CHU BIEN: BO] CONG CUONG NGUYEN DOAN PH[/OC

Chu bien: Bui Cong Cuong Nguyen Docn Phuoc

H~ Md, ~G NdRON VAUNGDUNG

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(TUYEN T~ CAC BAI GIANG)

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HQC VA KY THU~T

- 2001-

Chill trach nhiern XlI[l! ban:

Bien I<1p:

PGS. TS. Ttl Dang Hili Nguyen Dang

Vi:' hia:

HW1ng Lan

In 1.500 eu6n khuon kh6 16x24 em, tai XLfang In NXB Van h6a Dan t(Je Giay phep xuat ban 56: 123-159-23/7/2001

In xong va nop ILfU ehi~u thang 9 narn 2001.

Ldi noi dau

Tit 20 nam nay, Lj thuyet. t¢p mil va Mg.ng rutron. nhiin. tao dii phat trie'n rlit nhanh va da dang. Cang ngh~ mit va cang ngh~ mang tutroti dii cung cap nhiing ctmg ngh~ mdi cho cdc nganh. cang nghiep lam ra nhi€u san phdm thong minh, ddp U'ng nhu criu thi trrtong crin co nhimg bt) die'u khie'n linh hoat hun, nhiing thilt bi "bist" lam vi~c vdi. nhiing bai totin. kho, pluii xa lj nhi€u loai thong tin rruip mil, chua driy du va thie'u chinh xac. Hai cong ngh~ hien. dai nay la hai tru c¢t chinh de'tg.o nen ctmg ngh~ tich hopmdi, cong ngh¢ tinh toan meni (soft computing).

De'dap U'ng nhu cdu mang cong ngh~ mdi vao nude ta va true ti€p cung cap cho sinh vien va cdc can bi} ky thu¢t tre nhimg kiln thuc ca ban nlui; v€ linh. v(tc nay, Truang Thu v€ "H~ rna va ung dung" Zein thu nhdt dii t6 chuc tai Ha ni}i, thang 8/2000. Tit nhiing bai guing dii trinh. bay tai Truang Thu, chung toi chon loc, ruing cap va b6' sung thanh. nhiing chuang hlui hoan. chinh cua cuon sdch. nay.

Cuon. sacli bilt driu vdi hai chuang to'ng quan do Bui Cong Cuang va Nguyln Cat H6 viet. Neu chuang driu t¢p trung vao nhiing ki€n thuc ca ban cua hai tru c¢t chinh: H~ mit va Mang rutron. nluui tao, th! trong chuang hai sau nhiing phdn vi toan hoc mil, quy hoach. mit, tac gia dii t¢p trung trinh bay khci h~ thOng nhiing vii'n de' rat co ban thui}c mot ten goi chung "Cong ngh~ linh toan mem".

Tiep thea la nhiing chuang chuyen. sau han, nh.u Logic mil va cdc ung dung da dang, Di€'u khie'n mit cua Nguy€n Doiin. Phudc va Phan Xiuin Minh - hai tMy gido co nhieu kinh nghiem. d nuec ta v€ linh. v¢c nay, Lj thuye't kha nang - m¢t huang hi¢n dg.i ruim. gitia Lj thuyet t(ip rna va Lj thuyet xac sud: - do TS. Db Van Thanh trinh My.

Tiep thea la bai guing cua t¢p thi Nguy€n Thanh Thuy, Nguy€n Hiai Dtic va Trtin Ngoc Ha - m(jt bai gituig rat hay ve tich hap cdc ky thua: tinh totiti mem. va mang naron trong xa ij die lieu va bai gidng ve mot lop toan ta g<'jp mdi - totiti ta trung binh trong so' c6 silp xep. chilc cluin. cdc dang suy rong cua no chua dl,lng nhieu kha nang pluit trie'n lJa ung dung.

Ba chuang cuol cua cuon each. t¢p trung vao linh. v¢c hi¢n dai: Mc;mg rutroti nhiin tao va iing dung, Ne'u nhrt bai giang cua TS. va Nliu Lan t¢p trung vdo hai bai totui chinh, khO va rd't hay cua ou« khi€n h9C ky thiuit: Nluiri dang rna hinh. va dMu khien cdc h¢

thOng phi tuyen, thi bai giting cua TS. Diing Quang A lai t¢p trung trong m{jt so' ldp thiuit toan. giai cdc bai todn. tOl uu riJi rae.

Cuol cung crin nhiic tdi. bai guing co lien quan. tdi. du baa. Trang hhu/m. kh6' ciax "Cottg ngh~ tinh toan mem ", ket hop Guii thuiit di truyen. va mang rutroti de'dl! baa d6 la mi}t huang hien. dai va driy trier: vc_mg - vii'n de nay duoc d,j cij.p d{n trong bai gidng ctui Nguyen Thanh Thuy viz Nguyin Thi Dieu. Thu.

Se la thieu sot neu khong ke'den mot d~ic thu cua cuon sach. Sou rdt nhieu chuang co phdn tai li~u ddn khd phong phu, du kien thuc dt cac ban doc 1'6 the'di sdu tiip.

KhOng con nghi ngil gi niai, hati muai bai guing tren. aa. tao mot b6 hoa hlui hoan. chlnh, do, sdc, nhiiu thOng tin, alia toi cho ban. doc nhiing kiln thitc rat cd ban ao'ng thiti g¢ md cho cac ban. sinh uien. tre nhiJu huang nghien. cuu trie'n uong va. a6:y h6.p da.n.

Cu6n sach se khOng the'ra mdt ban. doc ne'u khOng coSIj hap tac nhiet tinh da cac tac gid, neu khOng co slj ad ddu chu yeu cua Vi~n Toaa hI;JC - dan. vi dong gop chinh to' chitc Trlldng Thu vi "H~ mil va itng dung", neu khOng co slj gitip ad va. gop y quy bau cua Ban Bien tij.p Nha Xuat bcin Khoa h9C va Ky thu¢.t. Voi tat ca cdc ca nluin. va dan. ui tren chung t6i xin chan thanh. cam dn.

Do nhUu hr;zn cke; d{ie biet han. che'v€ thai gian, cuon sdch. khOng trtinh. khai nhiing khie'm khuye't. Chung toi hoan nghenh. va chan thanli ldng nghe moi gop j.

Nh6m bitm 50<;10

4

Loin6id~u

3

1 Kiin thue co so eua h. ma 9 Bui Cong Cuimg

~.1 ~~ d~~' .. ~.o~~~. ~~ .~.~ .. ~~ .~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::: :::::: ::: :::: :::::::: ::: :::::::: :

1.2 Logic me ff

1.3 Quan he mb 16

1.4 Suy lu~n xap xl va suy dian mb 18

1.5 Vi du bang s6 " " : 21

1.6 SI! phat tri~n cua cong ngh. rhCI " 24

2 Mlilng noron nhan tao va h~ mO " 25

2.1 Mlilng ndron nhan tao _ 25

2.2 M¢t s6 rnanq noron co blm : " 31

2.3 Ket hop rnanq noron v(ji h~ mO " 34

Tai Ii~u trfch dan 35

2 Ly thuyet tQP ma va eOng nght tinh toan m'm Nguy€n Cat H8

1 Ly thuyet t~p nib la co so phudng phap lu~n cho vi~c giai cac bal toan 39

1.1 T~~ n;b ~a ~glt n~hia khai ni~m mo " " " 39

1.2 DIiII so cac tap md , " "" 40

1.3 Quan h~ rno 41

2' Toan h9C me " " " " 45

2.1 Topo mb 45

2.2 Giai tfch mo 47

2.3 Bai toan t6i lfU h6a mO 50

3 H~ chuyen gia me va h~ tro giup quyet d!nh rno " 54

3.1 Bai toan lay quyet djnh va van de I~p lu~n 54

3.2 Ph~d~9 ~h~p I~p lu~n xap xl dua tran t~p me " 55

3.3 DIiII so gla hl ; 58

3.4 H~ tro giup quyet d!nh me 63

4 Dieu khi~n ma 67

4.1 Oua trinh dieu khi~n voi yeu t6 me, khong chac chan 67

4.2 Phuonq phap dieu khi~n rno 68

5 Tfnh toA:. ;n.J va tri thCtc " 71

5.1 Khai pha dlt li~u 71

5.2 Bai toan ket b6 mO " 73

6 Danh muc cac tal li~u dan 74

37

3 Logie ma va e6e Ctng dl,lng do dc;mg eue n6 78 Bui Cong Cuang

1 Kien thCtc eo ban ve logic mO 79

1.1 On nhanh ve logic m~nh de ciS di~n 79

1.2 Logic rno ; 79

1.3 Quan hi! rno : 86

1.4 Suy lu~n xap xi va suy dian mo 89

2 Cac Ctng dl,lng da·dliln9 93

2.1 SI! phat tri~n cua cong ngh~ mo 93

2.2 Dieu khl~n mo 94

2.3 Cac h~ chuyen gia rno 98

2.4 Nh~n dliln9 rno 100

2.5 H~ ho trc quyet d!nh va bai toan lay quyet djnh 102

Tal li~u trfch dan .. 165

4 NhQp men di6u khiin ma 104 Nguy~n Doiin Phuoc, Phan Xuan Minh

1 Nguyen 1'1 lam vi~c 105

2 Ly thuy~t t~p rno trong dieu khien 108

;:~. ~~:hp nS~~ad~~ :;:g :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~ ~~

;:~ ~~~Pmh6.P .. ~~.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~:

3 80 dieu khien ma 121

3.1 c6u true b¢ dieu khien rno '" 121

3.2 Thi~t k~ b¢ dieu khien rno 125

3.3 Cau true b¢ dieu khi~n rno thong minh 128

Tai li~u tham khao ., 132

5 Di6u khiin uOc IUQng va m6 hinh tren co so dieu khiin ma 133 Phan Xiuin. Minh, Nguy~n Doiiti Phudc

1 £)ieu khien Mamdani 133

2 £)ieu khien ma tn/c;lt (sliding mode FC) 134

3 £)ieu khien tra blmg 137

4 Mo hinh TS tren co so dieu khien me 139

5 M6 hinh tren co so dieu khien rno voi phLlong phap tuy~n tinh h6a cua Lyapunov 141

Tai li~u tham khao 143

6 ly thuyet kha nling va mQt so van de ma D6Van Thanh

1 M¢t 56 khai nlem ban dau 142

2 Ngon ngii PL 1 146

2.1 Van de suy diem trong 1'1 thuy~t kha nang 147

2.2 Mau thuan Wng phan va suy dien trong cac CSTT rnau thuan tling phan 148

2.3 H~ .th6ng_ hinh th_uc ~a s~y ~len}1! d.9n9 149

3 Ngon ngLl PL2 va m9t so van de rno '" 150

3.1 Ngon ngii PL2 150

~:~ ~~f~e~g~:~~~·~i~··I~gi~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~

Tai li~u tham khao 152

142

7 MQt each tiep c~n nghien cuu phat hi,n tri thirc trong .cac co so drt Ii,u ... 153 D6 Van Thanh, Phani ThQ Hoan

1 £)i:it van de . 153

2 Hi'nh fhanh cac mau luat tronq 1'1 thuyet kha nan\J 'U co so dCt Ii~u cho tnroc 154

2.1 Xuat xu cua van de ,.... . , 154

2.2 £)~ ngh!.~inh t~an~ m~u 1~~tyon9Iy thu~_et kha nang 155

2.3 Cach glal quyet va mot so ket qua ban dau 156

3, Ly thuy~t kha nang ma r9ng voi d!nh gia la gia tr! ngon ngCt 156

3.1 Nhiihg van de ma trong 1'1 thuyet kha nang 156

3.2 Ngon ngCt PL 1 voi djnh gia la gia tr! ngon ngii 158

Tai Ii~u tham khao 159

8 Tich hQp cac ky thu~t tinh toan mem va m'llng noron trong xii Iy drt Ii,u Nguy€n Thanh Thuy, Nguy€n ne« Due, Trdn Ngoc tt«

1 Xli 1'1 dCt Ii~u trong cac ling dl,Jng tin hoc 0 160

2 Tiep c~n rnanq noron trong xu I¥ dCt li~u 162

3 Mc.mg noron nhleu lop truyen tMng va giai thuat hoc 8P 164

3.1 Ki~n true 164

3.2 Giai thuat h9C Ian truyen ngLl<;lc loi 164

3.3 Goi ~i va dLl bao 165

4 Quan diem ioan hoc ve qua trinh h9C cua m~ng noron 165

4.1 H9C tham 56 165

160

6

4.2 Hoc tham s6 bang giai thuat Ian truyen ngllc;lC loi. 166

5 Tieh hop giai thuat di truyen vOi qua trinh hoc e~a mt;lng noron nhieu lop truyen th3ng 167

6 Cai thien giai thuat di truyen bang mo phong qua trinh tol fhep 169

7 Kat luan , ; ~ 170

Tai li~u tham khao 170

9 Suy rQng tean til OWA cua Yager va ang dyne v60 xu Iy thang tin trong eae h, trl thae 171

Bui Cong Cuimg ,

Ph" 1 T . t,', t bl h t _,," _, 171

an :. oan ~ r~ng _ In _, r?ng s~, co sap xep ..

1 8!nh nqhia va m9t so unh chat.. 171

2 86i ngau cua toan tlr OWA 174

3 Ngli nghia kat hop vOi toan tIJ OWA 176

4 Cach xac d!nh tronq 56 w 178

5 Cac ham dinh IlIc;lng va d9 do tfnh tuy~n orness .: ; 180

Ph'n 2: Toan tlttieh hc;lP ng~n ngli , : .. 181

1 Can m9t suy r9ng len mien gia tr! ngOn ngli 181

2 M9t suy r¢ng: toan tl'r tieh hop ngOn ngG' LOWA 183

Phlln 3: M¢t 56 (tng dl:mg 185

1 Hal thuat toan cum 185

2 89 nhat tri vii d¢ tr9i d!a phl.lClng , 187

3 Hai quy trinh ilIa chon trong bili toan lay quyat d!nh t~p th~ 189

Tai li~u dan ,' 190

10 Glai phap dl,l doan thong mlnh trong ht h8 tr~ quy6't d!nh 192

Nguyin Thanh Thuy, Nguyin. Thi Di~u Thu

1 8~t van de : , 192

2 Giai phap thong minh x4y dl/l1g cOng 01,1 dl,f dotln hO tro vi~e ra quyat dinh 193

3 Kat qua thl'r nghi~m 196

4 Kat lu~n 197

Tal li~u tham khao 198

11 U'ng dyng m~ng neren trong tlnh toan

199

DiJ,ng Quang A

1 Modau 199

2 (Jng dl,lng rnanq noron giai cac bai toan t61 LfU t6 hop 199

2.1 Mo hinh rnanq ncron nhan tao 199

2.2 Anh xa cac bal toan toi LfU t6 hop len rnanq noron 200

2.3 Tim tr~ng thai 6n d!nh eua m~ng 205

3 (Jng dunq m~ng noron glal h~ phl.lClng trinh tuy~n tinh 206

3.1 M~ng noron v~1 co cha philn h6i 206

3.2 Nhac qua ve m¢t 56 phl.lClng phap I~p giai h~ phllong trinh d~i 56 tuyen t1nh 207

3.3 Cac thu~t toan noron 208

Tal li~u tham khao 211

12 MQt so van de nh~n d"ng mo hlnh va dUiu khl6n su dyng m'llng noron vs Nhu La.n.

1 Nh~n d~ng phi tuyen mo hinh h~ d¢ng II,fC 212

1.1 Nh~n d~ng thong 56 h~ th6ng (off line) 212

1.2 Nh~n d~ng thong 56 h~ thong (on line) 216

1.3 K~tlu$n 219

2 Nh$n d~ng rnO hlnh va dieu khi&n sU' dl,lng m~ng noron 220

2.1 Mo dau .. 220

2.2 Nh~n d~ng thong 56 5U' dyng rn~ng ncron 220

2.3 €lieu khi~n sl'r dl,lng rnanq noron " 222

2.4 K~t lu~n 225

3 Nh$n danq rno hinh vii dieu khi'n sLt dl,lng rnanq noron dol xCtng xuyen tam co 50 225

3.1 Ham doi xCtng xu yen tam co sO va Ctng dl,lng trong nh~n d~ng 225

212

7

3.2 Nh~n d~ng mO hinh _. 228

3.3 Vi dl,l nh$n d,ng h~ dQng hQC phi tuy~n sa d\mg m~ng RBF 230

3.3 Vi d\l v~ dieu khi&n Ihich nghl sli dl,lng m(;\ng RBf 232

3.4 Mang naron nhieu lap va m9t s6 thu~t hQC trong nh~n d~ng mo hinh va dieu khien 236

4 T6ng k!t. 242

Tal Ii"u tham khao 243

8

1

A~ ~. ? .,., 1'. ....

KIEN THt1e co so eUA lffi. Md

Bui COllg Cr.LiJng Vi~n Tarin hoc Ha nl)i

1 T,p md, logic mo: va h~ md

1.1 MOdau

1.1.1 TQp ma

De dan gian chung ta hay trinh bay h¢ ma du6i dang IT? vao-ra (Input-Output System) ella khoa hoc h? thong.

Chung ta xet tnrong hap dau vito X la bien ma va ham chuyen trang thai Ria rno, Do v~y dau ra Yeung sc Iii bien rna.

De thuan loi cho da so cac ban d9C cluing ta bilt dan tim hien nhtrng khlii ni¢Ji1 co ban nM!: djnll nghia t~p mb ella L.Zadeh (1965, xem 11 n, cac phep roan dai so, nguyen Iy suy rong, va sau d6 la cac khai ni~m bien ngon ngfr, de phep loan ella logic rna.

1.1.2 D!nh nghia 19P ma

Cho X III khOng gian nen. Chang han

X-=' I~p sinh vien Dl:Ii h<;JC Bach khoa Ha N9i khoa 41. A] = t~p sinh vien Khoa Cong nghe thong tin khoa 41.

Kh i d6 Alia m¢! t¢p con ro ella K. G9i

A2 = ~p sinh vien gibi Tin, khoa 41 ella Khoa Nang luong.

I

A2 Iii m91 19p rna tren X.

M¢I minh hoa khac vt! t~p rna Ill. vel van lay ella 1.9i pham M lai trcn hien truang.

E1inn nghia 1.1: .Ala t~p rna tren kh6ng gian nen X neu A duqc xac d inh bbi ham

J.iA:X --+. 10,1],

J.iA la ham th uoc (membership fl!nction) con IlA (x) la d9 thuoc ("1'1a x vao tap ma A.

Hinh 1 ; Vi dy ve t~p rna

9

Nhi~u tai lieu van quen goi PA la ham lien thuoc va PA(x) la dq lien thuoc.

Chung ta cling se kf hieu

A = I (PA(x) / x): x EX}.

Vi dl,l: Ao = mot viii (qua cam) = I (0/0) , (0/1) , (0.6/2) , (1/3) , (1/4) , (0.8/5) , (0.2/6) }.

1.1.3 Cae phep toan dQI 56 tren tQP ma

f)jnh nghia 1.2: Cho A, B la hai t~p rna tren khong gian nen X, co cac ham thuoc PA' PB .

Khi do phep hop A u B, phep giao A n B la hai t~p rna tren X voi cac ham thuoc

PAVB(X) = max I PA(x), PB(X)}, PAI1B(x) = min I PA(x), PB(x)}

va phep Ic~y phdn bu AC la tap rna vci ham thuoc PAc (x) = 1- PA(x),

Nhieu tinh chat cua cac t~p rna cac ban co the tim thay trong 12,3,71.

1.1.4 56 ma

Chung ta se dung cac so rna thea dinh nghia sau:

f)jnh nghia 1.3: Tap rna M tren dirong thang so thirc R I Iii mot s{j'mil, neu

a) M chuan hoa, tuc la co diem x' sao cho PM(x') = 1,

b) Urlg voi moi aE RI, tap mire I x: PM(x) ~ a } la doan dong tren RI.

Nguoi ta thucng dung cac so rna dang tam giac, hmh thang va dang ham Gauss.

1.1.5 Nguyen Iy suy rc?ng eua Zadeh

De Hun viec voi cac he thong co nhieu bien vao, nguyen Iy suy rong sau day cua Zadeh Iii rat quan trong

f)jnh nghia 1.4: Cho Ai Iii tap rno voi ham thuoc J.I Ai tren khong gian nen Xi ' (i= 1,2, .. , , n).

Khi ay tfch true tiep

A = A 1 X A2 X ... x An

la tap rna tren khong 'gian n~n

X=X1 xX2 x··· «x,

v<'1i ham thuoc

trong d6 x = (Xl' X2 , ... ,xn)·

Bay gia chung ta xet h¢ thong nhu tren hinh 2.

10

Ninh 2: H~ thong nhieu dau veo, mot dau ra

y laB

f

I) Nguyen ly suy rong:

Gia str m6i bien van xi liiy gia tr] la Ai (i= 1,2, ... , n) voi Ai la tap mo tren khong gian nen Xi voi ham thuoc J.l Ai (Xi)' Ham f: X ~ Y chuyen cac gia tr] dilu van Ai thanh gia tr]

dau ra B. Khi do B se la t~p ma tren Yv&i ham thuoc PB(x) duoc tinh theo c6ng thtrc sau:

P8(X) = {max {min(.uAJ~I)'''· ,J.lAn(Xn):XEr-I(y)} neur-l(y)",,0

o neur-l(y)=0

-I

f (y) = { x =( Xl ,X2 , ... , Xn) EX: f\x) = y 1

2) Suy r9ng phep cong hai s6' mil:

Ap dung nguyen ly suy rong cluing ta co th~ cho ngay dinh nghia suy rong phep cong cho 2 so me bang each str dung ham 2 bien

Z =f(x,y) =x+y.

E>!nh nghia 1.5: Cho M,N la hai so ma co ham thuoc PM(x) , pN<x). Khi d6 cong suy rong MtfJN la t~p rna rren RIco ham thuoc xac dinh vai moi so thuc z cho boi

PMffiN(Z) = max I min (PM(X) , PN(V» : x+y = Z I.

E>inh Iy 1.1: (Dubois, Prade 1980 [2)) Neu M ,N la hai so rna hlnh thang thl MtfJN cling la so rna hlnh thang.

TUO'ng t9' nguai ta cling dinh nghia phep trir suy rong va phep nhan suy rong,

1.2 Logic ma

1.2.1 On nhanh ve logic m~nh de cO dlin

Ta se kf hieu P la t~p hop cac menh de va P, PI ' Q, Q! , ... la nhfrng menh de .VOi m6i menh PEP, ta gan mot tri v(P) la gia tri chan Iy (truth value) cua rnenh de. Logic c6 di~n de nghi v(P) = I neu PIa dung (T-true), v(P)= 0 neu PIa sai (F-false).

Tren P chang ta xac dinh tnroc lien ba phep toan co ban va rat tnrc quan:

- Phep tuyen:

P OR Q, ki hieu P v Q, do la rnenh de "hoac P hoac Q",

11

- Phep hoi:

- Phep phil dinh:

P AND Q, kf hieu P 1\ Q, d6 la lJI~nh de "vira P vira Q", NOT P, kf hieu 1 P , d6 la rnenh M "khong P".

Dua vao 3 phep toan logic ca ban nay nguoi ta dl:l djnh nghia nhieu phep toan kl"\;ic, nhung doi voi chung ta quan trong nhat la phep keo theo (implication), kf hieu la P :::::> Q.

San-day chung ta xet bang gia tri chan Iy cua cac phep toan tuyen, hoi, phu dinh, phep keo theo va phep nrong duong (ki hieu bang <:::> ) phu thuoc vao gia tri chan Iy cua cac rnenh M gee ban dau P , Q (bang 1).

Bang 1.

P Q v 1\ :::::> <:::>
1 1 I 1 1 1
1 0 I 0 0 Q.
+,~
0 1 I 0 I . '()
t-'--
0 0 0 0 i i I Sir dung nhimg dinh nghia tren, trong logic c6 dien.cac luat suy dien quan trong sau day giG' vai tro rat quyet dinh trong cac lap luan truyen thong. D6 la cac luat

- modus ponens:

- modus toll ens:

- syllogism:

- contraposition:

(P 1\ (P :::::> Q» :::::> Q «P:::::> Q) 1\ 1 Q):::::> 1 P

«P:::::> Q) 1\ (Q :::::> R» :::::> (P :::::> R) (P:::::> Q):::::> (lQ-=> lp).

1973 L.Zadeh ( xem [3,71 ) dl:l dua vao khai niern "bien ngon ngit" va buoc dau irng dung vao suy dien rna - phan co ban cua logic rna. Day la buoc khoi dliu rat quan trong cho cong viec tinh toan cac suy dien chu chot trong cac he rna.

D~ c6 the tien.hanh mo hinh hoa cac he thong va bieu dien cac quy luat van hanh trong cac h¢ thong nay, truce tien cluing ta can toi suy rong cac phep toan logic co ban (logic connectives) voi cac menh de co gia tri chan Iy v(P) trong doan 10,1], (thay cho quy dinh v(P) chi nhan gia tri 1 hoac 0 nhir tnroc day).

Chung ta se dua vao cac phep toan co ban cua logic rna qua con duong tien de hoa. Nhir v~y co Ie tu nhien va phan nao hua hen se c6 tinh cong nghe han.

Cho cac menh de P, PI' Q, QI , ... , gia tri chan Iy v(P), v(Q), v(PI), ... se nhan trong doan 10,11. Sau day chung ta di ngay vao cac phep toan co ban nhat,

1.2.2 May phep t06n co ban cua logic ma

1.2.2.1 Phep phu djnh

Phu dinh (negation) la mot trong nhirng phep toan logic co ban. De suy rong chting ta can tai toan tiI v(NOT P) xac dinh gia tri chan Iy cua NOT P doi voi m6i menh M P.

12

£linh nghia 1.8: Ham n: 10,1] ~ [0,11 khong tang thoa man cac dieu kien n(O)=I, n(I)=O, goi la ham phil dinh. (negation - hay la phep phu dinh).

Ham n la phep phu dinh rnanh, neu n giarn chat va n(n(x» = x voi m6i x .

1.2.2.2 Phep h{>i

Phep hQi (van quen goi la phep AND - conjunction) la mot trang may phep toan logic co ban nhat. No cling la co sa de dinh nghia phep giao cua hai t~p rna.

£ljnh nghia 1.9: Ham T: [0, I J2 ~ 10,1 J la mot t-chtuiti (chudn tam gicic hay t-norm) neu

thoa man cac dieu kien sau:

a) T(l, x) = x ,v6i moi 0 S x S 1,

b) Tco tinh giao hoan, tuc la T(x,y) = T(y,x), voi moi ° sx,y S 1 ,

c) T khong giam theo nghia T(x ,y) S T(u, u), voi rnoi x S u ,y S u,

d) Tco tfnh ket hop: T(x,T(y,z» = T(T(x,y),z) voi moi 0 sX,y,z S 1.

Til nhirng tien d~ tren chung ta suy ra ngay T(O ,x). Hon nfra tien d6 d) darn bao tfnh thac trien duy nhat cho ham nhieu bien.

Vai vi du ve t-chuan:

I) Min (Zadeh 1965):

2) Dang tfch:

3) t-chuan Lukasiewicz:

T(x,y) = min (x,y) , T(x,y) =xy,

T(x,y) = max ( x+y-l ,0 I ,

T ) {miU(X,y) neu x + y > 1

(x ,y = . "

o nell x+ y s 1

Z ) _ {min(X,y.) nell max(x,y) = 1

(x ,y - A'

o nell max(x,y) < 1

4) min nilpotent (Fodor 1993):

5) t-chuan yeu nhat (drastic product):

Khong kho khan chi ra rang v6i m6i t-chuan T thl

Z(x,y) S T(x,y) S min(x,y)

voi moi 0 sX,y S

1.2.2.3 Phep tuy~n

Giang nhtr phep hoi, phep tuytn hay toan nr logic OR (disjunction) thong thuong can thoa man cac tien de sau:

£l!nh nghia 1.10: Ham S: [0,1)2 ~ [0,1] goi laphep tuy€n (OR suy rong) hay la t-doi

cluuin. (t-conorm) neu thoa man cac tien M sau:

a) S(O,x) = x voi rnoi x E[O,II ,

b) Scotfnhgiaohoan: S(x,y)=S(y,x) voi moi Osx,y)s I,

c) Skh6nggiam: S(x,y)sS(u,u)v6im9i Osxsuslva Osysusl

d)S co tfnh ket hop: S(x,S(y,z» = S(S(x,y),z) voi rnoi 0 sX,y,zs 1

13

E>!nh Iy 1.2: Cho n Iii phep phu dinh manh, T Iii mot t-chuan, khi ay ham S xac dinh tren 10,112 bang bieu thirc

S(x,y) = nT(nx,ny) vai moi 0::; x,y::; I, Iii mot t-d6i chuan.

Chon phep phu dinh n(x) = I-x cluing ta co quan he gifra T vii S nhu trong bang 2:

Bang 2.

xy

S(x,y)

T(x,y)

min(x ,y)

max(x,y)

x+y-xy

max{x+y-l ,0:

min{x+y, I)

. ) {mil1(X,Y) neu x + y > 1

mmo(x,y = "

° neu x+ySI

{max(x,y) neu x+y<1

max1(x,y)= "

1 neu x + y 2: 1

z _ {min(X,Y) ueu max(x,y) == 1

(x,y)- "

o neu max(x,y) *' 1

Z' x _ {max(x,y) nenmin(x,y)=0

( ,y) - " . ( )

1 neu mm x,y *' 0

1.2.3 LUQt De Morgan

Trong Iy thuyet tap hop luat De Morgan n6i tieng sau day d1i diroc str dung nhieu noi:

Cho A,B Iii hai tap con euaX, khi do

(AuB)C =A CnBC

va (AnE) C =A Cu BC

Co nhieu dang suy rong hai dimg thirc nay. Sau day mot dang suy rong cho logic rna.

E>!nh nghia 1.11: Cho T Iii t-chuan, S la t-d6i chuan, n la phep phil dinh chat. Chung ta noi b<) ba (T,S, n) la mot b(i ba De Morgan neu

n(S(x,y)) = T(nx,ny).

1.2.4 Phep keo theo

D1i co kha nhieu nghien cuu vC phep keo thea (implications). Dieu do cling nr nhien VI day Iii cong doan chat nhat cua qua trinh suy dien trong rnoi I~p luan xap xi, bao g6m cii suy luan rna. Trong phan tiep thea nay chung ta se di tiep con duong tien de hoa va sau do dung nhanh tai vai dang pho ('~p d~ minh hoa.

Chung ta se xet phep keo thea nhu mot m6i quan he, mQI toan ttt logic. Thong thuong cluing ta nho toi cac lien de sau cho ham v(p] ~ P2).

14

£>!nh nghia 1.12: Phep kio thea (implication) la mot ham so 1:[0, I]2 ~[O, I] thoa man cac dieu kien sau:

a) b)

Neu x:S z thlI(x ,y) ~ I(z ,y) voi moi y E 10, II,

Neu y s u thlI(x,y) :s/(x,u) voi moi z e 10,11, I(O,x) = 1 vci moi xEIO,II,

c)

d) l(x,I) = I v6i moi r e 10,11, 1(1,0) = O.

e)

De tinh toan dt1<Jc , chung ta din nhfrng dang CI;I the cua phep keo theo. Sau day la mot so dang ham keo theo, xay dung dua vao cac phep toan logic mo da suy rong phfa tren.

Cho T la t-chuan, S la t-d6i chuan. n la phep phil dinh manh.

