Code No: V3110/R07 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, May 2010
POWER SYSTEMS-II
(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Derive an expression for the inductance per phase for a 3-phase overhead
transmission line when conductors are unsymmetrical placed but lines are un-
transposed.
(b) Calculate the inductance and reactance of each phase of a three-phase 50Hz
overhead high-tension line (HTL) which has conductors of 2.5cm diameter.
The distance between the three-phases are [8+8]
i. 5m between A and B,
ii. 4m between B and C and
iii. 3m between C and A as shown in Figure 1(b)iii. Assume that the phase
conductors are transposed regularly. [8+8]

Figure 1(b)iii
2. (a) Draw the phasor diagram for a nominal-T circuit of a transmission line and
derive expressions for sending end voltage and current.
(b) A load of 4000 kW at 1100 volts is being received from a single phase trans-
mission line at a power factor of 0.9 lag. If the resistance and reactance of
conductor is 0.018 ohm and 0.02 ohm respectively, calculate the sending end
voltage, current and power factor. Neglect the capacitance of the line. [8+8]

3. (a) Find out the relation between sending end voltage and receiving end voltage
and current in a long transmission line.
(b) A 220kV,3-phase transmission line has an impedance per phase of (60+j200)ohms
and an admittance of 0+j0015mho. Using the convergent series method de-
termine

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 1
i. the sending end voltage and
ii. the sending end current when the receiving end current is 200Amps at
0.95 p.f lagging. [8+8]

4. Define surge impedance with reference to transmission line and deduce from first
principles an expression for its value. Find the surge impedance of a two wire over-
head line which has an inductance of 1.8 mH per thousand yards and a capacitance
of 0.005µF per thousand yards. [4+4+8]

5. (a) Write a short notes on radio interference due to corona.

(b) Determine the disruptive critical voltage and the visual critical voltages for
local and general corona on a 3-phase overhead transmission line consisting of
three stranded copper conductors spaced at 2.5 meters apart at the corners
of an equilateral triangle. Air temperature and pressure are 210 C and 73.5
cm of Hg respectively. Conductor diameter is 1.8 cm, irregularity factor (m0 )
0.85, and surface factors (mv ) 0.7 for local and general corona 0.7 and 0.8
respectively. Breakdown strength of air is 21.1 kV (r.m.s) / cm. [6+10]

6. (a) Define string efficiency. Why is it necessary to have high string efficiency?
How can it be achieved?
(b) A string of suspension insulators consists of 5 units each having capacitance C.
The capacitance between each unit and earth is 1/8 of C. Determine the volt-
age distribution across each insulator in the string as a percentage of voltage of
conductor to earth .If the insulators in the string are designed to withstand 36
kV maximum, calculate the operating voltage of the line where 5 suspension
insulator strings can be used. [8+8]

7. (a) What are the factors affecting sag?

(b) A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two towers
at heights of 60 and 80 meters above water level. The horizontal distance
between the towers is 300m. If the tension in the conductor is 2000kg, find
i. the maximum clearance between the conductor and water,
ii. the clearance between the conductor and water at a point mid way be-
tween the towers. Weight of conductor is 0.844 kg/m. Assume that the
conductor takes the shape of a parabola. [6+10]

8. (a) Derive a relation between the conductor radius and inside sheath radius of
a single core cable so that electric stress of the conductor surface may be
minimum.
(b) A single core 2 km long cable has a conductor radius of 1.2cm and an insulation
thickness of 4mm. If the resistivity of dielectric is 7×1012 ohm-m, determine
the insulation resistance of the cable. [8+8]

?????

