, .

PRINCETON STUDIES ON THE NEAR EAST

URB~NAPARTHEID IN MOROCCO

12.

by Janet L. Abu-Lughod

. .

. PItINCE.TPNUNIVERSITY PRESS PR1I'lCETON, NEW JERSEY

Copyright© I<)RO by Princeton Univcrsiry P"'55 Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, NL'w Jersey

III the United Kingdom; Princeton University Press. Guildford. Surrey,

All Rights Reserved

Libru ry llf C<1I1gfl'S~ Cntnluglng in Publication Dnt;1 will be

I I,nmd on the last printed page of this book

This book hils been composed in V-l-I' Bcmbo Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books nrc printed 011 acid-free pap,'r, and binding materials arc, chosen 'for strength and durability

Prill ted ill rhc United Stares of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New jersey

,;."t

To Lila, Mariam, Deena, and jawad WHO BUilT ME A WALLED CITY

130

rrearsfor the numerous' religious brotherhoods). (See Mercier,.

1906a:99-195 fordetails.) .' ..

Given this elaborate. system .of administration and·.contr,ol; ;~bis difficult to reconcile thecontention of man y orierii:ali~fsthitjslamic cities lacked coherent governancewith-our piCtuieofRab~t1a~:;she was poised '~on the eVe; "jndeed; M~rcierconcludedthat"~~lloEth¢ w heelsof the machine-exist": inorder;t0adniiriisterthecity~ l#. tgiIl ing fashion.ihowever.rhe corripletedthatst:i.tbnentwith:thhjb:ve~i.£. . ing phrase that "all that.islacking is-theenginedriver" (190~;397ji Inhis view. the "engin&driver"was'to'be ,Ft~nch; hi'l907.F·dih&h troops lay just offshore, waitingre take upwhat.F~ahcerefer:tel!f(t6 as the "mission civilisatrice,' a variation of the white niiin~s burden. The Moroccans, needless to say, did not share this definition;qfth~ situation.

!~

THE ORIGiNS OF URBAN APARTHEID

-, lLya,utets, urban planning] .included one. essential con.ciition: the,cpmp!et~ separation.of.European agglomera-

.. tions frornnaeive 'agglqme,a tions .. Th~ E uropeanpo pulati9.n"c<:nte~sm.ust,,;pe .. ; separated-from those of'zhe indigenous populations for political, economic, sanitary, and.aesthetic.reasons.vas.well.as for town planning pur-

..poses.

"HENRi 'PROST (chief planner of th~' French Protector~te 'undet Lyati~ey)iri R~Yei.e(LL'Urbariisme au':.: colonies

" . -, .... ' ..... "

The European city. isnot the prolongation of the native 'dtY;Thetdk)nizer.~ .have ni:i($etH~;;ririthe midst of the natives. TheyhayesuiroL0d~dt~~A~i:ive'dty; chey h~~e' laM s'ie'geto it,':E.~dY'ii~it.frC;;n tii:gk~sbah , , , opens on

. " e)1eciy .i:<:rdt~6· " . .

F!\ANli fi\N91'1,4 pyini Colonialism

··:~ .. ~i,::;~:,'.". '_ _~:,,,,!, _. ~.},.'

. ir,~~:f;~,el1:§hiihya,~to;n .W~ri.t:.qff.widlOuta.hiteh .. After all.. there had 9~tfiik,¢I}Q\lgh.Ar;es$., !-'!;!h~al;.sais. elsewhere; and..European ' powers v.;:f.~,e"P9~;,q,\llte;aAi!pt.at.th.e; s¢qtieqq:dirst .manufacturing • :the in,qp~.p.t,Y}Jh~n· sending in.trOops:,to /'.deah with it,". thereby creating ~$~QQ.(Wlic>'n.and:r;:ioti1'lg 'Yh~ch,.after the .fac;t, -were always used to

j.~,Vf*,.~?~ .. need for;,clli.:ec~1'I.il~, . '. ,'. • .' '. .

:!;;:1t~e;.J,:I,ritJ.~.h haddone ;it'in, Alexandria .. asthe: prelude to. their.con-

. qM!e~t. of. Egypt. There., 'l?dtishitroop : ships w.ere .conveniently .pp~.~.9;~n.tl;1e harbor when-mmors.werefloated about a "massacre" of ~\1r9P,e.a,n~,. The.·Bdti$1;l. forces-storrned.ashore to. defend their com.patriots-a~d yet nolessa personage than the English comptroller general. ofthe-Egyptiancustoms: office' in the port was adamantand very explicitabouethe fac~"th~t there was no hostility

132

ORIGINS O.F AP .. ARTaEID

, .. ':'. .-:.\ :.:.:." ',,' . ',,'

toward foreigners in that City: until after the troops had landed and begun to attack the populace."

The. French had already done. it in Tunisia, again as the prelude to their conquest of.thatcountry, '1\. M.~Broadley; in.a two-volume, well-documented expose .if fl].is entire process.P tells us how the French engineered their dsiJsbelli'\rirt\1ally: out of thin air, after several unsuccessful tries. First, they claimed an invasion of Algeria by Tunisian tribesmen, and sent out.a-majorarrnyte-take action against the "invaders." However, not cnlydid theytiot actually engage the~etribesmen in 'bartlec cthey couldn' t even "find them. Nevertheless, their army marched all theway to Tunis; hoping for an incident that did not materialize. ,~lnally,n:ayalfbr¢essteamed to Sfax on the rumor of a "massacre offoreigners.' However, the diary of an eyewitness to those events revealed that foreigners had been ordered by their consuls to take refuge onboats in the harbor "just in case," even though none had been rnolested.jDespite the fact that foreign properties werp .guarded by Tunisian inhabitants who also raised a flag of truce, French troops stormed the city and pillaged as they pleased, especially helping themselves to-the proper~y of their own c~mp~tri()ts and other foreign traders. Orily after this French attack did the. population of Sfax.fight back.

The invasion of CasablancaInAugust 1907, os~ens~.b.ly for the purpose of protecting the resident Europeans, was no exception to . this pattern. At least two English eyewitnesses noted similar discrepancies in the events.iof'whorn one has left us a detailed report.

Here is Dr. Robert Kerr's verbatim aCCOUl1t: .'

When I left Rabat on the morning of August l st [1907], I was not aware of the state: of affairs at Casablanca. On arrival, I found several ships lying in the hay crowdedwith refugees ... in jear of coming hostilities.' After waiting two days on board; and on receiving a note from His Britannic 'Majesty's Consul that the town was quiet, I went ashore. There was nov/no 'danger: ... We could walk about the streets with a native soldier, no one molesting us. In proof-of the good orderand secucitywhich prevailed the day previous to the bombardment, Mr. Hans,' the correspondent of the London Daily-MaU; rode with. ~ friend unescorted two. miles into' the country without seeing anyone:

"

I Eyewitness 'account of Baron de Kusel (Bey), AM EngliSHman's Recollections of

Egypt, especially. chapter 9. . .

'A, M. Broadley, The Last Punic War, .esp. Volume 2.

ORIGINS· OF APARTHBID

',133·

i /"

Under the circumstances, the], "mbardmerit was most wicked arid u~Justifiableandhadb~en pl~~ned'to take place on Monday morn-

ing several days bifore. On . morning a Frenchman told me

that the bombardment . . to take place on Sunday

morning, but out of feelings of the Brit-

ish public it had been Cle:teq;e<l;.t1.lI?1Y;19IlL9.:J.'y.

About 3:30 on lH'UU\"".Y ';IJ:r.lO;m'lt')..~n'/~l:\.~;)l~lc,~t;n,

t

,.