£>!rih nghia 1.13: Dang keo theo thu nluit. Ham lSI (x ,y) xac dinh tren [0,1]2 bang bi~u thirc

IS1(x,y) =S(n(x),y).

R6 rang an y sau dinh nghia nay la cong thirc tir logic c6 dien P => Q = 1 P v Q.

£>!nh Iy 1.3: Voi bat ky r-chuan T, t-doi chuan S va phep phil dinh manh n nao, lSI la mot phep keo thee thoa man dinh nghia 2.4.2.

Nhir dii nhan xet tir dau, co rilt nhieu con duong muon xac dinh phep keo thco, Phep keo theo sau day, noi chung, khong thoa man tien d~ a), nhirng duoc nhieu tac giii Slr dung. Y chinh cua phep keo thee nay bat nguon ttt bieu dien phep P => Q thee Iy thuyet t~p hop.

Neu P , Q bi~u dien dt10i dang t~p hop trong cling mot khong gian nen, thl P => Q = 1P v (P 1\ Q)

SiJ dung T la t-chuan, S la t-doi chuan, n la phep phil dinh, thl co the nghi toi dang

I(x,y) =-S(T(x,y),nx).

Lap luan nrong tl! khi cho P va Q tren cac khong gian nen khac nhau ding co the dan toi cling dang ham I (x ,y) nay.

£>!nh nghia 1.14: Cho (T,S,n) la b¢ ba De Morgan voi n la phep phil dinh rnanh, phep keo thea thu ba I sex ,y) xac dinh tren [o,d bang bieu thirc

Is(x,y) =S(T(x,y),n(x».

Sau day 1a may vi du CI;I the ve dang ham cua phep keo thee Is (x ,y) phu thuoc vao chon bQ ba De Morgan nao:

Vi dy a: Chon n(x) ::: I-x, T(x,y) = min(x,y) thl Is(x,y) ::: maxi min(x,y), I-x I.

Vi dy b: Chon n(x) = I-x, T(x,y) = maxj O, x+y-II thi Is(x,y) = max(1-x, y ).

15

Con neu dung phep kco thea thu hai.chting ta nhan diroc ham IT(x,y) phu thuoc vao viec dung t-chuan nao. Chang han xet cac vi du sau :

Vi dl;l 'C: Chon T(x,y) = min(x,y), thi I T(X,y) = 1, neu x sy , con I T(X ,'y) = .Y trong twang hop con lai,

Vi du d: Chon T(x ,y) = xy thlI r(x ,y) = rnin(.t, 1) neu x * 0, I T(X ,y)=l neu x=O. x

Cac ban co th~ tim thay them nhirng tinh chat khac cua cac phep toan logic rna cling nhu mot so dang ham keo thea khac, xin xern them cac tai lieu [2,3,4,6J.

1.3 Quon h~ rna

1.3.1 Khai ni~m quan h~ ma

£>lnh nghia 1.15: Cho X, Y la hai khong gian nen. R goi la mot quan h~ rna tren XxY neu R la mot t~p rna tren XxY, tire la co II1Qt ham rhuoc

J.JR : XxY -+ [0,1], b day J.JR(x,y) = R(x,y) la d<) thuoc (membership degree) cua (x ,y ) V3.0 quan he R .

£>lnh nghia 1.16: Cho R 1 vii R 2 Iii hai quan he rna tren XxY, ta co dinh nghia

a) Quan he R luR 2 voi J.lRI uR.2 (x,y) = maxi J.lRl (x,y), J.I~ (x,y) }, V (x ,y)e XxY.

b) Quan he R InR 2 voi J.IRt nR2 (x,y) = min I J.lRl (x,y), J.I~ (x,y) }, V (x ,y)e XxY.

£>lnh nghia 1.17: Quan h~ mit treri nhiing t¢p mit. Cho t~p rna A voi PA(X) tren X, tap rna B voi PB(x) tren Y. Quan he rna tren cac t~p rna A vii B 13. quan h¢ rna R tren XxY thoa man dieu kien:

PR(X ,y) ~ PA(X) , V Y eY. PI~(X ,y) ~ PB(x) , V x ex'

£>inh nghia 1.18: Cho quan he rna R tren XxY.

Phep chieu. cua R len X 13.: PFOjx R = {(x, ma~ J.lR(x ,y) : x eX} Phep chieu cua R len Y Iii: projyR = {(y, max" J.lR(x,y) : ye Y}

£>lnh nghia 1.19: Cho quan he rna R tren XxY. Thac tri~n R len khong gian tlch XxYxZ Iii:

extxyz R = I (x,y .z ), Pcxt(x,y .z ) = PR(x,y) , Vz eZ}.

1.3.2 Phep hQp thanh

£>lnh nghia1.20: Cho R, la quan h¢ rna tren XxY va R2 la quan h¢ rna tren YxZ. Hop thanh R1oR2 cua tt; R2 la quan he rna tren XxZ.

16

a) Hap tluinh. max-min (max-min composition) duoc xac dinh boi

b) Hap thanli max-prod cho boi

,u R1 oR2 (x, z) = ma~ {(,LIR1 (x, y). JI R2 (y,z)}, 'It (x ,z )eXxZ. c) Hqpth~max-*duqcxacdinhboitoantlr *: 10,lf~IO,11 JiRj oR2 (x, z) = ma~ { JiR1 (x,y) * JiR2 (y,z)}, 'It(x,z )eXxZ.

G;;(thiet (7', S, n) EI bo ba De Morgan, trong d6 7' la t-chuan, S la t-doi chuan, n la ).:!;.ep phu dinh.

£>!nh nghia 1.21: Cho R l' R2 la qua~ h~ mo tren XXX, phep 7'-tfeh hop thanh cho mot quan h~ R]OTRZ trenXxXxacdjnh boi

£>!nh Iy 1.4: Cho e; R2, R;l la nhfiug quan he rno tren XxX, khi do:

a) Rj0'j'(RzoTR3) = (RjoTR2h,R3.

b) Neu n, r;;;,R2 rhl RjoTR3 ~ R2°TR3 va R3oTR1 ~ R3oTR2.

1.3.3 Tinh chuyen tiep (b6c cdu)

£>!nh nghia 1.22: Quan he mo R tren XXX goi la:

a) min-chuyen. tiep neu min {R(x,y), R(y,z) I s R(x,z) 'ltx ,y,z EX..

b) chuye'n tiep yiu ncu 'ltx ,y ,z eX co

R(x,y) >R(y,x) va R(y,z) >R(z,y) thi R(x,z) >R(z,x).

c) chuye'n tiep tham so' neu co mot so 0<8<1 sao cho: Neu R(x ,y) ~ 0> R(y ,x) va R(y,z) > O>R(z,y) thi R(x,z) > O>R(z,x) 'ltx,y,zex.

£>!nh Iy 1.5: (xem [7])

a) Ncu R lit quan h¢ ma co tfnh chat min-cluiyen. tiep thi R lit quart h¢ mer co tfnh

chat chuyin tiep tham sf)' vai moi (k B<. 1.

b) Nell R lit quan h¢ mo c6 tinh chat chllye'n tiep tham so'thl R la quan h¢ mer c6

tinh chat ch.uyen. tiep yeu .

1.3.4 Phuong trinh quan h~ rna

Phuong trlnh quan he mo Ian dau tien ughien cuu boi GS. Sanchez nam 1976, d6ng vai tro quan troug trong cac Iinh vue phan tich cac h~ mo, thiet ke cac b(> di6u khien mo, qua

trlnh lay quyet dinh va nhan dang mer.

Dang dan gian nhat co th~ dien dat nhir sau:

~_ .... "'_,h __ ._. . _ .. _*_

rHUVHNh~!:¥I~'" ~:.;'.,:; "::'!1~:11

I-V-€H~.~;1J2:~·3·· -' 'I.'

I I'

'f _ .••

I::~~~:;'::';..:~.-.- ... _ ... ;__ .J

17

Cho mot he rna bieu dien diroi dang mot quan he rna nhi nguyen R tren khong gian tfch Xx Y. Dau vao (input) cua he Iii mot t~p rna A cho tren khong gian nen input X. Tac dong

cua dau vao A voi h¢ R se Iii phep hop thanh AoR se cho a diiu ra (output) mot t~p mo tren khong gian nen Y, kf hieu Iii B. Khi fry chung ta c6AoR = B.

Neu chting ta Slr dung phep hop thanh max-min thi ham thuoc cua B cho boi

Vi dl,l: Cho input Iii tap ma A tren X vii quan h~ rna R tren XxY nhu sau:

X=!X1,X2,X3}, Y={Yl,Y2,Y3},

A=(0,2/x1 0,8/xz 1/X3) =(0,2 0,8 1)

[0.7

AoR = 0.5 0.2

1 0.9 0.6

0.4]

0.6 ,

0.3

Khi d6 cluing ta e6

B=AoR =(0,2 0,8

[0.7

1)0 0.5 0.2

1 0.9 0.6

0.4]

0.6 =(0,5

0.3

1.4 Suy IUQn xap xi va suy di~n ma

1.4 . .1 Chung ta se trlnh bay du dan gian van d~ suy luan xap xi diroi dang nhiing menh de voi cac bien ngon ngfr nhir dai tluroug van dung nhtr: "may lanh", "ga yeu", hay nhiing quy tae, nhfrng luat dang menh de "neu quay tay ga manh thl toe dQ xe se nhanh".

Suy lutin. xap xi - hay eon goi Iii suy luan rna - d6 Iii qua trinh suy ra nhiing ket luan diroi dang cac rnenh d€ rna trong dieu kien cac quy tac, cac luat, cac dfr lieu dau vao eho tnroc cling kh6ng hoan roan xac dinh. Chung ta se han che bbi nhfrng luat dan gian nhir dang modus ponens hay modus tollens dii neu b phan dau.

Tnroc tien cluing ta nho lai trong giai tich toan hoc dii dung qua trlnh lap luan sau:

Dinh Iy: Neu mot ham s6 Iii kha vi thl no lien tuc
Sl! kien: Hiimfkha vi
Ker luan: f lien tuc day Iii dang suy lu~n dua vao luat modus ponens. Bay gia ta tim each dien dat each suy luan quen thuoc tren duoi dang sao eho co th~ suy rong eho logie mao

Ky hieu:

U = khong gian nen = kh6ng gian tat eli cac ham so.

Vi dt!«m-gh'm'c6 iM hi~u .

U: {g:~~R};

I

Ii II

·18

A = [cac ham kha vii, B = [cac ham lien tuc I·

Hay chon hai rnenh de P = "s E A" va Q = "g E B ''. Khi :iy cluing ta co

Luat (tri thirc): g=>B
SI! kien: P dung (true)
Ket luan: Q dung (true) a day chung ta dll Slr dung luat modus ponens « P => Q) " P) => Q.

1.4.2 Bay gia dii co the chuyen sang suy dien rna cung dang.

Luat rna: Neu goc tay quay ga Ian th) xe di nhanh
SI! kien me: Goc tay ga quay kha Ion
H¢ qua: Xedi kha nhanh Zadeh dll dien dat sl! kien tren bang cac bien ngon ngfr: goc tay quay, toc d(>, nhiet d¢, up lire, tuoi tac va cac menh de rna dang urong ling. Chung ta lam ro each tiep can cua Zadeh qua vai VI du.

1.4.2.1 Bien ng6n ngu

Vi du t: Ta noi "Nam. co tuo'i trung nien", khi ay chon x = bien ng6n ngfr "Tuo'i",

kh6ng gian nen la thai gian song

U = 10, 130 narn].

A= t:;tp mo "trung nien",

Mot each nr nhien, ta gan cho A la mot tap rna rren U voi ham thuoc A(u) : U ~ [0,11.

SI! kien "co the'tuo'i cua Nam la 40" di nhien khong chac chan va kha hop ly neu dlen dat nhu mot kha nang, trong 14,51 Zadeh de nghi

Kha nang (Tu6i cua Narn = 40) = Poss(x = 40)

= d¢ thuoc cua s6 40 vao tap rna A = A(40).

Menh de ma

"Nam co tu6'i trung nien"

bay gia diroc dien dat thanh rnenh de

P = { x = A I = {bien x nhan gia tri rna A tren khong gian nen Ul = {x is A] (theo dang tieng Anh).

1.4.2.2 Vi dl;l 2: D6i voi suy luan rna cho a dau rnuc nay chiing ta co the dung bien ngon ngii

x= "goc lay quay"

19

tren kh6ng gian nen U = [0.360 (II (cho phep quay tay ga cua xe may), A = "'g6c Ian" la mot t~p rna tren U (trong twang hop nay tien hon dung khai niern so rna A), voi ham thuoc A(u): U ~ [O,IJ.

Tirong nr, bien ngon ngii y = "toe do xe", voi kh6ng gian nen V = 10 km/gio; 150 km/gio I,

Q = "xe di nhanh "= mot tap rna B tren khong gian nen V voi ham thuoc R(v) : V ~ [0, I J. Khi ay

P = "goc tay quay 16n" = (x =Al (x is u), Q = "xe di nhanh" = ( y = B 1,

va I U~1 mo co dang P ::::> Q .

Nhu vay mot luat rna dang "If P then Q" se diroc bieu dien thanh 1l19t q uan h¢ ma R cua phep keo theo P ::::> Q vci ham thuoc cua R tren kh6ng gian nen UxV diroc cho boi phep keo thea rna ban dir dinh sii dung:

R(A.B)(u,v) = Rp=>Q(u,v) =I(A(u),B(v)), voi moi (U,V)EUXV.

,

Bay gia quy trinh suy dien mo da co tht xac dinh:

Luat rna (tri thirc): P ::::> Q, voi quan he cho boi I(A(u),B(v))
Su kien rno (dau vao): P'={x=A'), xac dinh boi tap rna A ' tren U
Ket Iuan: Q' = {y=B'} Sau khi da chon phep keo thea I xac dinh quan he rna R(A.B)' B' ia mot tap rna tren V voi ham thuoc cua B' diroc tinh bang phep hop thanh B' = A' 0 R(A.B)' cho boi c6ng thirc:

B'(v) = maxuE v( mil1(A'(u), I(A(u), B(v))) I, voi moi v E V.

1.4.3 Tiep tuc each bieu dien va dien dat nhtr vay, ta co th~ xet dang "If P then Q else Ql"

quen biet trong logic c6 di~n va thirong hay sir dung trong cac ng6n ngir lap trinh cua nganh Tin h9C.

Co th~ chon nhirng each khac nhau dien dat menh de nay, sau day tim ham thuoc cua bieu thirc nrong irng. Chang han, cluing ta chon

"If P then Q else Q1" = (P 1\ Q) v (1 P 1\ Qr).

Thong thirong Q va QJ ia nhimg menh de trong cling mot kh6ng gian nen.

Giii thiet Q va QJ diroc bitu dien bang cac tap mo B va Bl tren cling kh6ng gian nen V, voi cac ham thuoc tuong trng B ; V~ [0,1 J va B1: V~ [0,11. Neu Q va QJ kh6ng cling kh6ng gian nen thi cting se xtr Iy urong tu nhung voi c6ng thirc phtrc tap han.

20

Ki hieu R(P, Q, Q') = R(A, B, B1) la quan he rna tren UxV voi ham thuoc cho boi bieu

thirc

R(u, v) = max! min(A(u), B(v)), min(l-A(u), Bl (v)) [, voi moi (u, V)E UxV.

Tiep tuc quy trinh nay cluing ta c6 th6 xet nhirng quy tac lay quyet dinh phirc tap han.

Chang han cluing ta xet mot quy tile trong h¢ thong rna co hui bien dau VaG va mot dau ra dang

If A 1 and B 1 then C 1 else If A2 and B2 then C2

else

1.4.4 M9t dang suy rong khac trong co so tri tlurc cua nhieu he rna tlurc tien, VI du di~n hinh la trong cac he dieu khien rna, c6 the phat bi€u diroi dang sau:

Cho Xl' X2, ••• , Xm la cac bien vao cua he thong, Y la bien fa. Cac tap A ij , B i: voi i = I, ... , m , j = 1, ... , n la cac tap rna trong cac khong gian nen nrong irng cua cac bien vao va bien fa dang sir dung cua he thong, cac Rj la cac suy dien rna (cac luat rna) dang "Neu .. , thl ... " (dang if ... then)

R1: NeuXllaAl.l va vaxm laAm.1 thi y laBI

R2: NeuxilaA1.2 va vaxm laAm.2 thi y laB2

Rn: NeuxllaAl.n va ... vaxm laAm.n thi y laBn

Bai toan

Tinh:

Gia tri Y la u*

Cho:

a day el *, ... , em * la cac gia tr] dau vao hay sir kien (c6 the rna hoac gia tri r6 ).

Chung ta c6 the nhan thay ding pluin cot 18i cua nhieu he mit cho btJi ca sd tri thuc dang R= {cac ltuit R, I va cdc ca che'suy diln cai d(i.t trong mo ta suy diln.

Tfnh toan quan he rna cho nhiing bo luat phirc tap nhir the cac ban c6 the xern them c6ng trinh cua M. Mizurnoto va H.J. Zimmermann. Nhiing kien thirc ve suy dien rna lien quan toi lap luan ngon ngfr c6 the doc them chuang 2 cua Nguyen Cat H6 .

1.5 Vi dV b6ng so

De rninh hoa trong phan cuoi chiing ta xet vi du bang.:o tnrc tiep trfch tir [71. Vi du chung ta nghe thay cau n6i: "Neu nhiet d9 cua he thong lanh, thi ap suat cua he thong yeu''. R6 rang day la mot luat rna dang P ~ Q.

21

Tnroc tien chung ta chon khong gian nen voi cac trang thai co so. Vi du:

U =I nhiet d<? cua h~ th6ng I = { thap, trung binh thap, han trung bmh, cao I == {UI,U2,U3,U41.

V == [ap suat cua h~ thong I = [thap, trung binh thap, trung binh, han trung binh, cao I == {UI,U2,U3,U4,U5 I.

Trong tnrong hop nay moi menh d~ Al tren U co ham thuoc hoan toan xac dinh bai vecto { Aj(u) : UEU I. Nhir vay, chang han

Tap moAI bieu dien menh de: "nhiet d9 Ianh" = {1 0.6 0 01, T~p m~Bl bieu dien rnenh de: "ap suat thap" = ! 1 OJ~ 0.1 0 01.

Detfnh d¢ thuoc cua quan he mo, ngirci ta thac trien Al len khong gian nen UxV. Khi

ay ham thuoc cua Al se kf hieu extu:<v Al co dang
1 1 1 1 1
extuxv Al = 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 Do P => Q la dong nhat voi bieu thirc lAI v (AI 1\ BI), cho nen de tinh ham thuoc xac

dinh tren UxV cua quan h¢ nay chi dn tinh rna tran
(extuxv lAl) v ((extuxv AI) 1\ (extuxVBI))
..
SUu day la cacrna tran nrong img:
0 0 0 0 0
extuxv lAI = 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 0.8 0.1 0 0
(extuxv AI) 1\ (extUXVBj) == 0.6 0.6 0.1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0'
0 0 0 0 0 Bieu dien va tinh toan nhu tren VI chung ta siS tinh quan he R(AI,BI) theo phep keo thea Is(u,u) nhir trong vi du a ph An 2.4.5. Ke't qua thu diroc quan he

1 0.8 0.1 0 0
R~Q == R(AI,BI) = 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
22 Day chfnh la quan he rna bieu thi quan he P => Q, thong qua cac bien ngon ngfr "nhiet d¢, lip suat" va cac tap rna A I> B 1 wang irng,

Tiep tuc, cluing ta co the tien hanh cac suy dien rna. Chang han, sl! kien dau vao quan sat diroc la "nhiet d{) cua h~ thOng hai lanh", Menh de mo P' nay dien dat qua tap mo

.

P' vai ham thuoc tren khong gian nen U cho boi vector A' = {0.8

0.3 OJ.

Nhir the cluing ta co qua trinh suy dien rna:

Luat mo (tri thirc): R(A1,B1)
Sl! kien rna (dau vao): A'
Ket luan: B' B' la mot tap rna tren V diroc tinh bang phep hop thanh B' = R(A1,B}) oA'.

Ap dung vao tnrong hop nay chung ta thu duoc ham thuoc cua B' la vecto

B' = {0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4}.

Neu bay gia quan he R(A1,B1) duoc tinh thea phep keo thea ls(u,u) nhu trong vf du 6.8.b thl

1 0.8 0.1 0 0
1 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4
Rp=>Q = RtA},B1) = 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 va ket qua cua suy dien rna trong tnrong hop nay se la B' = R(A1,B1) oA' la tap rna ket luan (ket qua dau ra) tren khong gian nen V co ham thuoc cho boi vector

B' = {I 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4}.

1.5.2 Tinh t06n mlnh nee cho m.nh de dC;lng "If P then Q else Q 1".

Gia Slr rnenh de Ql cling khong gian nen V voi menh de Q, chang han Ql = "ap suAt cua h¢ thong trung blnh". Q1 se diroc bieu dien qua bien ngon ngjr "ap suat" va tl)p me, B2 voi ham thuoc cho tren V la vector

B2 = {O 0.6 1 0.6 OJ.

Khi ity

0 0.6 1 0.6 0
0 0.6 1 0.6 0
extUXVB2 = 0 0.6 1 0.6 0'
0 0.6 1 0.6 0 23

0 0 0 0 0
(extuxv 1 AI) 1\ (extuxv B2) 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0
== 0'
0 0.6 1 0.6
0 0.6 1 0.6 0
Cuoi cung thu dl1\1C
1 0.8 0.1 0 0
R(If ~ then Q else QI) 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0
==
0 0.6 1 0.6 0
0 0.6 1 0.6 0
1.6 S'! ph6t trien euo cong ngh~ ma Do han che ve thai gian, ngl1ai viet ti;t.p trung trlnh hay ve mot vai net ve tinh hlnh tai Nhat Ban. Trong qua trinh phat trien cua Ly thuyet l~p ma va c6ng nghe mo t~i Nhat Ban phai nhac tai du an Ian LIFE (the Laboratory for International Fuzzy Engineering) 1989-1995 do G.S. T.Terano (Tokyo Institute of Technology) lam Giarn doc dicu hauh> thea sang kien va sl,l' tai tro chinh cua B(> ngoai thirong va c6ng nghiep Nh~t Ban. Phong thf nghiem LIFE dl19C thiet ke boi G.S. M. Sugeno. Chfnh Giao Sl1 cling d<l thuyet phuc duoc nhieu cong ty c6ng nghiep hang dau cua Nhat Ban cung cap tai chfnh va nhan hrc, tra thanh thanh vien tap th~ cua dir an va chfnh ho tnrc tiep bien cac san pharn cua phong thf nghiem thanh san pharn hang hoa:

Va ket qua la, theo Datapro, nen c6ng nghiep SLr dung e6ng nghe ma cua Nh~l Ban, nam 1993 co tong doanh thu khoang 650 trieu USD, th] tai nam 1997 dii iroc Il1\1ng c5 6, I ty USD va hien nay hang narn nen c6ng nghiep Nhat Ban chi 500 trieu USD cho nghien call va phat trien Iy thuyet mo va c6ng nghe rna. Theo Giao sir T. Terano 161 qua trinh phat trien cua cong nghe mo co th0 chia thanh bon giai dean sau:

1) Giai doan. 1: L9i dung tri thuc 0 mire thap.

Thuc chat: Nhfrng irng dung trong c6ng nghiep chu yeu Iii bieu dien tri thiic dinh hrong cua con nguoi.

Vi dl,l di€ln hinh: Dieu khien rna.

Trong giai doan ban dau nay, chu yeu la co gang lam cho may tinh hi~u mot s6ltr dinh Iuong cua eon ngl1ai vi'in quen dung (nhl1 'cao, nong, am, yeu ', v.v.). Mot If do nit dan gian de: di Wi phat trien dieu khien rno' la cau hoi sau: "Tai sao cdc may m6c don gian. trang gia dinn ai ciing dieu khiin duoc rna may tinh lai khong dieu khie'n duoc ? ''.

Co lhe: hau het cache ditu khien rno Iii. 0 rrurc nay. Thirc te tai miic ban dau nay o<l dua vao sir dung rat nhieu loai may rnoi co SLr dung logic rna. D6 til s~ ki~n reI't quan trong trang qua trinh phat trien. cua logic mil, nhung do vi'in la cac h? thu6c giai doan I.

24

2) Giai doan 2: Su dung tri tlurc 6 mire cao. ThlfC chat: Dung logic rna M bieu di~ll tri thirc.

Vi dy:- Cac h¢ chuyen gia rna.

- Cac irng dung ngoai cong nghiep: y hoc, nong nghicp, quan Iy, xa hoi hoc, moi tnrong.

Trong giai doan nay co gang trang bj cho may tinh nhirng tri thirc co ban va sau sac han, nhfrng tri thirc dinh tfnh rna rnroc toi nay chira th~ bieu dien bang dinh lirong, vf du nhir trong cac h¢ chuyen gia mo, rno hinh hoa nhieu bai toan kho trong quan Iy cac nha may rna tnroc day chua lam diroc .

..'I) Giai 110011 ..'I: Lien I~c-giao tiep.

Thuc chat: Giao IlIU gii1a nguoi va may tfnh thong qua ngon ngir tir nhien.

Vi du: - Cac robot thong minh.

- Cac h~ h6 tro quyet dinh dang doi thoai.

4) Gioi r1o~/II 4: Tri tu¢ nhan t~IO Ifch hop.

Thuc cha't: Giao IlIU va tich hop gifra trf tue nhan tao, logic rna, mang noron va con ngiroi.

Vi du: - Giao IlIU con ngiroi va may tinh.

- Cac may dich thuat,

- Cac h¢ h6 tro lao dong sling tao.

Giao SlI Terano con cho rAng SI.T phat trien ella cong nghe rna va cac he rna tai Nhat Ban da va se di qua bon giai doan tren.

Mot so thong tin khac ngiroi doc co th~ tham khaothem cac tai lieu 1..'1,4,5,61 va cac tai trich dan trong do.Ve cac irng dung cua cong nghe 1110 ban doc co th~ tharn khao them tai lieu IXI.

2 MC1Ing noron nhan tC1l0 va h~ md

2.1 M<;mg noron nhan tQO

2.1.1 Nco va noron sinh nee

Nao la t6 chirc vat chat cao dip, co call tao vo cung phirc t'.IP, day dac cac moi lien ker giua cac noron nhung xV Iy thong tin rat linh heat trong mot moi twang bat dinh.

Trong bo nao co khoang ro'' - 1012 noron va moi noron co the lien ket voi 104 noron khac qua cac khop noi. Nhfrng kfch heat hoac trc che' nay diroc truyen qua true noron (axon) den cac noron khac.

Tren hinh 3 la hinh anh cua Ie bao noron trong nao con nguoi.

25

Hinh 3: Cau tao-cua noron cua nao ngU'bi.

Tr-ue (Axon)

Khi ngiroi ta nhin nilo tir gocdo tfnh toan, chung ta de dang phat hien each thirc tfnh toan cua nao khac xa voi tfnh toan theo thuat toan va chuang trinh chung ta thirong lam voi s,! tro giup cua may tfnh.

S'! khac biet co ban tnroc tien la b 2 diem rat quan trong sau:

- Qua trlnh tfnh toan diroc tien hanh song song va phan tan tren nhieu noron giin nhir dong thai.

- Tfnh toan thirc chat la qua trinh h9C, chir khong phai theo sa do dinh san lU mroc.

2.1.2 MQng noron nnen teo

2.1.2.1 Noren nhan tao

Khai thac nhan xet tren, b~t chuoc nao, cac nha khoa hoc da c6 rna hrnh tinh toan moi: d6 la cac mang noron nhan tao (Artifical Neural Networks ANN).

Mot noron nhan tao (mot don vi xir ly - PE) phan anh cac tfnh chat co ban cua noron sinh hoc va diroc rna phong duoi dang nhu hinh 4.

x

.:
· Bi? Y
· t8ng -.
·

I Ham phi tuyen I x

Hinh 4: Noren nhan tao

Dau vao cua noron nhan tao gorn n tin hieu Xi (i = 1,2, ... , n). Dau ra la tin hieu y.

Trang thai ben trong cua noron duoc xac dinh qua b¢ tong cac dau vao c6 trong s6 wi (i = 1,2, ... , n). Dau ra y cua noron diroc xac dinh qua ham phi tuyen nao d6 f.

Nhir vay rna hlnh dinh hrong cua noron nhan tao nhu sau:

n

y(t) =f( LWiXi(t)-I1),

i=l

26

"

(} day net = LWjXi(t) = let) la tin hieu tong hop dau vao, wi - cac trong so, i = 1,2, ... , n

j:]

dac tnrng eho tinh lien ket cua cac khop synap, B-ngucmg kfch hoat noron, t-thai gian, n-so tin hieu dilu vao, (-ham kfch hoat,

Do v<1Y nguai ta rat hay dung ki hieu sau: Dilu ra out = yet) = (net).

Tom lai co the xem ruirori la mot ham phi tuye'n nhi~u adu vao, mot adu ra,

Cac noron e6 the lien ket voi nhau tao thanh mang noron nhan tao, Vi du noron i lien ket voi noron j theo hai chieu thuan nghich (co thong tin phan hoi) nhir b hinh 5.

Hinh 5: lien ket 2 cnieu giua noron iva naronj.

2.1.2.2 Cac giai doan phat trilln cua m,,!.ng noron

Thea R. Sehalkoff 1II1 thl co the chia su ph at trien cua mang noron nhan tao thanh 3 giai doan:

I) Giai doari 1: Tien Pereeptron (nhirng narn 1940 - nhfrng narn 1960)

De dang nhan thay ding trong giai doan nay rnang ehya du phirc tap cho nen chua co kha nang giai quyet cac bai toan kho e6 sue thuyet phuc,

Trong giai doan nay din nhac toi cac si! kien sau:

- Lan dilu tien McCulloch va Pitts, 1943 gioi thieu rno hinh toan hoc cua mang noron.

- Rosenblatt. 1957 dinh nghia Perceptron, mong muon khang dinh cac noron lien keto

phi tuyen tao nen rnang thich nghi e6 the g6p phan giai quyet cac bai toan nhan dang.

- 1960 Windrow d6ng gop chinh la thuat toan trung binh blnh phuong be nhat (LMS) eho rno hinh Adaline/Madaline.

- Ket qua cua Minsky va Papert 1969.

2) Giai doari 2: Hau Pereeptron

Trong giai doan nay rno hinh pereeptron diroc phat huy voi nhfrng thuat hoc truycn thang va lien ket suy rong, Da tim them nhieu cau tnic moi, irng dung rnoi, trong do d\n ke toi:

-- Mang truyen thang voi thuat toan Ian truyen nguoc (luat Delta suy r¢ng-GDR), 19X5.

- Mang dung cac ham co sa xuyen tam (rnang RBF).

27

- Cac mang Hopfield hoi guy, 19X2.

- B¢ nho lien hop hai chicu (BAM), 1987.

- U.111 sau sac han nhieu khai niem va cac thuat toan da co.

- Cong trinh v~ cac rnang thich nghi cua Grossberg va Kohonen.

3) Giai doan 3: Gall day va hien nay

Tiep IIlC suy r6ng va dua van thuc ti~n nhieu mo hinh va thuat toan da hoan chinh han.

Nhirng van U6 chinh hien nay phai lam la:

- Danh gia xac thuc nhirng han che cua mang noron.

- Cac kha nang suy rongkhac nhau.

- Phoi hop cong nghe mang noron voi cac cong nghe cua logic rno va cac thuat toan di

truyen.

- Cai dar cac mang noron nhan tao bang cac phan cling chuyen dung.