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, May 2010
POWER SYSTEMS-II
(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) What do you understand transposition in overhead lines? Explain why trans-
position is done in such a line.
(b) Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase three-wire transposed
system when the conductors are arranged at the corners of a triangle with
sides measuring 1.0m, 1.5m, and 2.0m. Diameter of each conductor is 1.2 cm.
[8+8]
2. (a) Draw the phasor diagram for a nominal-Π circuit of a transmission line and
derive expressions for sending end voltage and current.
(b) A three-phase, 50Hz, 11kV transmission line delivers a load of 2400kW at
power factor of 0.8 lag over a distance of 20km. The line conductors are
placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of 2m side. The line losses are
10%. Calculate the sending end power factor. [8+8]
3. (a) Starting from the first principles, deduce expressions for ABCD constants of
a long line in terms of its parameters.
(b) A three-phase, 50 Hz, 150 km long transmission line has three conductors each
of 0.7 cm radius spaced at the corners of triangle of sides 2 m, 3.5m and 4.5m.
The resistance of each conductor is 0.4 ohms per km and the line delivers 50
MVA at 132 kV and at a lagging p.f. of 0.85. Determine ABCD constants as
long line (both real and complex angle methods) [8+8]
4. (a) Define crest, front, tail and velocity of a travelling wave.
(b) A voltage having a crest value of 3000 kV is traveling on a 750 kV line. The
protective level is 1700 kV the surge impedance of the line is 300Ω. Calculate
i. the current in the line before reaching the arrester
ii. current through the arrester
iii. the value of arrester resistant for this condition
iv. reflect voltage. Verify the reflection and reflection coefficients. [6+10]
5. (a) Explain corona loss at extra high voltages and its disadvantages. How is
distributive critical voltage estimates?
(b) A conductor 2 cm diameter is passed centrally through a porcelain bushing
(relative permittivity) εr = 3 having internal and external diameters of 2.5
cm and 8 cm respectively. The voltage between conductor and an earthed
clamp surrounding the porcelain is 11 kV (r.m.s). Find the value of maximum
potential gradient in the air space between the conductor and porcelain and
also state whether Corona will be present or not? [8+8]

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 2
6. (a) Explain why suspension type of insulators are preferred for high voltage over-
head lines. Sketch a sectional view of one unit of the suspension type insulator
and describe the construction.
(b) An insulator string containing five units has equal voltage across each unit by
using disc of different capacitances. If the top unit has a capacitance of C and
pin to tower capacitance of all units is 20 percent of the mutual capacitance
of top unit. Calculate mutual capacitance of each disc in a string. [8+8]

7. (a) Derive an equation to calculate the conductor tension under erection condi-
tions if the conductor tension and loading under bad weather conditions are
known.
(b) A transmission line has a span of 150 m between supports, the supports being
at the same level. The conductor has a cross-sectional area of 2 cm2 . The
ultimate strength is 5,000 kg/cm2 . The specific gravity of the material is 8.9
gm/cm3 . If the coating of ice is 1.0 cm, calculate the sag at the center of the
conductor if factor of safety is 5. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the intersheath grading of cable.

(b) A cable has intersheath grading that satisfies the equation, R/r1 = r1 /r =α.
The core and cable radii are r =1.2 cm and R = 3 cm. Determine the location of
the intersheath and also calculate the ratio of maximum electric field strengths
with and without intersheath grading. [8+8]

?????

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, May 2010
POWER SYSTEMS-II
(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Name and explain briefly the four parameters on which the performance of a
transmission line as an element of power system depends.
(b) A three-phase three-wire 50 kV, 50 Hz overhead line conductor is placed in
horizontal plane as shown in Figure 1(b)ii. The conductor diameter is 1.5 cm.
If the length of the line is 100 km. Calculate
i. Capacitance per phase per meter,
ii. Charging current per phase. [6+10]

Figure 1(b)ii
2. (a) Define regulation, efficiency, losses and power factor at each end of the line
and explain how these characteristics are affected by the constants of the line.
(b) A short 3-phase transmission line with an impedance of (6+j8) ohm per phase
has sending end and receiving end voltages of 120kV and 110kV respectively
for some receiving end load at a power factor of 0.9 lagging. Determine
i. power output and
ii. sending end power factor. [8+8]

3. (a) What is constant voltage system of transmission? Discuss its advantages and
disadvantages.
(b) Find the no load sending-end voltage and the voltage rise from the sending
end to the receiving end for a 50Hz, 500 km long line if the receiving-end
voltage is 220 kV. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the importance of surge impedance.

(b) An overhead line with inductance and capacitance per km length of 1.3 mH and
0.09 mF respectively is connected in series with an ungrounded cable having
inductance and capacitance of 0.2 mH / km and 0.3 µF / km, respectively.
Calculate the values of reflected and refracted (transmitted) waves of voltage
and current at the junction due to a voltage surge of 100 kV travelling to the
junction

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 3
i. along the line towards the cable, and
ii. along the cable towards the line. [6+10]

5. (a) Define disruptive critical voltage and visual critical voltage? On what factor
do they depend? Write equations for calculating these voltages.
(b) Find the disruptive critical voltage for a transmission line having conductor
spacing = 1.5 meter; conductor (stranded) radius =1.2 cm; barometric pres-
sure =76 cm of Hg; temperature =350 C, Air break-down potential gradient
(at 76 cm of Hg at 250 C) = 21.1 kV (rms)/cm and has an irregularity factor
0.85. [8+8]