! 1

r

. justification that . with "preexpanded their Atlahticplain . was officially declared,

that included Rabat,

zasaoianca, At the time of the . '" pincer movement that, , pressed '."westward from the . corridor, although.the two en-

were 19i4'. These advances pin be seen

clearly' on tliema~ in, . '. 5 'w hkh shows, iri t4,SiNPcB#~Si9~ii

irony of coloniallanguage, the "stages of paciflcati0n.:i~:'~S~~~y,;~~ be-

tween 1907 and 1921.4 . ':'):'":/';' ".\'

':',:.".- '

3 Robert Kerr, M.orocco-c!fter Twe"ty.Fj~"e Years, pp. 316-317.

. ... ,~ Jh~~,}.JleP..,i,~"l;>~~l1"d". p~fig*r~.,y",9,~P9.}.i~J:, .p~"~.Q,. ,p.JJl,~~i<:l.en(:~~e"n.er~leA·eJ~I!-e". ,

OJ,<IGIN S. q~PAR TH EID

135

, ,

M -e-
~ o-: S! E
~ N ~
.,.. .Q
.'" o- ,'!; .... ·W4ik.f.:.ezis·!shQwn,9n'this,P1lJ.p.a's,having. been "pacified' by

,.UU 7, in fact. this; was .no t quite: correct ... Fez" the prim us in ter pares ~~pj~;ll ciry ,Q(M6rc,)cc;:0.,r'ethaine~, • throughout, the; long years 0 f Prench-oecupation, a-center of dissidence and rebellion-s-zhe cradle

. of the,natibP.~a1iSJi!mOyement;.And, it, was. to Fez'sIack of submissiveness' ~hatRab;J.~ owed' her new destiny. Initially the French intended toestablish the capital of their Protectorate in thecity ofF.ez. 1\1 deed, at thepoint.of final conquest, when General L yautey dis-' embar~~d,;HCasabl;nc,a on·ly1ay13, 1912, he proceeded directly to thatciry to meet with the-Sultan.' According-to Caille (1949,1:568), .',~His -[Lyauq:!y'~lletters and papers then .carried at their head , ..

. "Residence (?ener;llede France-au.Maroc, Pes.' ... A note of July 8,

191~, .. mentioned the departure, ofMoulay Hafrd. from Fez to Rabat in these .rerms., 'He rwithdrew, pro.v.isionally from. the capital where the .. R~si(knce Gen.erale"remained' .. " (italics mine). There is, in slwrt,,;;;ll;ll.pleev,ic:j,epc¢·.to indiaat.e .thatRabat had not been presdecte&;aHhe'capital.ofMoroceoi and that the decision: to move the <;:ap.i~al.there,w~samatter,ofextended·debate.acCompanied by Considerable.eeluctance. kwas,n9t until a year later that Lyautey had rati!!1!1aij:z;edn~c,essity.finaHy,;trguirlgfor(';efully fora recognition of

. R"'Qat;~~,:th( capi~;\L of the Protectorate, since security in Fez re-( maincd .. , .. UIl,Ce. rtai .. n and, .. indeed.i.the.encire security of the colonial administration .was sotenuous .. that a coastal location was required

to prevent-encirclement. '.

The,TreiHY: of Fez; .eoncluded at the end 0'£ March 1912, "Iegirimated". .colonial cQntrolov.er. Morocco .. To Spain was given the north,YW;;dn:t@l(:)l:lgthe.',l'vlediterranean .coastopposite Gibraltar, no t l?e¢a\ti~.lS 1?~i.l:t;W;lS, stI'png,p,tlt) beca USe she. was. weak. Great B ri rain iej,e!;;te(j, .. Ca.te~orifally,. the ·,piesenceof a strong .France. that might qh'aI}eq;ge;:(:\n;gii,sh·· hegemQny.·qv,er. the: entrance: to. the Mediterra-, lic:an,·.ancl :~gte.~d4Q. Spain.asacornprornise.: confident that with so coope";:I,~iye·'a.p.~rti1,~r;she couldccncinue.co.manipulaee matters to her;,;ip.~ei.es,t' .. iThe,iib.thcl!r, party!, t<o.the"f~eaty. was the' Sultan of Moroeco; by:.~~.e~ M~i,ylay' ',Ah4' ~l.;t1ati~i>who,ha.d begun by re-

Pl~c~ijg·ij~,,;\{9.~*,tipg'§.59<t~§F;, :§~~ '~hI6iit;,..in.:th~ fight agai~~t the

Fr~q<::lX;' p~;s h;l,4,~ndti::d ~ ser.~e~.:qf1Qsi,ng· cam paignsby signing the treatycofq,pi2ula.tioni,:~ven' so,',wiihina year, the French. found him

. ~""'~~: r·, :,~ H';'~ '." ':: ;'1 ,·.~'i", ";.~,,: 't' ~. ~;~ ... i~'!.'J';" -.",'.: ;, ";", \_ . ~-., ! . I. 1, '~':<" i~ '~.'. '"i": 1,1.:."","" \ .... ~: ~ :. ,z" :. :.,' ,

:~{~ii~~~~~i,~~Il~ia~\~~"i4t~f~~.1X~k~;idiii~~i~JH;' ii~~~&: ThiS' seif~~;;~iratulat6ry ac-

'9.4*\ pf.,f,~~n~It"~~C9.if!FJi$)U:n.<;!1~§ ,ml=lu41'~.( th~ anonymous .cha pt<:r on urbanism .

later.·p~bil~h~iiird.e{p'r6st:~h~\'ile. .: , . '. : " ,'. . .....

136

f.'.: l

I

(

I: 1

ORiGINS OF APXRTHEID

SCi "difficult" to work with thattheypensionedhitnoff in Tangiers; as they had his brother beforehim; there'Abdal;':Hafi~ spent his ~ime Wi"iting$ilfi p0~try, hisplace havingheencaken by a more docile puppet for the FrenchA~fuit1istrati0hi Maw1ay,y,usu£'

From 1912 to 1925; M~*l:iyM4:sufwas'a figurehead Sultan while thereall~Yler iJ1i.:JI1o~99:29'*~~i\:xi~lcied by Louis 'Hu.bett Lyautey, Le Maref.hal;'it.sh.T··was:.9ft,~n,caJ1~(i~without reference to his name, so .. utl1que;,a 'fJ,g"!,,epi~::he,cut;;(iY,us'uf' reigned-until 1927,' but

~f~!t~~i~ij~tll!~!fe~[~Etftl

an mdept:!hden,ti state * .1l/gpvettis;:itselr~Ai.nderthe'c6ntrol of the

Frenc h::S'~~smm:~n r, "5. T.~~ij.A.~~~Ri~t~t~#~ti1f~:·;iQr '.rheShat-ifian· gov~ ernl'll~gN~i!:~/ ' .. " ····:'l#it{aified.'~ with the·:FrenchResicient

GeneF;IJ;~,U,.p~r .: .. ;rb~canmini!hers6ff6reign affairs and

wa~J~l::iicetor:tt ."" 6~ s: fd~ignrelatiOhs 'were to" be ' handled

by Fot~Jite. andtq#';i9 . '~\1~~ were t0P,f9yidetheir'o"':B"military

serwices.." FOfl1l,c5.SY .. ':¢f:'matters;, p~i' '" ;" t,dupli " ,~htlictlii:es

rr:~c:~;t:ll~2gt~~~~·ii~'·!:'···~!as,sinf;' . 0, ·":.;4f~i:~~~~

functjonsoftl:l~>t0,dt~1:~6ns" were

added that wei:e.e:x~i({,.,;, ····:'I~ are be-

yond our ,rteeds;(thi!:y::;~~~? rticial de-

crees; .dahirs[A.r~pid~ii'~~d; "·"'YVu5uf

between 1912 arid;,1g_1-'!.l:~hYX organi-

zationhad beeriachieYi~)'i;;~(Ii" R~ci: is that

the. Resident Gei1erarrl.:~ea.lliei·'. 0. 'r'.!(i~;;i:he re-

pository of all' the poW~'ti,b£itl}~'::'f, ';.:.;'.;'i;hpire.