2.1.3 Sue mc;mh cue me; hinh mc;mg noron

Nhirng rno hlnh mang noron da trinh bay co tiem nang tao nen mot cuoc each mang trong cong nghe may tfuh va de qua trlnh xir Iy thong tin. Nhirng mong muon va hy vong do chu yeu bat ngu6n ttr cac dac tnrng chfnh sau:

a) Kha nang cua cdc qua trinh xU: l.Y song song va phew tan: C6 the; dira vao mi).ng l11(Jt hrong Ian cac noron lien ket voi nhau theo nhfrng liroc d6 voi cac kien true khac nhau.

b) Kha nang thich nghi va tlj to' ch.uc: v~ d~e tnrng nay ngirci ta d~ cap toi kha nang xl! Iy thich nghi va dieu chinh ben vtrng dua vao cac thuat toan hoc thfch nghi va cac quy lac nr t6 chirc.

c) Kha nang dung thu l6i: Co gang bilt chuoc kha nang dung th(r 16i cua nao theo nghia he thong c6 th0 tiep tuc lam viec va dieu chinh khi nhan tin hieu vao mot ph an thong tin bi sai lech hoac bi thieu,

d) XU: lj cac qua trinh. phi tuyen: D~c tnrng nay rat quan trong, vi du trong xap xi mang, mien nhieu (chap nhan nhieu) va c6 kha nang phan lap.

2. 1.4 Cae phorn vi ung dl,lng

Linh vue irng dung cua mang noron nhan tao rat rong, chu yeu trong cac vung sau:

I) Linli cue I: Pluin. ldp (classification), tach cum. (clustering), du dotiri (diagnoisis) va lien Mi. Co th~ day la Iinh vue tim thay nhieu ling dung nhat va cling duoc nghien ctru soi dong nhat. Nhorn mo hinh nay nhan nhimg tin hieu vao tinh hoac tin hieu theo thai gian va can nhan dang hoac phan lap cluing. Thuat toan phan lop can huan luyen mang sao cho khi tin hieu VaG bj bien dang it nhieu thl mang van nhan dung dang thirc ella chung Mang din co kha nang mien nhieu t6t, boi vi day la mot mong muon tha thiet cua nhieu irng dung.

28

2) Linli cue 2: Cac bai totin. tai liu.Van de chinh a day la 11m nhirng thuat toan huan luyen mang sao cho g6p phan tim nghiern cho nhieu lap bai toan toi l1U toan cuc.Trong nhorn cac thuat toan irng dung mang noron, ngiroi ta dii quan tam toi sl! ke't hop mang noron voi cac thuat toan di truyen.

3) Linh. uuc 3: Ha'i quy vti t6'ng quat hoa (Regression and Generalization). Tnroc day cac bai roan h6i quy dii dtroc tfch cue nghien clru. Qua h6i quy tuyell nnh va phi tuyen ngl1ai ta gfmg 11m cac dirong IhAng hoac cac dirong h6i quy phi tuyen tron sao cho khop vai mau. Trong cac bai loan h6i quy ngiroi ta thuong dung cac thuat hoc c6 giarn sat. Bai toan suy rong kh6 han, VI dii lieu duoc h9C moi chi co 0191 phan.

4) Linh. vl/e 4: Hoan ehinh dang (Pattern completion). Bai toan la hoan chinh "du" dfr lieu ban dau sau khi dii bi mal di mot phan (hay ta chi thu diroc mot phan). Ngiroi ta dii quan lam toi hai lap mo hlnh: Mo hinh Markov va cac mang co d9 td voi cac mang noron nhieu lap, may Bolzrnann va rnang Hopfield tinh.

Trang nhirng phan eon lai cua phan tong quan nay, cluing ta sc xet them vQ cau true ella manh, cac ham kich hoat va bai toan huan Iuyen rnang.

2.1.5 c6u true mc;mg noron

Cau true cua mang noron chu yeu diroc d~c tnrng boi Ioai cua cac noron va moi lien h¢ xu ly thong tin gifra cluing.

ve cau true ella noron: Chu yeu ngl1ai ta quart tam tai each "tong" cac tfn hieu V~IO, ngtrong tai moi noron va cac ham chuyen - ham kich hoat. Sal! day li'l mot so ham kfeh hoat.

2.1.5.1 Ham kich hoat

Ham kich hoat cua tung noron trong rnang noron dong vai tro quan trong trang s,! lien ke't gifra cac noron. Ham nay dac trirng cho mire d¢ lien ket gifra cac noron. Trang Iy thuyet mang noron, phep t6ng hop cac tfn hicu dau vao va thuong diroc ky hieu diroi dang sau: vi

du doi voi noron j eo m tin hieu dau vao Xi

Dau ra cua noron j tlurong ky hieu la out) hoac fj . Sau day la vai dang ham kfch hoar:

iI, neu (net) - B) ) ;:: 0

(,. = out, = .

J J -1 neu (net) -B)<O

Dang ham Gauss: fj = out) = exp(-(netj _ OJ)2).

Dang ham sigmoid (hay ham logistic): fj = out) = (1 + exp(-(net) - O))-l.

a)

b)

c)

Cac loai ham kfeh hoar con co nhieu bien th~ khac nhau.

29

2.1.5.2 Lien kat m'llng

Sir lien ket trong mang noron tuy thuoc vao nguyen ly nrong tac giUa dau ra cua tung noron rieng bier voi cac noron khac va tao ra cau true ITIl;Ing noron. V~ nguyen lae sc co rat nhieu kieu lien k€t gifra cac noron. M6i noron la ITI()t nut cua mang. Mot so cau true hay gap trong nhfrng irng dung eo dang sau.

I) Cac mang truyen. thdng (Feedforward neural networks).

Do la ITI9t d6 th] dinh huang hfru han khong ehu trlnh (aeyclid). Moi nut la ITI¢1 noron, C() phan biet nut v~1.O va nut ra. Cac noron chia thea lap (layers). Tren rnoi cung co trong so

wi; noi noron j vai noron i trong lap.sau. Moi nut k khong phai nut vao co gan nguO'ng f}k' Mang trinh bay tren hinh 6 se minh hoa cho ITI¢t mang noron truyen thang eo ba lap.

Lop vao

Lop lin

Lop ra

Hinh 6: Cau true truyen thimg phan lap.

2) Mang co nul- nguoc: Cac mang eo thong tin va xu ly thea 2 chieu (hinh 7, co n6i nguoc-con duoc goi la mang hoi (juy recurrent networks).

Hinh 7: Manq Hopfield, dung lien ket phan hoi

--~-----------{)~.

- - -f)- - - - - - - - - - - -Q,_,_,-- ••

- -;P- - - - - - - - - - - - Q

Cau true cua cac mang noron co the tharn khao them trong ph <in 2 v~ cac 1{1p mang noron C(1 ban.

2.1.6 Sci tocn huon luy~n mc;:mg

Bai toan huan luyen mang (hay bai toan h9C - the problem of learning) lu xac dinh (nh~11 dang - to identify) cac tham so cua mang, chu yeu la cac trong so lien ket Ill'.lng va cau true - cac dang lien ket CLIa cac noron, gifra cac lap dua trcn thong tin co trong h¢ thong.

30

Thuong qua trinh huan luyen mang noron (hay con duoc goi la thuat h9C) diroc thuc hien qua phep so sanh dau ra cua rnang vci tin hieu chi dao.

. Sau day Iii. thuat toan h9C co giam sat (hlnh 8). Nqi dung chinh la dieu chinh trong s6 lien ket trong rnang w.

x

... .

Hinh 8: H9c co giam sat

Sai so e ::: y-d la co SCI M huan luyen rnang.

2.2 M{>t so mc;mg noron co ban

2.2.1 lop m<;mg noron co giam sat (Supervised neural networks)

2.2.1.1 Perceptron

Mo hmh Perceptron do Rosenblatt dua ra 1958. Mo hinh co dang nhu d1i trlnh bay trong hinh 4. Co mot so thuat h9C cho rnang Perceptron, VI du thu~t roan eire ti~u binh phtrong trung binh (LMS-the least mean square), nhung rna hlnh con qua dan gian nen it hieu qua.

2.2.1.2 Perceptron nhieu lap (the multilayer perceptron-MLP)

D1i co nhieu cong trlnh trinh bay nhi6u thuar hoc cho mang MLP va chi ro ro sire manh cua nhfrng lap rna hlnh nay. can nhac toi la thuat toan Ian truyen nguoc (the Back-Propagation Learning Algorithm) va khil nang xap xi ham lien tuc bang rnang MLP.

Thuat roan Ian truyen ngiroc cu th~ nhu sau: Tap dfr lieu dii cho co N rnau (x n» d n)' n = 1,2, ... , N. Vai m6i n, x n la tin hieu dau vao, d n la dilu ra mong muon. Qua trinh huan luyen thuc chat Iii. lam eire ti~u ham G voi

N

G = 2:Gn, voi

n=l

Q Iii. so nut tai lap ra cua rnang. Con trong so lien ket rnang diroc dieu chinh thea phep lap

sau

to w(k+l) = w(k) - J.l Ow '

trong do u » 0 Iii. hang so ty I¢ h9C.

Mang noron nhieu lap Ian truyen ngiroc la mot giai phap hiru hieu cho cong viec mo hlnh hoa, dac bier voi qua trmh phirc tap hoac co che chua ro rang. N6 khong doi hoi phili biet truce dang ham hoac cac tham so.

31

Ciing din thiet nhac t6'i sir kien sau: Mang truyen thang nhieu lop diroc sir dung de' bieu dien chfnh xac va bieu dien xap xi cac ham phi tuyen. M(Jt cong cu CC1 ban la dinh 19 sau:

Dinh Iy Kolmogorov

Goi In la khoi n chieu cua doan 10,11. In = ro.u". Bilt ki ham lien tuc /(XI' X2' ... ,xll) nao cua n bien Xl. X2 •.•. 'Xn tren In deu co th~ bieu dien diroi dang

~n+l n

nX[,x2' ... ,xn)= L hjLgij(xJ,

j~l i~l

a day h) vagi) la ham lien tuc m<.)t bien, hen nfragij Iii ham tang dan dieu co dinh khong phu thu6c van ham f.

2.2.1.3 M<;lng noron vdj ham co 56 xuyfm tam (m<;lng RBF)

Ham co sa xuyen tam (Radial Basis Functions-RBF) da co tir lau trong 19 thuyet xap xi va duoc str dung de" xap xi ham chua biet dua trcn CC1 sl'1 cac cap diem vao - ra hi~u dien ham chua bie] do.

Trang nhan dang mo hinh he thong RBF co th~ bieu dien theo cau true mang perccptron. Moi h~ phi tuyen co th~ xap xi bang RBF. Day lil dac diem I~LJn cho RBF dac bier phu hop voi bai toan nhan dang 1116 hinh.

Doi voi rnoi ham, viec xap xi duoc hru giG' trong cac trong so va tam ella RBF. Tuy nhien cac trong s6 nay kh6ng phai la duy nhat. REF co bi0u dien roan hoc nhu sau :

N-l

F(x) = Co + L CiqJ(lix - n, II). i~O

trong do

C - vecto chua trong so RBF, R - vccto chua cac HIm RBF,

rp - ham co sa hoac ham kfch hoat cua mang, F(x) - ham nhan duoc tu' dau ra cua mang,

Co - h~ sCi chech (co the" Iii 0),

11·11 - chuan euclidean.

M6i tam Rj co cung so chieu voi vccto dau vao x. Cac tam cung Iii de diem ben trong khong gian dG' lieu duu vao va diroc chon sao cho cluing la the" hien cua dG' lieu dau vao. Khi RBF tfnh toan qua trlnh x[(p Xl doi voi mot sCi di~m dO' lieu dau vao thl khoang each giCra cac diem dau vao va ml:li tem) duoc tinh thco khoang each euclidean. Nhirng khoang each

nay ducc chuyen qua rp sail d6 duoc trong so hoa bang C, va dl1C1C tong hop lili de" sinh ra dau ra roan bo RBF. MN trong nhirng Iua chon thong thtrong nhat dCii voi ham co sa la ham Gauss:

32

2

tp(X) = exp(- (x- a) /20), trong do a la tham so ty I¢.

Mang RBF dircc Moody va Darken de xuat nam 1989 dira tren st,r wang dong giiia trien khai ham co SCI xuyen tam va mang noron mot lap an.

Nho kha nang xap xi cac ham phi tuyen bat ki v6'i d¢ chfnh xac tuy 9, rnang noron va -au nay la h¢ rna noron se la cong cu quan trong, d~c biet la mang RBF, cho mo hinh hoa h¢ thong va cho dieu khien thfeh nghi cac h¢ thong phi tuyen.

2.2.1.4 Cae mo hinh d9n9 phi tuyen

Cho den hie nay ta moi de c~p t6'i cac lap mang tinh, co giam sat. Song nhieu bai toan thirc tien doi hoi phai xet toi cac mo hinh dong phi tuyen. Nhom mo hinh nay co the chia lam hai lap: 16'p mang c6 noi nguoc, nrc la mang h6i quy va mang noron co thai gian tn~.

1) Mang co noz nguoc (rnang h6i quy - mang Hopfield)

Mang Hopfield n6i tieng diroc bat dau nghien CU'u tir 1982. Day la lap rnang mot lap voi thong tin va qua trinh xiI 19 co noi ngiroc. Chfnh cong trlnh cua Hopfield da kich thfch lam ra cac mach noron tich hop dau tien. Mang Hopfield da tim thay rat nhieu tmg dung d~c biet trong b¢ nho lien hop va trong cac bai toan toi uu.

Bang each xay dung cac thuat toan phirc tap han, cac mang h6i quy ngoai cac bai toan toi uu con tim thay nhieu trng dung trong du bao day thai gian, nhan dang cac h¢ phi tuyen va dieu khien.

Kien thirc co sa ban dau v~ mang nay xem them chuang II sach 1101.

2) Mong co thai gian trJ (mang TDNN).

M¢t each tl! nhien khi xU 19 tin cluing ta g~p nhiing tfn hieu xuat hien theo day thai gian. Di nhicn hie ban dau nguai ta dung mang noron tinh. Song con duong tat yeu la phai xet toi mo hinh dong c6 tham so thai gian. Han nira he dong khong phai la Iinh vue xa la v6'i nhiing nguoi lam ve khoa hoc h~ thong. Do do mang co thai gian tr~ (mang TDNN) xuat hien. No da va se con diroc nghien ciru va img dung trong nhieu bai toan, vi du nhan dang va xir 19 tieng noi.

2.2.1.5 Mfling khong giam sat (Unsupervised NN)

Mot 16'p mo hinh nira cua rnang noron nhan tao cling thireng duoc gioi thieu, do la cac mang noron co thuat hoc khong co thliy (khong giam sat - doi khi goi g<;>n lit rnang khong giarn sat). Nhu vay m'.lng noron nhan tao, VI mong muon bat chuoc con nguoi, phai "tu mlnh" kharn pha nhirng moi quan h~ dang quan tam: nhirng dang, duong net, co chuan - co binh thuong hay khong, cac he so nrong quan, ... va sau do chuyen nhfrng quan h¢ tim thay qua dau ra,

(De de hinh dung e6ng viec nay chung ta hay nho t6'i c6ng viec cua cac nha thong ke, nhat .Ia cac nha thong ke dung may tfnh hien dai),

33

Nhu vay voi nhirng mang nay (cling nhir nhieu lop khac), chu yeu ta tim cac thuat hoc nrong irng voi cac mang. v« phan nay nguoi ta thirong nhac t6'i tuat hoc Hebb, thuat hoc canh tranh, ....

C6 th~ phan chia so thuat hoc nay thanh hai nhorn: nhom thirc hanh phan cum (clustering) va nhom co chiet xuat, rut tia ra nhirng "dinmg - net nao do" llr dtr Iieu.

Trong rnang noron khong giam sat, cac thuat hoc canh tranh, mang nr t6 chirc va ca Iy thuyet suy dien thich nghi (Adaptive Resonance Theory - ART) cung thuoc nhom mQI. Cac plnrong phap chiet xuat theo thanh phan chfnh (Adative Principal Component) thuoc nh6m 2. Ban doc tim thi~u ve nhfrng lap mang nay va cac thuat hoc nrong irng hay xem cac sach 110,11,12,16J.

2.3 Ket hQp rnc;mg noron vai h~ rna

Theo doi sl! phat trien trong thai ky con phat trien d('>c I~p ngiroi ta de nhan thay ca. hai 19 thuyet va do do ca hai cong nghe deu co nhtrng muc dfch gan gfii, han ni1a nhirng thanh dat cling co nhtmg diem nrong Ill. Do vay sI! ket hop voi nhau la Ie rilt nr nhien.

Sau day la may di~m nrong dong gii1a he tren co sa logic rna va mang noron nhan tao: - Ca hai deu nham tang them tri thirc, tang dQ thong minh cho cac he thong voi sl! giup do cua cac h¢ thong ky thuat (d~c biet voi may tinh), trong moi tnrong bat dinh, co nhieu, thong tin va tri thirc thieu chtnh xac.

- Ca hai deu la he dong, la cong CI:I lJ'ac hrong bang so khong dung rno hlnh so chon tnroc,

- Ca hai khi lJ'ac luong ham so kh6ng doi hoi me ta dang toan hoc y = r(x) , thuong " hoc duoc " tu mau dli lieu, tiem can voi cac so li¢u, khac nhieu val each tiep can xu 19 tin hieu nhu trong phan Tri tue nhan tao (AI) a giai doan tnroc.

- Ca hai loai he thong va cong nghe deu rat thanh dat, da dira ra nhieu h¢ thong va thiet bi dang dung trong dai song hang ngay.

SI! ket hop cac h¢ rna voi mang noron .It nhat cling de xuat ngay duoc milt 9 nrong rnoi: chuyen nhiem VI:I thiet ke nhieu ph an cua h¢ rna trong cac b¢ dieu khien va h¢ tro giup quyet dinh thanh cac bai toan huan luyen va hoc trong cac rnang noron. Nhu vay se g~t hai duoc Ult cit IJ'U the cua cii hai 19 thuyet va hai cong nghe

Sau day la phac hoa gon may y ve ket hop hai cong nghe.

2.3.1 Mc;mg noron rna

SI! ket hop tnrc quan dau tien la tnrc tiep suy rong rnang noron bang each dua cac khai niem rna d~c biet la tap rna va so rna vao rnang noron va xern xet xem nhirng bai toan nao, thuat toan nao con dung. Tac dong cua lop thuat roan rnoi ra sao?

Hoan toan tl! nhien nglJ'ai ta nghi ngay toi va nghien ciru bon loai suy rong sau:

34

I) Loai 1: Tin hieu vao la so thuc, trong so rna.

2) L09-i 2: Ttin hieu vao lit t~p rna, trong sola so thuc.

3) Loai 3: Ca tin hieu vao va trong so deu la rna.

4) Loci mCJ rong: Khai thac cac phep toan t-chuan, t-doi chuan,

2.3.2 H~ rna noron

Can ket hop nhuan nhuyen hem he rna voi mang noron nhan tao, K~t qua phu thuoc VaG tirng nghien ciru.vao tirng kien true cua thiet ke lap h¢ thong maio Hinh 9 la mot kien tnic kieu mau,

Vao

, .. , , ........•.................... ,

,

• XII: [y tin hi¢u noron. vdo iRa

~ • [/fIc luang trang thai '--+-. Lay quyet dinh. (Decision ~

:~~E~~n~~~~~~:~___~"-:~g)____J

• Die'u khie'n (Control)

Mang noron

H~ Logic Mit

Hinh 9: Kien true ki~u mau cua m(>t h$ rno noron.

Khong con nghi ngo gi dieu khang dinh sau: "trong 1111h vue cac he thong rna nOTOn con nhieu khoang trong menh mong day sUe hap dan cho sue sang tao cua nhirng ai quan tam nghien cuu, rhie] ke, cai d<;it va trng dung cac h¢ tri thirc".

Ban doc co th6 tim thay nhirng kien thtrc ban dau ve cac h¢ mo noron trong cac tai li¢u 19,10,171·

Ta; Ii~u trich dan cho Phon 1

(1) LA. Zadeh: Fuzzy sets, Inform. and Control ,8, 1965,338-353.

(2) D. Dubois and H. Prade: Fuzzy Sets a,nd Systems, Academic Press, N.Y. , 1980.

[3] H.J. Zimmermann: Fuzzy Set Theory - and Its Applications,2 nd Ed., Kluwer Acad. Pub., Dodrech, 1991.

[4] H~ rna va U'ng d"mg: Bien tap tap th~ : Nguyen Hoang Phuong, Bui Cong Cuang, Nguyen D08n

PhUdC, Phan Xuan Minh va Chu Van HY. NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, 1998, Ha n(>i.

[5] Anca L. Ralescu, Ed.: Applied research in fuzzy technology. Kluwer Acad. Pub., Dordrecht, 1994. [6) Satoru Fukami and Minoru Yoneda: Decision Support System, [5] trang 17-66.

(7J Bui cong Cl1C1ng: Co sO toan hoc cua cac h$ mo.Giao trinh, DH Bach khoa Ha n(>i, 1998-1999. (8) Bul cong Cl1ang: M¢t so kien thirc co so cua logic rno trong cac h$ rno.tronq [4], trang 1-21.

Ta; li~u trich dan cho Phon 2

[1) B.Kosko: Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems,Prentice-Hall, NJ,1992.

[2) C.T. Lin and C. S. G. Lee: Neural Fuzzy systems, Prentice Hall, London,1996. (3) R. Schalkoff: Artifical Neural Networks, McGrawhill, Singapore, 1997.

[4) V.Roychddhury, K.Y.Siu, A.Orlitsky: Theoretical Advancess in Neural Computation and Learning, Kluwer Acad.Pub., Boston, 1994.

35

(5] Gyorgrry Turan: [12], trang 243 + 294. [6] Wolfgang Maass: (12], 295 + 336.

[7] VU NhLl Lan: M9t s6 van de nhan d:iln9 me hinh va (Mu khiAn sa dvng rnanq noron. TrlJang Thu - H~ ma va U'ng dunq. Ha n9i , 8/2000.

(8] N.K.Bose and P.Llang: Neural Network Fundamentals U'lth Graph,Algorithms,and Applications, McGrawhill, New York,1996.

(9] C.H.Chen(Ed.): Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Handbook,McGraw-HiII, New York, 1996.

36

2

LyTIIUYET T!P MdvA CONG NG~ TiNH TOAN MEM

Nguyen. edt ns Vi~n Cong ngh~ Thong tin

Cach mang KHKT ve co khf ra dai dii dem den nang suat lao dong moi va SI! phat trien kinh te-xii h¢i co tfnh each rnang. Ngay nay cluing ta van tiep rue clnrng kien nhiing rhanh nru nghien CU'u phat trien cac cong cu, thiet bi vai cong nghe hien dai, d~c biet cac thiet bi va day truyen san xuat tl! dong hoa nham tang nang suat va thay the suc lao dong cua con ngiroi. Co the xem each m},mg co khf va II! dong tioa nhu la bien phap 'keo dai ban tay' cua con ngU'ai d6 tang nang su'a't lao dong.

Theo logic Iy II! nhien, sl! phat trien khoa hoc va ky thuat lai dan den kha nang 'keo dai' nang hrc nr duy, suy luan cua con ngiroi. Bang nang lire tu duy cua mlnh con ngiroi dii va dang khai pha the gici thirc te rong Ian. The gici hien thirc va tri thirc khoa hoc din kham pha Ia vo han va la nhiing h~ thong cue ky phirc tap, nhirng ngon ngu rna nang lire nr duy va tri thirc cua chung ta Slr dung lam phuong tien nhan thirc va bieu dat lai chi hCfu han. Lich Slr phat trien sang tao cua loai ngiroi chi ra rang phirong tien ngon ngfr tuy hiru han nhirng du d6 cho con ngiroi mo ta, nhan thirc cac sl! var, hien nrong de ton tai va phat trien. NhU' la mot he qua Ult yeu cua viec Slr dung mot s6 hrong hifu han cac ttt ngfr cua met ngon ngil nr nhien

, de mo tii tlnh vo han cac sl! vat hien nrong, de nhan thay rang hau het cac bai toan lien quan den hoat dong nhan tlnrc, trf tue cua con nguci deu ham chua nhiing dai hrong, thong tin rna bi:ln chat la khong chinh xac, khong chac chan, khong dl1y duo se chang bao gic. c6 cac thong tin, dfr lieu cling nhir cac mo hlnh roan - Iy day dli va chfnh xac cho cac bai toan du bao thai tiet. Va nhin chung con ngiroi luon a trong b6i canh thirc te la khong the co thong tin day du va chfnh xac cho cac hoar dong lay quyet dinh cua mlnh va cling khong the hy vong c6 nhirng quyet dinh dung dim va ehfnh xac nhir cac menh de, dinh luan trong khoa hoc to!\n-ly hay noi chung khoa I19C nr nhien.

NhU' vay co the thay co rat nhieu van de rong Ian trong thuc ti~n, lien quan den hiiu het cac llnh vue khoa hoc ky thuat, nhieu hay it deu ham chua nhiing yeu t6 co ban chat khOng dl1y du, khong chac chan,

M6i Iinh vl!c khoa hoc ky thuat deu c6 mot mien irng dung cua mlnh. Khoa hoc ky thuat lay tinh "chfnh xac" lam eo sa xay dung va phat trien se co !TI¢t mien img dung va cling co nhirng giai han xac dinh khong the virot qua va no chi eo khi\. nang !TIO phong duoc m¢t phan the giai thuc teo Lieu co m¢t Iy thuyet toan hoc nao cho phep mo hlnh hoa phiin the gioi thirc rna eon ngU'ai van chi co the nhan thirc, mo ti\. bang ngon ngfr nr nhien v6n ham chua nhiing thong tin khong chfnh xac, khong chac chan hay khong?

Phat hien thay nhu diu tat yeu fly, nam 1965 L.A. Zadeh dii sang tao ra Iy thuyet t~p rna (Fuzzy Sets Theory) va d~t nen m6ng cho viec xay dung !TI¢t loat cac Iy thuyet quan trong

37

dua tren CCi sa 19 thuyet t~p mo. Ke tll day mot trao luu khoa h9C lay tfnh khong chac chan, khong chinh xac lam trier 19 M nghien ciru sang tao oil phat trien manh me, V11 ngiroi ta danh gia rang nhtrng cong trmh cua Zadeh nhir lamot trong nhfrng phat minh quan trong co tfnh chat bung n6 va dang hira hen gii'ti quyet duoc nhieu van de plurc t~IP va to Ian cua thuc tien. Nhu mot nha khoa hoc h~ thong tong quat My George Klir dil nhan dinh chi cdn lam clui mot chtit tinh. kh6ng cluic chiiti ciing e6 the'gidi quyet dude nhii:ng utin. dd Tat to litn,

Mot trong nhirng van M nlur vay la viec rna hinh hoa cac qua trlnh tv duy. I~p IU~1I1 ella con nguoi de nr dong hoa h6 tro cho cac hoar dong tv duy, chang han nhu hoar a(>ng lay quyet dinh. Nhieu he chuyen gia hay he tro giup quyet dinh oil duoc phat trie'n va alta vao irng dung. Nhieu thier bi thong minh duoc thiet ke xay dung dua tren cong nghe WI' rna, logic rna dil xuat hien tren thi tnrong va duoc irng dung trong linh VI!C che' tao xe 0 to, cac thiet bi tieu dung, trong dieu khien nr dong trong cac nha may .... SI! phat trien manh me cac irng dung dil dan d€n viec thanh I~p a nhieu mroc cac phong thi nghiem d6 phat trien cac Ung dung cong nghe rna trong cong nghiep. Dang chu 9 la phong thf nghiern LIFE (Laboratory for International Fuzzy Engineering) a Nhat rna cai ten viet liit cua n6 the' hien mot niern tin rang cong nghe nay la cong nghe cua Cuoc song trong urong lai. Ngay nay khong chi cac mroc phat trien rna ngay cit nhfrng mroc dang phat trien cling quan tam nghien ciru va ph at trien cac irng dung CU!! cac "Iinh vue khoa h9C mo" nhir Trung quae, Singapor, Brazil, Ai cap, Iran .... Dieu nay cluing minh them 9 nghia thuc ti~n cua Iinh vue "khoa h9C mo".

Tuy muc tieu nguyen thuy CU!! viec ra dai 19 thuyet t~p ma la irng dung ur dong hoa cac hoat dong tv duy cua con ngiroi, nhung v~ mat 19 thuyet n6 lai la mot SI! mo rong rat chinh, rat dep de CU!! khai niern t~p hop kinh dien, Nhir chung ta dil bier, 19 thuyet t<l-P hop kinh dien la CCi So', nen tang cho viec hlnh thuc hoa mot each nhat quan va cho SIf ph.it trien cua cac nganh toan hoc va do d6 cho cac nganh khoa h9C khac. Nhu la mot he qua logic, hau nlur tilt cit cac nganh khoa h9C nay eo ngiroi ern sinh doi duoc ilia rong va phat trie'n tren CCI So' 19 thuyet tap mo. Neu mot vai vf du nhir giili tich me, 19 thuyet cac h~ vi tfch phan mo,

topo mo, 19 thuyet nh6m mo, 19 thuyet dieu khien rna, ....

Vai vai tro va kha nang to 160 cua vice phat trien cac irng dung au dang cua 19 thuyet t~p mo, va VI day la bai tong quan dilu tien rna chung toi giai thicu voi ban doc thuoc cac linh vue khoa h9C khac nhau va voi sl! hieu biet co han, chung toi chi xin tr1nh bay nhfrng net tcing quan v~ 19 thuyet t~p mo va mot so nganh khoa hoc duoc xay dung va phat tri6n tren nen tang cua 19 thuyet tap mb voi hy vong dem lai Sl! quan tam cua ban OQC doi voi Iinh VI!C khoa h9C van nen xem la con moi me a ruroc ta,

De don gian viec trinh bay cluing toi se bo qua cac chi tiet qua hinh thirc hoa cua unh chlnh xac, tfnh chat che lam ngvai doc kho narn bat cac 9 tuong chinh, B<,In age nao muon quan tarn nghien ciru sau han, can noi dung chinh xac day au han co the' tim tai lieu trong phan phu luc cac tai lieu diroc dp xep theo chuyen nganh.

38

1 Ly thuyet t~p me va logic md la co so phll'dng phap lu~n cho vi~c giai cac bal toan vdi cac dai IlI'c;:Jng khong chinh xac (inexact). khong chac ch~n (uncertain).

1.1 TQp mo va ngu nghia khai ni~m me,

Nhu tren da n6i, can nguoi Slr dung ngon ngii c6 sci luong ngii nghia (do so lirong cac tir) hiru han de nhan bier, nhan thuc, phan anh the gioi vo han. ve triet 19, dieu nay dan den ng6n ngii ve ban chat von chua nhiing thong tin khong chinh xac, khong chac chan. v« nhan tlurc khoa h9C, dieu nay khang dinh c6 kha nang thuc te Slr dung ng6n ngii de mo' hinh hoa the gioi thuc trang nhiing ITnh VI!C 19 ihuyet nao d6.

L.A. Zadeh da sang l~p 19 thuyet t~p mo, trang d6 t~p ma duoc xem nhu la mot SI! mo rong true tiep cua tap hop kinh dien: Tap hop kinh dien A<;; U co mot danh gioi s&c net, r5

, " , d bi ., hi b' h' d () {I if U E A V' d A I'

rang, va VI vay no I1C1C leu t I ang am ac tnrng "A U = , I u, a tap

. . . . r Oifu!i!A ..

nhiing ngiroi co tu6i duoi It) (dieu kien can M tham gia d¢i b6ng U19!) la mot t~p hop kinh dien.'M6i nguoi (phan nr) chi co hai kha nang r5 rang: hoac la phan tlr cua A hoac khong.

