Evlution of Human Settlements, Rahul

[EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ] SP A/ 445/ 2008
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(500 B.C – 1500 A.D)
THE TIME SPAN BETWEEEN FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE TILL
THE START OF RENAISSANCE IS TERMED AS DARK AGE AS
NO GREAT CONSTRUCTION OR DEVELOPMENT WAS
CARRIED OUT DURING THIS PERIOD.
ECONOMY WAS ROOTED IN AGRICULTURE AND THE

FEUDALISM WAS NEW ORDER.
MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSMEN FORMED GUILDS…….
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIEVAL TOWN
CITY PLANNING :
 FREE SELF-GOVERNING COMMUNITY, WITH ITS OWN

CONSTITUTION.
 CITIES DIVIDED INTO ZONES FOR PEOPLE OF
DIFFERENT NATIONALITY AND TRADES BUILT BY
MERCHANTS CRAFTSMEN AND SHOPKEEPERS
AGAINST FEUDALISM.
 CHURCH OCCUPIED THE MOST COMMANDING
POSITION.
 IRREGULAR PATTERN OF TOWN LAYOUT .
 TOWNS WERE WALLED AND FORTIFIED.
 IRREGULAR ROAD PATTERN, WITH PAVED ROADS.
 MOST COMMON MEETING PLACE WAS IN MARKET
SQUARE.
 OPEN SPACES, STREETS AND PLAZAS DEVELOPED AS
AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE TOWN.
 A CITY HALL PROVIDED FOR CITIZENS TO EXERCISE
THEIR POLITICAL RIGHT
S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 1

SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES:
 A NEW FORM OF GOVERNMENT WAS DEVELOPED i.e

FEUDAL SYSTEM.
 THE LORDS ENCOURAGED URBAN LIFE, THEY
GRANTED CHARTERS, WHICH SECURED CERTAIN
RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENSHIP.
 THE POPULATION WAS DIVIDED BASED ON THE
OCCUPATION AND TRADE OF THE POEPLE
 WEALTHY MERCANTILE CLASS RISED TO CHALLENGE
THE POWER OF FEUDAL LORDS.
 THE CITY COUNCIL, AS A SYMBOL OF THE PEOPLE,
WAS NEAR THE GEOMETRIC CENTRE OF THE
SETTLEMENT.
DEFENCE
 FOUND ON IRREGULAR TERRAINS, OCCUPYING

HILLTOPS OR ISLANDS.
 CITIES WERE WALLED AND FORTIFIED.
 CASTLE WAS SURROUNDED BY WALL AND MOAT AS A
PROTECTIVE LAYER.
 IRREGULAR PATTERN WAS PURPOSELY DEVISED SO

AS TO CONFUSE ENEMY IN CASE HE GAINS ENTRY
INTO TOWN.
 BUT A WAR THAT STARTED WITHIN THE CITY
AGAINST FEUDALISM WAS DEVASTATING.

NEORDLINGEN
 ORIGINALLY BUILT ON A HILLTOP, BUT IT OUTGREW

THAT SITE AND HAD TO BE REBUILT ON A PLANE
BELOW.
 SHAPE IS NEARLY CIRCULAR.
 THE CITY WALL ENCLOSES MAXIMUM AREA BY A
MINIMUM OF PERIMETER i.e CIRCULAR
 RADIAL AND LATERAL PATTERN OF IRREGULAR
ROADWAYS.
 CHURCH PLAZA AT THE PRINCIPAL FOCAL POINT OF
THE TOWN.
 GREW WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF THE CIRCULAR
WALL
 LATER WASS EXTENDED BY RETAINING THE
CIRCULAR CHARACTER AND THE OLD WALL WAS
REPLACED BY A CIRCULAR STREET, THUS IT
EXTENDED IN A RING PATTERN.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(13 t h CENTURY A.D – 17 t h CENTURY A.D)

AN AIR OF GRANDEUR WAS OBSERVED IN CITY PLANNING
APPROACHES MARKED BY UNPARALLEL PROPORTION,
SCALE OF UNCOMPREHENSIVE SIZE.
GUNPOWDER CHANGED THE STRATEGY OF DEFENCE AND

FORTIFICATIONS WERE EXTENDED OVER A LARGER AREA
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF CITIES
CITY PLANNING:
 NUMBER OF TOWNS INCREASED RAPIDLY.

 OPEN SPACES AND PARKS WERE MAIN ELEMENTS OF
TOWN DESIGN.
 THE PHYSICAL SIZE OF THE TOWN WAS RESTRICTED
BY THE BIRTH OF FORTIFICATION.
 THE CENTRAL AND MOST DOMINATING BUILDINGS
WERE THOSE OF NOBLES.
 NEW CONCEPT OF DESIGN, WHICH CAN BE SEEN IN
THE GEOMETRICAL LAYOUT AND A STRONG SENSE OF
ORDER.
 WIDE ‘NO MAN’ LAND HAS TO BE DEVELOPED AFTER
FORTIFICATION, AN EFFECT OF GUNPOWEDER.
 NUMBER OF WHEELED TRAFFIC INCREASED, THUS
TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES WERE DIFFICULT TO
HANDLE
SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES:
 INSECURITY OF LIFE INCREASED DUE TO GUN

POWDER.

 POOR SUFFERED BECAUSE CONTRAST BETWEEN

POOR AND MERCHANTS INCREASED.
 SOCIAL CLASSES MAINLY TWO;
(A)THE NOBLES
(B)POORS, INCLUDING SOLDIERS, CRAFTSMEN, AND
AGRICULTURAL LABOR.
 CHURCH WAS THE MAIN CONTROLLER, THUS
RELIGION WAS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR.
TECHNOLOGY:
 PRINTING PRESS WAS INVENTED.

