HAEFELY Tests on high-voltage metal oxide surge arresters with impulse currents M. Modrusan INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (ON HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING E1-66Tests on high-voltage metal oxide surge arresters with impulse currents Abstract, ‘The new metal oxide type of high voltage arresters is nore and nore used for high voltage protection. Tn ore Ger to insure a standard quality of these important ew devices, the corresponding IEC Commission proposed a draft of new standards, whereby two new impalae current tests are foresoen, e.g. with steog and awitch= sing curvent wave form, In this paper only the impulse current tests of the me~ tal oxide arresters are treated. Sone cxanples of the realized test equipments for both exponential and long duration current tests with resulte obtained are pre~ Keywords Arrester, tost, generator, impulse current. Introduction in the last few yoars the new type of high voltage surge arresters of metal oxide type became nore and more of inportance in high voltage installations. ‘The reason is that, compared with the classic Sic surge arrester, it his very imporcant advantages such ass for instance, significant reduction in size, quick response for steep discharge current and superior pro~ ‘tective performance. Because Of tho highly non Linear resistance of a 200 component it was possible to build « surge arrester Which absorbs significant voltages without power Follow current. The series gap, absolutely indi spensa~ ble in conventionai Si¢ arreaters, can be left out. A given continuous current of max. sone tens of JA can Be withstood permanently by a rightly dimensioned Zn0 arrester without affecting its protective efficiency. ‘The normalised U-I characteristics of zn arresters fare given in Fig. 1 /1/, /2/. The data of related Sic arresters is also indicated for comparison purposes Tt can be seen that the two characteristics data differ especially regarding lover currents, Purther the 200 felenent shows, contrary to the Sic clement, 2 tecperme ‘eure dependence only in the lover range: 5 bev oo f 3 Bh lf LL fearte faubeal [J | Te eet et Fig. 2 - Normalized volt-current characteristics of 2n0 and SiC elements. [An imgortant characteristic of every surge arrester is Sts degree of non-linearity which 1s given with the slope of the curve. This can be defined by + a= d(ing)/a(ing) a Te smaller the slope, the snaller a e.g. better ie the protective efficiency of the related surge ares ter. The highest Linst value ie al where the rons Linear resistor becomes Linear (i.e. no protective action). A precise description of the normalized U-I characte ristic is relatively complicated, In /2/ this charac teristic vas elaborated with 6 parameters. tn the following consideration related to the high current tests on Zn0 azresters, it 4s sufficient to Limit the ange of the U-r characteristic to only two parts. Zn the range up to J =50A/ox" (Ave. test currente up to spprox. 1,5 KA) a becomes 0,05 and above that, up to max current values of 50> J'> 2000 A/aw® (ive, up to test currents 65 KA) a is taken as 0,15 (see Fig. 2) Approuimately at the sane tine es the introduction of the metal oxide arrester the IEC requested from CIGRE 2 now realistic evaluation of the surge currents du- ing a Lightning discharge. The result of the rolated inquiry is consigned in an extensive report. /3/. An smportant result of this inquiry is the fact that Lightning currents with max. 65 KA can occur in high voltage lines of lees than 60 kV. In higher voltage systems the relation of the tower footing impedance te the surge arrester impedance will be snaller, whereby” the arrester currents remain also smaller. ‘The . new TEC Recomendations for testing metal oxide Sion /4/ In this paper the arrester testing with high currents is considered in accordance with these Recommendations and special attention has een given to two new impul= se recent findings into considera 2. High Current test 2. test curvente The exponential impulse currents for testing 0 arresters are defined by the front duration TL, the