As an official reportexpl'KU:i&d;':;<' ;)g~tes in

the. name of the FrenchgQ,*~~'~.c'·'h'

rend~~edby ~he ~~ltan .. and~~rd~n.·, ., ;,/.'{.%,\' {{5*~~~~tif !n

5 Morocco, DIreCtIOn des Affaires Indigenes. V ..;Ir.lb~s; .u'Maroc:·D~cJme;;ii.~1 rei1Seignemimti in seven volumes, c~nstirutestheba~ic s6i,W';"cifilirciirhati6h BBHibefore and 'after the Prcitectorateiwas esta.biisliedlt4as.iniport:ini'in '(often i~adver~ tentJy):.:cQp.,)-:eyipg,the Frenchtartieudes toward.Mor·occi?'as.it ;s\a source of data. For ex~m);.te, :~h::"~y.o volumes of this series that deal specifically with the dties.ofRabat ari~'S,¥t:'.h§,'.;\~abat et sa rigion •. both contain the term~'cOrique~t" in their subtitles (LeS:V(lle~::avahlla cotiq~ete 'and Lei Villes apres1a 'CbMq~eie)~ ·Tlle·quotation inthe text is from p. 90f the latter; the .irony of this'introdll.ctQryrelrtark i~ "'book' that con- .

tainsconq~est in the title is app'.~~p.t1y .lost <in th~.w,tit~r~,,:': • . .

137

chief of military forcesortland andsea.rl-le replaces the minister of foreign. affairs 'arid. -communicatestwith ·.other' 'members of '. the

Prench.govemmenc'ts :, .r . \ .... ::... : ., .' . .

One might ask . why.. the 'French felt it-necessary to' maintain the fiction ofMot6dcan.soveJ;eigntyrWas it-merely a euphemism; or was the fiction' usefultThere were. in fact, several functions' that the system' fulfin~d.The~ fir~t· ari:d:perhapsleastirriportant one Was to facilitate .control-over-che "'natives" by-eridowing '''French will" with religiousleg'itimacy, since the Sultan's descent assured respect. However;;the'I'Frerteh ,had 'stuiilied'l'eh0u'gh;'Mo'roocarihistory to kn6w'thatfotce'had 'always,b~enneces!lify' to 'activate " that legitirnacy. within "the, blad;, .'al.;;;m:ikhzifi~ ':l:nd' tlHl.t "within" the "large sharifian-farnily there were;:ilwayssuffitient'cpntenders' to threa ten the Sultan'smonopoly 6vel:J\eg'itiimady. Indir&:t rul~was no substi-

tll~p,f9r. WH~t~fX: Hq~~r.81·.·,,·, .. ,,· ,,".", .'." ',,! ':("! " ,..,: ..' " .

.. qiitrFQ;~~erhf~?;}lie"fiptAC)p:,;y,~~;;\ri~Wy,,~1,lp·,~ti9BJ! in,t'ijo other. '.