6. (a) Explain why suspension type of insulators are preferred for high voltage over-
head lines. Sketch a sectional view of one unit of the suspension type insulator
and describe the construction.
(b) An insulator string containing five units has equal voltage across each unit by
using disc of different capacitances. If the top unit has a capacitance of C and
pin to tower capacitance of all units is 20 percent of the mutual capacitance
of top unit. Calculate mutual capacitance of each disc in a string. [8+8]

7. (a) Deduce expressions for calculating sag and conductor length of an overhead
line when the supports are at the same level?
(b) An overhead conductor consists of seven strands of silicon-bronze having cross-
sectional area of 2.0 cm2 and ultimate strength of 10000 kg/cm2 . When con-
nected between supports 650 m apart and having a 20 m difference in level,
determine the vertical sag, which must be allowed such that the factor of safety
shall be 5. Assume the wire weight 2 kg/m, ice loading is 1 kg/m and wind
loading is 1.75 kg/m. [8+8]

8. (a) Derive expressions for electric stress of a single core cable. Where is the stress
maximum? Where is it minimum? And why?
(b) The capacitance of 3-core cable belted type are measured and found to be as
follows:
i. Between three cores bunched together and the sheath is 7.5µF
ii. Between the conductor and the other two connected together to the sheath
is 5µF. Calculate the capacitance to neutral and the total charging kVA
when the cable is connected to a 11 kV, 50Hz, 3-phase supply. [8+8]

?????

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, May 2010
POWER SYSTEMS-II
(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) What is the method of images? How can it be used to take into account the
presence of ground in calculating the capacitance of a single phase line?
(b) Two conductors of a single phase line, each of 2cm diameter, are arranged in
a vertical plane with one conductor mounted 2m above the other. A second
identical line is mounted at the same height as the first and space horizontally
0.5m apart from it. The two upper and the lower conductors are connected
in parallel. Determine the inductance per km of the resulting double circuit
line. [8+8]

2. (a) Evaluate the generalized circuit constants of medium line- nominal - π repre-
sentation
(b) A three-phase over head line conductor has the following data:
Resistance = 15Ω/phase;
Inductive reactance =35W/phase
Capacitive succeptance = 0.0004mho/phase
Receiving end load is 12500kVA at 66kV, 0.85 p.f. lagging. Determine the
regulation and efficiency of transmission line using nominal T method. [6+10]

3. (a) Discuss the charging current in the transmission lines.

(b) Determine the auxiliary constants of a 3-phase, 50Hz, 150km long transmission
line having resistance, inductance and capacitance per phase per km of 0.2
ohm, 1.5mH and 0.008µF respectively. Neglect the conductance of the line.
[6+10]

4. (a) When the transmission line is terminated by the inductive load, how do you
find out the expressions of reflected voltage and current wave.
(b) A battery with an emf E and a resistance R is connected at t = 0 to the
sending end of a lossless transmission line which is open circuited at the far
end. Plot the sending end current as a function of time for R=Z0 /3. The time
required for a wave to travel the full length of the line is T0 . [8+8]

5. (a) Explain the losses of corona on H.V. line.

(b) A single-phase transmission line consists of two conductors of diameter 1.2 cm
each, with 1.5 meter spacing between centers. Determine the value of the line
voltage at which corona commence, if the disruptive critical voltage for air is
21.21 kV/cm. [8+8]

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 Code No: V3110/R07 Set No. 4
6. (a) Explain why the voltage across the insulator string is not equal and describe
practical methods to improve them.
(b) A three phase over head transmission line is suspended by a suspension type
insulator which consists of three units. The potential across top unit and
middle unit are 7 kV and 10 kV respectively. Calculate
i. The ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to the self capacitance of
the each unit
ii. The line voltage and
iii. String efficiency. [8+8]

7. (a) Show that an overhead line conductors strung between two level supports takes
up the shape of a parabola. Obtain expressions for the sag and maximum
tension when the supports are at the same level.
(b) A transmission line conductor of cross-sectional area 240 mm2 and a span
length of 160m has the supporting structure leveled. The conductor has an
ultimate tensile strength of 42.2kg and allowable tension is not to exceed 14 of
ultimate tensile strength. Determine the sag in still air. [8+8]

8. (a) Find the radius of the intersheaths and the potential at which it must be
maintained for a single core metal sheathed cable such that the overall radius
of the cable is minimum. The operating voltage of the cable is V, its core
and intersheath diameters are d and D respectively. Show also that D=3.76
V/gmax .
(b) A 3-phase 6 km long belted cable has capacitance per km of 0.5µ F between
the two cores with the third core connected to the lead sheath. Calculate the
charging current taken by of this cable when connected to a 3-phase 50 Hz,
11 kV supply. [8+8]

?????

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