Tuy nhien ta xet t~p A gam nhiing nguoi la tre. Trang tnrong hop nay se khong c6 ranh gioi r5 rang de khang dinh mot nguoi c6 la phan ur cua A hay khong: Ranh gioi cua n6 la mo. Ta chi c6 the n6i mot nguoi se thuoc tap hop A a mot mire ch? nao d6. Chang han cluing ta co the dong 9 voi nhau (subjective) rang mot nguoi 35 tu6i thuoc ve tap hop A voi d¢ thuoc la 60% hay 0,6. Va Zadeh goi mo: t~p A (hay c6 the kf hieu la:1 de phan biet voi t~p kinh di~1l A) nlur vay Ia tdp mil va dang nhat tap hop A voi mot ham !-ltre: Y ~ [ 0,1]' goi la ham thuoc cua t~p A (memberhip function), trang d6 Y la tap so tl! nhien dung d€ do d¢ tu6i tfnh thea nam, goi la kh6ng gian tham chieu. Tlr tre goi la khai niern rno (vague concept). Nhu vay moi phan tir deu thuoc vao tap tre a mot mire d9 nao d6!

Old

Young

Old

Young

25

50

25

50

Hinh 1: Khai nlern tap mo.

Ve m\it ngfr nghia, ham thuoc eho ta kha nang bieu thi mrc cam (intuition) cua cluing ta ve 9 nghia cua khai niem mo. Nhung tai sao mot khai niem mo lai duoc bieu thi bang mot ham thuoc nay rna kh6ng phai la m91 ham khac, C6 the thay khong the xac dinh chfnh xac diroc ham thuoc cho mot khai niem mo. VI vay nguoi ta noi ham thuoc c6 tfnh chat chu

39

quan (subjective) va Zadeh dira ra '1 nrong laviec chap nhan mot khai niem ma diroc bieu thi bang mot tap rno (ham thuoc) la mot rang buoc (constraint).

Nhin chung phan Ian cac khai niem ma d~lI eo th~ de dang bieu thi bang nhiing ti!-p rno va do d6 1'1 thuyet ti!-p rno cho ta tiem nang mo hinh hoa loan hoc rno: lap rong Ian cac bai toan thirc t~, di;ie biet cac bai toan lien quan den nr duy, den qua trmh lay quyet dinh cua con nglIai.

Trong bat k~ ngon ngii cua mot dan toe nao ctlng co cac khai nicrn rno rna la cac trang tir, co vai tro bien d6i ngii nghia cua cac tir khac a mot rrnrc d¢ nao do nhir very, slightly,

more or less, .. , (goi la cac gia nr), hay cac lien tir logie nhu and, or, if ... then, .... Chung ta co the dinh nghia cac phep tfnh tren I~p ma (1.1. tren cac ham) de bieu thi ngii nghia cua cac gia tlr, cac phep lien ket logic .. , nhir xuat hien Irong cac bieu thirc d. AND !1 ,d. OR!1 . IF d. THEN !1. NOT d.. VERY !1. d. Approx. d.. More-or-Less !1 .... , About 30 year old, Almost young people are intelligent (cac ehii viet nghieng la cac khai niem mo (vague». ve nguyen tac viec chon cac phep tfnh M bieu thi ngii nghia cua cac phep lien ket logic t r en la kha tt! do, tuy theo true cam (intuition) cua nhom nglIai Slr dung (vi dl;! cam nhan cua nhiing ngiroi lai tau hoa doi voi mot loai tau nhat dinh v{:_ khoang each den dlch hay vat chuong ngai, ve toe d¢ cua con tau, ve tinh nang cua eon tau va cac co che dieu khien nhu ky nang sir dung phanh tau), de dat diroc '1 nghia rna ho mong muon. Trong viec thiet ke' cac he dieu khien mo viec nay eon co the dat duoc bang viec nghien ciiu thu nghiern.

1.2 t>Qi so c6c tQP me

G9i F( U, [0, 1]) la tap tat d. cac tap ma tren U. Co the hieu viec bieu dien ngii n ghia cac tir ngon ngir bang tap rno nhu la mOL anh xa djnh 11I<;IIlg ngii nghia tir mien ngon ngii vao khong gian ham F(U,[O,l]). Day lit mot khong gian rat giau v~ cau true tinh roan va VI vay thu tuc xu 1'1 thong lin ngon ngii va nr duy lap luan cua eon ngiroi - rna no e6 ve eon phirc tap, bf hiern VI cluing ta eon chua kharn pha diroc gl nhieu ve n6 - se diroc mo phong bang cac thu tuc dua tren cau true tfnh toan cua F(U,[O,l]). De liuh heat va mem deo trong viec rno phong cac qua trlnh phuc tap nhtr vay se co tinh kha It! do lrong cac dinh nghTa cac phep unh tren tap mo.

1.2.1 Cae phep tinh

Chung toi xin gioi thieu a day mot so phep tinh tren cac li!-p rna:

Phep to6n hEm tQP rna Djnh nghia hEm ham thu9c

1) A~B

2) d._uB

f.1b_ (u) :5, f.1!l.(u)

f.1d_uf1_(u) = J.lb_(u) v J.l!l.(u) = max (J.lb_(u),p!l.(u) I ,L1.1.uIL(u) = ,L1b_(U) +,J.l!l.(u) - Pb_(u)p!l.(P)

Pd_r"'IL(U) =Pb_(u) I\P!l.(u) = min (Pb_(u) , ,L1!l.(U) I J.ld_r .. ,f1_(u) = J.lb_(u)p!l.(u)

3) Anll...

40

4) - d_ (hay c.t\., ph lin bu cua d_) J1-fl_(u) = 1 - J1~(u)
5) d_EElB f.lfl_(f)!l...(u) = f.I~(u) + f.l11(v) - f.1~(ll)f.lI1(V)
6) U f.!rlu) == 1
7) 0 J1d..u) == °
X) Tfch De-cue d_x B f.!fl_X!l...(u,v) = mil1(f.!~(u) , f.!!1(v) } 1.2.2 cec phep t-norm t va t-eonorm s

Theo xu the noi & tren, de' giam bot s,! phu thuoc vao cac phep tfnh min va max va do do lam tang tinh mem deo va linh heat trong viec giiii cac bai roan thirc te nglfai ta rna rong hai phep tlnh min, max thanh hai lop ham t-norm va t-conorm eo tung c~p phan tii doi ngAu nhau.

- Chang han bo qua dac tinh cu the' trong viec xac dinh gia tri cua ham min hai bien rna

chi gilt lai mot so tinh chat cua no ta thu duoc lap ham t-norm t (x ,y):

a) Giao hoan: t(x,y) = t(y,x)

b) Ket hop: t(x,t(x,z» = t(t(x,y),z)

e) Ton tai phan tu don V!: t(l,y) = Y

d) Khong giam thea tirng bien.

- M(>t each nrong II! va doi ngAu, b6 qua tinh cu the' trong viec xac dinh gia tri cua ham Max hai bien Illa chi giiJ l<_Ii m9t so tinh chilt cua no ta thu diroc lap ham t-conorm s(x,y):

a) Giao hoan:

b) Ket hop:

S(x,y) = s(y,x)

e) d)

C6 phan tlt khong:

S(x,S(x,z» = s(s(x,y),z) s(O,y) = y

Khong giam thea tirng bien.

Co th~ thay t-norm vii r-conorm ruan Ihu quy Iftc d6i ngau nhau thea nghia

t(x,y) = 1- s(l-x,l-y)

Nhtr vay chting ta se khong co mot d<_ii so t(tp ma duy nhat, VI trong dinh nghia dai so t(tp hop ta luon co the' thay min, max bang t-norm va t-conorm doi ngliu nhau va thu dlfgc mot dai so tap rna khac.

1.3 Quon h~ rna

Quan h~ mo n ngoi la 1119t t~p rna R trong khong gian nch De-cue cua n khong gian U1x U2x ... x Un'

Quan he ma 2 ngoi R (u ,v) goi III

41

a) [)(/i xrmg neu h) Phdn X(l neu

c)' Pluin pluin X(l neu

flR(U,V) =: flR(v,u). flR(u,u) == 1, 'Vu E u. flR(u,u) = 0, 'Vu E U.

d) Bdc cdu. Max-Min neu flR(u, v) ~ V{flR(u ,w) " flR(w ,v) : WE U I.

e) Bdc cdu Min-Max neu flR(u,v) S l\{flR(~'w) v flR(w,v) : WE U I.

f) Phep hop thanli RoS voi R E U X W, SEW xU dircc dinh nghia nhu sau

flRoS(U,V) = V{flR(u,W) "fls(W,V) : WEU I·

R la quan h~ tuang tl/ (quan he urong dirong rna) neu n6 c6 cac tinh chat: - Phan x<;t.

- D6i xirng.

- Bac cau.

R la quan h¢ kh6ng tuang W neu n6 la phan hu cua rn9t quan h¢ urong lI! hay, mot

each urong duong, n6 thoa man cac tinh chat:

- Phan phan X<;l.

- Phan d6i xirng.

- Bic cau Min-Max.

Ky hieu dR(u,v) = flR(u,v). Khi do chung ta thay no c6 cac tfnh chat sau:

a) dR(u,v) ~ o.

b) dR(u,v) = dR(v,u).

c) dR(u,v) = dR(u,w) v dR(w,v).

Nlur vay d R (u, v) c6 cac tfnh chat urong nr nhtr khoang each trong khong gian hinh hoc va duoc goi la khoang each Min-Max.

R la quan h? giong nhau neu n6 thoa man: - Phan xa,

- Dai xtrng.

R la quan h¢ kh6ng giong nhau neu n6 la phdn bU cua quan he giong nhau, nrc lit: - Ph an ph an xa.

- Dai xtrng.

Nhu vay bao d6ng bac cau R"cua quart he giong nhau lit quan h¢ urong tl!. R" dircc tfnh thea cong thirc:

42

trong do:

H2 = RoH vai

(ii) Neu U hifu han Vtl/U/ == n thl R/\ = R lUR2u ... tr .

D!nh Iy 2: Neu RIA quan h~ rno luang It! tht t~p mile a, Ra = {u,u E U: fJR(u,u)'? a} cuaR la quan he nrong dirong kinh dien va do d6 n6 ph an hoach U thanh cac lap luang duong.

Ky hi¢u H' lit phiin bu cua H, tile la R' = ('R thl R' la quan h~ khong luang nr va

noi each khac, khoang each gilia hai phan UI bat ky trong cung lap tuong dirong khong virot qua I-a.

Phan hoach cac doi ttfqng rna:

Voi co sa Iy thuyct tren ta oil co the co bai loan Ilng dung sau, XCI cac d6i tuong rno Ai' i= I ,2, .... n. nghia la cac doi nrong diroc bieu thi bang tap mao Chang han cac doi tuqng do IA hoc sinh voi diem cac man h9C la (a day diem x/IO hieu IA O.x):

s/v V=van T=tQan D=d!a s=su L= Iy S=sinh H= hoa N=n/ngu
A] 0.5 O.X 0.7 0.6 0.9 06 0.9 0.9
A2 1.0 0.6 O.X 0.7 0.6 O.X 0.6 O.X
A3 O.X U.7 0.9 U.X 0.6 0.9 U.X 0.7
A4 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.7 O.X 0.9 0.6 0.6
A5 O.X 0.6 0.9 O.X 0.7 0.7 0.7 O.X Nlnr vay m6i hoc sinh diroc xem nhir lit mot doi nrong mo. Muc dich cua bai roan IA phan loai cac doi urong c6 "do urong It! nhau" vao cung mot lap phan hoach theo mot tieu chuan nao do. V ~ Y nghia thuc tien ta mong muon Cal' hoc sinh trong cung 11191 nhorn se co nang khicu tirong ur nhau.

Tren co sa phuong phap luan tren, viec phan loai se duoc ticn hanh nhir sau:

- Xay dung quan h~ kh6ng tuang tu gilia cac doi urong mo:

a) Dinh nghia khoang each gilia cac d6i urong: Gia str A va B IA hai doi urong ma bat ky. Ta dinh nghia khoang each giiia A va B lit khoang each Hamming

43

b) Ky hieu d ij = d(Ai ' Aj ) va l(l.p quan h~ khOng giong nhau

R=(dij)nxm'

c) Tfnh R* = (:t:«(:R ),,). Day la yuan he khong urong II! rna rnoi phan nr cua rna tran chfnh la khoang each giiia cac d6i nrong mo.

* .

- Ta thay Ra = {i,j : d R* (i ,j) ~ a I la m<'>1 yuan h~ tucng duong kinh dien va no xac

dinh mot phan hoach mire a tren cac d6i nrong. Nhir vay cac d6i nrong trong cung mot lap phan hoach co khoang each (mire d¢ khong nrong nr ~ a, hay mire d¢ urong

II! ~(I-a) khong virot qua a.
- Xay dung cay phan tich.
Trang vi du tren ta tfnh diroc cac kei qua sau:
0.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 8.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
1.8 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.7 6.5 8.0 7.3 6.9 7.3
8R = 8(d ij )nxm == 1.7 0.9 0.0 1.1 0.6, 8(C:R)2 =8((:R)3 = 6.5 7.3 8.0 6.9 7.4
1.5 l.3 1.1 0.0 1.4 6.5 6.9 6.9 8.0 6.9
1.5 0.7 0.6 l.l 0.0 6.5 7.3 7.4 6.9 8.0 0.00 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 d~0.19 {A, ,A2,A3,A4,A5}
0.19 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.09 d~0.14 {A,}, {A2,A3,A4 ,A5}
... {A,}, {A2,A3,A5}, {A4}
R = 0.19 0.09 0.00 0.14 0.08 d ~0.09
0.19 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.14 d ~0.08 {A, }, {A2 }, {A3, A5 }, {A4 }
0.19 0.09 0.08 0.14 0.00 d SO.08 {A, }, {A2 }, {A3}' {A5 }, {A1 l
Nhir vay ta thu duoc cay ph an tfch sau:
d S 0.19 d S 0.14

d s 0.09

d s 0.08

d s 0.08

44

Voi nhirng noi dung da trlnh bay trong phan nay chung ta co lh~ dua ra rnot so nhan xet

sau:

- V6 mat toan hoc Iy thuyet t~p rna la mot sv khai qual true tiep ella Iy thuyet t~p hop kinh dien.

- No kh6ng phai la mOL Iy thuyet duy nhat, va VI v~y no mo ~a mot lap cac phep roan. mot lap cac dai so tap rna, ....

- N6 1'.LO ra kha nang rn6 la dinh hrong ngli' nghia cua ngon ngli' va VI vay no cho phep mo phong nhirng bai toan khong co hoac kh6 khan moi co mo hinh dinh lirong, chang han cac bai loan duoc 010 t~1 bang~6n ngfr. Day chlnh la dac diem quan trong cho phep phuong phap luan tap rna tiep can mem deo cac bai loan thuc -lien phirc tap, da dang trong hau het cac Iinh vue cua cuoc song.

2 Toan hoc rno (Fuzzy Mathematics)

Nhu tren chting 16i da trlnh bay, khai niem tap rna ve hlnh thirc hoa la mOL sv khai quat rfil chinh V~I VI v~ly nhtrng Iy thuyet toan h9C xay dung tren co Sl1 t~p hop thong thuong d~u co the chuyen sang Iy thuyet ma urong (rng duoc xay dung tren Iy thuyet cac l~p mao Tuy nhien nhu chung 16i eta trinh bay 0 tren, cluing ta kh6ng co mOL Iy thuyet tap rna duy nhat va VI v~y noi chung cluing ta luon lu6n co nhieu huang rno rong cac Iy thuyet kinh dien nhu diroi day cluing ta se thay.

2.1 Topo rna

Mot trong nlnmg Iy thuyiYt ca sO quan trong d6 phat lri6n loan h9C lit Iy Ihuyel cac khong gian topo. Mot ycu du IV nhicu thco trao hru nay I~I dn xay dung va phat lriell Iy thuyet cac khong gian topo rna (XCJ1l Mingsheng Ying: A new approach for fuzzy topology Vol. 55, N2(l993); W. Gahler, A.S. Abd-Allah and A. Kandel: On extended fuzzy topologies; V. Gregori and A. Vidal: Gradations of openness and Chang fuzzy topologies, Vol. 109, N2(2000)).

Gia Slr X lit mot tap hop bat ky va 1= [0,1] lit doan thang dan vi. Ta ky hieu IX lit t~p tfit cit cac I~p ma ella X.

E>jnh nghia 1: (Topo rno "kinh di~n" ) Mot ho cac t~p rna T ~ IX diroc gl,>i I~I IOPO rna neu no thea cac tien de sau:

a) I2J, X eT.

b) Neu d., ~ eT lhl d_nB eT.

c) Neu d.i eT vci Vi e ; thl U~i eT. ie¢

Cap (X , T) goi I~I khong gian topo theo nghia "kinh dien".

46

M' 'h Cf IX IX d . I' A "1'- b d' A 'h' -

ot an x ':I : ~ .xnroc gal a mot toan IU ay ao ong nc;u no I oa man:

a) C/(@) = 0,

b) C/(C/(,1» = C/(,1) ,

c) C/(,1) d d.,

d) C/(AuB) = AuC/(l!).

Tirong II! nhtr trong tnrong hop topo kinh dien, roan ttr CI se cam sinh mot topo

X

Tef = I!lE I :!l = (::t:CIU',1»}·

Ltin. ctin. ctui mot die'm ma: Tap mo xi E IX voi x EX, flXi (x) =t . flxi (Y) =0, x*y, diroc goi la mot di61ll mo trong IX. Giang nhu 4uan h¢ baa ham, ta noi difm ma xi E!l neu x i ~A, nghia la khi t .;; J1/1 (x). Mot t~IP ma A E IX diroc g9ila mot Ian can ella diem ma xi neu :J U E T sao cho xi E U ~A.

f)!nh nghia 2: (Tapa phan bac tfnh rno) Anh X':I r : IX ~ I (l = [0,1]) duoc g9i la sI! phan bac

tinh mo' (gradation of openess) neu no thoa man cac dieu kien sau:

a) r( 0) = reX) = 1,

b) r(AnB) ~ r(A)nr(B),

c) {yAi)~~r(Ai)

Khi do (X, r) goi la khong gian tope mo phan bac.

f)!nh 19 3: Gia xir (X, r) la khong gian topo rna phan b~IC. Khi d6 dai v6i m6i gia tri r E [0,1], ho die I~p rna r,= l!l E IX: rr(A) ~r} la topo mo kinh di~n.

Lan can ella mot di6111 trong khong gian (X, r): Mot tap 1110' A E IX duoc goi la 111(>1 Ian c~n zz cua diern z e X neu 3UEIx sao cho r(U»O, a« J1u(x) v~IU~A.

Khai ni~111 co sa Ian can va Cl1 sa ella khong gian topo 1110' dUCJe dinh nghia wong tI! nhtr trong inroug hop topo kinh dien.

f)jnh 194: M(Jt ho /1/ =IB EIX: rr(B)~O I la 1119t eo sa ella khong gian tapa mo (X, r) khi V~l chi khi voi l110i U E rY. sao cho r'( U»O, U co th0 bi0u diQn nhu la h9P (I rung dai so cac tap mo) ella mot sa die phan nr nao do trong .<il.

46

r

2.2 Giai tich ma (Fuzzy Analysis)

Nhu trcn da trinh bay, moi ly thuyet toan h9C deu co the dtroc mo r¢ne, sang cac ly thuyet loan h9C mo. Trang phan nay chung ta trlnh bay mot vai ly thuyet nhu vay.

2.2.1 Phuong trinh vi phdn rna

D~ dan gi~tn cluing ta xet twang hop phuong trlnh vi phan bac mot. Trong giai tich kinh didn n6 c6 dang

dy = f'(t k)

dt ,y,

voi dieu kien ban dil.uy(O) = c,

(Dl )

trong do k la vecto n hang so, t la bien tren mot doan d6ng giai noi chua gia tri 0, c E .'Jl, con y va f I~l cac vecto,

Bay gia ta tim each mo rong (0 I) thanh phirong trlnh vi phan mo (xcm M. Friedman, M. Making and A. Kandel: Numerical solutions of fuzzy differential and integral equations, Vo!.106, NI(l999); 1.1. Buckley and T. Feuring: Fuzzy differential equations; J.Y. Park and H.K. Han: Fuzzy differential equations, Vo!.11 0, N.I (2000».

Tnroc het ta dua ra khai niem so mo.

£l!nh nghia 3: (S6 mol Mot tap rno A duoc goi la so mo neu no la t~p mo tren mrong so thuc .'fl va thoa man cac dieu kien sau:

a) 3XOE.'fl sao cho ,ux(xo)=1,trangd6 ,ux(x) lahamthu¢ccuat~pmaA.

b) Haru z. X lien tuc tirng kluic trcn .'fl.

Vice can thiet la djnh nghia cac phcp tfnh 'so h9C' tren cac so mo va mot quan h¢ bat d~ng thirc gifra chung. Nhin chung vice dinh nghia cac phep toan va cac phep so sanh cac so mo (Ranking Fuzzy Sets) I~l mot van d~ phirc tap, Nham dan gian cac dinh nghia nay chung ta giai han chi xet cac so mo co dang sau day va goi la L-R so mo. Chung se c6 dang hinh hoc giong hinh thang voi hai canh ben diroc thay bang cac duong eong dan dieu.

G9i L (Left) va R (Right) la hai ham tham chieu, nrc la ham thoa man cac tfnh chat:

I) L(x)=L(-x). 2) L(O) = l.

:I) L khong tang tren 10, +00). Khi do L - R so mo la tap mo voi ham thuoc c6 dang:

!L«AL-x)/a neu x:sAL,a>O

,ux(x) = R«x-AU)/{J nen x?AU,{J>O

1 cho cac truong hop con lai

[rang d6 AL<AU va IAL,AUI diroc goi la 16i (Core) cua A, nrc la ,uX(x)=I, V x E [A L ,A u] voi A L, AUla cac girt tr] modal tren va diroi (theo nghia modal logic) cua t~p mo A . Mot so ma nhu vay diroc ky hieu la A = [A L, AU, a ,,B]LR .

47

MQt lap quan trong cac L-R so rna la cac so rna hinh thang (voi cac canh ben tuyen . tfnh), ky hieu la (A L, A v, a.B), VI tinh don gian cua cac phep tfnh va d~ srr dung trong irng dung thuc ti~n doi voi cac nha ky thuat.

Cho hai so rna hinh thang bat ky, a ==(aL, a v, a.B), 6 =(bL, b v, y, 0). Cac phep tfnh tren cac so mo duoc dinh nghia nhir sau:

I) Nhan so rna vci mot so tlnrc:

Voi x>O, xeR : x a == (xaL, xall, xa, x B).

V'" 0 R - (L 11 {3)

OlOX< ,xe :xa== xa ,xa ,-xa, -x .

2) T6ng va hieu hai so rna:

a +6 =(aL+bL, aU+bu,a+y,{3 +0).

_- LL UU {30

a -b =(a -b ,a -b ,a +y, +).

3) Ta quy uac r~ng t1ng vai rn6i so rna a ta gan mol so thuc r( a ) == a L + aU + 1 , go. i

~ .. 2(fJ-a)

la phan Iii dai dien cua a .

-, ... III

...

Hinh 2: So sanh so mo.

4) So sanh hai so rna: Gia sir hai so rna da cho eo bi~u dien nlnr trong hlnh tren. Ky hieu S i : i==l, II, 1II, IV luang ung la dien tfch cua cac mien I, II, III. IV va kf hieu:

C(a,6) == Sll - S] + Sill - SlY.

Khi do ta noi a ~ 6 neu va chi neu C( a, 6 )~O.

Bay gia ta co lh~ chuyen phuong trlnh vi phan thong thuong (D I) thanh plnrong trinh vi phan rna nhir sau:

G9i K = (K1, ..• , Kn) la mot vecto cac so mo hlnh thang (m6i k, la mot so ma hinh thang), va C Iii mot so mo hinh thang. Thay lhe de gia tri nay vao phirong trlnh (D I) ta thu duoc mot phuong trlnh vi phan mo:

- -

Y (0) == C.

(D2)

48

2.2.1.1 Chung ta khao sat bai toan voi dieu kien sau: Gilt Slr rang Y(t) = [Y • (t) ,Y 2 (t)] va Y i(t, a), i= 1,2, la ham kha vi thea t voi a la tharn so. Ky hieu dao ham cua Y j(t, a) thea t

,

la Yj (t,a) .

D~t G(t,a) = [y;(t,a),Y~(t,a)]. Neu G(t,a) chinh la mot lat cat a cua mot s6 mo

thl ta noi ham mo Y(t) kha vi va dU<;1c viet:

dY "

-[a]= G(t,a) = [y.(t,a) ,y,)(t,a)].

dt -

(03)

Mot di6u kien du d6 cho G (t, a) la lat dt (a-cut hay a-level) cua mot so rno la:

, ,

a) Yl (t,a) , Y2 (t, a) la cac ham lien tuc thea cii hai bien,

,

b) Yl (t,a) la ham tang thea bien a.

,

c) Y2(t,a) la ham giarn thea bien a.

It, I

d) Y] (t,a):S .Yz (t,a) , dieu kien nay dam bao [ Yl (t,a) ,Yz (t,a) ] la mot doan thang.

Tat nhien Y(t) la nghicm neu ~~ ton tai va chung thoa cac dang thirc trong (02). Tu do suy ra Y(t) la nghiem neu ~~ ton tai va ta co cac dang thirc sau:

,

a) Yl(t,a)=fl(t,a),

,

Y2(t,a)=f2(t,a).

,

b) .Yl(O,a)=c.(a),

trong do C(a) =Ic. (a), C2 (a) I·

,

Y2(O,a)= c2(a),

2.2.1.2 Cae phep dao ham eua ham ma'

Nhir tren ta dil noi, nhin chung co nhieu each rna rong khai niem vi phan mo. Diroi day ta dira ra mot so each dinh nghia dao ham me (gia tri cua ham la t~p mo).

,

Gilt Slr X(t)nhQn gia tri so mo va gia sir X(t)[a]= [x](t,a),x2(t,a)] va xj(t,a) la

dao ham rieng theo t cua x j (t, a).

Xet hai ham mo X(t) va Z(t). Ky hicu lat cat a cua hai so me X(t) va Z(t) la X(t)[a] = [x. (t, a) ,x2(t, a)],

va Z(t)[a]= [zJ(t,a),z2(t,a)].

Goi D( X(t) ,Z(t)) Iii metric gifra hai so mo dircc dinh nghia mot each xac dinh nao do.

Khi do dai hrong

49

X~( )~l' X(to+h)-X(to)

to - 1m --"------"'-

h~O h

neu ton tai, la dao ham ella ham mo X(t) .

a

Goetschel- Voxman va ky hieu la GVD X(to) , trong d6 bieu thirc hieu trong cong thirc duoi lim duoc hieu la hieu so hoc thea tirng thanh phan toa d¢ cua vccto X .

2) Neu ta c6 hai dieu kien sau day:

a) D( X(t) , Z(t» = sup H( X(t)[a] ,Z(t)[a] ), trong do H la khoang each Hausdoff

a

giiia cac tap compact cua R.

b) Bieu thuc hieu trong cong thirc duoi lim la hieu Hukuhara, tue la hieu hai soma H A va B, duoc ki hieu laA-B, la mot so mo C sao cho B61C=A, trong d6 61 la phep cong tren so mo .

thl khi d6 ta co dao ham Puri-Relescu va ki hieu la PRD X(to) .

3) Neu ta co:

a) D,( X(t) ,Z(t» = max {Gtx, (r,«) - z, (t,aj' da flitx, (t,a) - '2 (t,a iP da l: 1 vai tich phan lay tren cac ham trong L p [0,1].

b) Hieu trong bieu tlurc duci lim diroc hieu nhu trong truong hop 1).

thl khi 00 ta co dao ham Kandel-Friedman-Minh va kf hieu la KFMD X(to) .

f)!nh Iy 5: (1) Neu dao ham GVD X(t) t6n tai va la mot so mo thl dao ham SD X(t) cling t6n tai va ta co GVD X(t) = SD X(t).

(2) Nell dao ham PRD X(t) ton tai va I~l mot so mo thl dao ham SD X(t) cling ton tai va ta e6 PRD X(t) = SD X(t) .

(3) Neu dao ham KFMD X(t) tOn tai va la mot so mo thl dao ham SD X(t) cling ton tai va chung btll1g nhau.

2.3 Bal teen toi uu hoa rna

Chung ta d~u biet den su phat tri6n v6 Iy thuyct va irng dung cuu cac bai roan toi uu hoa trong do co sl! dong gop dang chan trong cua cac nha loan hoc Viet nam. Tren each nhin h¢ thong hien nay bai toan toi uu luon xuat phat tir nhu cilu cua qua trinh lay quyet dinh va vi v~y no gan vai viec lay quyet dinh. Trong thuc te, qua trinh nay luon luon nam trong moi tnrong cac thong tin, dii lieu khong chfnh xac, bien dong va bao gom cit nhiing dii kien co

50

Ii

ban chal khong eh{le chan, mo. Ngoai fa viec !fly quyet dinh thirong narn trong mot h¢ thong co c,Yu Ink Lhli h~t' va VI V(IY no ding dan den bai toan [oi uu nhieu mac (Multi-levels).

Nlur V(ly tlurc lien doi hoi d.n phat Iri6n !y thuyet de bai 10<111 loi uu linn hoat, mem den hon. Cong voi SIf pluit Iri61l ly thuyet roan hoc rna, d.c bai roan rui lIU rna cung ducc nghien ciru ung dung 1'&1 rnanh me. Cac bili loan 16j uu mO' co y nghia thuc liin l6'n VI trong thuc Ie die rang buoc khong doi hoi qua ch~! che. Chilllg han viec giai han cac rang buoc b.at d~ng thue theo nghia roan hoc kinh. di~n (vI dl;l16ng de hang rnuc di1u IU dOl hoi khong vuot qua 20.000 Iy dong) se co lht IOl,l1 di mal nhtrng "nghiem' cho kct qua 161 hall (chang han voi no 16ng von d~lI 11.1' co th~ hang 20.000 Iy dong c¢ng J xu ! !).

I ·1

C6 Ihe noi m¢l d~c tnmg quan trong cua phuoug phap IU~l1 1110 Iii tfnh linh hO~I, rnern deo trong m<)1 rnoi Inlang plnrc tap vai thong tin, dii ki~n khong chae chflll, khang chinh xac va bien doug, han nira bai roan loi l1U mO' co lh~ duoc tffig dung ngay doi voi cU cac ba, loan kinh dien Illy giai duqc nlurng bAng nhfrng Ihu~1 loan qua phuc tap. v« nguyen lac, st! xu:}'1 hicn cac dang bai loan t6i iru nil khac nhau tuy theo nhu c~u thuc Ie va quan di~m xay dung mo hinh.

Durri day chung I()i chi gioi Ihi~u doi dang bai roan (xern VoI.55,N3(1c)93)2R5-294; VoL lOY. N 1 (2UOO)3-20,21-34, 141-147).

2.3.1 D<;mg boi toon toi UU hoo v6i dLi ki~n mo

Gia slr de dii kieu tham so trong bai loan 16i lfU 1110 dug!.: gial han trong lap die so rna.

