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Learning Material - Data Communication
Learning Material - Data Communication
Systems
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
Topics in Digital Communications
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
Digital Communication advantages
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
Digital Communication System Disadvantages
zIncreased bandwidth
64 KB for a 4 KHz channel, without compression (However,
performance degradation
zHigher complexity
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 4
Types of Digital Communication Systems
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 5
Digitization of analogue signals
zSignal sampling
Amplitude
Time
Amplitude
Time
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 6
Nyquist Criterion, Aliasing
Original signal
Amplitude
Time
Aliased signal
Amplitude
Time
Nyquist sampling rate fs > 2. fb
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 7
Spectrum of baseband signals
Amplitude
-B +B Frequency
Spectrum of the properly sampled base band
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 8
Speech signal digitisation
LPF
Pulse train
Pulse amplitude modulation
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 9
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
PAM
samples
Analog Analog
Low pass Low pass
filter A/D D/A filter
input Digitally Output
encoded
samples
Sample
clock
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 10
Quantisation of speech signal samples
010
001
000
100
101
110
111
010 011 011 010 001 001 000 101 101 000
Quantisation of analog samples
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 11
Quantisation error in PCM
Quantized
output
Decoder
signal
output
Input signal
Input amplitude
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 12
Quantisation error as a function of amplitude
PCM system - Typical parameters
ITU ( EUROPEAN)
32 Channels 8 bits/ 125 µss / channel
32 X 8 bits / 125 µs = 2.048 Mbps
30 channels info; 2 channels management
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 13
Idle channel noise minimisation
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 14
Signal to quantizing noise of uniform PCM
80 number of
bits / sample
13
60
11
SNR (dB)
40 9
20
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 15
Non-linear AD conversion
Uniform
Quantisation
Compressed sample values
Jamadagni H S
Input sample values
DC/V1/2004 16
Compression law - µ law
Normalised input
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
tuptuo desilamroN
0.4
0.6
0.8
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 17
Compression law - A law
Normalised input
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
tuptuo desilamroN
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 18
Non linear AD conversion laws used in PCM for speech
ln(1 + z)
F z(x) = sgn(x)
ln(1 + z.|x|)
µ law
1 + ln A
F A (x) = sgn(x)
A|x|
A law
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 19
Low bit rate coding: DPCM, Differential PCM
Sampler
quantizer
Differentiator encoder
Band + Σ Encoded
limiting A/D
Speech difference
signal filter - samples
D/A
Previous
input
estimate Accumulator
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 20
DPCM implementation
+ +
LPF Σ Σ LPF
- +
+ Decoder
+
Σ
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 21
Delta modulation
Input + +
"1" Output
LPF Σ LPF
- -
Integrator
Decoder
1
Integrator
0
Pulse generator
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 22
Slope overload distortion in Delta modulation
Granular noise
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 23
Low Data Rate Modulation
P P
Step G G
size
control C1
All 0s
Encoder Decoder
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 24
Conceptual view of ISDN
Local area
network
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
Block diagram of ISDN functions
Integrated
Digital Network
Digital circuit -
switched backbone
Common ISDN
physical central Packet-switched
interface office backbone
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
ISDN principles
Ê Transition
from the present network to ISDN may require about
one decade.
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
Principles of ISDN (Cont.)
Ê Intelligence
for providing service features, maintenance and
management integrated
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 4
ISDN evolution
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 5
ISDN services: Definition of attributes
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 6
ISDN services: Attributes
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 7
ISDN service classification
ÊBearer services
ÊTeleservices
ÊSecondary services
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 8
ISDN teleservices
ÊHighlayer attributes
ÊType of user information
ÊLayer 4 protocols
ÊLayer 5 protocols
ÊLayer 6 protocols
ÊLayer 7 protocols
ÊGeneral attributes
ÊQuality of service
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 9
Customer access to services supported by ISDN
5 3
2 1
TEI NT2 NT1
S T
4
TE2 TA
R
S
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 10
Functional grouping
z Interface structure
2B + D 192 Kbps line rate
23B + 4536 Kbps line rate
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 11
Network functional principles
High Layer
Low Layer
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 12
Access channel and rate
D 16 Kbps
64 Kbps
B 64 Kbps
H0 384 Kbps
H1
H11 1536 Kbps
H12 1920 Kbps
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 13
Bearer services
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 14
ISDN subscriber premises connections
<1 km
T T
TE NT
R R
(a) Point-to-point
< 100-200m
TE
T T
NT
R R
TE TE
< 500m
< 25-50m
T T
R R NT
TE TE
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 16
NT1 star
<1 km
T
TE
R
T
R
NTI
T
R
T
TE
R
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 17
User - Network Interface: Layer 1 specifications
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 18
Layer 1 functions
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 19
ISDN Layer 2
Q921 services
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 20
Function of other layers
layer 3 : routing
network connection establishment
release
multiplexing
congestion control
addressing
layer 4 : error detection / recovery
flow control
layer 4 connection, release, muxing
Layer 5 : session connection, etc.