arenas: first. the contest between . the. Res~den.t .. General and. the

~~~:~~~~~J[;~m~:-~~~;:~~~~~f~i~q~:~~~~t.~,~h:f;:t¥f~~~!t:

number C)fye~rs:w Al~~n~'qp~~ry,;t}g .w.h~t.he"cl,~~,cJ'.~.k~d,~,s.the Wef-

~l~~¥.i~~~~:~~/~l~i:~+i~~~t;~~~~~~lri~gd~~~e:~lg:;i~Xkr,:

France; to. be .. ~. f!l~l.,;m.!st;l,~e" .. th~t ~a~;~~e.~ t,Qe,pa.-Ilq$.qf the ,J;re,n,ch

gp~:~~n~~i,ri~:~r~)le'~p~~~A~~t~Y2'i9:"¥f~~lrig;tli~ ~ultati's i:lleore~-

ical sqyeX,e\gQty a~ :tfie r~~~(')p'a.-JeJ9r .. l(')e~1. ~\ltonpp:1y,. he ,~ssurl!'q hIS owntJ;eedqro. o{~Cdq'JFa:lthqugh. .. as w~shan see on i:jJ.eiss\l~ . of

~qxhj.g·dh;.~~pii~t}.9A4~~t;';~h~s.,~f.cIWlq'le.JI.~vir. freed hi~ from

5~9L~eper~~lfC~,:u,p(m·.~:w1i:l,~en:f:, .. ' . " ..

Withres8~ct. to. th,e:~(h~r:E..,lJr9.R~,~?.RQw.e,r~" the fiction 'Y~seven more useful.. The 'in·terQai:iori~J.;tgreen1en,ts 9( Madrid (W:SP) and AigeCir~~U 9'6.6) '~~f~:s@ :h1: to~,~~:"a~4 th~~~~~cc~'rde,a e-g.~'~i ~co-

nomic .righ~s:ip;MQrpGCP,:~Q,:~1~~igi;l~~91;Y pq,V>I¢J's,,)fprapce were to circumven:t:th,is: p'~d~;,~~e:co~ld,cl()';~Q pQ.1y·\l)Y·cOllap:~irig her interests into.the Moroccan state. Ajian aswte obs~r:ve.J;.1a~c:;rremar~ed,

rid~:():rily cl.idi~~~·tN :#~% :tht§~lt~~)i'~~d}i~.i~~¢rfeiillc(~Y, ,.the Fre~ch Patliament,h\lc·i·.'he ·alid.his~uc~essors : ., .u~ed"it to' circumv.;riith.~ ·~~~~:~y,::pi~~¢,dp.:~.~n~_'Qi,~s.q.9pmic: eqp~~i~Y!.· th\,ls,. enterprises ·like,. rail\¥,;tys/p.h:ps.PJ#f~,:p*tr~c,tio~: '.~~:l;lm~~Ilg, .. ::an,d ,c,il

PX?l;b;,;:~:re~;:t:i~~~fr;~t!~l~,~~~i~~::;~~~~:'~!~~!n:~.:::;l=i;!~:!

is fully described on pp. 9-22.

138

ORIG,lNS OF, APhRTHEID,

themLn strictly Prenchhands.t'". Qnly~hisreasonirl~ explains why capitaiist.enterprises.that ,in ,othel',<:olQniar;,er.npi~es}wer()~exelZuted directly by European firms awarded ,cqncessiol;uiby, the .govem-, ment were, in MOf()CCO, government-sponsored rnonopelies=even: though the financing and.iadrninistration of-the.firms were

equally foreign, ' ,,' "

One of the first testsofstrength ,between the.Brench Parliament and the new Resident (}eneral Was oyer the issue of the capital city, Despite the original intent to set up.the.capital in Fez; Lyautey soon saw the. folly, of thiscdedsion;H.eJoll()wedthe Sultan.in.flightro Rabatva ' city he had, earlier acjp:1ir(!dforits,site .and. beauty .and in which he set up his provisional headquarters; Soot) he.was arguing for,ce(ull y for its.designation asthe.definidve, administrative center for the French Protectorate, sHis reasoning was explicit:

Rabat lies at the intersection of the .threernajor axes of Morocco, orie toward 'the Taza;:qpetov;iard Marrakech ab.dthe third one al?ng th~ ,coast;, butaifubst aI,~h~ ~cd~oqiib'futer~~tsof Morocco are concentrated on the last tWo,. :: With'r~'gatd to thew-hoi'e of Morocco Fez wduld'be in art' ee2'eiiiricMUatibti, which \vciiiid sIqwand impede arty admini~tratfv~iicti6n: ahd, tbis:'espe~i:il1y sinc'e itisirn pos~ible:f6r ari rndeterriim~'te'figHdd: dE tirtletd ,~oh~ cei ve of direct ands~te comfu,unicati0lls b~f\v~~cii'Fe±and Marrakech.I assert that life is much ciOfe 'healthy iriRabat than in F'ez where the summer-Is exceptidh~llY difflclllt;hll these 'conditions will weigh heavi1ytipb~' the' red:u~{hietitbft:i vitser,;;cti.~tsand the inst~l1ati()ri. 0 fth~i~ fainilles ... ':~ f Al~dqel.i~\r~ it isn.ec~~~arY to 'be near Casa blanca whith, by thefiiltuiibf diicUths.bhces wili be the .~ornmerdaimetropoljs a?-,~ t~~\"iat~di~tlfo'p2ah~eritet ill l\.1o;roc~6 .... I, thinktherefore 't!+at only Rabat t<;{rtiblnes:ill the

"conditions 'favorable f6r the sdund~ri~c6ffiplete ,instaiia:tion of a

, . . ' ... , • -; '., .. '._ :. """ I :' ~ • .': ' ,'..," ',' _, '_, . . • ...., , __ .

7 See the remarkably 'Insightful criticalaccount. offered by' Melvin: Kriight;'.'Morocco as a -Frentn Bconom,'c'Venture: Quotarionvwithiitalics. in the "original .is from

p.34, " , " ",' , .. ' , ',' "'" " .. " ,"

~ ScholarsIneeresredIn ~his period 'qfM()ros";':'l:tist6ry~re'fortUIl~ie to-hm a variety of prirt.'a~r ,~ouiceste'work, withiJ1a~ d?cU!ji:ehti:n~ s~kifii:. posititi~ ;rid more general, ideological views 'of various' bmd:ils; Ly.aut~Y pim~~if v;.iI~ a: ~oti¥~l~ siveletter wriler, speech~iver,aridtra:t1SctiberoffhOughbi ~ndfeeHiig5: Th~se have been' .assembled: in "several', sources: ,Loilis Hi; L'yauti:yj' !Paro.les' dJicilotl; and' Pierre Lyautey, ed.,Lyautey/'eifdcain.i in four volumes, O:f,mo,§treIe,vance,hereis the section entitled "Notes et directives pour la'creatio':' d'bn~:\:'apital~ a Rabat,;' Iip:'145~i8o of Vol. 1 of Lyauley I'africaiit; fr~m which the following quotation 'has been translated.

'I,~

,OR IGIN,S OF hP hRTHEID

139

central and ,efficient,adnriri,is,tiative operatioll and for the rapidity 0fcomm:u~ic~tion:s .: ,,;',;Fin.ally,t ~~ll, attemion to a prirneconsideration.. that is,'~P,~~ the(fa'tt,tliltt;"'Europ~an,,or; cihercomplications may. occur .again and, threaten' the' internal security ,0 f Morocco,arid forthis reasori.jtds most important to shelter the administrative headqt.iar,tersfromanyahitm and possible break-

, down of communications; which would be (the case only in Rabat. :.. > I' urge the,go'yemIllent [therefore J to" nominate, as soon ~s' possible/'Rabat,a~ thedeflnitiveadministrative'headq uartel's ofthePt6tectorate.since,.Ja:stmg .uacertainties in this regard .may only call. fo,rthew01'st'inconveniences; it.is ,utgent to start the permanent installations;", since "headq\larters', offices cannot remain, in uncomfQrtableand'precariotis sheds" (Lyautey's letter of Jllne'19, 1913,dn Lyautey I 'iifrica in 1.,1953:147-148.)'

Despite hisiPt,o~~ss~, ~?We~~f,'~l1e.rfep'S~~$ov~m7?-~Ilt ds~ayedand vaci1late;d., hol~i,ri~~ask~~,e, Cf~4~ts ~x~:~tey:ha,q. 9:~,~.afl;.df!d,I~ (~rd~r to e~tapli~l1 ~,~~op.,~~~s~49,g~t)~'f~i,(lbl~;" 1:}~~":)~9)/ ApdFY!iuteY, s "resideri,ce"remaihed,fQr,tije fj.rst few years, the sa,me smallfour-