D!nh nghia 4: (rna hlnh toi LIU hoa tuyen tinh voi so rna) G9i F(R) Ii! t~p t~t cit cac so ma hlnh thang, M6 hinh bai roan loi l1U hoa IlIyC'n tinh vO'i sO met co dang sau:

maxz= fCjXj,

)=1

p -

voi cac rimg buoc :LaijX j <b, ' i = 1,2, ... , mll •

;=1

va fUijxj2:.h;.i=mo+I, ... ,m,j=I,2, ... .p, j=l

trong d6 au. bi ' <:J E F(R).

Dang bai loan nay co the chuyen vd bai 10l11l t6i lIU thong thuong nho rnenh de sau.

M~nh de 1: Bai (Olin 16i iru hoa 111a tuyen tinh tren 111l1l1g dirong voi bai loan toi l1U sau: p

max z = :Lr(Cj)Xj , j~l

voi d.c rang buoc t r(iii) ». :5 s( bi ), i :::; 1,2 .... ,mo, i=v

p -

va L. r(au)x j 2:. s( hi ). x j ~o, i '" mo+ I, ... , m .J = 1,2, .... p, j~l

51

trong d6 r va s la ham so rna gia tr] cua cluing diroc tinh bang mill bieu thirc tren cac thong so cua so rna.

2.3.2 Bai to6n toi lIU ho6 tuyen tinh vol bien me

Bai toan nay diroc phat bidu nhu sau.

E>inh nghia 5: Bai toan tim nghiem toi thieu sau (sau day goi la bai loan A) n1in:Z =b'Y

voi cac rang buoc: YA ~c , Y ~ 0,

trong d6 OSbER, AER",xn, Y goi I~l bai loan toi uu tuyen nnh voi bien mo.

E>!nh nghia 6: Bai toan hO tro (goi la bai toan B) lit bai toan max: Z =CX

voi cac rang buoc: AX<b,X~O,

lrong d6 Osb ERm, X ERm', A ERm "", C E (F(R»n, Y E (F(R»n.

Gifra hai bai toantren co moi quan h¢ chat che th~ hien trong menh de sau.

E>jnh (y 6: (1) Neu yO la nghiern mil chap nhan diroc cua bai loan A va XO la nghiern chap nhan duoc cua bai toan B, thl C)(J s b' yO .

(2) Neu yO la nghiern mil chap nhan diroc cua bai toan A V~l XO la nghiern chap nhan duoc ella bai toan B sao cho C)(J = b' yO tht XU la nghiem toi ltU cua bai roan B con yO la nghiem toi uu mil cua bai toan A.

(3) Neu bai roan B c6 mot nghiern loi uu thl bai loan A cling c6 mot nghiem toi uu mil.

2.3.3 Bal toon quy hOQch nguyen me

Bai loon quy hoach nguyen thong thtrong co rat nhieu irng dung thirc li~n nhir trong Ii).p ke hoach san xlilil chang han, Trong tnrong hop nlur vay cac tharn so la nhirng don gia chi phi, nhu cau vat III hay ban thanh pham va ngu6n cung cap (cac ban hang cung cap). Tuy nhien trong thirc te thong tin ve nhu diu va kha nang cung cap cua cac ban hang thuong khong chfnh xac, khong chac chan. Tinh khong chfnh xac cua nhirng dii' lieu nay con la he qua cua tfnh rnem deo, linh hoat trong hoach dinh sach hroc, chien hroc cua nha may. Thirc te do doi hoi phai nghien ciru img dung bai roan quy hoach nguyen ma: v« true cam co the thay bai 10<1.11 quy hoach nguyen ma sc ral gan gfii voi each giiii bai loan kinh di6n.

Chu ~. » » h (nh mr I" L R ..- 'd A- [AL All fJ] d-

ung ta se gtrn an till rno trong op cac - so mo ang = , , a, . LR a

duqc n6i den a phan tren, nhung a day L va R duoc thay the bang ham so F lhoil. man dieu kien sau: F lien tuc va khong tang tren nira Quang thang 10,(0), F(O)=l va thirc st! giam tren mien rna F nhan gia tri duong.

52

£l!nh nghia 7: Bai toan guy hoach nguyen rnc diroc ph at bieu nhir sau:

m n

c(x):::; L LCijxij ~ min" i j=1

n m

voi cac rang buoc LXij =' Ai , i:::; 1,2, ... ,m va ~>ij =' Bj ,j:::; 1,2, ... ,n,

j=1 i~1

Xi/~O,j:::; 1,2, ... ,n, i:::; f;2, ... ,m va A, va B; la cac so rna. Cac ci/ la chi phi v~n chuyen diroc bieu thi bang cac gia tri so (khong rna). Dac biet min" diroc hieu Iii

rnuc tieu mo, nrc Iii mot so mo e6 dang [-co, Co, Q,j3cJLR .

Trang moi twang mo, cluing ta can hieu cac rang buoc ma va muc tieu mo G se co mire de? thoa nao d6 (degree of satisfaction) va diroc dinh nghia nhir sau:

£l!nh nghia 8: Gill. sir x Ia mot Iai giai cua bai toano Khi d6 a) Gia tri diroc bieu th] boi bieu thirc sau

J.ic(x) =rnin] flAi[±XijJU=l' "",m),f1B;(.IXij](J=l, ... .n), I

, )=1 ,=1

diroc goi la d¢ thoa cua cac rang buoc;

b) Con gia tr] J.iG(x) =J.ic(c(x» = f1G[t i>ijXij), i=1j =1

diroc goi Iii d¢ thoa cua muc tieu cua bai toan guy hoach nguyen mao

Bili toan A: Loi gill.i toi dai cua bai toan guy hoach nguyen me diroc dinh nghia Iii gia trl x sao eho ham J.iD(x)= mini J.ic(X) , J.iG(x) I dat qtc dai. Trong tnrong hop gia tri eire dl!-i' nay bang ° thl ta n6i bai toan khong kha thi,

Bai roan A luang duong voi bai toan du6i day.

Bili toan B: A. ~ max voi ciic rang buoc sau

a) J.iG(c(x»~A.,i:::;I,2, ,m,

b) flAil ±XijJ2: A., i:::; 1,2, ,m,

)=1 .

c) J.iBj(tXij].2: A. .i= 1,2, ... ,n, A.>O, Xi/~O.

,=1 .

G9i At, B.1 va GA nrong img la cac lat ceit A. cua cac so mo Ai' B, va G. Khi do bai toan B chuyen ve bai toan sau.

Bili toan C: A. ~ max v6i cac rang buoc sau A

a) C(X)E G ,

53

n

b) ~>ijEAf,i=I,2" .. ,m, )=1

m

C) ~>ij E Bj .i = 1,2, ... ,n, A>O, xii~O. i=l

Nhir v~y bai toan quy hoach nguyen mo tung biroc duoc dua ve bai toan quy hoach nguyen thong thirong (xern S. Chanas va D. Kuchta: Fuzzy integer transportation problem, Vo1.98, N3( 1998» d~ tim nghiern bai toan g6e.

3 H+ chuyen gia md va h+ trq giup quy~t dinh md

3.1 Bai t06n lay quyet d!nh va van de IQp IUQn

Mot d~c tnrng rilt khac bier cua con nguoi la kha nang lay quyet dinh. Viec lay quyet djnh la hoat dong dien ra hang ngay cua moi ngiroi, cua mbi nhom ngiroi va no Iii hoat dong dac biet quan trong trong Iinh vue t6 chirc va quan 19 nhu vice ra nghi quyei, chinh sach chc' do, lap ke hoach, ra chi thi ... ,

oe d~ hie'u chiing ta se chi ra nhtrng thanh to quan trong nhat cua qua trinh lay quyer dinh.

I) Co sd (kho tang) tri thuc: Nhu cluing ta dll biet con ngirci khac bier voi IO~li V~lt a trf tue, kha nang tu duy. Vi vay mot thanh to quan trong dau tien ella qua trinh I£iy quyet dinh la tri thirc va duoc rno hlnh hoa thanh mot CCI sa tri thirc. Cac yeu to CCi ban cua tri thuc co the' phat bie'u thanh cac menh de va dang rnenh de quan trong nhat la dang menh de "neu ... thl ... " va duoc goi la cac Zu¢t (rules).

V, du: Trong linh vue quan 19 XI nghiep CCi sa tri thirc co the chua menh de sau, trong do cac tir viet nghieng la cac kh~i niem mo: "Neu slm pham cua mot XI nghiep chiem mot th] phan tuong d6'i lrm thl XI nghiep do co the' co chfnh sach dieu phoi gia ca".

Cac chuycn gia trong Iinh vue nghien dieu khien rno lC1 dien co the' phat bicu tri thirc ella mlnh bang cac menh de if-then sau, trong do I la wang d<? dong dien, N la toe d¢ vong quay cua mo to" (xern Cao, Z. and A. Kandel, Applicability of some fuzzy implication operators, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 31 (1989),151-186), (xin Slr dung thuat ngii tieng Anh de co chb co th~ d~ hieu han):

If I = very small

If I = very more small If I = small

If I = medium If I = large

If I = very large

v.v ....

54

then N = very large then N = large

then N = medium then N = small

then N = very more small then N = very more small.

2) Co Sft dis lieu (CSDL): C6 the thay tri thuc la nhtrng khlmg dinh da ducc t6ng ket, khai quat hoa nr kinh nghiern thuc ti~n. Kinh nghiem nay diroc "b(> oc" hru Irii a dang dii lieu (bieu thi a dang chir hay so). VI vay mot thanh to khac trong qua trlnh lay quyet dinh la t~p hop cac dii lieu diroc t6 chirc thanh co sa dir lieu. Trang cac bai toan Ion nhu viec xay dung cac h~ tro giup quyet dinh, CSDL la mot thanh to quan trong VI hai ly do:

- Thu nhat, no hru trCt cac dir lieu c~n thiet cho qua trlnh lay quyet dinh.

- Tlur hai, vi dii lieu HI kinh nghiern thuc ti~n nen kho dii lieu nay la CCf sa d~ dieu chinh

va phat hien them cac luat moi cua tri thtrc.

M(>t huang quan trong dang duoc quan tam nghien ciru la viec phat hien luat tu mot t~p hop dii lieu. Vi du lu mot t~p hop dir lieu cua hon hai tram loai hoa nguoi ta co th~ xay dl!ng thu~t toan cho phep tim ra 7 hoac X lu~t mo v~ rnoi quan h~ giiia dac tfnh rnau sac cua hoa, so dai hoa, so ciinh hoa va tinh chat cua long quang dai va cueing hoa v.v ....

3) Phuong phap, thu tuc 19,p luiin: Thanh to quan trong nhat cua qua trlnh lay quyet dinh' la van 1e l~p luan. Ban chat phirong phap nr duy, I~p luan cua can nguoi van con la mot van d6 bi hiern, phirc tap va chiing ta chua hieu biet dtroc nhieu. Nhieu phirong phap lap luan M mo ph6ng plnrong phap I~p luan cua can nguoi d1l va dang diroc nghien ciru. Nhirng plurong phap mo ph6ng dua tren logic toan da dU<;1C nghien ciru phat trien tir rat sam nhung chting chi phu hop cho cac tmg dung dua tren khoa hoc chfnh xac, dua tren thong tin day du va chac chan, VI du nhir phuong phap chting minh ur dong trong Iinh vue roan hoc. Tuy nhien suc manh tu duy va l~p luan cua can nguoi I <;Ii nam trong Ilnh vue (moi tnrong) thong tin khong day du, rna va khong chac chan, khong chfnh xac, Vi du trong mOi tnrong nhir vay cluing ta van phai quyet dinh tuyen chon can bo, chon plurong an phat tritn, xay dlfng khu vue cong ngh~ cao v. v ....

Trang Illoi truang nhu vay "cong ngh~ t~p rna", va hien nay no duoc khai quat thanh khai nicm "cong ngh¢ unh toan mem", dang giii mot vai tro doc ron.

3.2 Phuong phap IQp IUQn xap xi dl,lQ tren tQP rna

Nhir tren da trlnh bay, phuong phap l~p luan la m(>t thanh to rat d~c tnrng cua qua trlnh lay quyet dinh va vi v~y m(>t clurc nang quan trong cua mot h¢ cliuyen gia hay mot h? tro giup quyet dinh la viec lap luan cho phep rut ra nhirng ket luan . <;J giup nguoi lay quyet dinh, Nhung phuong phap l~p luan trong nhiing h¢ nhu vily co kha li[lOg mo phong qua irlnh l~p luan trong moi tnrong thong lin khong day du, khong chac chan va VI vay ban chat cua phirong phap la xap xi gan dung. L.A. Zadeh van la ngiroi dau tien dira ra y nrong va xay dung phirong phap luan nay va goi la phirong phap l~p lu~n xap xi (xem L. A. Zadeh: A theory of approximate reasoning. in: R. R. Yager, S. Ovchinnikov, R. M. Tong and H. T. Nguyen, Eds., Fuzzy Sets and Applications: The selected papers by L. A Zadeh (Wiley, New York, 19X7) 367-411; L. A. Zadeh: The concept of linguistic variable. and its application to approximate reasoning (1),(11), Inform. Sci. 8( 1975) 199-249; 8( 1975) 310 - 357).

55

Trong congtrinh cqa rnlnh, Zadeh dua ra khai niem hroc d6 I~p luan xap xi nhu sau:

Ti~n d~ I: Neu mau cua qua ca chua nao d6 Iii do thl qua ca chua d6 Iii chin.
Ti~n de 2: Mau qua ca chua Q Iii rdt do.
Ke't luan: Qua eft chua la rat chin. Chung ta thay hroc d6 nay urong tl! nhu lu~t Modus ponens trong logic kinh dien: tir A~B va A cho phep ta rut ra ket luan B. Tuy nhien b luoc d6 tren trong gia thiet (tien M) ta khong co A rna lai c6 A' (:= rilt do) mot bien chirong ella A (:= do), va m6i ngiroi trong cluing ta deu c6 kha nang rut ra mot ket luan B' nao d6. Van d~ la can xay dung phircng phap luan cho phep lua chon phirong phap lap luan M "tfnh" B' sao tho ket qua phu hop voi ling dung CI,I the dii cho,

Nho tinh rnern deo cua phuong phap luan tap rna cluing ta co nhieu phuong an lira chon de xay dirng phuong phap I~p luan xap xi. Trong pham vi bai nay, cluing toi chi trlnh bay phirong phap don gian nhat qua d6 de ban doc thay diroc y nrong cua phirong phap luan,

Chung ta xet llJ'qcd6 I~p luan rna da dieu kien, 1.1. rno hinh rna c6 chua nhieu menh de dieu kien dang neu ... thi:

Ti~n d~ I if X=Al then Y=B1
Ti~n de 2 if X=Az then Y=Bz
: :
Tien de n if X=An then Y= Bn
Tien de n+l if X=An+1 then Y= Bn+1
Ket luan: Y=Bo Tap hop n menh de dau tien trong (M) diroc goi 1ft ma hinh mil, trong d6 Ai' B i Iii cac khai niem rna. M6 hinh nay rno ta m6i quan h¢ (hay sl! phu thuoc) gifra hai dai hrong X va Y. Gia tr] X=Ao diroc goi la input con Y=Bo diroc goi 1ft output cua mo hlnh.

Phirong phap lap luan xap xi tfnh Y=Bo gom cac biroc sau:

I) B~c 1. Gidi nghia cac menli de di€u ki~n: Chung ta xern cac khai niern rna Ai,B i la nhiin cua cac t~p rna bieu th] ngu nghia clla Ai,B i : De cho tien ham thuec cua chiing duoc kf hieu tuong img laA i (zz) va B i (u) tren cac khong gian tham chieu U va V,

Mot each tnrc cam, m6i menh de neu ... thl trong m6 hlnh rna c6 the hieu la mot phep keo theo (implication operator) trong mot h¢ logic nao d6 va duoc vie't AJu)~BJu). Khi u va u bien thien, bieu thirc nay xac dinh mot quan h¢ maRi : UxV~[O,l]. Nhu v~y m6i menh de dieu kien trong (M) xac dinh mot quan h¢ rna.

2) B~c 2. Kit nluip (aggregation) cac quan he rna thu diroc bang cong thirc:

56

R = @;';lRi , trong do @ Iii mot phep tinh t-norm hay t-conorm nao do.

Chang han R = I\j;l R, hay R = Vj~l R, ' trong do /I.,V Iii cac phep tfnh min va max.

Viec ket nhap nhtr vay dam bao R chua thong tin duoc cho boi cac menh M if. .. then co trong mo hinh mao

3) BuClc 3. Tinh. output Bo theo cong thtrc Bo= AooR, trong do 0 la phep hop thanh gifi'a hai quan h¢ Ao va R.

4) BlICC 4. Khi:t rna (Defuzzification; xem VoI.55,NI(199:1)1-14; VoI.80,N2(l996)177- 186; Vol.S I ,N:I(l996)259-262): Ket qU~1 tinh roan 0 birec :I la mot tap rna. Trong nhieu bai toan irng dung, dac biet trong dieu khien ky thuat, ngiroi ta can biet gia tr] thirc cua bien Y. Phuong phap tinh gia tr] thuc "nrong irng" voi ti!-p rna Bo diroc goi lit phuong phap khir rna. Nguai ta dira ra nhieu phuong phap khu rna. se khong co phirong phap nao goi la tot nhat. No se duoc hra chon de dar duoc "do t61" qua thir nghiern, Ta lay vi du m9t phirong phap khir mo, goi la phirong phap khir rna theo trung binh cong eo trong s6, diroc eho boi cong thrrc:

LvBo(v)

defuz(B 0) = UE V .

L:Bo(v)

VEV

Nhling yeu to anh hlldng den ket qua tinh toan eua phlldng phap I~p lu~n mi1:

Co the; hlnh dung phuong phap I~p luau rna bang mo hlnh tclng quat sau:

Hinh 3: Me hinh I~p lu~n mo.

Phuong phap l~p lu~n tinh output

Chung ta nhan thay c6 nhieu phirong phap I~p lu~n rna. M6i plurong phap deu phu thuoc vao:

- viec ch911 cac ham thuoc dung d~ bi~~ dien ngfi' nghia cua cac khai niern me,

- viec chon roan tu keo thea d~ tinh cac quan h¢ rna R i>

- viec chon phirong phap ket nhap,

- viec chon phep tinh hop thanh 0,

- va cu6i cung phu thuoc vao chfnh phircng phap khir rna .

. Hien nay chua co phirong phap nao h6 tro viec lira chon nay ngoai tnrc cam, kinh nghiern va qua thu nghiern. Nhieu khi su dung cac phep roan co y nghia d6i nghich nhau uhung no van gop phan hoan thien ket qua.

57

Thu~t toan xap XI ngon ngLi':

Tuy nhien, trai voi sy' doi hoi a tren, trong cac irng dung khac, chang han nhtr trong viec tro giup ngiroi lay quyet dinh, chung ta lai doi hoi ket qua cua bai toan phai dU<;1C bieu dien a dang ngon ngfr, Nhtr v~IY ket qU~1 cua plurong phap lap luan mo a dang tap mo (t.1. mc;5t ham s6) d.n phai diroc chuyen thanh dang ngon ngfr. Day la mot bai roan doi hoi cac thuat toan phirc tap va thai gian tlnh toan Ian.

Chung ta co th~ hlnh dung bai toan nhir sau: De d~ hilu cluing ta xet cac gia tri chan Iy ngon ngfr gom true, false, very true, very false, more-or-less true, more-or-less false, possibly true, possibly false, approximately true, approximately false, little true, little

false, very possibly true, very possibly false, . Co the xem cac dli' lieu nay nhu la nhan

cua cac tap mo, hay noi mot each khac, cluing ta co the bieu dien ngli' nghia cua cac dli' lieu nay bang cac tap mo (cdc ham s6) rna chung ta cho la thich hop doi voi irng dung dang diroc xern xet, Nhir vay chung ta co mot ho cdc ham s6' :Jr; bieu dien ngli' nghia cua cac dli' lieu ngon ngfr.

Khi do bai toan xap xl ngon ngli' co th~ phat hi~u nom na nhir sau: Cho mot ham bli't ky B 0 (la tap mit - ehdng han. la output cua bai todri l¢p luari mil), hiiy tim mot ham F trong lio :Jr; sao eho no n&m g6.n B 0 dii eho nhiit,

Nhir vay cluing ta co th~ cam nhan thay thirc sy' Iy thuyet t~p rno cung cap cho cluing ta mot each tiep can tinh loan cho phcp mo phong qua trlnh lap luan cua con ngiroi.

3.3 D<;Ji so gia hi va l{Jp lu{Jn xeip xi

D<,Ii so gia tir va ung dung cua chung trong lap luan xap xi eta diroc Phong Nghien ciru cac H¢ Tr<;1 giiip Quyetdinh va H~ Chuyen gia, Vien Cong nghe Thong tin, nghien cuu phat tri~n tu hon chuc nam nay(xem tai lieu liet ke trong phan Lap lu¢n tren. co sCI dq.i s6'gia tu). Trong bai tcing quan nay cluing toi chi trinh bay nhirng y wang chinh cua each tiep can nay.

Nhu tren chung toi eta trinh bay, de xay dung phuon~ phap luan unh roan nham giai quyei van et6 1110 phong IU duy, lap luan cua con nguoi chung ta phai thiet I~p anh xa (1.1. phep nhung theo thuat ngli' toan h9C) gan m6i khai niem mo mot Hl.p mo trong khong gian tat ca cac ham F( U, [0,1]). Nghia la chung ta mU<;1l1 cau true tinh toan ral phong phu cua tap F( U, [0,1]) de mo phong phuong phap I~p luan cua con ngiroi thirong van diroc thuc hien tren nen ngon ngli' ty' nhien,

Vay mot van ete et~t ra UI lieu ban than ngon ngir co cau true tinh loan khong? Neu c6 thl cac phuong phap lap luan xay dung trcn do dcm I ai nhfrng loi ich gl?

Tra lai cho cau hoi tlnr nhat, cluing toi chi ra rang t~p cac gia tri ngon ngli' cua mot bien ngon ngfr, nrc la bien rna gia tri ella no diroc lay trong mien ngon ngir, se la mot cau tnic dai so etu giau de tinh toan.

58

r---- - - - -

Chung ra sc lam sang Ib dieu nay qua viec xcI mien ngon ngii (linguistic domain) ella bien chan Iy TRUTH gom cac tLr sau: dom(TRUTH) = I true, false, very true, very false, more-or-less true, more-or-less false, possibly true, possibly false, approximately true, approximately false, little true, little false, very possibly true, very possibly false, ... 1, Irong d6 true, false la cac tir nguyen thuy, cac tir nhan (modifier hay intensifier) very, moreor-less, possibly, approximately, little goi la cac gia Iii (hedges).

Khi do mien ngon ngii T==dom(TRUTH) e6 Ih~ bi~u Ihi nhu la mot d<_ii so AT= (T, G ,H,~), trong d6 G lit lap cac tir nguyen thuy duoc xem nhtr la cac phiin tii sinh, H lit tap cac gia tii diroc xem nhir la cac phep loan mot ngoi, quan he ~ tren cac Itt (cac khai niem rna) la quan h¢ tlnr LU duoc "cam sinh" tir ngii nghia II! nhien. Vf du dua tren ngii nghia, cac quan h~ tlur nr sau la dung: false ~ true, more true ~ very true nhung very false ~ more false, possibly true s; true nhirng false ~ possibly false, v.v .... T diroc sinh fa Itt G bbi cac phep rfnh trong H. Nhtr v~y mai phan Iii ella T sf: c6 dang bieu dien la

x =h n h n- I h , U, U E G. T~lP tilt ca cac phan nr diroc sinh ra Itt 1119t phan nr x duoc ky hieu la H (x). Ncu G chi g6m co dung hai tir nguyen thuy mit, thl mot diroc goi la phan tv sinh duong ky hieu la t, mot goi la phfrn tir sinh am ky hieu la f va ta co f < t. Trong vf du tren True la duong con False la am.

Hai phan nr cua dai so gia tv diroc goi la doi nghich nhau neu cluing co dang bi~u dien WJi cung mot day cac gia tv nhung phan tv sinh cua chung khac nhau, t.l. mot cai la duong, mot cai la am. Mot dai so gia IV la doi xung neu mo] phan tv chi co duy nhat mot phan tv doi nghich.

Ket qua t6ng quat chmh cua chung toi ve dai so gia IV co the dlf(_1e phat bieu I,rong menh de sau:

£>jnh Iy 7: Co ton Il_ti m(>1 he tiell de hoa sao cho mai mien ngon ngli' A T cua bien ngon ngii tra thanh dim day du (complete lattice) co mot phan tit 0, m(>t phan Iii doi vi I va mot phan tii trung hoa. Nhtr vay phcp tuycn u va h(>i (\ logic co th~ dinh nghia diroc trong cau true nay. Hen nira, ncu AT la mot dai so gia tii doi xirng th] trong diu true do ta co th~ dinh nghia phep phu dinh - va phep keo theo ec va ta co;

a) -hx=h-x, voi moi hEH.

b) - -hx=x,-l=O,-O=l va-W=W.

c) -(xuy)= (-Xll-Y) va -(XIlY)= (-xu-y).

d) Xll-X~ yu-y voi moi x,y EX.

e) xll-x~W~yu-y;

f) x>y khi va chi khi x<-y.

g) x~y = -x==>-y.

h) x==>(y==>z) = y==>(x==>z).

i) x==>y ~ x'~y' khi va chi khi x~x' va/hoac y~y'.

j) l==>x=x, x==>l=l, O==>x=l vax==>O=-x.

59

k) x~y ~ W khi va chi khi hoac x~W hoac y~ w. I). x~y s W khi va chi khi y~W va x~w.

m) x~y = 1 khi va chi khi hoac x=o hoac y= 1.

Ket qua tren chirng to rang diu true dai so gia tii du giau d~ nghien ciru cac phirong phap I~p Iuan.

I ) L¢p luan xap xi dua tren dai s6' gia til:

Xet rno hinh rna (M). Vi chung ta co the xem cac mien ng6n ngu X va Y nhu la cac dai so gia tir, m~t each tnrc cam ta eo the hlnh dung m6i menh de if." then trong (M) se xac dinh mot diem va do do mo hinh (M) se xac dinh cho ta mot duong eong trong khong gian ngon ngiJ XxV va goi la dirong cong mo C. Khi do bai toan I~p lu~n xap xi tren tap mo eo th~ chuyen ve bai toan n<)i suy doi vai duong eong mo C (hlnh 4).

vi giai bai toan xap xi, tnroc het chiing ta phai hrong hoa dai so gia tii bang each trang bj eho n6 mot metrie. Vi trong dieu khien. hoc, die dai hrong X va Y thtrong la cac dai ltrong \I~t Iy vai gia tr] lay tren dirong thang nen viec eho m9t metric tren X hay Y tirong dirong voi viec eho mot anh xa f tir X hay Y vao doan thang [0, I] voi sl! sai khac mot he so ly I~

(vi trong thuc te ta can anh Xl;I vao mot dean thang [O,a] nao do). Do do fa dtra vao dinh nghia sau:

Y

Bo

"

-------------1 .... 1

o

o

o

X

Ao Ai

HJnh 4: L~p lu~n xap xi voj d~i so gia tll'.

D!nh nghia 9: fs: X ~ [0,1] goi la ham ngu nghia dinh hrong cua X neu vci moi h, k e H+ hoaeh,keH-vamoix,yeX,taco: f(hX)-f(X)j=ll(hY)-l(Y) .

. _. f(kx) - f(x) f(ky) - f(y)

Voi dai so gia tii va ham ngu nghia dinh hrong cluing ta co the dinh nghla mot khai niem rat trlu tugiig:)a kho dinh nghia mot each thoa dang trong Iy thuyet t~p rna la tinh mi1 cua m<)t khai niern rna hay cua tap rna bieu dien no.

2) Tinh mil (Fuzziness) eua mqt gin tri ng6n ngit.

Xet cac gia tri: True, Very False, " .. Lam the nao dinh nghia tfnh rna?

Tren quan diem dai so gia til ta eo mot each dinh nghia tfnh nuy kha true quan dua tren kieh co cua tap H (x) nhir sau (hlnh 5).

Cho tnroc mqt ham dinh hrong ngu nghia f cua X. Xet bat ky x eX. Tinh mil eua x khi do duac do bilng dztilng kinh cua t¢p fs(H(x) )G[O, 1].

60

Poss. True
True I More
1/2 LittleTrue <, I True VeryTrue 1
I I , I I I I I
, I
I , , Diameter of
,
, :. )' f(H(VeryTrue»
Diameter of , I Diameter of
, I
f(H(LittleTrue» I. .: f(H(MoreTrue»
Diameter of"
f(H(PossTrue» Diameter of f(H(True»

Hinh 5: Tfnh rna cua gia tr] ngon ngu.

E>jnh nghia 10: Dr; do tinh mil. Ham fm: X~[O,I] duoc goi la d(> do tfnh rna neu:

a) fm(c-)==w>O va fm(c+)==I-w>O,c-

trong d6 c - va c + la cac philn nr sinh am va dirong.

b) Gjasiit~pcacgiatiilllH=H+uH-, H-=/h[, h2' ... hp)v6ih»h2> ... >hp' va H+=: / hp+l' hp+2' .,. hp+q I voi hpTl <hp+2< ... <hp+q. Khi do, p+q

'lJm(hic) =: fm(c) voi ce [c ", c"},

i~l

c)

V6i bat ky x,yeX, heH, fm(hx) = fm(hy) ,1.1. dang thirc nay khong phu thuoc.

fm(x) fm(y)

vao cac phan nr x ,y va do d6 ta co thti ki hieu la j.J(h) va goi la d(> do tinh rna (fuzziness measure) cua gia Iii h .

M~nh d~ 2 (Tinh cluit cua fm(x) uiL j.J(h». Chung ta co: a) fm(hX)= j.J(h)fm(x),V xeX.

p+q

b) IJm(hic) =: f"m(c), ce [c", c -I.

i=l

p+q

c) 'lJm(hix)=fm(x). i=l

3) Xay dung ham dinh. luang ngl1 nghia treti co sij de) do tinh mil cua gia tit,

E>!nh nghia 11: Ham sgn : X ~ 1-1 ,0, 1 )

a)

_ _ {+ sgn(c -)

sgn(c )=-1 va sgn(hc )=

- sgntc")

neu neu

61

b)

+ , + {+sgn(c+)

sgn(c )=+1 vasgn(hc )=

- sgntc ")

e) sgn(h'hx)=- sgn(hx) neuh' la negative d/v6i h va h+h xv h x .

d) sgn(h 'hx) =- sgn(hx) neu h' la positive d/v6i h va h 'h x=h x .

c) sgn(h'hx)=Oneuh'hx=hx.

4) Xay dung ham dinh luang ngii nghia: Gia st'r cho tnroc d(l do tfnh rno cua cac gia tt'r /-l(h), va cac gia tri d(> do tfnh 1110 ella cac phan nr sinh [m tc -), t"m(c+) va w la phan ur trung hoa (Neutral).

H~lI11 dinh hrong ngl"r nghia u cua X diroc xay dung nhu sau voi X= hi 1Il· •• h i 2h i I c:

a) u(c-)=w-at"m(c-) ,u(c+)=w+ at"m(c+).

b) t"m(x)= t"m(him··· hi2hilC)=/-l(him) ... /-l(hi2)/-l(hil)t"m(c).

e) u (h »> u (x) + sgn(h JX) [i~lin(hiX) - ~(1- sgn(hix)sgn(h, h,x)(,8 - a)/in(hiX)] neu j<p va

u (h jX) = U (x) + sgn(h JX) [. ± t"m(hix) - .!.(l - sgn(hix)sgn(h, hix)(,8 - a)t"m(hiX)]

!=p+' 2

ueu j>p.