 GUNPOWDER WAS INVENTED, AND NEW TECHNIQUES
OF WARFARE WERE INTRODUCED.
 DEFENCE STRATEGY CHANGED, OLD FORTIFICATION
WERE FOUND INADEQUATE, NEW FORTIFICATIONS
WERE EXTENDED OVER MUCH LARGER AREA
AROUND THE TOWN.
SFORZINDA
NAMED AFTER THE RULING FAMILY OF MILANO,

SFORZAS

PLANNING FEATURES:
 EIGHT SIDED STAR, TWO EQUAL SQUARES BEING

SUPERIMPOSED WITH THE DIAGONAL OF ONE
SQUARE BISECTING THE SIDE OF THE OTHER.
 CITY CENTER WAS A SQUARE WITH A TOWER.
 WEST OF THE SQUARE WAS PRINCE’S PALACE AND
EAST WAS THE CATHEDRAL.
 STREETS RADIANT FROM THE TOWER LEADING TO
THE CITY GATES.
 THE INTERSECTION OF THE STREETS WAS MARKED
BY CHURCHES.
 SHOWS CLEAR CHARACTERS OF A RENAISSANCE
CITY i.e SYMMETRICITY.
 FOR DEFENCE PURPOSE, TOWER COULD BE USED TO
AIM CONNONS DIRECTLY ONTO THE STREETS AND
ON THE GATES.
BAROQUE PERIOD
 THE BAROQUE PLANNING WAS CHARACTERIZED BY
OPENNESS IN CITIES AND THERE IS NO ATTEMPT TO
ENCLOSE OBJECTS OF IMPORTANCE.

 CONCEPT RELATES LARGE NUMBER OF BUILDINGS

AND SPACES IN A SINGLE VIEW.
 STRONG ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO LANDSCAPE

DESIGN DURING BAROQUE PERIOD.
 PLANNING FOCUSED ON STREET ALIGNMENT, WIDE

STREET CUTS, PREVENTION OF FLOODS, PROVISION
OF WATER, ERECTION OF NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
AND THE LAYOUTS OF AVENUES, PLACES, STATUES
AND TRIUMPHAL ARCHES.
 THE PLANNING WAS EGOCENTRIC.
KARLSRUHE
 NUMBER OF STREETS WAS INCREASES.
 ALL RADIATING OUT FROM THE PRINCE’S PALACE.
 ENTIRE CITY REVOLVES ABOUT THE PALACE AND
GARDENS OF ROYALITY.
 HUGE PALACES IN OPEN AREA, SHOWS EGOCENTRIC
PLANNING.
 THERE IS A STRONG EMPHASIS ON LANDSCAPING.
NEW TOWN
Major characteristics:
 AFTER THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS, THE NEW

TOWNS ARE PLANNED AND BUILT AS A SOLUTION FOR
THE DECENTRALIZATION OF THE MAJOR CITES.
 THEY CITY IS MAINLY BUILT ON THE CONCEPT OF
EFFICIENCY, IN CIRCULATION, ECONOMIC USE OF
LAND ETC.

 FACTORIES AND WORKSHOP OUTSIDE THE

COMMUNITY
 THE NEW TOWNS ARE SELF SUPPORTING
Radburn:
 IT IS A SMALL RESIDENTIAL SATELLITE TOWN FOR

NEW YORK.
 THE MAIN FEATURE IS THAT THERE IS THE
SEPARATION OF TRAFFIC BY MODE SO PATH SYSTEM
DOESN’T CROSS ANY MAJOR ROADS AT GRADE. THIS
CREATES SUPER BLOCKS WHICH ARE MAINLY
RESIDENTIAL.
 THE COMMUNITY PARK SPREADS THROUGH OUT THE
AREA EVENLY
 MAIN ROADS ENCLOSE SUPER BLOCKS WHERE SUPER
BLOCKS ENCLOSE LOCAL STREETS.
 SELF SUFFICIENT UNIT WITH PUBLIC AND
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, CHURCHES AND
RECREATIONAL PLACES.




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[EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ] SP A/ 445/ 2008

ECONOMY WAS ROOTED IN AGRICULTURE AND THE

MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSMEN FORMED GUILDS…….

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIEVAL TOWN

 FREE SELF-GOVERNING COMMUNITY, WITH ITS OWN

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 1

 A NEW FORM OF GOVERNMENT WAS DEVELOPED i.e

 FOUND ON IRREGULAR TERRAINS, OCCUPYING

 IRREGULAR PATTERN WAS PURPOSELY DEVISED SO

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 2

 ORIGINALLY BUILT ON A HILLTOP, BUT IT OUTGREW

(13 t h CENTURY A.D – 17 t h CENTURY A.D)

GUNPOWDER CHANGED THE STRATEGY OF DEFENCE AND

CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF CITIES

 NUMBER OF TOWNS INCREASED RAPIDLY.

 INSECURITY OF LIFE INCREASED DUE TO GUN

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 4

 POOR SUFFERED BECAUSE CONTRAST BETWEEN

 PRINTING PRESS WAS INVENTED.

NAMED AFTER THE RULING FAMILY OF MILANO,

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 5

 EIGHT SIDED STAR, TWO EQUAL SQUARES BEING

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 6

 CONCEPT RELATES LARGE NUMBER OF BUILDINGS

 STRONG ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO LANDSCAPE

 PLANNING FOCUSED ON STREET ALIGNMENT, WIDE

 THE PLANNING WAS EGOCENTRIC.

 AFTER THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS, THE NEW

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 7

 FACTORIES AND WORKSHOP OUTSIDE THE

 IT IS A SMALL RESIDENTIAL SATELLITE TOWN FOR

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 8

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 9

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 10

S C HOOL OF P LANNING AND AR C HITEC TUR E 11

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