roolli ho~;~e"lie hiti'b'o:q~lit til julY ,Hil, :i.round,whi~h ~eli¥d installedt¢tilpotary,ba~rack~;,({liid.:,:l ~2) ·~9.r the gro~ing' staff of civilj;n experts Whoil~ workB:e's6ught to supervise' arid air~'c~\ even,in its .most particular~etails.f>.n'l.(:1I1g the.staffhe ass~m~l~d, and, WIth whom he, continuedto plaY', a. very active' tole,we~e his sity planhers. for he had earlyd¢ye!<opM .~ p~§s~oIl for :~0'Yn planflinp' which hecharlilhled i:i6'w.:llitb'~li~pillkl}is··~oYar: <;~pitar,ofl3-ab~t, 'acityh,e.re'fe~i:e,dtb as'fhe'!.·W~¥~ihs,t9,~;'r:)':~:'of~()i-O¢Co,,, 'in, contrast tclC~~:lbl~nca;"""bk~, he.l,l~~r..e~ ,to'r-l'ew york (Caille, 1949,

·t~(~~t~~j~~ai~~~t~~~~Ji¥J~

fi~~t' d~dade i 8 f th{Pro t¥ct'6t:i:t~:.tiridef~ the' direction () fa, man wi th stro?gco~victioIi.salld,;,:'wh~f is, r'itJi';' the resou'rcesto' ~ut those

convictions irit6'practic¢. '

",B ~m;iri.,Nltp.cy,it:l, J8M'9f~ristqqi.\tic rOy':~.list parents, L,yautey overca uje a' 'thildhqod, splp,al,inj?ry: and; perhapsz- oveiao~ pens~ting' fo rit, distinguis h~ahiinsHfirram:i1itary.career; Hisan nquanan and "cultural" p~eoccu'~ati,6nS ~ppear i,ri~?rlgtiio\isl~,tb have paral-

140

ORIGINS OF ·AI'ARTHBID

Jeled:~is r~leas a '.'man of action.' Thele~tershe>wrote from Italy ,,;henm his twentles. reveal a: voracious appetite for. museums; ancient ur?an splendor, and-elegant artifacts;andpel'haps'slipport th~ contennon of one contemporary. that.Lyautey would·have·made a fmem~seum curator, had he not been a general. His-first taste of the 0 ne~t came in 1880 w herr he was assigned ,to Algeria, but this was a brief encounte~. Far moreimportai1t. I believe; was a trip he mad~ to the Balkan.s~ 1893, when he was close to forty. 'This may ha~e.· been' the . experience that fired his' ambitions; which' came penlously close to those 'ofhis:hero,Alexanderthe'.Gteat; known also as "the builder of cities. ','. In any: event; the letters from his Balkan tri~ ,reveal the same adolescent exuberance arid.antiquatian rornanticrsm .. of the' earlier trip: Perhaps.xhe :peak;,uf 'rapture was reache~ inGo?st'antmo~,le, ~fwhichLyautey"wrote: c~Thefived~ys ' of t/l:.:· l~d<es!,.rlb.~ ble, .f.~s~llla ~~oqa~d ~p,~~~ pC ConM~l:lt~,pple have .been, s';1cha9ouF:qr~t9~~Tati9I1: .\O,~ .eys~apqbr;~il\~l1~t ,. ,.,[1 am 1 da~~15~' .1}ll.t:hr?lJg~.~he mg'rt! .. clll~MW,I~:~~9rs t ~,~lfeP .1. h~ ve ever kx:()~n,,1n~x.llfe, :tI1~~e dans~ bef()~~u:lY .Sy<;SS1:l.n.~¢ts ~n which m1p.~rets,flu~~9re4,~l1ile ~u p~las ,,!e:J:eqf?~~jng,ir.vlo!eFj .'( q~~ t~d br Howe, 1931;50~5 P" H;l~, ~et\l.m voya~~:t99~ hh~ thr¢:1:lglJ, preece aD;d9v~hen,;.t~y, ,,:,:~er~ heraved i?::~r: the, ,cit~,~.~o fF\ot~~ce,R~~en~a"

an . emce. . .. ... , . "'. . , ,

O~e: 'ye~~t{,(9r hev,v,~s on,d,u~y ,in In.dp':C:hifla, .\l.Il~~r thetu,telage an4, .lnde~c1"t.?e .. ~pel~of C;en.e~.~r.q~nl~ni, -. fron~l wijom he claimed to h~ve, l~fwe,d hi~.rri:~iiei asa~§1¥$,~ .. ~h~.~~~h,1isth~9~. i~:i897he went, ~a~.(!~l v tpM;ldagilsf~rt9t~j,(,}hiGaHi,f,i;;i,' ~K~'pl,~.Y~4:'She·,¥ie there Sha~ l;-y~~te,Y~~a~, to P.t~r~ye!l,??,-:e"g;rard~y in ,M9!'9CCO. Later ~ life Lyaurey remarked ~hathe hadtwo grea'tl'assions; one of which was for town planning. (The other was for "native ppliFirf.·I~ ''i'n~, inN~ ,\Vords. ;:Jt, \V~s· i,n M~A.~g~~t~r ~hil.t I.fi~stundersfood ,the bea)ltyof the \lr~~ ~0tl:aita .wQ,en'r·sawwltha father's eye ,the:sm,all t~}y,n,of1\~~,z;QP~,'W~Q~e pli1.p~ ih~d'dr~.y.;n on that very,grqund."9 How he must have felt wh~ii 'giv~p the 'cities of Morocco .to preser,v~as "h~s"~~~~~m ,and their European quarters ~o bu~l? ~o 1eslgns of his 0"Y~C~ROSlIi.g!

His enthusiasm for his newly chosen capital cannot be doubted,

'. .., \ - ,.: ". ~ ,:' \ - . :.," .

!(.l',

ORIGINS OF AI'ARTHBID

141.

nor his proprietary. attitude toward-it, Note the passion with which he recounted, in a speech given a dozen years after theevent, his outrage at-having his new toy damaged at the very outset:

The first time I saw Rabat, five years before coining there as resident general, was in 1907 as ari emissary to Sultan Moulay Abdel-Aziz. I. was', transfixed byanIrnpressien of the' charm and poetry, of.thar.incomparable city. Thus, When lretumed in 1912 as resident generalI iejokeq; in the midstof all theheavy preoccupations ofthe hour, thinking about what my eyes would find again-as-soon asmy.horsepassed through the ,gate. However,

what '1 beheld.vinstead of the1;!eautiful Horizonof the 'ocean, whose: view had.been-brokenby nothing-more- than the, great cemetery i u"ereso&te ,hideous' d:mstrnctionsilieady half-finished. . , . they wereacfuallytwo:,arni6ries of that classic type, which is most horribly designed. 'My flrst impulse was to prohibit their

continuation ... but. '" there was no human force capable of preventing their actualization. I wa~limited to ordering a suspension of the work,

Two daysTater, 'lb Fei;;h~ met by ac~icl(mt 'a group of French tourists, ,~dudi~k # M.. ,tr~hSh.aritde L unel, :~ Be~ux:"Arts, gr~sl ua te who had travdl':dw,idely lpthe Ea,st, and withwhom Lyautey discussed the ho'rridhe~ barracks and his fears, Lyautey continues:

. - r: ':" :;.-' :.-;-,.! ." .. :,: ... ;,,- ,."_"". .

He took a penciland-knowirigthe impossibility of destroying the-barracks, .. :he made me a~'sk:etch; showinghowthey might be "dressed" a !'Arabearid rendered tolerable. My response was to beg hi,m not. toret~Fn to ~FaIlce, tha~. I ,wou~cltak~. 9-iIl1~ ,starting iriiin'~diately, as pr6v~'siot?;il"Director (ifFfue Ares," and that rn:WOulclsta.rt workihE,iibat the next day',' And he was for me .a

higli!{v~lue~ li~lp'et ~~~~~i~~* ,this,,.,:,,401e'kt:~ioct say~g artis~iCm.asterpiecesof~oIO~c9~?hda~ap,t~itth.e Ileyi'aclriii!ll.str,~tiye 'buildihgS; which 'Ye#l!e~~9:t6' ei~ct:tothestyIe anne c<,)U4,try.l0

"', . ,~,':' , ...

Into the hands.rof: the-new Pine Arts Service .Lyauteyventrusted his prizes, whole feudakrerrains.meluding-the Inhabitants, whose beauty arid, harmony were \ to be.preserved, even at' the cost -of healrh.andprogress, .if.need be;,;,.:,.