:) Guii bai toan l¢p lu(i n mil bdng n(ii suy.

Xet rno hinh mo (M). Gia sii !;t., ~Ij la cac dai so gia tii sinh ra tir cac gia tri ngou ngfr urong rrng xuat hicn troug mo hinh. Kf hieu (-;dlrang eong l11a trong khong gian .{;t"x ~Ij.

Gia sii [s ,:1: va t"s,. la cac ham dinh hrong ngi1 nghia urong irng cua ,c'.t" va cua ~Ij. Cac h~1111 nay se chuyen dirong eong mo c' thanh duang cong thuc C trang kh6ng gian [O,l]x[O,l].

Nhu vay bai toan l.;tp luan mo' duoc chuyen v~ bai loan noi suy thong thuang nho ham diuh lirong dai so gia tii.

Co the" tluiy phucmg phap nay c6 rruit s6' uu diem sau:

- Cho mot y uroug true quail ro rang ve each tlurc gi<'li bai toan.

- Trong phuong phap gi<'li dl.ra lrcn Iy thuyet tap 111a co nIt nhicu ycu t6 gay sai so nhu: xay dung ham thuoc; chon each giai nghia menh de if-then bang quan h¢ Illa (ihuc ehftt la chon vice giai nghia loan ur keo theo); chon toan tv ket nhap (Aggregation) Cal' quan h¢; chon phcp hop thanh d0 tinh output; chon phuong phap khir 1110' va kho e6 dircc true giac trong vice xay dung phucng phap gi~li. Con trong phuong phap n(>i suy dua tren dai so gia tii cluing tu ch i phai tap trung n6 lire vao vice lua chon d<) do tinh l11a ella de gia tii va chung trO' thauh h~ tham so ella pluroug phap, VI vay 116 rat g,ln gui voi cac each giai kinh dien.

62

- Khong din phucng phap klnr mo! LUll y ding trong ly rhuyet rap rno co kha nhieu phuong phap khir mo.

- Thirc nghiem kiem chtrng dii chi ra rang n6 cho sai so nho (hlnh 6).

EX2
2500
:g 2000
Q>
Co
en 1500
c:
0
:;::; 1000
J!!
0
~ 500
z
0
~ -, '), n;, b< ~ <0 '\ '0 ~ ,,~
I (Current intensity)
EX7 ---+- Real curve

-O--Interpolation curve

_ 2500 "t:I

* 2000

Co

~ 1500 o

:;::; 1000 J!!

o

~ 500

---+- Real curve

-O--Interpolation curve

z

o

~ " '), n;, b< ~ <0 '\ '0 ~ ~

I (Current intensity)

Hinh 6: Giai bal toan Iiflp luifln rno b~ng n9i suy.

3.4 H~ tro giup quyet dlnh ma

Ngay sau khi may tinh dien tlr ra doi no da duoc nhanh chong irng dung vao vice xay dung cac h¢ xu ly thong tin V~l sau n}IY, cung voi sl,J' phat tricn, cluing duoc goi la cac h¢ thong tin quan Iy (MIS: Management Information System). Theo nghia rong cac h¢ MIS cung ham chua clnrc nang tro giup quyci dinh, cluing cung cap cac thong tin can thiet cho nhan dinh unh hinh hay phat hicn van de. Tuy nhien cac h¢ uhu v~y khong co kha nang can thiep vao cac qua trinh lay quyet dinh va dira ra nhfrng phuong an tot cho nguoi lay quyet dinh.

63

3.4. 1 H~ trQ giup quyet d!nh ma

Muc tieu xay dung cac he tro giup quyet dinh va cac h~ chuyen gia la lam sao chung co kha nang san sinh ra cac phuong an lily quyet dinh hop 1'1 rnroc cac unh hu6ng cu th~ duoc phan anh, cung cap qua cac dfr lieu. Cac dfr lieu phan anh tinh hu6ng va cac thong tin diroc san sinh ra trong cac phuong phap va cac qua trinh lily quyet dinh cua nguoi lily quyet dinh thuong ham chua cac yeu t6 khong chinh xac, khong chac chan va bi~u th] qua cac dii lieu ngon ngii. VI vay cac he rna sc co mien irng dung rong Ion va co vai tro ung dung quan trong, di doi voi sl! phat trien rnanh me cua xii hoi hien dai-rnot x;:t hoi thong tin-tri thirc.

Nhtr cluing ta co th~ earn nhan, cac qua trlnh lily quyet dinh rilt plurc tap, da dang va VI vay cilng co rilt nhieu phirong phap, mo hinh-xay dung cac he tro giup quyet dinh, trong do yeu t6 quan trong nhat la cac phirong phap lily quyet dinh. Diroi day cluing toi trmh bay mot rno hinh kha thong dung M qua do ban d9C hlnh dung phuang phap tro giup quytt dinh. va nhan dien mQt phuang phdp Xlt If thong tin mil.

Giil si'r nguoi lily quyet dinh si'r dung phuong phap chuyen gia, 1.1. Ic:iy Y kien cac chuyen gia, d~ lira chon plurong an quyet dinh (chang han trong viec nen lua chon phirong an x[IY dung nha may 19C dau nhir the nao cho t6i lIU, trong viec sinh vien t6t nghiep nen hra chon lam viec a dau cho phu hop, trong viec hoc sinh nen lira chon nganh hoc the nao (cong tac

tu van huang nghiep), hay lua chon dia diem, vung dau ur, .... ). Cac qua trlnh lay quyet dinh nhir vay co th~ duoc rno hlnh hoa nlur sau.

Giii si'r cluing ta co n. kha nang lua chon (alternatives) AI' A2, ••• ,An' Hay chon kha nang tot nhal trong n kha nang dii cho dua tren y kien cua m chuyen gia Ej, E2, ••• , Em danh gia thco k lieu chuan Cj, C2, ••• , Ck. D~ phu hop voi thuc te, cluing ta gia thiet m6i chuyen gia va moi tieu chuan co mot trong so nao do th~ hien mire dQ tin cay VaG chuyen gia va Him quan trong cua tieu chuan, va y kien danh gia cua cac chuyen gia co th~ diroc bieu th] bang dii lieu ngon ngii (khai niern mo nhu cao, tluip ; trung binh ... ) hay bang so.

Chung ta gioi han cac khai nicrn mo diroc bi~u rhi bang so rna dang a =(aL, aU, a,jJ) va kf hieu y kien cua chuyen gia Ej danh gia mire dQ thoa man cua kha nang hra chon Ai

t ." , . '. h '" C I' -I (LI VI I pi) (01 VC1l tieu c uan 1 a aU = aU ' aU ,aU' ij .

Cluing ta ciing giii si'r rang tam quan trong cua cac tieu chuan cung duoc xac dinh dua

. '. I" 'k'" I A • a kf 1 '. b-I (bLI bVI .1 I) h-' (hi' h"' et ') I' ,

trcn VI~C ay y ien cnuyen gia va 11II,!U ij= U ' U ,oU ,"'U ,= I" ,°1,10'1 a y

kien cua chuyen gia Ej ve tdm quan trong cua tieu chuiin CI' Dua VaG cac phep tinh tren so mo chung ta thiet lap y lien "rrung blnh cong" cua cac chuyen gia bang cac bieu thuc sau:

- Trung bmh cong cac y kien cua cac chuyen gia v~ uim quan trong tieu chuan C1 la:

64

- Trung binh cong cac y kien cua cac chuyen gia v~ mire d¢ thoa man cua kha nang hra chon Ai dai voi tieu chuan C, la:

- Cuoi cung, ket ljldl ket nhap cac y kien cua cac chuyen gia vc d¢ thoa man cua kha nang lua chon Ai thco tal d. de lieu chuan duoc cho boi corig thirc:

trong do M I~l mot hang sci xac dinh.

- V(tn (Ie'sdp xep cae tap mil: Dti chon phuong an tot cluing ta phai so sanh (t.l. co gang sttp xcp chung theo thir nr tuycn tfnh) cac ket qua Wi, i = 1,2, ... , n. Chung la nhirng t~p mao Nhir v~y cluing La can xay dung cac thuat loan sttp xep cac I~p rno (Ranking fuzzy sets). Day cfing la m(JI van de khong de co thuat toan lot va hien nay dai voi bat ky thuat toan sap xep cac tap mo nao bao gia cung c6 nhimg twang hop khong th~ quyet dinh xem l~p nay c6 "Ian han" tap kia khong va nhtrng thuat loan sap xep rnoi van tiep II,lC xuat hien tren cac tap chi.

3.4.2 Cae tocn tli ket nhQp

o trcn cluing la eta thay, d~ ket qua danh gia chung ve cac kh{l nang lua chon deu co phau y kicn cua cac chuyen gia mot each hop ly nguoi ta eta slr dung phep ket nhap (tlch hop) lrung bmh cong co trong so. Vo'i nguyen lac mem deo ella cong ngh~ tinh toan mem trorig I1I()i tnrong me, chung ta lai thay lrong sl! phat lri~n cua ly thuyet tap me, ngiroi la can dua ru nhiCll phuong pluip kct nhap (Aggregation) y kien chuycn gia khac nhau. N6i khac di 111<)1 plnrong phap kel nhap khong thd phu hop cho moi tlnh huang da dang, phtrc tap khac nhau.

MOl each lien de mot ho cac loan ur ket nhap duoc gi{l thiet ph{li thoa mot so dieu kien nao do, Chang han ticn de "binh dang" doi hoi khi cac y kien cua cac chuyen gia la trung nhau thl ket qua ket nhap phai trung vai y kien chung do, Mot Ian nira c~ung la lai co the ihay sir di"Ji hoi vC: linh mem deo: khong lh~ c6 mot he lien de chung duy nha; cho cac toan IL( kel nhap Tien etl'; binh U[lI1g co the phu hop voi nhirng tinh huang nay nhung khong phu hop voi nhirng tlnh huang khac, chang han khong phu hop dai voi mo hinh tro giup quyet dinh co gan trong so cho cac chuyen gia (khong binh dang).

ve true dim chung la co lh6 thay tir thirc lien cuoc song la viec kel nhap, tong hop y kicn clla moi nguoi la mot viec phirc tap. Tren quan ui~m toan hoc, nhirng nhan xet tren th~ hien khong gian cac dir lieu bieu thi cac y kien chuyen gia chi c6 cdu true yeu va do do khong Ih6 dua ra mot dinh nghia toan tir kel nhap duy nhat.

[)lr6i day cluing toi xin trlnh bay mQI ho toan nr ket nhap goi la uni-norm c6 cau true III in kha chat che (XCI11 Y <Iger el aI, FSS VoUW( 1996) [I)

65

E>!nh nghia 12: Toan nr un i-norm R la mot anh X<;I hai ngoi R: [0,1] x [0,1] ~ [0,1] thoa cac tinh chat sau:

a) R(a, b) = R(b, a) - Tfllh chat giao hoan,

b) R(a, b) ~ R(c, d) neu a ~ b va b ~ d - Tinh chat dan dieu,

c) R(a,R(b,c» = R(R(a, b),c) - Tinh chat ket hop.

d) T6n tai mot phan nr don vi e nghia la voi moi a E[ 0,1] ta deu co R(a, e )=a.

Nhir vay toan ti'r uni-norm Wang nr nhtr phep toan t-norm va t-conorrn, trir tinh chat cu6i cling v~ phan tir dan vi. Trong dinh nghia tren, phan nr dan vi co the khac cac gia tri 0 va 1.

E>!nh 19' 8: Gia si'r R la toan nr uni-norm voi dan vi la e. Khi d6

a) Ii = I-R( a, b) , a =I-a cling la toan tir uni-norm vai dan vi la I-e.

b) Rta.b l> a,vaim9ib>e va c e l Oi l ] .

c) Rt a .b l « a,v6im9ib<e va c e I Oj l ].

d) RCal' , an) ~ R(al' , an' an+l)' neu an+l < e.

e) RCa" , an):::; RCaj, an' an+l), neu an+l > e.

f) R(a.O) = 0 voi Va ~ e ; R(a,I) = 1, voi Va ~ e.

Menh d~ sau day chi ra sl! 16n tai toan tir uni-norm:

E>!nh 19' 9:

I) Toan tir R* duoc xac dinh n~u sau:

a) V6i moi a ,b rna max(a.b) ~ eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = min(a.b);

b) V6i rnoi a ,b rna min (a ,b) ~ eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = max(a ,b);

c) V6i moi a ,b rna max(a. b» eva min(a ,b) < eta dinh nghia R.(a.b) = min(a ,b), la toan ti'r un i-norm voi dan vi la e.

II) Toan tir R* duoc xac dinh nhu sau:

a) V6i 11l9i a ,b rna max(a ,b) :::; eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = min(a ,b);

b) V6'i 11l9i a ,b rna min(a ,b)~ eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = max(a ,b);

c) V6'i moi a ,b rna max(a .b ) eva min(a ,b) < eta dinh nghia R.(a ,b) = max(a ,b), la toan tir uni-nonn voi dan vi la e.

Chung ta co menh de sau M dac tnrng them loan Itl ket nhap uni-norm

E>!nh 19' 10:

I) Ncu min(al, ... , an) < e thi R.(al, ... , an) = minic}, ... , an)' trai I ai thl R.(al, ... , an)

= max(aj, ... , an);

2) Neu maxtc ,, ... , an) > e thl R.(al, ... , an) = maxtaj , ... , an)' trai lai rhi R.( aI' .... an) = min(al' ... , an)'

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4 Dieu khi~n me (Fuzzy Control)

4.1 Qua trinh dieu khi~n vOi yeu to mo. khong ch6c ch&n

Ly' thuyct dieu khien da duoc phat trien rat rnanh me va dii tim diroc nhirng Iinh VI!C ling dung rat r(>ng riii trang cong nghiep, trong cac h¢ thong hoa hoc, cac h? khong gian, .... Cac phuong phap dieu khien truyen thong thircng doi hoi nguoi ta phai hieu bier r6 ban chat cua doi tuong can dieu khien thong qua cac rna hinh toan hoc, va trong nhieu ling dung chung thuong la cac phuong trinh toan 19 phirc tap voi bac phi tuyen cao. Ngoai ra cac doi urong dieu khien thuong nam trong moi tnrong co nhiing tac dong gay nhieu va ngiroi ta rat kho xac dinh duoc cac d~c tnmg. Nhiing doi urong phirc tap nhir vay thirong nam ngoai kha nang gi,ti quyer cua cac phuong phap dieu khien truyen thong va trong qua trinh tl! dong hoa nguai ta phai nho vao kha nang xu 19 tlnh huang cua con nguai va phai thiet ke thiet bi suo dung viec dieu khien bang tay. Viec con ngiroi co kha nang dieu khien cac qua trinh nhu vay clurng to rang cac qua trinh do da diroc phan anh va rna phong dung dlln bang rno hlnh nao d6 trong di.iu oc cua nguai dieu hanh. Nhir da trinh bay trong phan rna diiu, cac rnai quan h¢ trong qua trlnh dicu khien nay khong phai diroc bieu thi bang cac rno hlnh toan 19 rna bang 1110 hinh ngon ngii voi cac thong tin khong chinh xac, khong chac chan hay noi khac di , nhiing thong tin rna, co tinh iroc I? hay dinh tinh.

M~IC tieu e6i nguon cua plurong phC1P dieu khien rno chinh la nham vao viec xay dung cac phuoug pluip eo kha nang hat chuoc each thirc con ngiroi dieu khien cac qua trinh voi mo hlnh dinh tinh nhu vay tren co sa phuong phap luan 19 thuyet t~p rna va cong nghe tinh to.in mem. Viec bat chuoc nay co th6 hieu nom na nhu sau:

VI doi nrong dieu khicn la mot h~ phirc tap, co nhirng ban chat chua r6 va khong the bieu thi bang cac mo hinh toan 19 nen nguoi "chuyen gia" dieu hanh he thong chi co the quan sat thong tin vao - ra M phan doan hanh vi cua he thong va tren co sa kinh nghiern do dicu khien h¢ thong. Nhan thirc v6 hanh vi cua h~ nay diroc thau torn duai dang rno hinh me (M), 1.1. mot t~p cac menh d6 if. .. then (cac luat) voi cac dir lieu ngon ngii rno ta rnoi quan h¢ giG'a cac bien vao, cac bien ra. Viec rna phong hanh vi cua h¢ trong thirc te dieu khien cua nguoi dieu hanh bang mot thuat roan tfnh dtroc bang may nnh chinh Ia phuong phap I~p luan 1110 da dieu kicn da trinh bay a tren.

Nhuvay cac phuong phap dicu khien ma deu gtm vai cac phuong phap lap luan rna va cluing eli nhirng dac di6111 sau:

I) No chi dua tren cac thong tin vao-ra quan sat diroc tren cac doi nrong dieu khien, khong doi hoi phai hieu ban chat de rna hinh hoa toan hoc doi nrong nhtr trong 19 thuyet diell truycn thong.

2) Mo hinh dinh tinh dua tren ngon ngii (hay rno hinh diroc bieu thi nho tri tlurc co tinh chuycn gia): Thay vi phai mo hinh hoa bang cac phuong trinh toan 19, plurong phap dicu khicn ma doi hoi phai thu thap diroc tri thirc de' thiet lap mo hinh hoa dinh tinh ve doi urong dieu khien. Tri thirc nay co th6 thu thap tir cac chuyen gia hay tir cac thuat

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toan phan tich.knai thac dir lieu rno: phat hien ra cac luat, t.!. die menh eM if ... then, tir dong dcr lieu quan sat diroc.

3) Giam d9 phirc tap tfnh toan nho rno hinh dinh tfnh, tuy khong c6 duoc tfnh chinh xiic rna rno hinh toan hoe dinh lirong co diroc.

4) Mien trng dl;lng rong Ian da dang.

4.2 Phuong phcp dieu khien rna

Viec nghien CUu lrng dung dieu khi~n mo hien nay duoc phat trie'n rill manh me. o nhieu nl16'c cong nghiep phat trien, nhir Dire, Nhat ... , mot so phong thf ngITi~111 chuyen nghien ciru ung dung phuong phap luan mo trong cac Iinh vue cong nghicp dil duoc thie; lap (nhu phong thf nghiern LIFE (Laboratory of International Fuzzy Engineering (j NIHIl). Tinh hieu qua trong cac irng dung ky thuat va cong nghiep dil hinh thanh ur urong, quan niern the' hien qua cac thuat ngii moi nhu cong nghe Iy thuyet tap mo (fuzzy sets technology), cong nghe logic mo (fuzzy logic technology) va giin day la cong nghe tinh toan mern (soft computing technology). Trong trao II1U nhu vay tal nhien se ra doi nlt nhieu plurong phap khac nhau de giai quyet cac bai toan tlurc te ham chua sl! thong minh, trf tue rna phan Ian cac bai toan nhu vay c6 cau true yeu hoac phuong phap gi~li truyen thong qua pink tap. Trong bai tong qmtn ve cac lurong nghien ctru ung dl;lng cua I)' thuyet t~p I11t)' nay chung Wi chi neu torn ltroc hai phuong phap dieu khien mo kha "kinh dien".

4.2.1 Phuong phap xay dl,fng bQ dieu khi~n mo d\)'a trEm luf,lt (Rule-based fuzzy controlers)

B(> dieu khien rno' dua tren IU~lt liin dau tien diroc Marndani va Assilan phat trien V~lO narn 1975 nham dieu khie'n ur dong ap suat hoi nl10C va toe e1<) cho Turbin phat dien thong qua viec thay d6i che do cung cfip nhiet va van tiet hru. Y urong phuong phap thie] ke ve t6ng quat urong II! nhu dil trinh bay a tren va quan trong la dua vao viec xay dung 1l19t phuong phap I~p luan mo va luong hoa cac khai niem mo cho phu hop.

Dac trung cua plurong phap nay la uip hap cdc Ltuit (tri thl1e) dude xdy dung dua viw tri thtic cua cae chuyen. gia, hay noi hhac di la ttip Ltuit la slj 1176 phong cac tinh huong dtip I1ng cua cac chuyeii gia trong qua trinh thao tdc dieu khie;L

8<;> dicu khicn 1110' ki~u nhu vay oil dtrcc ph.it trie'n V~l irng dung lrong nhieu cong vice khac nhau, trong cong nghiep, trong eMu khicn cac 10 xi rnang v.v ....

Phuong phap xay dung kie'u be? dieu khien nay co uu diem lit dan gian va viec ling dung cling kha ph6 bien. Tuy nhien n6 cling co nhirng bat lai. Thtr nhar. vise xay dung tap hop luat la mot kh6 khan. Cac chuyen gia khong d~ gl phat bieu tri thiic cua ho diroi dang luat mac du ho co kinh nghiem. Thu hai, M9t khi b(J dicu khien dil duoc xay dung thl thuat roan dieu khien dua tren I~p luat d6 la co dinh, khong thay d6i, khong the' thfch nghi thco sl! thay d6i cua qua trlnh dieu khidn. Tlur ba la thea phuong phap thiet ke, bo dieu khicn se cu xir giong nhu ngiroi chuyen gia dieu khien qua trlnh d6, mac du cu sli' nhir vay chua chac dil lit t6i I1U.

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Nhirng thicu s6t nay dan dCIl viec phat trien cac bo dieu khien mo tv to clurc (selforganising-controller). Dac diem ella b(> dieu khicn kieu nay la no se tlf sinh ra luat dieu khicn cua rnlnh.

4.2.2 Phuong phcp xcy dl,lng be? dieu khien ma dl,la tran rno hinh (Model-based fuzzy controller)

Nhir tren da trinh bay y wang chfnh cua phuong phap tren la thuat toan dieu khien rno phong hanh vi cua nguoi dieu hanh. Trai lai, y tuong cua phuong phap nay, nrong nr nhir cac phucng phap truyen thong, la rno hrnh hoa chinh dai nrong hay qua trinh dieu khien bang 1116 hinh 111a tren co sa khao sat rnoi (juan h¢ gii1a dir lieu bien vao va bien ra. M6 hinh h~ dieu khicn co th~ rno.phong trong hinh 7 duoi day. Cach tiep can nhir vay co nhirng lIU diem sau: I) Ve nguyen life viec khao sat hanh vi (SIf dap ung) cua doi nrong dieu khic'n th6ng qua inputs va outputs la d~ dang han so voi viec khao sat su dap irng cua cac chuyen gia (operators); 2) Phuong phap nay cung cap kha nang thiet ke mern cleo, linh hoar hon va cung cap each thtrc bo dieu khien dat duoc muc tieu chir khong chi dan gian la viec dap img lai c.ic input; 3) Van tan dung loi the cua phirong phap I~p luan mao

Nhirng noi dung chinh ella phuong phap la:

-- Xay dung rno hinh rno quan h~ (relational fuzzy model) dua tren quan sat input/output;

- Xay dung thuat toan eho phep bo dieu khien hra chon thao tac dieu hanh cho ket qua tot nhat dira tren ham ton that rno (fuzzy cost function);

- C6 the' sLr dung 1116 hinh ur h9C (self-learning) hay cac rno hinh lai giira rno hmh me va mo hinh toan hoc,

Hinh 7: £lieu khi~n e6 rna hinh rna thea doi.

4.2.3 Phuong phap dieu khien thong minh duo tran tri thuc va logic ma

Trong thirc tien dieu khien cac qua trinh nguoi ta thuong g~p nhirng moi tnrong trong do ngiroi ta khong the thu duoc cac di1 lieu chfnh xac hoac kh6ng the rno ta chinh

xac trang thai, ... trong nhimg tnrong hop nhu vay can phat trien, xay dung cac bo dieu khicn thong rninh nhieu thanh phan dua tren viec ket hop cac ky thuat dieu khien chuyen gia de chon cac giai thuat dieu khien va su dung logic rno M danh gia

Hinh 8: £li~u khi~n rmrc ruroc.

69

hieu nang thuc hien cua giiii thuat. Nghia la nguoi ta se sir dung nhicu giiii thuat cti~u khien khac nhau trong cung mot b9 dieu khien, M9t VI du dan giiin la viec dieu khien mot h¢ hai b6 mroc thong nhau. N6 Iii mot h¢ SISO (single-input - single-output). Tuy nhien day la mot h¢ phtrc tap VI rhtrc nghiern chi ra ding may bam c6 d~c tnrng J(JIlg h9C phi tuyen bac cao litn quan den dien ap dau vao va toc d9 dong chay. Khi dien ap thap may bam khong tao dQ\ ap suat dua mroc vao b~ I, nhirng voi dien ap cao, toc d9 dong khong ph", thuoc V~IO dien a~. V6"i tinh phi tuyen nhu vay ngiroi ta khong th~ ap dung cac bo dieu khicn thong thtrong de dieu khien qua trinh nay rna doi hoi phai irng dung phuong phap dieu khien thfch nghi dl!,t tren co' sa tri thirc. Trang tnrong hop nay ngiroi ta Slr dung bon giiii 111U0t dieu khien t6~g h<;IP khac nhau: h9 dieu khien II! di6u chinh PID, bo di6u khi6n Pf'C

(Pole-pla~cment controler), bo dieu khien GMV (Generalised controlerj.ibo dieu khien GPe (Generalised predictive controler).

Oiu tr4c, cua b9 dieu khien thong minh dUQc trinh bay trong hlnh 9. Trong hinh th~ hien he co chua bon giiii thuat dieu khien rna se diroc Slr d~g theo mot chien hroc dua tren kien thirc (co sa tri thirc) cua chuyen gia.

Mac du phircng phap dira tren cong nghe cac h¢ chuyen gia nhimg n6 c6 nhirng khat bier dang k~ so voi cac he chuyen gia khac, nhu n6

. . .

minimum variance

Hinh 9: B9 dieu khi€n rno thong minh.

doi hoi phai san sinh tin hieu dieu

khien trong thai gian tlnrc (real time), khong din doi hoi su tirong tac voi con nguoi M thuc hien chirc nang dieu khien (he chuyen gia hay he ho tro quyet dinh, mot each nr nhien, din luang tac voi ngiroi ra quyet dinh), bo dieu khien thong minh can ph<li tirong lac rnrc tiep voi qua trlnh hay doi tirong dieu khien va can trang hi cac phuong tien de gan h(> dieu khien vao qua trinh ay.

B9 di~u khien loai nay co nhirng dac diem sau:

- N6 phai c6 kha nang Slr dung nhieu giai thuat di~u khien khac nhau, danh gia duoc chien ltroc dieu khi6n nao co khii nang sinh ra tin hieu dieu khien thich ung nhilt va co kha nang dieu chinh cac thong so cua moi giai thuat de thfch rrng v6"i nhirng doi hoi trong cac tinh huong khac nhau. Viec danh gia nay dira vao ky thuat t~p ma va logic rna voi dii lieu ngon ngii nhir nita, trung binh, lim. ....

- N6 c6 kha nang dang gia va lua chon giiii thuat d~ duy tritrang thai gan toi uu va darn bao d(> tin cay, va ngay ca khi mot vai yeu to cua thiet bi di~u khien bj hong n6 cling c6 the cau hinh lai giai thuat d6 hay chuyen sang bo giai thuat khac thich irng hon.

- N6 c6 mot co sa tri thtrc ve kinh nghiern doi v6i qua trlnh dieu khien cung voi nhirng tri thirc dang luat rna cac giai thuat se siX dung trong qua trlnh dieu khien v.v ....

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Vi du doi voi he hai be nuoc cac luat c6 th~ Ill.:

If Overshoot is Small AND Setting time is Fast, Then Score is Large Positive;

If Overshoot is Small AND Setting time is Slow, Then Score is Medium Positive; If Overshoot is Large AND Setting time is Optimal, Then Score is Small Positive

v.v ....

5 Tinh toan md va tri thirc

Tri tmrc c6 vai tro rilt quan trong trong cac hoat dong "thong rninh" cua con ngiroi, Nhir cluing ta de dang nhan th~y. moi con ngiroi du la nguoi mroc nao deu nr duy bang ngon ngfr va nhir vay tri thirc trong dau cua m6i ngiroi diroc bieu thi qua ngon ngir. Vi ngon ngfr ham chua cac thong tin mo cho nen viec irng dung phtrong phap luan ma trong viec bieu dien, xtt Iy, xay dung cac he tri thirc Ill. nr nhien va nhir vay moi thirc sir di vao giai quyet van M mot each ban chat. Chfnh VI vay cac mo hinh fuzzy diroc stt dung de mo phong, phan anh, gia quyet cac bai roan lien quan den cac khia canh dinh tfnh cua tri thirc. Mot trong nhtrng irng dung cua cong nghe tinh toan mo Ill. bai toan phat hien, khai pha tri thirc.

5.1 Khai ph6 du Ii~u (OM - Data Mining)

Cach day vai nam cluing ta thay r¢ len van M khai thac dCi' lieu (Data Mining (DM)) rna noi dung chu yeu Ill. phat hien thong tin c6 tinh tri tue trong kho tang dCi' lieu. Khai pha dir lieu (DM) [huang di doi voi phat hien tri thirc (Knowledge Discovery (KD)), VI tuy rrurc d¢ "tri tue" cua ket qua khai thac dCi' lieu c6 khac nhau nhirng y luang cua chung c6 chung mot ban chat. VI v~y trong muc nay tuy ch6 nay cho kia c6 sir dung mot trong hai thuat ngti do nhung cluing ta hieu dang noi cling mot van d~ phuong phap luan.

Nhir cluing ta dii thay, ngay sau khi ra dai vai nam, may tinh dien ttt dii duoc irng dung vao linh vue quan Iy, mot Iinh vue hoat dong can c6 thong tin va tri thiic. Trong sl! phat trien cua xii hoi m~! yeu to khoa hoc cong nghe c6 tinh quyet dinh nhu cau nhu v~y tra nen ngay cang to Ion va diin den sl! bung n6 thong tin va nhting nha quan Iy drrng tnroc tinh trang phai d6i mat v6'i tinh trang lut "thong tin". Vi du H~ thong quan sat trai dilt cua NASA trong narn 1999 phai sinh tao ra 50 Gb dfr lieu anh quan sat duoc m6i gio; thi twang Walmart phai thuc hien khoang 20 trieu giao dich dfr lieu moi ngay •....

Chinh VI v~y cac chuyen gia cho rang hien nay cluing ta dang song trong mot X3. hoi rilt giau c6 v~ thong tin nhung ngheo v~ thi thirc. Tinh hinh d6 doi hoi phai nghien ciru ph at tri~n cac phuong phap khai pha, ph at hien ra nhfrng thong tin, tri thirc hiru Ich bi che dau trong "dong" thong tin (dCi' lieu) de phuc vu cho cac cong viec cua cac nha quan Iy, cac chuyen vien, chuyen gia. Chang bao lau nCi'a cluing ta se chirng kien sl! gia tang rnanh me cac irng dung cua bai toan phat hien tri thirc tir dfr lieu.

Muc tieu cua bai toan khai pha dfr lieu la tim ra thong tin, tri thirc (t.l. nhfrng moi quan he hay sl! phu thuoc giCi'a cac dai hrong (cac bienj) trong kho tang dii li~u(ve mot Iinh vl!c

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-__,,---

nao do). Suy cho cung tri thuc pluin sinh: moi quan he giiia cdc dai luang rna quaii h~ la cau true cua sz.t udt, hien. tuang,

Bai toan co sa cua van M khai pha dtr lieu rno co th~ hinh thuc hoa nhir sau:

Cho m.(lt bang dfr lieu voi cot chi cac thuoc tfnh (attribute) va moi hang Iii mot bo dOkien. Bang du lieu nay se phan anh nhfrng cai gl do, hay noi each khac no ham chira nhirng moi quan he ban chat nao day (tri thirc) rna ta can phai tlm, phat hien ra. Chang han T Iii bang dfr lieu v~ thai tiet voi cac thuoc tfnh v~ ap suat khf quyen, nhiet do, d¢ am, lOC d<) gio trung binh, cirong d<) birc x a mat troi, , ...

