ATM test ATM testing ATM installation ATM maintenance ATM pocket guide ATM reference ATM solutions

3G test, 3G testing, 3G installation, 3G maintenance, 3G commissioning, 3G Set up

UMTS test, UMTS testing, UMTS installation, UMTS maintenance
xDSL test, xDSL testing, xDSL installation, xDSL maintenance

Trend´s ATM Guide Quick Reference for ATM testing

AuroraForte
A powerful tool for testing the Physical,
ATM and IP layer operation of ATM
byte UNI Format NNI Format circuits. Provides IMA, E1, E3, DS1, DS3,
ATM25, STM1/OC3 and STM4/OC12
1 GFC VPI VPI interfaces for unparalleled multi-circuit
testing ATM, xDSL and 3G networks.
2 VPI VPI Physical and ATM BER testing is provided.
3 VCI VCI Advanced features, AAL5, OAM, QoS,
SVC support and IP Ping over ATM,
4 PTI CLP PTI CLP protocol decoding and remote testing,
analysis of IP traffic composition.
5 HEC HEC
6 VictoriaSDH/ATM/IP
This family of testers combines full SDH/
· SONET features up to 2.5 Gbit/s and ATM
Payload Payload capabilities up to 155Mbit/s. Transmission
·
functions include TCM, APS, M/N alarms
· G.783 sequences, frequency deviation
and nx64 and Nx56kbit/s tests at E1 and
53 DS1 levels. ATM features include
generation and analysis of ATM
flows,QoS, OAM flows, generating and
Figure 1 ATM Cell format analysing AAL1, AAL2, AAL5, and also
provides analysis of IP traffic composition.

Function VPI VCI PTI CLP y

y
Unassigned 0 0 any 0 b R R b
Invalid <> 0 0 any 0 k Cell Stream k
Idle 0 0 0 1 l Physical l
c M Media M c
Metasignaling UNI *any 1 0xx any
Broadcast UNI *any 2 any any a a
Segment OAM F4 any 3 0xx any D D i
i
E2E OAM F4 any 4 0x0 any
P2P Signaling *any 5 0xx any VCs VPs VPs VCs
VP Management any 6 110 any
ILMI 0 16 z any
PNNI 0 18 0 any * For VPI=0 the specific VCI is reserved for signalling with the local exchange
Segment OAM F5 any not 0, 3, 4, 6 or 7 100 any or ATM switch where the user is connected. For VPI values other than 0
E2E OAM F5 any not 0, 3, 4, 6 or 7 101 any specific VCI value is reserved for signalling with other signalling entities (e.g.
VC Management any not 0, 3, 4, 6 or 7 110 any
User data any > 31 0xx any other users or remote networks)

Figure 2 Hierarchical representation of VP and VC and reserved VPI/VCI values

Port VPI VCI Port VPI VCI

in K y - b) in K i j
a)
out L z - out L m n
A a a
a H
A b
b H
A In In c
c
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B d
d B
B Out Out d

In In e
C e
d C Out Out C f
f

In In g
a H D g
b H Out Out
c E h
h

Figure 3 ATM switch operation: a) VP-type b) VC-type

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In VPI/VCI Out VPI/VCI
1 B/- 3 C/-

VPI/VCI=A/a VP
Switch In VPI/VCI Out VPI/VCI
2 D/b 3 E/c
B/b
CI =
TE V PI/V
VC VPI/VCI=C/b TE
Switch
VC
Switch
In VPI/VCI Out VPI/VCI
/b
1 A/a 2 B/b
I=D
I/ VC VPI/VCI=E/c
VP
VP
Switch
In VPI/VCI Out VPI/VCI
2 C/- 3 D/-

Figure 4 Direction of allocating VPI/VCI identifiers

TE TE

VC switch Virtual channel link VC switch

VC VCI=a VC VCI=b VC VCI=c VC

VP switch Virtual path link

VP VPI=A VP VPI=B VP VPI=C VP VPI=D VP VPI=E VP

UNI NNI NNI NNI UNI

SLA
Virtual Path Connection (VPC)
Virtual Channel Connection (VCC)

TE Terminal equipment

Figure 5 Virtual channel connection and virtual path connection

Management Management
Plane Plane
User User
Plane Plane Control
Management Plane
Control Plane Plane
Plane
Control Control
Plane Plane

User
Plane User
Higher Signaling
Signaling Plane Signaling
Higher Signaling
Layers (Q.2931) Layers (Q.2931)
AAL SAAL SAAL SAAL AAL SAAL
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer
ATM Layer ATM Layer ATM Layer ATM Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer

TE VC Switch VC Switch TE
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer SAAL Signal ATM Adaptation Layer???