Theplii,tosophic-a.idq~~ifi~aiionLyautey.'gave· :(orhis approach canno t. be' dismissed entir.elY ';as·propagarida. or rationalizaeion; sel f.;. to Lyaueey, spee~h deliveredarehe Universityef'the Annales, Paris, Dec;rnber 10, 1926, in Paroles J'actio~, pp,#5-4~ ~italics added).

t

I

!

I

1

!

r, ~

142

ORIGINS OF APARTHEII;)

deluso? as it maynew.appear and must have been, at least inpart, at, the ~lme. For be"neat,h the bomba~taI).d:smugnessofhis· speeches there lies a dee~conslstency that indicates-scrong belief Again I lTlust 9yo~e ts gIve a ~ense of the rrian andhis self-image. Lyautey

was a mrn\ylth a dream: . . .

T~at of which. Ldrearn, that of which'Jl1any·amo.ng youidieam With me, is that atnidm:uchdisorder,whkhdisturbs the w~r1d , , .' thereshould:'begin torievelop.steadilvin M.Qrocco..a'strong edlfice,orderedand.harmonious,which.c0uld offer to-the.world the spectacleof a .congregasion. efhumaniry where . .men.csounalike in origins; dress- occuparions.. and .race, 'COntinue, without abdicatingAnyoj theiY;,inaividuatcl:mceptiol1S~';.thr;;irisea:rch,. for, acom~ mon.,ideal;.',a;co.mmbnreason·.to live;:'Y.es;, I would-dream that MOr0cc~appeared:asone ofbhe-mostsolid. bastions of-order against the mounting.tides of anarchy.

He continues in the same Spt1ech,:

'. ..... ".

Yes, in Morocco, and it is to our honor, we conserve".Iwouldgo a step further,., w_e;res.cu~. We.\V~sh,:.to -spn~~~.~ill. Morocco n.,~a~ty~~?P; It 1,S, ~0~1-,~~giI,lgl,.t?!S. tJifug; .~~~UlY~s •• ~elt ilS.}VerythW~,"f~~cJ\ 15, ,~e;spe.~tal:*. al1d sc>l~5:Up._jhe . li1S.tii:utions-ana ~'fit.lieicqu~tr"i:·:.":::~I!-¥\iq~,r'.r~,s,~~rc~~~'-S~ save; wnetherit bea : questiori. 0 f iridquities fine arts'f01ld~~e history,.or linguistics; i W. e: found h~re;:th'e; y~~tige~"of;tJ.'adn1ira~

'. bIe civilization., ,ofa!great past.Soti are restorirtghs::,fbunda-

tions,11.:, .'

Y~touf6{th;e"bestirit~nti6ns': in tl~e w6rld iy_au:t&~~eat_e_~a-S¥&::_ _u>~tcult~fald.gd, i:~1igi9~k ~p,#t,~~lcll~~~i¥ga:~irj,g{ 'r~p~;lh$ in

, .. ti I'd"" dh~a.Sfo-eii-s··'a-es"an:(P'fol.f'.".'·,,_l.·.··· \' .. ;:...;....'c.·,;' -

. . .. .. ."-. '.'··".t·a'tJ ... ' ...... ,.Y"5J.\",, ' ..... "".'.'.". ,2,'t',1l1,&.lIped

~...;:,.;:,~:;::;~dst,'moefit'Ccin "larg"'e;'bo 5""Coo

,d.i:#E:if9r"wit~i":ili~~1&%i2ftc'·" b3 ,:;", .. 1:~ ~1i~*;;;1;';:;+:r'+~-:-

t~ (i~mSzf'Wh;li'\~bn'lh; :'6~6~~~~;:a':~~~;~bld:~ .

cities; which,he:decre.ed;shouki be;ti:H.1thtdaS-liidd·as p6$sible.

L~t us-turn to Lya1.lt~ybrii;e a:ga~n ,fordn: analysis ofhowhe ~iewed the issue 'ofapartheid. ho~hedust1fie'd it iii n1bral ariel prat'" , tical terms, and what. goals. he. ,soughl:~o:acliieve;:.PQth latent ,ar1d manifest. His 1.926 speech. is his. mOst:,i;CpV¢it'~nd~~Iriprete :st'iternentonthese matters. His-discussion 'b'egItis,withthe remark.that

11 LY~u[eY. sp~ech"d~Ii';~red aitlle.· C.o~!';res~,R't:~~r?~C;~,Hiih~rEd~ca[ion.

Rabat, May 26. 1<)21, in Paroles d'dction, pp, 340-341 (italics added).

: ~-

.{

ORIGINS OF APARTHEID

143

in Algeria the entire.picturesque. heritage.v'which would have led to so much profit in.tourism.vwas ~quaridered when pretty' and old "native quarters" were cleated for various other uses,

Nothing-has been more deadly for the originality and charm .of . the Algeriancities.cof.so .. many.oriental cities. rhan, their penetration by.modem ~~rqp~aniristallatiQJ:l.s., .. ~~ [The attemptto .bring innecessaryinstallarions.and .to: widen streets; . erc.] upset cornpletely.the whole-indigenous city" •. leaving nothing but a.few more -and.rnore red,l,lced·islartps\.aba1'ldonecj..by:tnyorte of influence, .in.which one .couldfind.only.dense hovels.and slums." .. ,[Thq;reserv.ation,.of~h~native towns.Is] riot only .a question of aestheticsatisfaodoh-. .. ;-.,!,but .. a>duty.',qf. che-seaeel.Since the developrnent v. '. '0£ tourism-on. aIarge-scalecrhe preservationoj the' beauty ojthe:cot.m:try h4$.'~f1.~enotian eCQn.omic interest' of the firstorder (Lyautey, 1927:450A51.:italicsadded).

The, natural tendency of E4tb,pe~rS u~onen,fering a foreign place, his ~aly~i! fOI1ti~~e.~,,; e.;,;?::rr.i~#\p,~ ,f~e,c~h~er, ,Yf?1Chc~u~~s both

the European and the,.natIve"to suffer. Apartheid IS essential from

the be~hl~h~gi{i~t6para\:M'~~tci}s hot"'t~,'b~do~e to' both 2o~~ munities .. His analy'siS~on.tinlle~:

, : ~.

Large streets, boulevards, . tall facades for. stores and. homes, installation of water andselectricity .are 'necessary. [all of]· which upset the indigenous c1tycQmpletelY;ina1.<.ing. the. customary way

?f.lite .. iin ..... p. OSS~b.I ... e;.:. ,ou,~.,:ow how rjea. 18u~~heM .. uslim is 'O£.the ) mtegrIty. ofhis private life; 'you are familiar with the narrow

streets; '. the facades-withoce-opening behind which hides the whole 6f"Hfe, the, terraces-upon which .theIife of the family spreads oue and ~hich, must therefore remain sheltered fromind~~J;;ee.t 19 ?~,~ .. ~:p~,:~,h,~,~~.f:9:pe:w: h9,l!.~T.):Vitp .its ~~?er:it;n posed stories, '. th~ rp,o.siei.'p. ,sl:cy~giap,erwb,iph.;Jeacp.es, ~ver.hj,gh~r, is the, death of the.terrace; It:is::an,a:ttack,upon1the traditional .mode of life. All the habits andallthe tastes [of these two ways of life] oppose one another, Little. by'littLe,theEuropeilncity chasesth~ native'o~(; blit*~tho;i.tt,th:~re.~y~:~~·~vin,gi. tlie c(:mc!i~i()l1;.s inAis~'en.', sable. to .. ?~r;' mq4~+.p,lile,~o.ii~ ~f#;~l~d..qpJ;.:tl1~: ~gitat~·ci ;It1 ,_t~~ .. ~nd. it is. {!Iways nec~~~arY If~):ii~he.Etl~,p.p¢anl (ol.eiwe t/)~ .itt.digenous tow n

. and, in haste,"createIiewquartefs;'Butby th~nit·istoo late: the damage has been done:The'ni4ig~ndtis¢i~y is polluted, sabQtagecl;aU of: its charm M$ gql,1ei an~ the:'eli,i:t: of thepopulat~on has left. The • experience of aU too many Algerian cities wast~ere tb teach us; It was:

144

ORIGINS OF APART'HEIl),'

therefore much sirnpler.. since .we would have to leave [eventually], to begin by installing ourselves-outside (ibid;:452, -italics added).

It was not only simpler; it was-safer. In the words ofLyautey's chief-of municipalities;' a dear separation of the two cities would . yield three great advatltages:. political, hygienic, and aesthetic (note that he ~tic last), Safety was involved in the first two. First, by separating- the. two social communities. political advan-