M6i tri thirc se diroc phat hien tren mot goc nhln nao do, ta goi la khung canh (context). a day se la khung canh rna hay khung canh ngon ngfr. Khung canh se duoc kf hieu la C. Vf du phat hien tri thirc trong bang dfr lieu voi khung canh diroc xac dinh boi ap suat = small & nhiet d¢ = medium.

Khi do Qili toan khai pha tri thuc diroe phat bieu nhu sau:

Hay tim cdu true Strang bang T udi khung cdnli C trong d6 C se duac bi~u thi bang tdp rna, vi du. dp sudt = small se duac bi~u thi bring rruit tap me! r. nlidt dinh trong khOng gian tham chieu chl s{/ do tip sudt khi quyin.

Truong hop khung canh duoc xac dinh boi uhieu bien, bai toan co th6 phat bi6u nhir

sau:

Hay tim cdu true S eua T udi khung cang C duoc xcc dU:Ve dinh. bdi I rip suiit = small AND nhiet d9 = medium}.

Ta thay ngay la rno hinh rna (khai niern me hay ngon ngfr) rat di szt dung, ra~t tz.t nhien, co dong va true cam, Ly thuyet t~p rna thiet lap cho cluing ta nhfrng (clur khong phai la mot) co che tfnh toan d~ giai bai roan nay.

Co th~ hinh dung bai roan co ban nay nlur la mot cai "19c" (filtering): dfr lieu qua cai 19C nay se eho ket qua la cac dif lieu thoa man nhfrng dieu nao do. Dieu c.in nhan manh, day la nhtrng dieu kien mao

Vi du hay xcm xct dong dfr lieu M cap den sir trong lanh cua khong khf vung New York. Dtr lieu diroc thu thap tren co sa 4 thuoc tfnh:

Xl - mire d(> ozone, X2 - birc xa mat troi,

X3 - toc d(> trung binh cua gio,

X4 - nhiet d(> eao nhat trong ngay.

Loc duoc cho bci khung canh diroc xac djnh boi bien X3 vCii ham thuoc dang ham Gaussian nhu sau: C == I C(u) = exp(-(-u-7,5)*(u-7,5)/4)}. Dfr lieu qua loc nay diroc bieu th] trong htnh 10:

72

87,5 - !4t

75.0 - '1:':' Ie

. ~ ...

62,5- ~.

e:'. •

100,0

100,0

87,5

75,0

50,0

I 50,0

I 150,0

• • • •

•

•

•

So Ii~u chua xU Iy

I 100,0

o • 0 •

o

o

62,5

So Ii~u sou khi XU Iy '"IQc"

•

50,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

Hinh 10: L9C rno dLt li$u.

5.2 Bci toan ket bo rna (Fuzzy Clustering)

200,0

200,0

Bai toan ket b6 cac phan ttt trong mot t~p hop cho tnroc c6 y nrong gi6ng nhu viec phan chia cac phan nr thanh mot s6 nh6m xac dinh nhung phai dam baa cac phan ttt trong cling mot nhorn co "d9 wang tlf nhau" t6t nhat. M9t each hinh thirc hoa no co the diroc phat bieu nhu sau:

73

Cho mot tap cac phan nr Xl, ... , XN trong khong gian n chieu Rn. Chung ta muon ke't cac phan tlr thanh m b6. Luu y ding, khac voi viec 'ke't b6 kinh dien, trong ket b6 mo, rnoi ph an nr d~u diroc ket bo voi bat ky mot bo nao nhung dr) lien ket udi tung b6 hluic nhau.

G9i z, la ph Un nr rnau ella bo thir i, i = 1, ... s m, G9i Pia ho cac ma tran phan hoach co mxN diroc dinh nghia nhir sau:

m m

P= ell = (Pik):pik E [0,1], L.Pik =1, "ilk va 0 < L.Pik <Nvai "iI z ].

i=l

i=l

Hay k6t bo sao eho n6 lam toi tieu ham Q va ta eo bai toan toi l1U sau:

voi dieu kien rang buoc la J.1 E P.

De nhan dang r5 hem rnoi quan h~ ella dfr lieu trong VI du tren, ta chi ti_lp trung vao cac phan tlr mau diroc xac dinh qua Slr dung thuat toan ket b6 cung cac ky thuat rna khac va ta thu diroc d6 thi nhir a hlnh II:

100,0

Hinh 11: Minh hoa bai toan ket b6 mo.

•

•

87,5

•

75,0

62,5

50,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

6 Danh rnuc cac tai li~u dan

De ban doc thay duoc sl! phat trien ella cac hirong nghien ciru va de tien thea doi Iinh vue rninh quan tam chiing toi liet ke mot so hrong kha Ian cac tai lieu va sap xep thea cac vue khoa hoc,

6.1 Giai tich

[1] M. Friedman, M. Ming, A. Kandel: On the validity of the Peano theorem for fuzzy differential equations, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 86 N. 3,(1997)

74

[2] J.Y.Park, H.K. Han, J.U. Jeong: Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of fuzzy differential equations, Fuzzy Sets and Systems. Vol. 91 N.3 (1997).

[3] F.M. Ali: A differential equation approach to fuzzy non-linear programming problem, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.93 N.1 (1998).

[4] J.J. Buckley and T. Feuring: Fuzzy differential equations, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.11 0 N.1 (2000).

6.2 Tapa

[1] A.S. Mashhour, M. H. Ghanim, A.N. EL· Wakeil and N.N.Morsi: The productivity classes of fuzzy topologies, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.S3 N.2 (1993).

[2] K.C Chattopadhyay and S.K. Samanta: Fuzzy topology: Fuzzy closure operator, fuzzy compactness and fuzzy compactness, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.54 N.2(1993).

[3] Mingsheng Ying: Compactness in fuzzifying topology, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoIS.S N.1(1993).

[4] Mingsheng Ying: A new approach for fuzzy topology (III), Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vol.55 N.2(1993).

[5] R. Srivastava: On separation axioms in a newly defined fuzzy topology, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.62 N.3(1994).

[6] P.Das: Fuzzy topology on fuzzy sets: Product fuzzy topology and fuzzy topological groups, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 100 N.1-3(1998).

[7] D. Adnadjevic: Mappings and covering properties of topological groupoids, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 101 N.3(1999).

[8] W. Gahler, A.S. Abd- Allah and A. Kandil: On extended fuzzy topologies, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 109 N.2(2000).

[9] V. Gregori and A. Vidal: Gradations of openness and Chang fuzzy topologies, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 1 09 N.2(2000).

6.3 Boi toon quy h09Ch

[1] Herrera, J.L. Verde gay and H· J. Zimmermann: Boolean programming problems with fuzzy constraints, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.55 N.3(1993).

[2] H. Kuwano: On the fuzzy multi- objective linear programming problems: goal programming approach, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.82 N.1(1996).

[3] S. Chanas, D. Kuchta: Fuzzy integer transportation problem, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.98, N.3(1998).

[4] D. Wang: An inexact approach for linear programming problems with fuzzy objective and resources. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.89, N.1 (1997).

[5] Y. Nakahara: User oriented ranking criteria and its application topological fuzzy mathematical programming problems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.94, N.3(1998).

[6] M.A.E. Kassem: A study of fuzzy parametric on multiobjective nonlinear programming problems without differentiability, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.98, N.1 (1998).

[7] S.M. Guu, Y.K. Wu: Two-phase approach for solving the fuzzy linear programming problems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.107, N,2(1999).

6.4 Ly lu~m rna va trQ giup quyet dinh

[1] Fuzzy Sets and Applications: The selected papers by L. A. Zadeh (Wiley, New York, 1987), Eds:

R. R. Yager, S. Ovchinnikov, R. M. Tong and H. T. Nguyen

[2] L. A. Zadeh: A theory of approximate reasoning, Inform. Sci. 8(1975)367-411.

[3] L. A. Zadeh: The concept of linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning (I), Inform. Sci. 8( 1975) 199-249.

[4] L.A. Zadeh: The concept of linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning (II), Inform. Sci. 8(1975) 310 -357.

[5] E. Eslami, J.J. Buckley: Inverse approximate reasoning, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vo1.87, N.2(1997).

75

[6) T. Yamashita: On a support system for human decision making by the combination of fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy structural modelling, Fuzzy Sets and Systems Vo1.87, N.3(1997).

[7] J.L. Castro, E. Trillas, J.M. Zurita: Non-monotonic fuzzy reasoning, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoJ.94, N.2(1998)

[8] Y. Shi, M. Mizumoto: A note on reasoning conditions of Koczy's interpolative reasoning method (Short Communication), Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoJ.96,N.3(1998).

6.5 Defuzzification

[1] S. Mabuchi: A proposal for a defuzzification strategy by the concept of sensitivity analysis, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.55,N.1 (1993).

[2] R.R. Yager and O. Filev: On the issue of defuzzification and selection based on a fuzzy set, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.55,N.3(1993).

[3] R.R. Yager: Knowledge- based defuzzification, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.80,N.2(1996). [4] l.Rondeau, R. Ruelas, L. Levrat, M. Lamotte: A defuzzification method respecting the fuzzification, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.86,N.3(1997).

6.6 LQp IUQn d",a tren dQi so gia til

[1] N. Cat Ho: Fuzziness in structure of linguistic truth values: A foundation for development of fuzzy reasoning, Proc. of ISMVL 087, Boston, USA (IEEE Computer Society Press, New York), 1987, 326 - 335.

[2] N. Cat Ho: A method in linguistic reasoning on a knowledge base representing by sentences with linguistic belief degree, Fundamenta Informaticae Vol. 28 (3,4) (1996), 247-259 (also appeared at Linguistic-valued logic and a deductive method in linguistic reasoning, Proc. of the Fifth IFSAo 93, Seoul, Korea, July 4-9, 1993).

[3] N. Cat Ho, H.V. Nam, T.O. Khang, N.H. Chau: Hedge algebras, linguistic-valued logic and their application to fuzzy reasoning, Inter. J. of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Syst., Vo1.7, No.4(1999) 347-361 .

. [4] N. Cat Ho & H. Van Nam: A refinement structure of hedge algebras, Proc. of the NCST of Vietnam 9 (1) (1997),15-28.

[5] N. Cat Ho & H. Van Nam: A theory of refinement structure of hedge algebras and its application to fuzzy logic, in: D. Niwinski & M. Zawadowski, Eds., Logic, Algebra and Computer Science, Banach Centre Publications (PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers), 1999,63-91.

[6] N. Cat Ho & W. Wechler: Hedge algebras: An algebraic approach to structure of sets of linguistic truth values, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 35 (1990), 281-293.

[7] N. Cat Ho & W. Wechler: Extended hedge algebras and their application to fuzzy logic, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 52 (1992), 259 - 281.

6.7 Decision Making

[1] L.-M. Jia and XX.-D. Zhang: Distributed intelligent railway traffic control Based on fuzzy decision making, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.62,N.3(1994).

[2] F. Herrera, E. Herrera- Viedma and J.L. Verdegay: A model of consensus in group decision making under linguistic assessments, Fuzzy Sets and Systems VoI.78,N.1(1996).

[3] Ch. Carlsson and R. Fuller: Fuzzy multiple criteria for decision making: Recent development, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 78,N.2(1996).

[4] F. Herrera, E. Herrera- Viedma and J.L. Verdegay: Direct approach processes in group decision making using linguistic OWA operator Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.79,N.2(1996).

[5] S. Bodjanova: Approximation of fuzzy concepts in decision making, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.85,N.1 (1997).

[6) K. Meier: Methods for decision making with cardinal numbers and additive aggregation, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.88,N.2(1997).

[7) F. Herrera, E. Herrera Viedma, J.L. Verdegay: Choice processes for non-homogeneous group decision making in linguistic setting, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 94,N.3(1998).

[8] K.K.Dompere: Cost-benefit analysis, benefit accounting and fuzzy decisions (II). A hypothetical application topological mental illness, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 1 00, N.1-3( 1998).

76

6.8 Dieu khh~n ma

[1) V. Novak: Fuzzy control from the logical point of view, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol.66,N.2(1994). [2) W. Z. Qiao and M. Mizumoto: PID type fuzzy controller and parameters adaptive method, Fuzzy

Sets and Systems, VoI.78,N.1(1996).

[3) B.E. Postlethwaite: Building a model- based fuzzy controller, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.l79,N.1 (1996).

[4) Misir, H. A. Malki and G. Chen: Design and analysis of a fuzzy proportional-integral- derivative controller, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, VoI.79,N.3(1996).

[5) Tong Shaocheng, chai Tianyou, Zhang Huaguang: Notes on multivariable fuzzy controller under Goedel implication, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.88, N.2(1997).

[6) C.C. Fuh, P.C. Tung: Robust stability analysis of fuzzy control systems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.88, N.2(1997).

[7) F. Herrera, M.Lozano, J.L.Verdegay: A learning process for fuzzy control rules using genetic algorithms, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 1 00, N.1-3(1998).

[8) C. Li and R. Priemer: Fuzzy control of unknown multiple-input-multiple-output plants, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 1 04, N.2(1999).

[9) M.R. Emani, I.B. Turksen, A.A. Goldenberg: A unified parameterized formulation of reasoning in fuzzy modeling and control, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 1 08, N.1(1999).

6.9 Ly thuyet t¢lp hop

[1) E.Tresch: On the convergence of product- sum series of L- R fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.53, N.2(1993).

[2) X. Xiaoping, H. Minghu and W. Congxin: On the extension of the fuzzy number measure in Banach spaces: Part I. Representation of fuzzy number measure, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.78, N.3(1996).

[3) D.P. Filev, R.R. Yager: Operations of fuzzy numbers via fuzzy reasoning, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.91, N.2(1997).

[4) K.I. Zhang, K. Hirota: On fuzzy number lattice (R1 <;,)Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.92, N.1(1997). [5) M. Delgado, M.A. Vila, W. Voxman: On a canonical representation of fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.93, N.1(1998).

[6) W.Voxman: Some remarks on distances between fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.100, N.1-3(1998).

[7) D. Dubois and H. Prade: Semantics of quotient operators in fuzzy relations databases, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vo1.78, N.1(1996).

[8) F. Tamaki, A. Kanagawa, H. Ohta: Identification of membership functions based on fuzzy observation data, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 93, N.3(1998).

77

3

LOGICMd vAcAc UNGDl}NG

? ,

DAD~G CUANO

Bui Cong Cuang Vien Toan. hoc Ha ruii

T6m tllt

Bai t6ng quan nay gam 2 phan. Phan I sc trlnh bay mot s6 hien. thicc co ban cua logic rna - mot htrong hien dai, da va dang diroc khan tnrang nghicn ciru trong mroc cling nhu tren the gioi va thuc li6n da tim duoc rflt nhieu irng dung trong nhieu linh vue khac nhau: S~lfI xuat cong nghiep, cong nghe tin hoc, nghien ciru va du ban kinh Ie, quan Iy moi tnrong, xa h(>i hoc, y hoc, to an hoc, ....

Phtin 2 cua bai baa t~p trung vao gi6i thieu nhanh mot so lrng dung quan trong nhal Clla cong nghe mo trong cac Iinh vue: dicu khien me, h¢ chuycn gia mo, nhan dang mo, h¢ ho tro quyet dinh va bai toan lay quyet dinh.

Vaoddu

Bal ky mot ngiroi nao co il nhieu lri thirc deu hi0u rang ngay lrong nhirng suy lU(111 dai thirong cling nhtr trong cac suy luan khoa h9C chat che.hay khi tlien khai irng dung, logic loan hoc c6 didn va nhicu dinh ly loan hoc quan trong thu dunc qua nhli'ng l~p IU;ln bang logic c6 di0n da dong vai Ira nil quun trong,

Nhirng dang rice, chiec ao logic loan h9C e6 di~n da qui: chat hcp d6i voi nhfrng ai mong muon tim kiem nhirng co sa vtrng chac cho nhfrng suy luan phu hop hen voi nhiing bai toan nay sinh tir cong viec nghien ciru va thier kc nhirng h¢ thong phirc l~IP, dac bi¢l la nhiing co gang dua nhirng suy IU~lII giong nhir each can nguoi V[UI thuong Slr dung V~IO c.ic Iiuh vue trf lU¢ nhan l~IO (chang han, nhir lrong cal' h¢ chuyen gia, de he h() tro quyet dinh, ... ) hay V~IO trong cong vice elicu khi0n V~l van hanh de h¢ thong 1611, pluic tap sao cho kip thoi va hieu qua.

Mot each ticp can moi eta mung lai nhicu ket qwi tlurc ticn V~l co nhicu In,5n VOI,g licp tuc ph at trien manh me. Do EI each tiep can ella Ii thuyet uip 111(1 (Fuzzy SCl Theory), bal dau v{ji cong trinh cua L Zadeh, llJ65 [I [. Trong su ph at tridn da dang cua ly thuyct t~p mi'j V~l Cal' h¢ mo. logic mit ( Fuzzy Logic) gin mot vai tro co ban Trong b~li long quan gon nll)' chung toi sc trinh h~IY 111(>t so kicn tlurc co ban ella logic 1110 thong qua vice gi(1i thicu c.ic

. phep roan chu chot, van de I,lp IU~lIl x£IP xi (l(lp luan 1110 ) ella logic rno bnng con dirong Lltl hien dai va tnrc quan va mot Sll irng dung cua no.

Phan I bai viet se lap trung vao nhirng phep toan co ban va biroc Miu l1i V~1O I~p luau x[ip xi voi phep suy dien mo. Mol viii tinh [min trong phan cuoi nham minh hoa cho dieu khtlllg

78

dinh cua nguoi viet Iii logic rna tuy con d~ ngo nhieu bai toan, song nhfrng buoc irng dung ban cHlu vao cac biii toan don gian khong phai Iii qua kho khan.

Kha nang ung dung r{it da dang cua logic rna se tim thay trong phan II cua bai viet va trong cac tiii lieu tim thay trong phan tai lieu trich dan (phan Ian Iii nhfrng tai lieu co th~ tim duoc ngay trong ruroc).

1 Kien thuc co ban ve logic rno

1.1 6n nhanh ve logic rn~nh de co dien

Ta se ki hieu P Iii tap hop cac menh d~ vii P, PI' Q, Ql' ... Iii nhirng rnenh d~. Voi rnoi menh PEP, ta gan mot tri v(P) Iii gia tri chan Iy (truth value) cua menh de. Logic c6 di~n d~ nghi v(P)=1, neu P Iii dung (T-true ), v(P)=O, neu P Iii sai (F-false ).

Tren P cluing ta xac dinh truce tien 3 phep toan co' ban vii nit true quan:

Phep tuycn P 6R Q, ki hieu P v Q , do Iii menh d6 "hoac P hoac Q", Phep hoi P AND Q, ki hieu P 1\ Q, do Iii mcnh d~ "vira P vira Q", Phep phu dinh NOT p, k i hieu lP, do Iii rnenh de" khong P ''.

Dua vao 3 phep toan logic co' ban nay ngirci ta da dinh nghia nhieu phep toan khac, nhung doi voi cluing ta quan trong nhat la phep keo theo (implication), se ki hieu Iii P => Q.

Slr dung nhirng diuh ughia trcn, trong logic c6 dien, cac luat suy dien quan trong sau day gifr vai tro rat quyet dinh trong cac lap luan truyen thong. Do Iii cac luat

a) modus poncns:

b) modus tollcns:

c) syllogism:

d) contraposition:

(PI\(P => Q» => Q

«P => Q) 1\ 1 Q) => 1 p

«P => Q) 1\ (Q => R » => (P => R) (P => Q) => (1 Q => 1 P).

Ta hiiy lay IU~lt modus ponens lam vi du. Luat nay co th~ giili thfch nhu sau: "Neu rnenh d~ P Iii dung vii neu dinh Iy "P keo theo Q " dung, th] menh d~ Q cling dung".

1.2 Logic rna

1973 L.Zadeh trong tai li¢u 141 da dua vao khai niem "bien ng6n ngii " vii buoc elflll ung dung vao suy dicn mo - phan co' ban cua logic mo. Day Iii biroc khoi dau rfit quan trong cho cong vice unh toan cac suy di~n chu chat trong cac h¢ mo.

De co the tien hanh ruo hinh hoa cac h¢ thong vii bieu dien cac quy luut van hanh trong cac h¢ thong nay, tnroc iien chiing ta can tai suy rong cac phcp toan logic Co' ban (logic connectives) voi cac menh d~ co gia tri chan Iy v(P) trong dO,:1I1 [0,1] (thay cho quy dinh v(P) chi nhan gia tri I hoac 0 nhu tnroc day).

79

Chung ta sc dua VaG cac phep roan co ban cua logic me qua con dLriJ'ng tien dl' hoa. NhLI vay co Ie tLI nhien V~l phiin n210 lura IWIl se co tinh cong nghc hon.

Cho cac menh d6 P, Q. PI' ... , gia tri chan 19 v(P), v(Q), v(PI), ... se nhan trong dO~lI1 [0,1[. Sau day chung ta di ngay vao cac phep roan co ban nhat.

1.2.1 Phep phu dinh

Phu dinh (negation) la mot trong nhfrng phep toan logic CO' ban. D~ suy rong chung ta din toi loan ur v(NOT P) X{IC dinh gi{l lr, chan 19 cua NOT P doi vci moi menh M NOT P.

Ta sc xet toi mot so tien d0 dien dat nhfrng tinh chat quen biet nhat vlll1 dung trong logic c6 dien:

a) v(NOT P) chi phu thuoc vao v(P).

b) Neu u(P) = 1, th] u(NOT P) = O.

c) Neu u(P) = 0, thl v(NOT P) = 1.

d) Neu u(PI):S; v(P2), thl v(NOT PI) 2: u(NOT Pz).

Bay gia chung ta cho dang roan hoc cua nhirng loan tir nay.

£>inh nghia 1: Ham n:[O,I].....;[O.I] kh6ng tang thoa man cac dicu kien n(O)=l, n(1)=O, goi la ham phil dinli (negation - hay la phep phu dinh).

Chung ta co lh~ XCl them vai lien lt0 khac:

e) Neu v(PI) < v(P2), tht u(NOT PI) > v(NOT P2).

f) v(NOT P) phu thuoc lien tuc V~IO u(P).

g) v(NOT(NOT P» =:: v(P).

£>inh nghia 2: I) Ham phu dinh n la cluit (strict) neu no la ham lien tuc va giam chat. 2) Ham phu dinh n la manh. (strong) neu no giam chat va thoa man: n(n(x)) =: x vai moi x.

- Ham phu dinh chuan n (x) = I-x (vi du trong dinh nghia cua Zadch [II).

- mlmphudinhn(x)=1-x2

- Phu dinh true dun (Yage, J 9XO) n (x)= 1, neu x =O va n (x)=O ncu x>O.

- Eo phu dinh (Suucno, 1977) N) (x)= ~, v{yi A >-1.

• • v •. l+kc

£>inh Iy bj~u dilln.

XCIll trong 125[.

80

1.2.3 M9t ccch dlnh nghia phon bu cue m9t tQP ma

Cho 0 la kh6ng gian nin, mot t¢p ma A tren 0 nrong ling voi mot ham thuc nhan gia tr] trong doan [0.1] :

A: 0 ~ [0, 1], la ham thuoc (membership function).

Ngiroi ta cling dung kf hicu ham thuoc f.LA: n~[o, 1].

Chung ta kf hieu

o day

A (a)=f.LA (a) E [0, 1].

Iii af! thuoc (membership degree) cua phan Itt x vao tap rna A. Kf hieu JJA(a) hay duqc dung han trong cac lai lieu ve rna. Song VI thuan loi cluing la se dungA(a).

flinh nghia 3: Cho n la ham phu dinh, pluin. bit AC cua t~p rna Ala m91 I~p rna voi ham IhUl?C dtroc xac dinh bci A C(a )=n (A (a», voi moi a E O.

1.2.4 Phep h9i

Phep hoi (van qucn goi Iii phcp AND - conjunction) la m91 trong may phep loan logic co ban nhat. No cling la co sa M dinh nghia phep giao cua hai l~p rna. Chung ta can xem xet cac ricn de sau:

a) v(p, AND P2) chi phu thuoc vao V(PI), v(Pz).

b) Neu v(PI)=l, thl V(PI AND P2) = v(P2), vai rnoi menh de P2.

c) Giuo hoan: v(P, AND P2) = v(Pz AND PI)'

d) Neu v(P,) s v(P~) thl v(P, AND P:J) ~ v(Pz AND P3), voi rnoi rnenh de P3.

e) Ket hop: v(Pl AND (P2 AND P3» = v«PI AND P2) AND P3).

Neu dien dat phep ht;i ma (fuzzy conjunction) nhu m91 ham T:[0,1]2~[0,1] thl cluing la co the" can loi cac ham sau:

fl!nh nghia 4: I·Um T: r o. 1]2 ~[o, 1] la mot t-cluuin (chuii'n tam gitic hay t-norm) khi va

ch i kh i thoa rnan cue dicu k icn sau:

a) T(1, x) = x , V(Ji rnoi 0 ~ x ~ I,

b) T co unh giao hoan, nrc la T(x,y) = T(y,x), vai moi 0 ~ x ,y ~ I ,

c) T khong giam theo nghia T(x ,y) :S Ttu , v), voi rnoi x :S u ,y :S v,

d) T co tinh ket hop: T(x, T(y .z ) = T(T(x ,y) ,z) voi moi 0 ~ x ,y ,z:S 1.

Tir nhirng lien de tren cluing ta suy ra ngay T(O,x). Han nira tien de d) dam bao tfnh thac Iri61l duy uhat cho ham nhieu bien.

fljnh Iy bi;;u di~n: XCIll trong 1251.

81

Mot vai lap t-chuan khac cung mot so tinh chat cac ban co th~ 11m thay trong bai bao cua Klement 161va E. Walker 123, trang 306-3141.

1.2.5 f>inh nghio t6ng quat phep gloo cue hal t¢p mo.

Cho hai t~p rna A ,B tren cung khong gian n~n 0 voi ham thuoc A (a) ,B (a). Cho T la mot t-chuan.

f)inh nghia 5: Ung voi t-chuan T, t¢p giao (tong quat) cua hai tap rna A,B la mot tap rna (AnrB) tren 0 voi ham thuoc cho bci:

(AnrB)(a)= T(A(a),B(a», voi moi a EO.

Viec lua chon phep giao nao, nrc I~l chon t-chuan T nao M lam viec va tinh toan hoan to an phu thuoc van tung bai loan cu the rna ban dang quan tarn.

Vi d-..: Hamacher 197H d~ nghi dung

(A B)() A(a)B(b) () e,» -. r.

nr a = [ l' p ~ ,VOl rnoi a Eu.

p + (1- p) A(a) + B(b) - A(a)B(a) .

con Yager, 19HO xet phep giao hai tap me A ,B voi ham thuoc cho boi

(AnrB)(a)=I-min{1,«1-A(a»P+(1-B(a))P)1Ip l,p~1, voi moi c el Oi I l.

Cung thai, Dubois va Prade cling d~ nghi mot ho toan tir phu thuoc tham so t, do la phep giao (AnrB) voi ham thuoc

(AnrB)(a)= A(a)B(a) .voi O~t~1,vam<;>iaE[O,1].

max{A(a),B(a),t}

1.2.6 Phep tuyen

Giong nhir phep hoi, phep tuyen hay toan tiI logic OR (disjunction) thong thuong dn thoa man cac tien d~ sau:

a) v(PIOR ?2) chi phu thuoc vao v(PI), v(P2)·

b) NC'u v(P1)=O, thl v(Pl ORPz) = v(P2), voi rnoi rnenh M Pz.

c) Giao hoan: v(PI OR P2) = v(P2 OR PI)'

d) Neu V(PI) s v(P2) thl v(PI OR P3) s v(P2 OR E!3), voi moi menh d~ P3·

e) ket hop: v(PI OR (P2 ORP3» = v«PI ORP2) ORP3).

Khi ay chung ta co the nghi toi cac pneptuyen diroc dinh nghia bang con dirong tien d~ . nhu sau:

f)inh nghia 6: Ham S : 1 0,112 ~ 10, II goi la phep tuyin (OR suy rong) hay la t-doi chuiin (t-conorm) neu thoa man cac tien de sau:

a) S(O,x) = x voi moi x E 10, II ,

82

b) S co tinh giao hoan:

c) S khong giam:

d) S co tinh kel hop:

S(x,y) = S(y,x) vai rnoi 0 ~x,y) ~ I ,

S(x,y) ~ S(u,v) voi moi 0 ~x ~ u ~ 1 va 0 ~y ~ v ~ I S(x,S(y,z» = S(S(x,y),z) voi rnoi 0 ~x,y,z~1

D!nh Iy 7: Cho n la phep phu dinh rnanh, T la mot t-chuan, khi ily ham S xac dinh tren 10,112 bang bieu thtrc

S(x ,y) =n T(nx ,ny) Iu mot i -doi chuan.

voi 1119i 0 ~ x,y ~ I,

Chung minh: XCIll 1251.

Khong kho khan nhan thay rang, voi t-doi chuan S (x ,y) bat ky thuc hien bat dahg tlurc

max(x ,y)~ S (x ,y)~ Z' (x ,y).

Djnh Iy bi~u dilln: Xem Irong 1251 va E. Walker 123, trang 306-3141.

Dinh Iy 8: Cho S la t-doi chuan. Khi ily:

a) S goi la lien rue neu do iiI ham lien rue tren mien xacdinh.

b) S I~I Archimcd nell S(x,x» x, vci Illoi O<x<l.

e) 'S uoi la chat neu S lu ham tanc tai Illoi diem (x y) E(O 1)2.

b.. 0 . "

1.2.7 D!nh nghia tong quat phep hQp cua hai tQP ma

Djnh nghia 9: Cho n la khong gian nen. A ,B la hai t~p mo tren n voi ham thuoc A(a),B(a). S la t-d6i chuan, Phep hop (AusB) tren n cua hai t~p mo la Ill(>t t~p mC1 vai ham rhuoc:

(A usB) (a)= S(A (a) ,B(a», vai moi a En.

Vice hra chon phep hop nao, tire la chon t-d6i chuan S nao M xac dinh ham thuoc luang ung phu thuoc vao bili loan dang nghien ciru. Sau day Iii may vi du:

- Hamacher, 197X , dii cho ho phep hop hai t~p rna vai ham thuoc theo tham so q:

(A B) ( ) (q -l)A(a)B(a) + A(a) + B(a) 1 . '" r.

U" a = ,q ~ - , val a EH.

. 1 + qA(a)B(a)

- COli ho phep hop (AusB) luang irng cua Yager eho bbi ham ihuoc voi tham SQ q:

(AusB)(a)= min {I, (A(af + B(af ) lip I, voi p ~ 1, voi a En.

- Tuong nr, ho phep hop do Dubois va Prade de nghi voi cac ham thuoc voi tharn so t,

c6 dung:

(A B)( )- A(a)+ B(a)- A(a)B(a)-min\A(a),B(a), (1-t)} " [0 1] r.

Us a - { 1 .vor z e , ,aE~~.