Figure 6 Layers and planes implemented in terminal equipment (TE) and switches
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Sources AAL Layer ATM Layer Physical Layer
Voice, Slots Payload Header Slots Fiber
AAL 1 Video + Coaxial
AAL 2 Low-rate
channels
+ ATM cells
STP
+
AAL 3/4 Data 53 bytes Frames UTP
+
Low Wireless
AAL 5 Overhead +
48-byte
48 5
STP Shielded Twisted Pair
Figure 7 ATM process for transmission UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair

Packets Continuous
User Data Stream
Upper Layers n bytes

AAL-SAP AAL-SAP
Convergence
sublayer

CS-PDU
48 bytes

AAL SAR-PDU
Segmentation
& reassembly

48 bytes
SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU

ATM-SAP ATM-SAP
STP

SLAATM-PDU ATM-PDU
53 bytes
ATM-PDU
ATM
ATM-PDU ATM-PDU

ATM-PDU ATM-PDU
53 bytes
PL-SAP
Physical Layer

Figure 8 Protocol Data Unit (PDU) exchange between ATM layers

a) AAL2 b) AAL3/4 and AAL5

AAL-SAP AAL-SAP

SSCS SSCS (or null)

SSCS
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CS
SSCS
SSCS
CID = z CPCS
CID = y
CID = x
CPS CPS SAR
SAR

ATM-SAP ATM-SAP

Figure 9 a) Multiplexing many channels (CIDs) in one ATM connection (AAL2 only)
b) Multiplexing structure for AAL3/4 and AAL5
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bytes 48 bytes
bits 1 3 3 1

CSI SC CRC P SAR-PDU

SN SNP

Figure 10 AAL1 structure

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4

Size (bytes) CID=x CID=y CID=x CID=x

m, n, o, p, ...
CPS-SDU CPS-SDU CPS-SDU CPS-SDU

m+3, n+3,.... CPS-PDU CPS-PDU CPS-PDU CPS-PDU

48 Padding

53 Header Payload

Header Payload
CPS STF Header Payload

CID LI UUI HEC OSF SN P CPS Common Part Sublayer

bits 0 7 13 18 23 bits 0 6 7 STF Start Field

Figure 11 AAL2 format

SLA
bytes 1 1 2 n bytes 1 1 2
CS-PDU: CPI BT BA user data P AL ET LEN

SAR-PDU:
2
head SDU
44
trail
2

head SDU trail ... head SDU trail

BOM COM EOM
ST SN MID LI CRC
bits 6 4 10 6 10

AL Alignment COM Continuation of Message LEN Length SDU Service Data Unit
BA Buffer Allocation Size CPI Common Part Indicator LI Length Indicator SN Sequence Number
BOM Beginning of Message EOM End of Message MID Multiplex Identifier ST Segment Type
BT Burst Tolerance ET End Tag P Padding

Figure 12 AAL3/4 format

bytes 1 to 65,535 0-47 1 1 2 4

CS-PDU: User data PAD UU CPI LI CRC

header 5 48
SAR-PDU: PT payload PT payload ... PT payload

BOM COM EOM

PTI=xx0 PTI=xx0 ... PTI= xx1

Figure 13 AAL5 format

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a0 a1 a2 a3 c1 c0 c2
ttx
t
c0 c1 c2
c0 c1 c2 c3 trx

1-CDV 1-CDV 1-CDV

T=1/PCR T=1/PCR T=1/PCR CTD0 CTD1 CTD2

Cell transmission
1-CDV = ck - ak Cell reception 2-CDV1 = CTD1 - CTD0
2-CDV2 = CTD2 - CTD0

Figure 14 Representation of the 1-CDV and 2-CDV parameters

VP/VC switch VP/VC switch

VC layer

End-to-end gener.
Segmented gener.
VP switch Processing
VCI=4
VP layer

VP layer VCI=3
VP layer
User Data
VCs

VCI=3
SLA
VCI=4 VCI=4
F4 flow VPI=X VPI=Z

Figure 15 End-to-end and segmented F4 flows in a supervised VPC

End device End device

VC layer AAL layer

VP/VC Switch VP/VC Switch

VCI=m
VCI=m VCI=n VCI=n
VCI=n VCI=q
VCI=q End-to-end gener.
VCI=m VCI=n VCI=q
Segmented gener.
Processing
VP layer

PTI=100
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PTI=101

Other VPs
VPI=X VPI=W VPI=Z
PTI=100
PTI=101

Figure 16 End-to-end and segmented F5 flows transmitted across the monitored VCC
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End Device VP/VC Switch VP Switch VP/VC Switch End Device
VC-RDI

VC-AIS

VP-RDI
Event detection
VP-RDI VP-RDI
OAM generation
VP-AIS

Figure 17 Generating VP-AIS/RDI and VC-AIS/RDI type OAM cells

Payload

Header Type Function Function-Specific Field Reserved CRC 10

bits 4 4 6 10
x10+x9+x5+x4+x+1
OAM Type Code Function Code OAM structure
AIS 0000 45 bytes
Fault 0001 RDI 0001
management Continuity 0100
Loopback 1000 Fault type Fault location 6Ah AIS and RDI
Performance 0010 FPM 0000 1 16 28
management BPM 0001
Activation & 1000 Performance 0000 Loopback Correlation Location ID Source ID 6Ah Loopback
deactivation Continuity 0001
1 4 16 16 8

