Physiology BLOOD

Stages of Erythropoiesis
1) Haemocytoblast (Stem Cell)
Cell size: 19-23um
-Nucleus (Large), 1 or 2 nucleoli present
-Chromatin network- fine
-No haemoglobin
-Cytoplasm stained blue—Basophilic

2) Proerythroblast
Cell size: 15-20um
-Nucleus and nucleoli present
-Chromatin network fine
-No haemoglobin
-Cytoplasm is blue

3) Early Normoblast
Cell size 14-16um
- Nucleus (getting smaller)
NO NUCLEOLI—Disappeared
-Chromatin material---shows CONDENSATION
-No Haemoglobin
-Staining of cytoplasm blue*
-ACTIVE MITOSIS

4) Intermediate Normoblast
Cell size: 10-14um
-Has Nucleus
-Chromatin condensing..
-Haemoglobin STARTS appearing
-Staining of Cytoplasm—RED + BLUE “POLYCHROMATOPHYLIC”
-ACTIVE MITOSIS

5) Late Normoblast
Cell size: 7-8um
-MORE amount of Haemoglobin
-Staining of Cytoplasm—Red *EOSINOPHILIC*
-Nucleus-starts Reducing---is LOST ultimately
-Chromatin –“Carl sheel appearance”---condensation continues

6) Reticulocyte
Cell size: 7-8um
 -NON NUCLEATED CELL
-size of cell larger than RBC
-RNA still present in the cytoplasm can be shown by “CRESYL BLUE STAIN”
- 24-48 hours are required for the reticulocute to mature into Erythrocyte
-Normal reticulocyte % in circulation - 1-2% in adults
5-10% in newborn child

7) Erythrobast
Cell size:7.2-7.4um

4 HAEMOPOIETIC FACTORS

1) Hypoxia, Erythropoietin
2) Maturation factors—Vitamin B12 + FOLIC ACID
3) Metals Iron, Copper, Cobalt
4) Essential AA + PROTEIN
5) Endocrine factors—HORMONES
Physiological basis of Anaemia

In general it is a lack of haemoglobin in blood...

1) Blood Loss Anaemia

Microcytic Hopochromic anemia

2) Aplastic Anaemia/Bone marrow aplasia

3) Megaloblastic Anaemia

4) Hemolytic Anaemia