, tagescould.be obtained, for-not only would the twogroups inevitably confiict.if.mixed together.indiscriminately, but; and' this our a ucho r implies but leaves' unsaid; military 'control- over the' 'native q uarters"cou:ld be imposedmore readily and. ruthlessly if one did not have to worry about th~jsafety> ofone's compatriots, Health safety was-another advantagev.Ner.only.could the-new European towns be equipped with all the lares.t;arneriities' arid sanitaryfacilities.. but "one alsba!voiqed qirectcol1tact. of the European PO pula- tio~with·ih.digeg.btis·e~el1ie~~~?f t;h~ 'lc>w~~ da~s, ~hose ?~ysi?log" ical miser.r. and fi~tN~~s:!;~oli~.grp~:·!~pprta,9-t·rict9~si!l tl?:e spread of q)id.~rnics."12 ThaL t~e~e, "rnd~~e\lol1~ e,l~;.ne,nts of the lowef class" were ~O b~employed'ln:the'rie*~;itYas'14b9rm;~oM~stics, and so on, bothered him no more thari. il:had whlteslaveh61ders in the United: States who a,~~o favored.separation .•...

In short, the; . policy oti.IJ~b;m development.involved: 1..minimalalt~rationinthe.Moroccanquar:ters"which were to be preserved arid pto t.e~ted.,both' frq~th9se·.unwise ,'foreigners' ~h~, against their OWn best-interests, .mighewanc tQ: livethere.randfcorn those Moroccans who, -in an undignifiedracremputo abandon. their "no ble savage" Ways; ;.rrughtwrsh to improve their homes by modernizing them; q

.. Dela Caslp.iere, lcji4!&8.Thisse~t,onis id~n;ic~l.t~~~~portde I~Ca~hlie~e issued irl miili'eographed forrn:dated'M~tch 1922, See '''Note sur 1~i;plansd,~·iCteiiSion des·Villeset I'urbanismeauMaroc," Document·754.Archiites Outre-Mer, Aix-en-

P roveri ceo . . . , ,

)3 l)jp.te :~lJ:e.,ron; of de.Ia .Ca~in,ere~s,~cco\lnt: ·· .. Not, on~y.,:Wa.~ rtew construction sepamt~d sha~p,l;y. from \1:\'; .. ~!q"",<;d.i,ri~~h\lt~Is.9.yei)'. sFricP,v:i\ch;w,as .kept 9Y: the Scrvic<des Beaux-Arts, and th~Services Mwnic;paux so that ';'bth1ng would alter the traoliio~ai Ch~r~cterarid'~?het~~i:e; 6{~ne;e cities ofih'eM~g'hrib. M.6roc~ans~ere. in effecti on certaih points :eii'aow'ed Willi aM adiiiespiYIFlf asSftiiUaiibn, arid it was believed that certain i.m6rig-:.them;··desi'ringi to.Increase-rheir.irevenues by renting to Europeans, ~o.llght io 'Tllodi~Yi~ ~I,la.w,kwar<:l·.mal,lnl'rthe hl,dlg"nous buildings, thus creating ,discrepanc;y and ~.me/ang~ desmol'l!rs- which th~,poli~ic;al sagacity.of Marshall LYaUteyai:,a}'~·s~u·ghtto<~.(event" (j924':9?;'it~\ii:s :id~~~ff:l(alSo not~s hererhae

:r

.qRI(:H~~ O:liifrPARTH;EIP. 145

2. 'the.creation.ofa.cordon sanitaire around these nativereserva- .

t~ons:~\th a gr~en;geJ.~~f91'~nla~d; and' . . ' .

.}. t~e de~igIf.ang;~qn.strl,l~ti(m:qe'novo (jfth-e most .J'!1,oQerp,effi-

c;ieilt;: el~gapt citie~Jl:lit·~urQpec6uld produce.; '. .: ..

. T~iina.nwh,9W~Yilp~ey'bto~gh't t9lv1,9r9c;:c.ot9w.o.rj( under his direction o~ Fl:l:e~ritic;alj9b ofdesigning the new.imperial c~~ic::.s and overseeingthe e~t'abliSliment oJj1,1st the' right degree of articulanon with a!'ldinsuJa~i9n(rO~J~¢. tllegiI:\as, wasHenr] Prost, whoremained under Lyautey betWeen..19,1:nnd192~,·that is, during virtually~js entire ~esidencY~,1;,!J?ro~t,90rIf,'iYl parisil1. 1874, had studied.archi tecttire;af tq~ ~c,(),I~'N. a*ma!e~ up~rl~llt:ede,s .BeauxArt~: .~ulmh'tating 1tis.~arly,archit~ct~iJ;·alcare_~~ bi winning the.coveted Prix de Rome in:J902.:, L~~ Lyaute;y, he was captivatedby the ciii~iir~n~,1tq~arti~\.i.Iar,by.tliecityofCon~tantinople~ Indeed, in + 90,5.·:h,e rp.;tci.e:age~ai1eci. $t),l<;iy,oft)J.e fIlQl)1uIiients ap,q.,streep patterns 9(~ha:t:anciepcp~y.J;C>()tecr ci~y.; . Certai,nlf pJj~ ()ftJl¢ inaiiya(f4'tities betweeu'Lyautey·at;iq.,: Prose, \;jb,o areacknewledged .by:,contem-. poraries tphaye ;beel1',l1Qt mel;e(:QlJe::l,g.ll(;!S,butintill;w.t~ friends, must hav:ebeen'thei(:ad,hi~rQtipi1,'for ~hat'dt'y, (Prostwastospend the yef,rs,b~tw.eeq 1931 aM l~SLascity,plan;l"l:~r for Istanbul.) Nor should their 'com.Iilpn::~dm.ir.:i~~91\l for ~helt~U~n !=hiesl;le 'overlooked~Pro~~'~~~~~ent) tim.¢ aHhe-Vi1.1:i::M9d~d,in F19t~n!=e; and not:o:qly '9~:th~ i~p;act ·9.fth,e.'J?l<:lr~ntin¢ :pa~tem orl,l~ban expansion beyon~; !h¢. pi~Yv..~m'Q£: the rnedieval-j'ownbe seen. ill Prost's 19W prize':w~hirig· I>!~n f6r~lie ,.c;xp~tisiop, o.f medieval-centered An.ve% pq~\.i~ . is: :J.l~.q,~vi<;l.e[lt:·in hi~d~~igr1 of the new. Moroccan

: . .,...:;...-~.-:.;....,~,...-+.:;......,..,...;.,.;.,....,.,~.,--..,.....;_~........,...___".:..",-:._,.".."..,...,.~spddialperi,\its; fr~iii·:tfie:·S;viie ~~~~~~X~A';t$;W~r~ teq~ifed!!1 the~~dirtas; to make certain 'that new COn,$t~UI;.ti.o~. would respect the local style. AnOth~r even more in\tere~dngi'p,ro;isian,,~p~e~rs,iii·thelaWs.N.0t oiliy'.wer~ Enrop~an~style buildings prohibi~ed(rom'the:ITj~~iB~~' tP: pie,y,~t).~ qo,grpro!t).is.ing;~\he picl;Ur~sql)en~s~9fthe lm.iy~ .qH~rt9~S<! R~t WR~~ril,:~~Hd:?-,gma~~,ri~!~ ~J;1c1 n;re.t;hqds,,:ere, al~\', prohibited, regardless of.Styl~ ... !·forthqr,Otectton of thetr~des~ndprofess,lons ofallthose who fali·~.6tdI9~ ~it).pl<lye:d 16C.~I t~~~!iiq'4es'~hd~~t~riaJs .. ;, to ~ssu~{lheSe ;"orkers of

ali:Velih15od"~htoU:gli,the'ex~rciseortMir ~U:st6mary acqv'i\(es"·,(ibid). . ' ,.

.. i4.SQiheefi"~ttS:Qftlii~;i:'Qllabor~don areexpl~redin]ol~. Khatibi;and Martensson, "Ur~anisiie.;~c\e9i,qgie,,~~agt¢g~t~~n;·'~1')lereare a;n.itm?erof~9ur<;~$ on Prost and . his work upon WhicP'nY ~\lr:~i;i¥y isbased, but .tlieii1r~ .patently bia!fCd and there arernajor discr.epan~ie1.'·Ainong the sources are: J. Royer. "Henri. Prost U rbaniste.' pp. 3-3'1'; i;;the¥Si~ris~u.~ ':;kPt~si, Urba'nlsme 88 (i 965); j. Greber.· .. Henri Prost 1874'-1959'.\ A:G'~briel;J'Hehd Prost etson oeuvrea Stamboiip';'Academie d' Atc!ri\ectui;,:L'qe~vr~deHe';ri Pros"t!'Arcl1llfctllreet urbanisme; and]. Royer, ed., L'Ur-

baiiisin/ai/;i: ,dl'qnle.i .et'iJ4iislesp~Y.itropi~k~:X: .' .' ."

146

ORIGINS O.F 'APARTj;IHD

citiess Q fperpa ps eyep':~gre~~¢r;$ig'rtificartQ¢is' the fact that Prost un-