management
session - transport management
layer 6 : encryption / decryption
compression / expansion
Layer 7 : application related functions
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 21
Modelling of basic and supplementary services
Supplementary Supplementary
Basic Service Basic Service
Services Services
Protocol Protocol
Protocol Protocol
(Q.931) (Q.931)
(Facility) (Facility)
LAPD LAPD
1.430/1.431 1.430/1.431
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 22
Basic Call Control
z routing / relaying
z error recovery
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 23
Protocol reference model I 320
zSignalling between users and network based facilities (data base fores.)
1. User Info: digitised voice, data between users. Transmitted transparently through ISDN
or processed (encrypted for e.g.)
2. Control Info : acted upon this Info switching a connection / clearing change service
characteristics
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 24
Frame format in ISDN layer 2
8 bits 16 8 or 16 Variable 16 8
C/R is Command/response
SAPI is Service access point identifier
TEI is Terminal endpoint identifier
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 25
LAPD format
Information
0 N(S) P/F N(R) transfer
1 1 M M P/F M M M
Unnumbered
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 26
LAPD commands and responses
Information format
Supervisory Format
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 27
Unnumbered format
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 28
Q931 message types
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 29
Messages
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 30
SAPI and TEI assignments
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 31
Q931 messages for circuit mode connections
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 32
Call information phase messages
Message Significance Direction Function
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 33
Call clearing messages
Message Significance Direction Function
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 34
Digital Signal Encoding Format in ISDN
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
NRZ-L
Bipolar-AMI
Pseudo-
ternary
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 35
Physical connector in ISDN
Contact
Number TE NT
a Power Source 3 Power Sink 3
b Power Source 3 Power Sink 3
c Transmit Receive
d Received Transmit
e Received Transmit
f Transmit Received
g Power Sink 2 Power Source 2
h Power Sink 2 Power Source 2
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 36
The U interface
Fixed by local administration
z 4 wire interface
no echo cancellation procedures, simple line termination
z 2 wire interface
Ping-Pong operation, no echo cancellation, only one
cable pair, simple termination, limited lengths, extra
processing for comm. direction handling
z 2 wire interface
full duplex operation, echo cancellation, only one cable
pair, no limitation on length , extensive processing for echo
cancellation
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 37
U interface circuit
TX Data Line
Encoding
Echo
Cancellor DSL
Hybrid
RX Data Decision
+
Feedback
Equalisation
Σ AD
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 38
ANSI U interface frame and superframe structure
18 18 18 18 6 total 240 bits
1 ISW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
2 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
3 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
4 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
5 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
6 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
7 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
8 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 39
TEI and SAPI assignment
User Network
Customer premises ET/NT2
TE(2) Layer 3 TE(1) Connection endpoint suffix
PD S S S PD
I I I
B 1 B 1 B1 2 321 B 1 B
* *16 * *0 * * *0 ****
0 16
* *
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 40
Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
ADSL basics (contd 1)
ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years for
delivering information in video and multimedia formats.
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 4
ADSL basics (contd 2)
Three information channels
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 5
ADSL reach
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 6
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 7
Communication Systems
POINT-TO-POINT BROADCAST
ÊONE SOURCE ONE SOURCE
ÊONE SINK MANY SINKS
FOR INFORMATION FOR INFORMATION
ÊFEED BACK SINKS
FROM SINKS, IN
FACT TWO WAY COMM.
