proper seating arrangement was ensured

OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR PLACKET
Shirt front picked from right by right hand
Shirt front nail pressed at 1.5 inch from centre front line to
inner side
Again front nail pressed at 1.5 inch to inner side
Fabric kept in stitching area
Pressure foot and Needle moved down
Edge stitch at 5mm from inner side of folded placket
Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out
Thread been cut
Nail pressed open on stitch
Fabric kept in stitching area
Pressure foot and Needle moved down
Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling fabric out
Thread been cut
Stitched fabric is kept left side
OPERATION BREAKDOWN FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT
Shirt front picked from left by left hand and kept on
table
Shirt back picked from right by right hand and kept
aligning shoulder
Assembly kept in stitching area
Pressure foot and Needle moved down
Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of shoulder
Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling assembly
out
Thread been cut
Stitched fabric kept left side

 
OPERATION BREAKDOWN OF SIDE SEAM
Assembly to stitch is picked from the left by left
hand
 Panels are aligned from the side seam
Kept assembly at the stitching area
Pressure foot and Needle moved down
Edge stitch at 5mm from edge of side seam
Pressure foot and needle moved up pulling
assembly out
Thread been cut
Fabric kept to the left side
PROCESS CHART (FOR SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET)
PROCESS CHART (FOR SHOULDER ATTACHMENT)
PROCESS CHART (FOR SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT)
 MAN MACHINE CHART
SHIRT REGULAR PLACKET
SHOULDER ATTACHMENT
SIDE SEAM ATTACHMENT
TIME STUDY SHEET
 CALCULATIONS
Total Basic Time: 51.16 sec
 
Calculation of SAM:
Personal Allowance: 11%
Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 51.16 = 5.62
Machine Allowance: 5 %
5/100 * 51.16 = 2.55
Contingency Allowance: 3 %
3/100 * 51.16 = 1.53
Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance
+ Contingency Allowance
= 2.55 sec + 5.62 sec + 1.53 sec = 9.7 sec
SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total
Allowances
Therefore SAM = 51.16+ 9.70 = 60.86 sec
 CALCULATIONS
Total Basic Time: 24.78 sec
 
Calculation of SAM:
Personal Allowance: 11%
Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 24.78 = 2.72
Machine Allowance: 5 %
5/100 * 24.78 = 1.23
Contingency Allowance: 3 %
3/100 * 24.78 = 0.74
Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance
+ Contingency Allowance
= 1.23 sec + 2.72 sec + 0.74 sec = 4.69 sec
SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total
Allowances
Therefore SAM = 24.78 + 4.96 = 29.47 sec
 CALCULATIONS
Total Basic Time: 21.74 sec
Calculation of SAM:
Personal Allowance: 11%
Personal Allowance = 11/100 * 21.74= 2.39
Machine Allowance: 5 %
5/100 * 21.74= 1.08
Contingency Allowance: 3 %
3/100 * 21.74= 0.65
Total Allowances = Machine Allowance + Personal allowance
+ Contingency Allowance
= 2.39 sec + 1.08 sec + 0.65 sec = 4.12 sec
SAM (Standard Allowed Minutes) = Basic Time + Total
Allowances
Therefore SAM = 21.74+ 4.12 = 25.86 sec
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude from the above listed observations

and charts that:
Conformance to ergonomic standards affects
productivity to a great extent
Comfort of operator is directly reflected in output
Work study is the biggest tool which enables us to
assess the present techniques and propose new more
efficient methods
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Work Study by O.P.Khanna

Introduction to Work Study (An ILO publication)
Motion and Time Study by Ralph M. Barnes