time to half value 72 and the amplitude (eee Fig. 2) Definition of the exponential current impulse according to /4/ are indicated. Table 1 - Arrester test currents (max, values) ‘Btandard oninal discharge Current ® 20 000 ]i5 coo] 30 666 _[ 5 000 heavy duty] heavy [Reavy] Ligh Sa] Ser Serafsey| ety fascy [auty] a |e [Watt rating $8220q| 3e0p| 360@UR} 92x | 3@Un | 34a] TAR Joy (kv ma) | 4720 | 60] «552 |e260 ] «198 | 139] «39, ga] 2/20| eskal ssxa] osxn [esea [osxa | coxa] anna 23 | 8720] coea} goxal ona |20xn | 20K | 10%] 20% B# |1/-10] 2oeal 20x0] aska Jaoxa | ica] skal ska AG [30/00 | “2xa]aoxa) 2a | aka | axa] = | -2.2. Considerations for the tayout of the test efreut ‘the arresters (resp. arrester sections) will be tested in the etreait according to Fig. 3 Fig. 2 - ‘rest circuit for exponen= fous 0 ternae aes element which has @ determining influence on the ia- pulse wave form. The following differential equation Can Be established for this series resonance circuit with mixed Linear (R) and non Linear damping (Rp) /5/ Bed flaceameucey @ we have here uy = KiT GI ‘The voltage Grop in the non Linear resistor fp has constants (see also Definition (1) for a) iin (ay where the considered Linear (R) (%) Fesistors are given as X and Y. ‘The equation (2a) can be solved for given asta of the vest current resp. of the surge arrester, Thereby the three circuit elenents (C,L,R) af woll as the necessa- Fy charging voltage can be determined. fand non Linear url Ur Big. 4 ~ i vr ualieative naer tests Oty tim —t ‘Te max. residual voltage Ur (see Fig. 4) i= an inpor- tant final value for the deterninetion of the test circuit. thereby the initial peaking will not be ta ken into consideration because it is caused by the arrester inductance as well as partly by the coupling of the magnetic field with the voltage measuring clr cult. The max. residual voltage Ur will be defined according to (3) as Ur = Rig although Up and im tay not absolutely coincide together (soe Fig. 7a). The, individual values of Ur are given in Tab. TZ in vela~ tion with the arresters voltage ratings (soe also /4/, ‘Tab. 1X and X)- ‘Tab, 1 = Waximun residual voltage for heavy-duty arresters at standard nominal discharge current (8. Tabs 1). Up, KV (rms 3) 45) 6 Residual voteage a 7,5 |aa,e|3,6x valaaa|-3, 29 0p fio — 198 2.3, High current Test of Arrester Section: Waclzkv is) For the determination of the test circuit for a defi- ned impolee wave form the real residual voltage 0; for test current 14 must be considered, whereby according Ue(Li/tmd® (a= 0,15..0,2). In this way the necessary energy of the capacitor’ bank’ in the test circuit (A= OU'/2) can be determined for each impulse wave form by the equation A= Ti 32 Up Ti = Mean impulse duration, (see Fig. 2) 7590/80) ~ 70 us + 758/20) = 20 vs + epending upon TL & 72 Bat © 2a saecp cave = Seba Seetgy elt 12kV would be very expensive. Tt is nevertheless very often interesting to test couplote srresters with the related standard nominal discharge current whereby the max. reoidual voltage may reach several hundred kV. In these cases st te advigable to use the standard sex generators with sodified connection axrangenents accordingly. 20, UrlU=02 0304 kA as x) im (6720 jus) Jos 07 10;— be As |/ 200kV 0 5 10 15 20 25 30k Fig. 8 - Necessary atage energy of the Marx-Genorator for testing of 2n0 azresters with impulse currents 8/204. Example + for im = 10kA in arrester UR = 150kY (i.e. Ur = SOOKV = see Tab. vourabie solution) AL > 17%I/200KV 4 U vow), 2000 qn go ex 0 HE) we have Ur/U= 0,5 (most fa U:/0,5 = L090Kv 17 = 65K ‘The amplitude of inpuise 6/208 as function of stage ‘energy AL/200kV of the Marx impulse generator is given Sn Fig. 6, The parameter here is the ratio o the max- residual voltage and the charging voltage (Ur/0). For the most favourable solution the ratio Ur/U = 0,5 has been chosen (see example). The related oscilloaran of current resp. residual voltage of @ nO arrester is show in Fig. 9) ‘The test circuit is constituted by a 1000KV, SOK Marx generator. In order to obtain the required impulse current anplitode (see Fig. 8) in spite of snsuffi- cient generator eneray the circuit characteristics have been adapted accordingly (R= 0, L reduced at approx. 