ÊPRIVACY NEEDED PRIVACY PROHIBITED
EAVES DROPPING TO NO SUCH REQUIREMENT
BE AVOIDED
ÊPRIVATE DATA, INFO PUBLIC INFO TRANSFER
EXCHANGE
ÊREQUIRES ESTABLISHMENT NO
OF PATH BETWEEN
PARTIES
ÊTHIS PATH ESTABLISHMENT NO SWITCHING
IS CALLED "SWITCHING"
ÊREQUIRES "SIGNALLING" NO
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
History of Switching
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
Types of Switching Systems
SWITCHING
SYSTEMS
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
Switching system topology
EPABX
Local Exchange
1000's of lines
Primary
Trunks
10 to 15% of sub lines
Secondary
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 4
Signals in Switching Systems
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 5
Tasks of a Switch
1. SWITCHING: ESTABLISHING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN
SUBSCRIBERS
2. SIGNALLING
CHANNEL ASSOCIATED - COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL (ZW) USED FOR SIGNALLING
FEED TONES
REMOVE TONES
DTMF, PULSE DIALLING
FLASH DETECTION
TONE OVER CONVERSATION..-
LINE SIGNALLING - SIGNALS TRANSMITTED
BETWEEN EQUIPMENT THAT TERMINATE &
CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR TRAFFIC
CIRCUIT
OFF-HK, ON-HK ETC. ARE EXAMPLES
SELECTION SIGNALLING - ROUTING INFO
DIGITS, C-O-S INFO ETC.
COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING
SEPARATE CHANNEL FOR SIGNALS
3. MANAGEMENT
METERING , DIAGNOSTICS, CLASS OF SERVICE
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 6
Call processing in a Switch
OFF-HOOK IDENTITY
(ORIGINATE) SUBSCRIBER
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 7
Switching System Architectures
SLOT ALLOTTED TO #6
SLOT ALLOTTED #1
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 8
Switching System Operations
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 9
Electronic Stored Program Control Switches
z COMMON CONTROL
z CONTROL through' COMPUTER HW + SW
z BOTH TIME DIVISION & SPACE DIVISION POSSIBLE
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 10
Analogue Switch Features
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 11
A generic N by N switch
N input lines
N output lines
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 12
Space division switch
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 13
Number of cross points for a non-blocking switch
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 14
SPC Digital Switch Block schematic
SUB ANALOG
SUB LINE SWITCH TRUNK
MATRIX TERMINATE
TERMINATE
ANALOG
TRUNKS
SUB
LINE
CONTROL
TERMINALS
CONSOLES
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 15
Time slot interchange
I/P
Stream
X Y
Channel
No. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Time
O/P
Stream
Y X Y X
Channel
No. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5Time
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 16
Implementation of a digital TSI switch
1 1
INFORMATION MEMORY
CONTROL MEMORY
8 19 8
19 8 19
24 24
PCM output bus)
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 17
TDM Bus switch
n I O Pairs
n inlets
n outlets
A Simple Time-Division A Simple Folded Time-Division
Switch Switch
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 18
Time-space-time Switch
TML
1 5 38 5 TML
2 output
14 1
38
TML 20 14 20 TML
2 2
output
. . . 2
. . .
. . .
. . .
TML TML
k output
n
n
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 19
Space-time-space switch
TML 16 3
1 16 3 TML
1 OUTPUT
1
TML 3 16 3 16 TML
2 OUTPUT
2
. 2
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
TML
TML OUTPUT
n K
n
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 20
Overview
• Copper Access
• Bandwidth Requirements
• Distance vs. Rate
• ADSL
• Modulation Techniques
• Competing Technologies
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
Copper Access Technologies // Voice
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
Copper Access Technologies // Voice (V-series)
V.19 V.22bis
V.20 V.26ter V.27ter V.32 V.32bis
V.26
V.22bis
V.34
V.23
Leased Lines
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
Copper Access Technologies // DSL (ISDN)
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 4
Copper Access Technologies // HDSL and SDSL
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 5
Copper Access Technologies // ADSL and RADSL
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 6
Bandwidth Requirements
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 7
Distance vs. Rate (downstream)
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 8
ADSL
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 9
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 10
ADSL basics (contd 1)
ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years for
delivering information in video and multimedia formats.
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 11
ADSL basics (contd 2)
Three information channels
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 12
ADSL in operation
up 16kbps
POTS splitter to 1.5 Mbps
DSLAM
Broadband down Existing
Network 1.5 to 6 Mbps copper line
Narrowband
Network
(PSTN) POTS splitter
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 13
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 14
ADSL reach
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 15
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 16
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 17
ADSL (spectrum)
Frequency Spectrum
T1/T3 circuits, Bridge Taps, load coils are disturbers when
in the same or adjacent binder as ADSL twisted pair.