~~~.~;i~k~~~f;~:~~:";~~tf!~;~~~~:~}~~!~~~:f~~it~T.li:::t~~i~~ju: .

, pn(jrto gomg. to Mor:Oc~D;-: lie:li~~LQeen;,ihcna:~'g¢of a: mission to' s tu~y urban.le.$i~lat.io~"~, ~~rIri~~f/ 'E'~~H{b:1{il~d"~tafy: '.L. yau~ey

w~s later tDpomt.":'lt~pI'1de ~DthefacttI?:at th(!-planmrtglegtslatlQn Dfthe.: mQst'.ffuOd. e.tn'.kiri.·d'>',\;.w.···.,~'!;.. h·'w··.··a··'s··!J'p·.·a'.<s'~ie .. d· ·'I·n· .. :M;·'.·· .. -.«':'. '., .'"

. . '. ; . .' ....., " ... lU .. '. '.' : .. '.~ .'; '. Dr.D.CCD; pre-

dated' ~Y se~er~lyea~s'~imilar .. T:i~s p"issetl"iri F~a~ce.Lyauteyah.d .

Prost w.ere,mahY case,' a:' dose tea'm;';'e, . ,

·Prost;wai'assig:ned,th~~tas¥Of.d€~lg:ningrii6ae~iiiapperidages fot every'~aj ordtr·:Vit~i~,'t~~)~~i.~did,ti~ri'(jfthe' Freridi,' Qfdesigning from.scratchsev~ral·new'tbwhsana·p'6rfdtiei>thatLyaute'y envisaged (amorrg+thern,' Kenitraand 'Agadir); \ihd6f'C'oordiniiting·the work of his PlanniilgSecdbn'with':that6f 'i:h~' Pili.e'Attsservite whose Chi~fcharg~",:a's~o '~rFse~v'e"theitative"d6es. :Pt2>st evidently moved quickly: he; f!.pst'arnVed·lh'MoroccQ:·!ri.;Decembet'1913 and by Bastille Day 0(1'914; barelY' halfa. yea'r 'l~ter,Lyautey wa~ announcing rhat" an eminent :spe;:i:alist[HenriProst 1 has devoted himself completely' t~"thl's"pt6brerltj:arNrthe'c6nipletioilQf his work.casfaras iteonGcinisGasaplah~~;:R;rbilt;;,all<:l'M'ari:~k6ch,'ist6-

day, I can ,assti~e'you"'tI._0':tIi6·t'~t~~~"i,qti~§ti6n:'8tdaysl'!1~' ....

HDwfast!hetiJ.6v'dlt"'ahd;ii1.d~ea;.hoW·ifast'Fdnc& entrenched itse~f in: theffam.ew~tktdttlif'd uilJi ti~y~'~a.y·pethilPS' be' gauged by this remark'b'y'Ed1t:hWhait6n;"wno"V1sited'Riibat, in·1918: After describing, the eXQtli::wal1eddity;~he exc!aifu.ed:("Set in this> legend ary frame was the' un:e'Xpected§pece~de'6f an' intensely modern community, leadmga life of Euro pean activity. and use fulness .. " [ really feltTys~lf inFr~r:;:Ii.irJ. aNI2PY' ~~d pt~sper()lls. ft;~i:lce free

from the unbearablehorror 9fw;U"/'~~' • . .. ,. .

Maps reproduced bydda~ Casi~ie~e·show.th~master plans for expansionofEurDpean·t~wns' appended to> Rabat, Marrakech, Fez, S etta t; -. Meknes, . and'sevebll6thef~;'(Alflia've;mdk6rJess·the same stamp. ifacallfeasible-;· he~r~(),?~~~,,¢i~rY9,h~f~9ii:te4~~il''''a~ 'cip:~n land. (the cor~~n~a?~t,aj~~~., .~~.Y.()~4 w~~a, ~~4es.pfef.d, .'i~gl,lla~, modified radial s treet 'Sys.t~Pt 111.~l!rla~~d,! witlil?~rpend,iculars'of

, so. mewha~nar~ower~~dths·:arr.a:n'ged around cen~r~tpoiI).ts qfpub': liGand'mon \frriental ;[6c4's;'" gehBr~l1y'15nas(;~ped:6rattachedtD parks, .. ~eriph~~ar riI1~·+p:~~S;.f.?(pt1.ect~~"s~g~rgat~4' ihd~stiial'dis': triers .concentrated at'.R9i:ts;.a~:i#~hy~y~x~H:lliges" ~rid ~n:' the out-

is Lyautey, s~eech dellveredin''Casablanca, July i4,S~i4,iri Par~/eSdjaction,

p.117, .' '" ". .

16 Wharton, "Madame Lyautey's Charities in Morocco," p. viii. .

'QRIGINS OF APARTHEID 147

"ll\- .'

.~kir~~.,:4.rt~9ulatipn w~h . the' native. city was' kept to. a' minimum, using 111;) I11.or.eFJ:ia:nthel:1l,aj?rstreets on'eith~r side ofthe wall. Fig-

•. ur.e.6 .ShDws.t\te~barc:,oJ,ltHn.e~ ... DfRaJjat's. expansion; a:typic.<il only because a cor4QIl:.,~a.ijX~,aiI'ecouI4 nor be established, Contrast this wirhFigure 7 ;.:'s~p:wi~krth~.plari for Fez, which dim{Qnsttat~s the

ideal. .cT:i;FC;{~t:;;. c'. • • •••• .' •

A .cordonsari,i~~!f:e'#i:9iJ9:9;J?,<}~at could not be established because foreigners had, .!J1)~~:ila:.~;~9.\;¥>4)h; buying up the .land .J4s~ D\lt'~id.e the city walls ev~i,1.:,~~f9i~rr§:s,t :S9~ld put together his rapidly designed .master pl~'~?;'m11~rts!~\ii~ion was- even l11o~e evidenr' in

Casa bla~~~,. ·.Vf ~~r:~d"",:.."· .·;j¥5M~J~i~~';RX:~~J:~gfans ha~ be~h' .~am-

palltci~t;mg: thed<;,sa,4ePK . ",~h~ .(qtmah~a;tlOn. of the Protectorat~~The~edina· o;t~~~t,;~9i'#'~'~;9#Jf:~:ihQdest . oli_e; nevertheless, .i;urQpean eric:roi¢Fim:~h~~~;' e.;alf~a:dy.sodose thai: the .wall and Nngearea on the: sic(~;;iI'b..,.g~he .. ,~o.lprii~lciuart~rhad.-t9 be torn

~~:n~~~re~~~ot3~tl.~r~~!£~~~~~,~~~u;6~rtrda:~· ;~~~¢~;W:r.:~:~

to. divide the dpllj~ips 0f~':'#~~~yef~:~nd Europeans, inp1a2{'pfthe preferred sys~em,;(;)f,!}~tiY~:W:@'iIi~'g~eenbelt W.~~h·the·exceptiDn

;~i~E~~~1f!flf;~~~1i.ic~~r;:Y~~~~;~

cally .tF~ns,lated 1J?tQ ·actlQ!i. dur~ngth<i:~r~t (ie<:a,de'()ftl'ieRr6tectDr-

;~!~fif!~$!~fii~~~i~1~;!f~1~~~i

the cDrivei:;.ip!\ qfvast RublipdDt.n~,Jri:S '~oiYrivate fre~hold,~rid the registration, i;iT 11lnq~itle~' by 'a F!blph;~4rnipfs·fra'tb/~app~ra:tus,·:,. Iregist.w~i()A ~ha.t~uJgl11atica,l1Y 1~inDvei:i the.se laJ:1ds'frdm the'juris~ <ii,~dD,l1Qf):v.!;~l~.Wi;po.urts and, placed litig;a,tionwithin a parallel French j\ldf¢i.a.iy~.C?~hei: laws d¢fj:nedth.e grounds according to. which Pl'DP~~ty;tdl,l14·beexprc>pi:iated by the state for purposes of "thepublicig00d,'~esta'blishedimechanism for urban reorganization and redistribution of property rights-via the formation of-land syndicates, .. and regulated street widths and alignments; building heights, land coverage, and construction standards differentially in various parts of the city,

. Each of these legal devices, heralded as a harbinger of progress and order byIesPrenchinveneor, became a tool not only for city planning but forthe systematic transfer of Moroccan reSDUrCeS to the French colonists and to' their new and elegant urban quarters.

148

ORIGINS OF A.~!,>RTHEID

')'

DLANn,AIv\[NAGLMtNT ...

DLDA5AT = "

echelle i ; .\I~~ ,. =""'""""'"

~~ .. ~Iftd'rr4J·· Emil'i:5h:~vv!.';'·""J'I"'",1 ,",

~Q~I,r~ ,fOd."tml) ~:Q~rtit~d'.,u.lo&I'It. ~ C.i...;,wc. ',I ~~~.~

~c.I1\~r·t~r

.. )~RV!tl~ MYt-iICjPAYX n_)tnvPllIV"'I~I;TDATIr;) iiY DitOTtd. " HlVNiv'm~Tl.:,:,' i. "

,1VQ.tAii!i[l('MI~T~ID_~,

FIGU RE 6 MAP OF~ RABAT CIRCA' 1920, SHowiNG COLONtA~ EXPANSIONS

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149

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