Performance
MSCN TUC1 BIP16 TUC0 TST 6Ah TRC0 BLER TRC1
management
1 2 2 2 4 29 2 1 2

SLA MID Direction Correlation PMA-B PMB-A 6Ah Act/Deactivation

6bits 2bits 8bits 4bits 4bits 336bits

Figure 18 Format of OAM cells

Payload

Header SN TS Not used TCPT CRC16

bytes 5 4 4 37 1 2
SN Sequence Number
TCPT Test Cell Payload Type
TS Time Stamp

Figure 19 Format of an O.191 test cell

Payload

Header
Header Pseudo-Random
Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence
Bit Sequence
(PRBS)(PRBS)

Header
Header Fixed
Fixed word
worddefined
defined
by the
byuser
the user
bytes 5 48

Figure 20 Test cell format to measure BER

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DSLAM (xTU-C)
a A
xTU-R
b B
xDSL
A a
Network Local Loop B b

PHY
ATM
Termination c
C d

c ATM link
C
xTU-R d
xDSL

Figure 21 Multiplexing ATM in the DSLAM

ATM ATM

SONET/SDH WLL

Air interface
Base Station

CPE1 Router CPE2

Bridge
LLC
Ethernet Ethernet
Ethernet PPP
PHY PHY
LLC/ RFC
SNAP 2596
E1 AAL1 AAL1 AAL5 AAL5 AAL1 AAL1
in/out SLA n x 64 k
in/out
ATM ATM
E1 E1
in/out PHY - WLL WLL in/out

Figure 22 Structure and protocols for WLL network elements

UTRAN GSM
Uu ISDN PSTN

UE
Uu nxE1
NodeB ATM STM-n QoS enabled
Uu
RNC MSC
MSC
MGW IP backbone
NodeB
nxE1 PRC
ATM VLR
VLR
2 Mbit/s
NodeB STM-1
Uu
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ATM SSU EIR

Optical Core
UE
Uu 155 Mbit/s
NodeB
nxE1 HLR
Uu
ATM STM-n
NodeB
UE Uu Iub RNC SGSN GGSN AUC
NodeB E3 DNS
Uu ATM
OMC
NodeB RNS Intranet Internet
NodeB GPRS DHCP
NMC

Figure 23 UMTS/3G architecture

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Acronyms
1-CDV One point Cell Delay Variation PM Performance Monitoring
2-CDV Two point Cell Delay Variation PNNI Private Network-Network Interface¶
AAL ATM Adaption Layer, can be divided PTI Payload Type Indicator - 0xx: user
into CS and SAR data, x0x: No congestion; x1x:
Congestion; xx0: BOM, xx1:EOM
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity QoS Quality of Service
BLER Block Error Result RNC Radio Network Controller
CID Channel Identifier RNS Radio Network Subsystem
CLP Cell Loss Priority SAP Service Access Point
CPCS Common Part CS SAR Segmentation and Reassembly
CPI Common Part Indicator SC Sequence count.
CPS Common Part Sublayer SDU Service Data Unit
CS Convergence Sublayer, can be SN Sequence Number
divided into SSCS and CPCS
CSI Convergence Sublayer Indicator SNAP Subnetwork Access Protocol
CTD Cell Tansfer Delay SNP Sequence Number Protection
E2E End to End SSCS Service Specific CS
GFC Generic Flow Control SSU
GPRS General Packet Radio Service STF Start Field
HEC Header Error Control SVC Switched Virtual Connection
ILMI Interim Local Management Interface TRC Total Received Cell Count
LI Length Indicator TST Time Stamp
LLC Logical Link Control TUC Total User Cell Number
MID Message Identifier UNI User-Network Interface
MSCN Monitoring Cell Sequence Number UTRAN Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
NNI Network-to-Network Interface UUI User-to-User Indication
OAM Operation, Administration, and VCC Virtual Channel Connection
Maintenance
OSF Operation System Function VCI Virtual Channel Identifier
P2P Point to point VPC Virtual Path Connection
PAD or Padding PAD VPI Virtual Path Identifier
P Padding used to cell align
PCR Peak Cell Rate WLL Wireless Local Loop
PDU Protocol Data Unit

Trend Communications Ltd.

Knaves Beech Estate
Loudwater, High Wycombe
Buckinghamshire HP10 9QZ UK

TrendCommunications
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Deutschland: 089 32 3009-0
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India: 22 8597 463/4
More information in: UK: 01628 524977
Installation and Maintenance of SDH/SONET,
ATM, XDSL, and Synchronization Networks.
web: www.trendcomms.com
2003 (c) Artech House, ISBN:1580535259 mail: infoline@trendcomms.com