Upstream Downstream
Data spectrum Data spectrum
POTS
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 18
Modulation Techniques (ADSL)
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 19
Modulation Techniques (ADSL)
• Carrierless Amplitude/Phase
modulation (CAP)
z proprietary, mature technology
z single carrier system similar to V.34
z automatic bit rate adjustments for
line impairments
z 1.5 Mbps downstream
z 64 kbps upstream
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 20
Competing Technologies
• Cable Modems
z 18,000 ft limit (head-end)
z Most cable operators need to upgrade
their networks to support bi-directional
service
z 128 kbps up to 30 Mbps (shared
bandwidth, up to 200 users on a loop)
z Security
z Reliability in question
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 21
Competing Technologies
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 22
Q. 931 Message format
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
Bearer capability infromation element identifier
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
Procedure for a circuit-switched call
off hk Set up
Set up Ringing
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
Modelling of basic and supplementary
services
LAPD LAPD
1.430/1.431 1.430/1.431
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 1
Layer 3
Functions
Routing
Network connection establishment
Connection release
Multiplexing
Congestion control
Addressing
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 2
Layer 2
Functions
Q921 services
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 3
Function of other layers
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 4
Protocol reference model I
320
1. Protocol reference model I320
zSignalling between users and network based facilities (data base fores.)
1. User Info: digitised voice, data between users. Transmitted transparently through ISDN
or processed (encrypted for e.g.)
2. Control Info : acted upon this Info switching a connection / clearing change service
characteristics
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 5
Basic Call Control
z routing / relaying
z error recovery
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 6
Layer 1 Functions
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 7
Q931 message types
Circuit - mode connection control functions needed for circuit-switched B channel
calls
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 8
Messages
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 9
Q931 messages for circuit mode connections
Call Establishment Messages
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 10
Call information phase messages
Message Significance Direction Function
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 11
Call clearing
messages
Message Significance Direction Function
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 12
Frame format in ISDN layer 2
8 bits 16 8 or 16 Variable 16 8
C/R is Command/response
SAPI is Service access point identifier
TEI is Terminal endpoint identifier
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 13
LAPD format
Information
0 N(S) P/F N(R) transfer
1 1 M M P/F M M M
Unnumbered
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 14
LAPD commands and responses
Information format
Supervisory Format
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 15
Unnumbered format
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 16
SAPI and TEI assignments
(a) SAPI Assignments
SAPI Value Related Protocol or Management Entity
0 Call-control procedures
16 packet communication conforming to X.25 level 3
32-61 Frame relay communication
63 Layer 2 management procedures
All others Reserved for future standardisation
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 17
TEI and SAPI assignment
User Network
Customer premises ET/NT2
TE(2) Layer 3 TE(1) Connection endpoint suffix
PD SI SI SI PD
B 1 B 1 B1 2 321 B 1 B
* * * *0 * * *0 ****
0 16
* *
16
Data link Data link Data
link SAP identifier
layer layer
layer
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 18
Digital Signal Encoding Format in ISDN
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
NRZ-L
Bipolar-AMI
Pseudo-
ternary
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 19
Physical connector in ISDN
Contact Assignments for Plugs and Jacks of ISDN
Contact
Number TE NT
a Power Source 3 Power Sink 3
b Power Source 3 Power Sink 3
c Transmit Receive
d Received Transmit
e Received Transmit
f Transmit Received
g Power Sink 2 Power Source 2
h Power Sink 2 Power Source 2
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 20
The U interface
Fixed by local administration
z 4 wire interface
no echo cancellation procedures, simple line termination
z 2 wire interface
Ping-Pong operation, no echo cancellation, only one cable pair,
simple termination, limited lengths, extra processing for comm.
direction handling
z 2 wire interface
full duplex operation, echo cancellation, only one cable pair, no
limitation on length , extensive processing for echo cancellation
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 21
U interface circuit
TX Data Line
Encoding
Echo
Cancellor DSL
Hybrid
RX Data Decision
+
Feedback
Equalisation
Σ AD
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 22
ANSI U interface frame and superframe structure
18 18 18 18 6 total 240 bits
1 ISW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
2 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
3 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
4 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
5 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
6 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
7 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
8 SW 2B + D 2B + D 2B + D M1 to M6
Jamadagni H S DC/V1/2004 23