60% of reference value). Therefore the impulse current is somewhat too short (11 = 7,5 s, 12 = 15 a) and the current overshoot at 10KA already too high (approx. 308) The choice of the necessary circuit elements for the required inpulse form can be effected using the equa- tion (Za). This has alzeady been done sn /5/ and /6/. Due to lack of place ve shall abstain from repeating Fig. 9 - Current curves (upper part) and volt: ves (lover part) measured on 2n0 arrester, (Totat height 78 om ; section 0 eq.cn) a) U= 500K, tm = 5,23KA, Ur = 179KV b) U= BOOKY, in = 9,98RA, Ur = 196KV. 3: Long duration current ispulse withstand test ‘The long duration current impulse described in /4/ for testing 2n0 arresters have been taken mainly from IEC Recommendation 99-1, 1970 (see Tab. TI). Tab. TIT ~ Parameters for the long duration impulse test on heavy duty arresters (10000, 15000 una’ 2000 a) Gysten | Lang-duration | Patching] tpalse [Charging woltage]| @ischarge | resistor | duration| voltage kv | clase RL @) | Toonthe)| Ue Ck) 2s 33 ue | 2000 | 3,0 ue 300 aiaug | 2000 | 216 Us 430 1203 } 2400 | 2/6 us 535 of us | 2e00 | ia us 368 ors us | 3300 | 312 us Uy > Fated voltage Of text sanple in RV, ‘The definition of the current-inpulse with which the arrester must be tested for its thernal withstand ca pability-is given on Fig. 10, ae Pig. 11 ~ Basic circuit diagram of a distributed~ Constant impulse generator. K = Coupling capacttor SP- Switching spark gap arf Series~ § parallel adapting resistors P = Test object, y= Matching resistor Ho~ hoes tiary Generator ‘The prescribed impulse shape (see Pig. 10) can alzea- ay be fulfilled completely with n= @ stages /7/. For economic reasons, it will be advantageous to de~ sign the generator for several discharge classes maltaneously for any given Us. It is less favourableco docian the generator for several voltages Up and Aitferent test currents Tg, but this is quite the nor mal case for the tast generators which will be used in the process of manufacturing of Zn0 discs. In these Andividual cases the test current tq can be varied ‘som 200A up £0 dkA whereby the residual voltage Ur can be changed in a range from 4kV to 25kV, In this case the termination impedance of the test circuit hat to be adjusted by @ supplenentary series (Ra) oF pe ratlel (ip) resistor (see Pig. 11). In the high-voltage test technology the capacitance ci un all stages will be preferably the same. the inaivi- dual chokes can be altered as required, in order to maintain the desired impulse shape, particulary in the font and tail areas: A distributed-conetant inpulse generator can be rea~ Hably designed for the conditions given in tab. 171 by using the relationships toon = 2 SEITE ana m2 = EE ‘The total capacitance ¢ as well as total inductance 1 can be calculated ae follows: a teceR ‘The enerey requirements of the generator {a = cv?/2 will thereby depend exclusively on the rated voltage Up as well as on the aischarge claes of the arrester Fig. 12 shove the energy of the -stages generator plotted against voltage Us using the discharge class as parameter. Furtheraore, the minimum energy is, plotted against the series voltage A(Un) while consi~ Gering the increasing section voltage Us w 150 100 a a ( Soo 5 a Ze 2 A —u ° oy ow ais Sos sw 12 ~ Energy requirement Aof an S-section distri- buted-constant impulse generator for arres~ ter tests according /¢/ with the discharge class as the paraneter In /4/ a generator matching check {8 specified 1 the value k = Ug(2TaR1) should be between 0,95 and 1,05, where Ug is a voltage of 0,5 Ue on Ainenssonal current (in = 1/In) ty * non dimensional time (ty = */V 18) X = non dimensional Linear damping (X = R/22) ¥ non Linear damping ( ¥ = x/2u'% 20. = circuit impedance (2 = / L/E) (other formula signs are explained in text)vy HIGH VOLTAGE TEST SYSTEMS TELEPHONE 061-41 1817 LEHENMATTSTRASSE 353, P.O. BOX TELEX 62 469 ehb ch (CH-4028 BASEL SWITZERLAND TELEGRAMS MICARTA BASEL 11.1963. 1000K