• max (1- A(a»,(l- B(a», t:

83

1.2.8 MQt s6 quy tac v6i phep hQi va phep tuyen

Nhieu ban doc trong nghien ctru hay chirng minh thirong quen dung nhieu quy UtC suy -luan (hay dan gian han la Sll' dung mot so unh chat gan nhu hien nhien), song thy"; ra nhung quy t:k do co duoc la do chung ta xay phan loan hoc truce day trcn 19 thuyct t,~p hop c6 dien va logic c6 dien. Chuyen sang 19 thuyet tap rna va suy luan voi logic ma cluing ta can than trong v6i nhfrng thoi quen cii nay.

Vi du trong 19 thuyet t~p hop, voi bat ky tap r6 Ac nIh] AnAC= 0, AuAC= n ,

nhung sang t~p rna thl hai tlnh chat quen dung do khong con dung nira,

Sau day chung ta dirng lai voi may quy tac quen biet cua hai phep toan hoi va phep tuyen.

Cho T la mot t-chuan , S la t-d6i chuan.

Tinh luy d6ng

£)inh nghia 10: Chung ta noi T la luy d:lng (idempotency) neu T(x,x) =x, voi moi x E [0, 1 ], Slit luy diing neu S(x,x)=x, voi moi xE[O, 1].

M9nh de 11: T la luy dang khi va chi khi T(x ,y)=min(x ,y), voi x,y E [0,1], S 11JluydangkhivllchikhiS(x,y)=max(x,y),vai x,y ErO.1].

Tinh hap thl,l

ejnh nghia 12: C6 hai dang dinh nghia hap thy (absorption) suy rong tir 19 thuyet t~p hop:

a) T(S(x,y),x)= x vai rnoi x,y E[O,l]. (I)

b) S(T(x,y),x)= x voi moi x,y E[O,l]. (2)

M9nh de 13: Dang thtrc (I) ihuc hien khi va chi khi T(x,y)=min(x,y), \:j x,y E [0, 1].

Drlllg thirc (2) thirc hien khi va chi khi S (x,y )=max(x ,y), \:j x ,y E [0.11.

Tinh phon phoi

ejnh nghia 14: Co hai bieu Ihuc xac djnh tinh phan phoi (distributiviiy):

a) S(x,T(y,z»=T(S(x,y),S(x,z», voi moi x,y,z E[0,1].

b) T(x,S(y,z»=:S(T(x,y),T(x,z», voi rnoi x,y,z E[O,l].

(3) (4)

M9nh de 15: Dang thuc (3) thuc hi~n khi va chi khi T(x,y)=min(x,y), \:j x,y EtO,l].

Dang thirc (4) tlurc hien khi va chi khi sex ,y )=max(x ,y), \:j x ,y E [0,1].

Nhu vay nhieu tlnh chal quen biet hay dung chi luon luon dung voi hai phcp loan min va max.

84

1.2.9 lu¢t De Morgan

Trong Iy thuyet tap hop IU~l De Morgan n6i tieng sau d'fty diroc sii dung nhieu uoi: Cho A.B la hai tap con cua n, khi do

(AvB)C =AcnBc

va (AnB)c =A Cu Be

Co nhieu dang suy rang hai dang tlurc nay. SaL! day mot dang suy rong cho logic mao

Djnh nghi"a 16: Cho T la t-chuan, S la t-doi chuan, n la phep phu dinh chat. Chung ta noi bi? ba (T, S ,n) Ia I119t b(J ba De Morgan neu

n(S(x,y» = T(nx,ny).

Chung ta noi h9 ba (T,S,n) la lien tuc neu Tva S la hai ham lien tuc. Sau day la 2 lap bi? ba quan trong:

Dinh ngni"a 17: B¢ ba De Morgan (T,S ,n) la bo ha manh. (strong) khi va chi khi co mot nr dong cau ip : [0,1]~[0,11 sao eho:

T(x,y)= rp-I(max(rp(x)+rp(y)-l, 0).

a)

h) c)

S(x,y)= rp-I(min(rp(x)+rp(y) , 1)). -I

N(x)= tp (1- rp(x».

Djnh nghi"a 18: B9 ba De Morgan (T,S,n) la bo ba chiit (strict) khi va chi khi co mot tIf dong cau e : [0,1]~[0,11 sao cho :

a) T(x,y)= rp-l(rp(x)rp(y».

h)

S(x,y)= rp-l(rp(x)+rp(y)_ rp(x)rp(y». N(x)= rp-J(1_ rp(x».

c)

1.2.10

Cho den bay gia da co kha nhieu nghien ciru v~ phep keo theo (implication). Di~u do ding ur nhien vr day la cong dean chot nhat cua qua trlnh suy dien trong moi I~p luan xap xi .bao gam ca suy luan rna. Trong phan tiep theo nay chung ta se di tiep con dirong tien de hoa va sau do dung nhanh tai vai dang ph6 c~p d~ minh hoa,

Chung ta sc xet phep keo theo nhu mot moi quan he, mot toan tir logic. Thong thirong cluing ta nho toi cac tien de sau cho ham u(p] ~ P2).:

I) U(PI ~ P2) chi phu thuoc vao gia tr] u(PI), u(P2).

2) Neu u(PI ) s u(P3) thi v(Pl ~ P2) ~ u(P3 ~ P2), voi rnoi Inenh de P2.

3) Neu u(P2):$ u(P3) thl U(PI ~ P2):$ U(PI ~ P3), voi moi menh de Pl'

4) Neu U(PI) = 0 thl u(P1 ~ P) = 1, vci m6i rnenh de P.

5) Neu U(PI) = 1 thi u(P ~ PI) = I, voi moi menh de P.

6) Neu u(P1) = 1 va u(P2) = 0, thl U(PI ~ P2) =0.

85

r

Tfnh hop 19 ella nhfmg tien de nay chu yeu dua vao logic c6 di.;in va nhtrng 111 duy [rife I

quan- v~ phep suy dien. Tic tien de 10 chung ta khang djnh sl! tOn (':II ham sol (x ,y) dc dinh I

tren (0,1]2 vai mong muon do gia tri chan 19 cua phep keo thea qua bi.~u thJc

Ellnn nghTa 19: Phep kio theo (implication) la mot ham .~6 l:t 0,1] 2 -} [0,11 thoa mH!l cac

dieu kicn sau:

J) Neux:S;z thlI(x,y} "2:.1(z.y) vcri mC?iYE[O,ll.

2) N€uy:S:u thl1(x,y) Sl(x,u) vcri m9ixe[O,1],

3) l(O,x) = I vcrimqixe[O,l],

4) lex, 1) = I vcri moi x e(O, 1],

5) 1(1,0)=0.

o~ 9 rfll1g IUy ra:l don giilll nlnrng <:lieu kien 5) van dn dua vao dinh nghia vi khong lhi suy ra lic 4 lien de tren,

Tic dj nil ngh 11:1 toan h9C de dang nha,n thay moi phep keo thea Iii m(.lt ti,l.p mo tren 10, II' va nhu v~y xac Ia.p mQI quan h? rno tren [0, 1] 2.

Tiep tuc, chang ta xem xer them ml)t so Ifnh chat khac cuu phep k60 theo, nhung tinh chat nay nha,n duoc nha nhUng bai bao ell<l Dubois va Prade,

6) 1{1,x)=x, vci moi x e Iu.L].

7) I (x J(y ,z»:::1 (y,l (x ,z».

Day III quy tiie d6i che, co sa tren lOll urong duong giua hai rnenh de:

va "If (PI AND P2) then Pa)".

K) x:5:y neuvachincul(x,y);=l.

Tien de 8) nay biiu th] y: phep keo theo xac l~p met tlur ur.

9) l(x,O»=N(x) lit met phep phil djnh rnanh, nhu vay 9) phan anti menh de sau tic logic

cO dien P => Q::: 1 P n€u tI (Q)=O (neu Q la False).

10) I (x ,.y) ;::.: y, vai m9i x ,y. .

11) l(x,x):::l vai rnoi x.

12) l(x,y)=I(N(y),N(x». Dieu kien nay phan anh phep suy luan ngu"Q'c rrong logic c6 dien 2 gia tr]: (P => Q);:; (1 Q=> lp). N6i chung dily la mol di~u kien manh,

13) l(x,y) 130 ham lien tuc treo[0,1)2.

D~ Om hi~u them cac dieu kien nay chiing ta xet toi dinh 1'1 sau,

e!nh Iy 20: MOi ham s61 :[0,1]2 -}[O.lJ rhea man esc dieu kien 2),7), R) thl cilng se thoa man cac dieu ki¢n 1),3),4),5),6), 10) va 1 J).

Chung minh: Xcm trong [251

86

1.2.11 MQt so dQng hom keo thea CI,I the

De tinh toan duoc , chung ta can nhtrng dang cu the cua phep keo theo. Sau day la mot so dang ham keo theo, xay dung dua vao cac phcp toan logic mo da suy rong phia tren,

Cho T la t,:,:chuan, S If! t-dci chuan, n la phep phu dinh manh.

£l!nh nghia 19: Dang heo theo thii nluit. Ham Is l(X ,y) xac dinh tren [0,1]2 bang bicu thirc

lSI (x ,y) = S (n (x) ,y).

R5 rang an y sau dinh nghia nay If! cong thirc ttr logic c6 dien P => Q = 1 P v Q.

£l!nh Iy 20: V6'i bat ky t-chuan T, t-d6i chuan S Va phep phu dinh manh n nao, lSI If! mot phep keo thea thoa man dinh nghia 19.

Chung minh: Xem trong 1251

PMp keo thu: hai sau day lay y tir logic tnrc cam (intuitionistic logic).

£linh nghia 21: Cho T la t-chuan, ham I T(X ,y) xac dinh tren [0,1]2 bang bieu thirc IT(x,y)= sup{u : T(x,u) ~y I.

£linh Iy 22: V oi bat ky t-chuan T nao, IT diroc dinh nghia nlur tren la mot phep keo thea thoa man dinh nghia 19.

Chung minh: Xern trong 1251

1.3 Quan h, rna

1.3.1 Quan h~ ma vo phep hep thanh

£l!nh nghia 23: Cho X, Y If! hai khong gian nen. R goi la mot quan h~ mit tren XxY neu R la mot t~r 1'10 tren XxY, nrc la co mot ham thuoc

liR : XxY _.. [0,1], CJ day JIR(X,y) = R(x,y) la d{> thuoc (membership degree) cua (x ,y ) vao quan he R.

£l!nh nghia 24: Cho R 1 va R 21a hai quan h¢ mo tren XxY, ta co di h nghia

a) Quan h~ R luR 2 vci J.iRj u~ (x,y) = maxi PRj (x,y), IIR~ (x,y) I. V (x ,y)e XxY.

b) Quan he R 1 fIR 2 voi J.iRjn~ (x,y) = mini J.iRj (x,y), J.iR2 (x,y) l. V (x,y)e Xl<Y.

£l!nh nghia 25: Quan h~ mit tren. nhiing tfj,p mit. Cho t~p ma A voi f-LA(X) tren X. t~p rna B v6i f-LB(X) tren Y. Quan h¢ mo tren cac t~p ma A va B la quan he ma R tren XxY thoa man dieu kien:

f-LR(X.y) ~ f-LB(X) • V x eX.

87

£>!nh nghia 26: Cho quan M rna R tren XxY.

Phep chieu cua R len X la: projxR = {(x, maxy f-lR(X,y) : xeX} Phep chieu cua R len Y I~I: projyR = {(y, maxx f-ln(x,y) : ye Y}

£>!nh nghia 27: Cho quan he rna R tren XxY. Thac trien R len khong gian tfch XxYxZ la:

extxyz R = I (x ,y ,z), f-lext(x ,y ,z) = f-lR(x ,y) , VzeZI.

1.3.2 Phep hQp thanh

£>!nh nghia 28: Cho R, la quan he rna tren XxY va R2 la quan he rna tren YxZ. Hop thanh R1oR2 cua R1, R2 la quan he rna tren XxZ.

a) Hap thanli max-min (max-min composition) duoc xac dinh boi

!I R, oR2 (x,z) = maxy I min(!I Rl (x,y), !lR2 (y,z)}, Vex ,z )eXxZ. b) Hap thanh. max-prod cho boi

J.lR,oRz (x,z) = maxy { (!lR] (x,y)· !lR2 (y.,z)), Vex ,z )eXxZ.

c)

,

HC;p thanh. max- * diroc xac dinh boi loan Iii *: 10, I r ~ 10, II

!lR,oR2(X,Z) = max.] /-IR, (x,y) * PR2(y,Z)}, V(x,z)eXxZ.

Gia thiet (T,S,n) la b(i ba De Morgan, trang do T la t-chuan, S la t-d6i chuan, n la phep phu dinh,

£>!nh nghia 29: Cho R1, R2 la quan he rna tren XxX, phep T-tfch hop thanh cho mot quan he , R]OTR2 tren XxX xac dinh bci

£>!nh Iy 30: eho R1, R2, R3 la nhiing quan h~ rna tren XXX, khi d6:

a) RloT(R2°rR3) = (R1oTR2hR3.

b) Neu n, ~ R2 thi R1"T R3 ~ R20T R3 va R3°T R, ~ R:1oTR2·

1.3.3 Tinh chuyen tlap

£>!nh nghia 31: Quan he rna R tren XXX goi la:

a) min-chuyen tiep neu min {R(x,y), R(y,z) I ~ R(x,z) Vx ,y ,z «x..

b) chuye'n tiitpylu neu Vx,y,zeXco

R(x,y) >R(y,X) va R(y,Z) >R(z,y) thi R(x,z) >R(z,x).

c) chuye'n tiitp tham s6' neu co mot s60<8<1 sao cho: Neu R(x ,y) > 0> R(y ,x) va R(Y,z»O>R(z,y)thi R(x,z) > (J>R(z,x) Vx,y,zex.

88

Dinh Iy 32:

a) Neu R la quan he rna c6 tfnh chat min-chuyen. tiep thi R la quan h9 rna co unh

chat chuyen. tiep tham s6' voi moi 0< 0<. I.

b) Neu R la quan h? rna c6 tfnh chat chuyiln tiep tham s6' thi R la quan h~ rna c6

tfnh dUll cliuysn. tiep yeu.

Chung minh: Xem trang [2,41

1,3,4 Phuong trinh quon h~ ma

Phuong trinh quan he rna Ian d&u lien nghien ctru boi GS. Sanchez narn 1976, d6ng vai tro quan trong trong cac Iinh vue phan uch cac he mo, thie: ke cac bo di6u khien mo, qua trinh lay quyet dinh va nhan dang rna.

Dang dan gian nhal co lht dien dat nhu sau:

Cho mot he rna bicu dien duoi dang mot quan h¢ rna nhi nguyen R tren khong gian tfch XxY. Dau vao (input) cua h? la mot t~p mo A cho tren khong gian nen input X. Tac dong

cua u&u V~IO A v6i h¢ R sc la phcp hop thanh AoR sc cho a d&u ra (output) mol tap rno tren khong gian n6n Y, kf hieu la B. Khi ay cluing ta co AoR = B.

Neu cluing ta Slr dung phep hop thanh max-min thl ham thuoc cua B cho boi

Vi dl;l 33: Cho input la tap rna A tren X va quan h~ rna R tren XxY nhu sau:

[0.7 1

AoR = 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.6

0.4]

0.6 .

0.3

Khi d6 chung ta co

B='AoR =(0,2 0,8

[0.7

1)0 0.5 0.2

1 0.9 0.6

0.4]

0.6 = (0,5

0.3

1.4 Suy lu¢n xdp xi va suy di~n rna

1.4.1 Chung ta se trinh bay uu don gian van de suy luan xap xl du6i dang nhimg menh u~ voi cac bien ngon ngfr nhu doi thirong van dung nhu: "may lanh", "ga yeu", hay nhimg quy tac, nhfrng luat dang menh d6 "neu quay ray ga manh thl toe do xc se nhanh",

Suy luiin. xdp xi - hay can goi la suy luan rno - do la qua trlnh suy ra nhirng ket IU(1ll duci dang cac menh de mo trong di~u kien cac quy'tac, cac luat, cac dfr lieu dau vao cho

89

truce cling khong hoan toan xac dinh. Chung ta se han che boi nhtrng luat dan gian nhir dang modus ponens hay modus tollens dii neu 6 phan dau.

Truce tien chiing ta nho lai trong gilli tich roan hoc da dung qua trinh I~p luan sau:

Dinh ly: Ne'u mot ham so la khl vi thi no lien tuc
SI! kien: Ham {kha vi
Ket luan: {lien tuc day la dang suy luan dua vao luat modus ponens. Bay gio ta tlm each di~n dat each suy luan quen thuoc tren duoi dang sao cho co th~ suy rong cho logic rna.

Ky hieu:

u = kh6ng gian nen = khong gian tat ca cac ham so.

Vi du dan giiin co th~ hi~u

U= {g:R ~RI.

A = [cac ham kha vii, B = {cac ham lien tuc I.

Hay chon hai menh de P = "g E A" va Q = "g E B ''. Khi ay cluing ta co

LU~l (tri thirc): g~B
SI! kien: P dung (true)
Ket luan: Q dung (true) 6 day cluing ta cia str dung luat modus ponens « P ~ Q) 1\ P) ~ Q.

1.4.2 Bay gia da co lhe chuyen san~ suy dien rna cung dang.

Luai me: Neu goc tay quay ga 16n tht xe eli nhanh
SI! kien rna: Goc tay ga quay kha Ian
H? qua: Xe di kha nhanh Zadeh da dien dat sl! kien tren bang cac bien ngon ngfi': goc tay quay. toc do, nh i¢t do, ap lire, tuci tac va cac menh d~ rna dang wang img. Chung ta lam ro each tiep can cua Zadeh qua vai vi du,

1.4.2.1 Bien ngon ngU'

Vi du t: Ta noi "Nam c6 tu{y'i trung nien", khi ay chon x = bien ngon ngir "Tudi",

kh6ng gian nen la thoi gian song

U= 10, I30nfllnL.

A= tap rna "trung nien",

MQl each tl! nhien, ta gan cho A la mot tap mo tren U vai ham thuoc A(u) : U ~ 10, II.

90

Sir kien "e6 thi tu6'i cua Nam la 40" di nhien khong chac chan va kha hop Iy neu di~n dat nhir mot kha nang, trong i 4,51 Zadeh d6 nghi

Kha nang (Tu6i ella Nam = 40) = Poss(x = 40)

= 09 thuoc ella so 40 vao tap rna A = A(40).

Mcnh d0 rna

"Nam e6 tu& trung nien" bay gia diroc dien dat thanh mcnh d~

P = { x = A) =: l bien x nhan gia Iri mo A tren khong gian nen U) =: {x is A ) (thco dang tieng Anh ).

1.4.2.2 Vi du 2: D6i v6'i suy luan rna eho a dau rnuc nay cluing la co th~ dung bien ngon ngi1

x= "g6e lay quay"

tren khong gian nen U == 10.360 ", (cho phep quay tay ga cua xe may), A == "'g6e Ian" la mot tap rna tren U (trong tnrong hap nay tien hon dung khai niem so rna A), voi ham thuoc A(u): U ~ 10,11.

Tuong tL1, bien ngon Ilgi1 y =: "toe 0(> xe", voi khong gian nen V == 10 krn/gio, 150 krn/gia i,

Q = "xe di nhanh"= mot I~p rna B tren khong gian nen V voi ham thuoc B(v) : V ~ 10,11. Khi ay

P = "goc tay quay Ian" =: { x =: A 1 (x is zz ),

Q = "xe di nhanh" = { y = B ),

va luat rna e6 dang P => Q.

NhL1 vay mot luat rna dang "If P then Q" se diroc bieu dien thanh 1119t quan h9 mo R ella phep kco thea P => Q voi ham thuoc cua R tren khong gian nell UxV diroc cho boi phep keo theo rna ban dlf djnh si'r dung:

R(A.m(U,V) ==RI'=>q(u,u) == I(A(u),B(v», vai moi (U,V)EUXV.

Bay gia quy trinh suy dien rna dil e6 the xac dinh:

Luat rna (tri thirc): P => Q, vaj quan h¢ cho boi I(A(u),B(v»
SIf kien rna (dau vao): P'=={x=A'), xac dinh boi tap mo A ' tren U
Ket luan: Q' == {y==B') Sau khi dii chon phcp keo thea I xac dinh quan he ma R(AB)' B' la mot t~p rna tren V voi ham thuoc ella B' diroc unh bang phep hop thanh B' =: A' 0 R(A.B), eho boi cong thirc:

B'(v) == maxuEu{min(A'(u), I(A(u), B(v»»), voi moi VEV.

91

1.4.3 Tiep tuc each bieu dien va dien dat nhu vay, ta co th~ xe: dang

"If P then Q else Ql"

quell biet trong logic cel di6n va tlurong hay SLr dung trong cac ngon Ilgi1 IflP trlnh cua nganh Tin h9C.

C6 th~ chon nhfrng each khac nhau dien dat menh d0 nay, sau day tim ham thuoc cua bieu thtrc nrong irng. Chang han, chung ta chon

"If P then Q else Q)" = (P 1\ Q) v (lp 1\ QI)'

Thong thu6'ngQ va Ql la nhimg menh de trong cling mot khong gian ncn.

Gia thiet Q va Ql duoc bieu dien bang cac tap mo B va B1 tren cling khong gian nen V, voi cac ham thuoc wong ung B : V~ 10,11 va B1: V~ 10,11. Neu Q va QI khong cung khong gian nen thl cling se XLr ly wong nr nhung voi cong thirc phirc t~IP han.

Ki hieu R(P, Q, Q') = R(A, B, BI) la quan h¢ rno trcn UxV voi ham thuoc cho boi bi~u

thirc

R(u, u) = max] min(A(u), B(u», mill(l-A(u), B 1 (u) l, vai 1119i (u, U)E UxV.

Tiep tuc quy trrnh nay chung ta eo th~ xet nhirng quy uk lily quyet dinh phirc tap hon.

Chang han cluing ta xet 111(>1 quy d.e trong h~ thong ma co 2 bien d:lu vao va mot dau ra d~ng

If Al and BI then CI

else If A2 and B2 then C2

else

1.4.4 Mot dang suy rong khac trong co so tri tlnrc cua nhieu h~ rno tlnrc tien, vi du dien hinh la trong cac he dieu khien mo, co th~ phat bieu diroi dang sau:

Cho xI' X2' , xm lit cac bien vao cua h~ thong, Y la bien ra. Cac t~p A ij ,Bj, vai i = 1,

... , m ,j = I, , n la cac t~p mo trong cac khong gian ncn tuong lrng cua cac bien vao vii

bien ra dana SLr dung cua he thong cac R· la cac suy dien mo (cac luat mo) dane "Neu ...

b. . , J .. b

thl .,. "{dang if ... then)

R1: Neux1laAJ.J va vaxm laAm.1 thi y laBI

R2: NeuxllaAuva vaxm laAm.2 thi y laB2

Rn: Neu x. laAl.n va ... va x., laA",.n thl y laBn

Bai roan

Cho:

Tfnh:

Gici tr] Y la u*

92

('t l1<1y el*' ... , ern* lu d,l' gi,\ !ri d,1u 'l~IO hay str kien (co th~ rno hoac gia tri 1'5).

Chung ta co lh~ nhan thay dmg phsin. cot lUi cua nhieu. h~ mit eho Mi ca sc/ tri thuc dang R= I cae ltuit Ri} ua cdc co chi!' suy diJn cai d¢t trong mo to suy diJn,

Tinh loan quan h¢ mo eho nhiing bo IU~1 plnrc tap nhu the' cac ban c6 the xern them cong trinh cua M, Mizumoto va H.J, Zimmermann pq. Nhtrng kien thirc 'l~ suy dien mo lien quan loi I~p luan ngon ngti c6 Ihe doc them bai cua Nguyen Oil HIS 171 hay tai lieu 1131. Nhirng ban doc nao quan tam loi nghien ciru loan hoc hien dai true tiep lien quan toi logic mo hay xern them sach 1101,

2 Cac U'ng dl;lng da d~ng

2.1 51! phat trian cue c6ng ngh~ rna

Trong qua Irlnh phal Iri0n ella Ly Ihuyel lap ma va cong nghe ma rai Nhat ban ph~li nhac lui lit! an Ion LIFE (the Laboratory for Internarional Fuzzy Engineering) 19X9-1995 do G,S. T'Terano (Tokyo Institute of Technology) lam Giam d6e dieu hanh - thea sang kien va st! lai Irq chinh cua B(> ngoai thuong va cong nghicp Nh~1 ban, Phong thf nghiem UFE duoc Ihicl kc boi G.S. M. Sugcno. Chinh Giao su cling da thuyet phuc duoc nhidu cong Iy cong nghi¢p hang uau ella Nh~1 ban cung cap lai chinh va nhan lire, Ira thanh thanh vien I,~p Ih~ cua d~r an va chinh ho true tiep bien cac san pham cua phong thi nghiern thanh san pham hang hoa.

Vii kel qU~1 la, thco Datapro, nen cong nghiep Slr dung cong nghe mo ella Nh~1 ban, nam 1993 co l(jng doanh thu khoang 650 trieu USD, Ihl lui nam 1997 da uoe hrong co 6, J Iy USD va hicn nay hang narn nen cong nghi¢p Nh~t ban chi 500 Iri¢lI USD cho ngliien cuu V~I phat Irien Iy thuyet rno va cong nghe mo. Theo Giao str T. Terano 161 qua trlnh phat Iri0n ella cling nghe mo' co Ih0 chia thanh 4 giai doan sau:

I) Giai doan 1: Loi dung Iri tlurc a rrurc thap.

Thl,lC chat: Nhfrng irng dung lrong cong nghiep chu yeu la bieu dien Iri thrrc dinh lirong cua con nguai.

Vi dl;l ditfn hinh: Dieu khicn mo.

Trong giai doan ban driu nay, chu yeu la co gtmg lam cho may tinh hieu 11191 so ILr dinh lugng cua con ngtroi viin quell dung ( nlnr 'cao, nong, am, yeu, v.v.). M91 If do ral don gii'1Il M eli loi phat Irie'n dicu khicn mo I~I cau hoi sau: "T(Ii sao cdc may moe don guin trong gia dinli ai eung ddu khiin duoc rna may tinh. lai kh6ng di€u khi~'n duoc ? ".

Co Ihe' hall hcl cac h¢ dieu khien mo la a mire nay. Thirc Ie tai rrurc ban dflll nay da dua vao Slr dung ra'1 nhieu IO,!-i may moi co Slr dung logic rna. Do la slj ki¢n rtit quan trong trong qua trinh phiit trien cua logic mit, nhung do van lit cac h¢ thuoc giai doan I.

93

2) Cia; dU~1l1 2: Si1 dung tri thirc a I11UC cao, Thl/C chat: Dung logic rna d~ bi~u dien tri tlurc.

Vi dy: - Cac h¢ chuyen gia rna.

- Cac trng dung ngoai cong nghiep: y 119<':, nong nghiep, quan Iy, xii hoi hoc, l110i tnrong.

Trang giai doan nay eo gtmg trang bi eho may tinh nlumg tri thirc co ban V~I sau s~\c han, nhfrng tri thirc dinh tinh rna truuc toi nay chua th~ bieu dien bang dinh luong, vi du nlur trang cac he; chuyen gia rna, mo hinh hoa nhieu bai roan kho trong quan ly cac nha m{IY 111~1 tnroc day chua lam dtroc.

3) Giai dO~lJI 3: Lien lac+giao uep.

Th,!c chat: Giao Iiru giiia ngiroi va may tfnh thong qua ngon ngii ur nhien.

Vi du: - Cac robot thong minh.

- Cal' he h6 tro quyet dinh dang doi thoai,

4) Cia; dO~1lI 4: Trf tue nhan tao tfch hop.

Thl,l'C chat: Giao hru va uch hop giiia trf tue nhan tao .logic rna, mang noron va con nguoi.

Vi du: - Giao luu con ngiroi va may tfnh. - Cac may dich thuat.

- Cac he h6 tro lao done sana tao.

. . . b O.

Gfao sir Terano con cho rang sy' phat tri~n cua cong nghe rna va eric b¢ mo tai NhJ;'H ban dii va se di qua 4 giai doan tren.

2.2 £>ieu khi~n mo (Fuzzy Control)

Nhu dii trinh bay, nhirng irng dung OWl' ticn thanh cong nhat 1~1 Dieu khicn mo. Do v~y that nr nhien cluing ta sc trmh bay kha chi tiet v~ linh vue hap dan n~IY.

2.2.1 ceo true eo ban

Tir tuong co ban cua di~u khien duu vao logic 1110 la dira cac kinh. nghiem chuyen gia cua nhfrng nguoi v~n hanh gi6i h¢ thong vao trong thiet ke cac b(,l di~u khie'n cal' qua trinh trong do quan h¢ vao -ra (input-output) diroc cho boi 1119t t~p cae luat diiSu khi0n mo' (dang lu~t if. .. then).

ca« true co ban (Basic architecture).

OIU true co ban cuu mot bo dicu khic'n dua V~IO logic mo (fuzzy logic control FLC) gorn bon thanh phan chinh (hinh 1): hluiu. nut hoa (a fuzzifier), 11l9t co sJ cdc ludt ma (a fuzzy rule base). mot mota suydien. (all inference engine) va hluui guii mil (a dcluzzificr). Neu

94

dilu ra sau cong doan giili mo kh6ng ph iii la mot tin hieu dieu khien (thuong goi la tin hieu dieu chinh) thi chung ta c6 mot h~ quye't dinh. tren co sa logic rna.

:- - - - - - - - - --I

Me, to : J.l(y) suy dii\"n 1-0-' -~

Cdsd lu~t md

, ,

Hinh 1: Cau true eo ban cua b9 dieu khien mo.

1 _

2.2.2 Kh6ng gian Input-Output.

Vi muc tieu cua bo dieu khien rna la tinh toan cac gia tr] cua cac bien dieu khien ttt quan sat va do luang cac bien trang thai cua qua trlnh diroc dieu khien sao cho he thong van hanh nhu mong muon. Nhir v~y viec chon cac bien trang thai va cac bien dieu khien phai d~c tnrng cho cac phep toan (the operator) cua bo dieu khien rna va co Lac dong co ban len SI! qua trinh thirc hien bo FLC.

Kinh nghiem cua cac chuyen gia va cac tri tlnrc vi:. cong nghe d6ng vai tro rat quan trong trong viec hra chon cac bien. Vi du cac bien vao thirong la trang thai (state) sai lam trang thai (state error, state error derivaLe, state error integral, ... ). Khi str dung bien ngon ngir, bien ngon ngtr dilu vao x se gom cac bien ngon nglT input xi xac dinh tren kh6ng gian nen Vi va nrong W voi bien dilu ra y gom cac bien ngon ngir output Yj tren khong gian n6n Vj. Khi d6

Y=I(Yi,Vi,IAy).(l), ... , Ay.(ki)l.IJ.ly (1), ... ,J.ly(ki) }:i=1,2, ... ,m}

) ) .I

b day xi la bien ngon ngii xac dinh tren khong gian nen Vi' nhan tir - gia tr\ Ax; voi ham

thuoc Jix.ck) voi k = 1,2, ... , k i : Tuong nr cho cac bien output Y i

Vi du Xl la bien toc d¢ tren khong gian nen la mien gia tr\ V~L Iy V 1= [0, 200km/h].

Bien ng6n ngii toe d¢ c6 th~ c6 cac Itt gia tri

I ni't cluim, cham, trung binh, nhanh, rat nhanh } .

M6i gia tri ngon ngfr cua bien nay dtroc xac dinh bang mo: t~p mo tren V voi cac ham thuoc J.lch(Lm(u), ... ,J.ltrungbinh(u).

95

-----_- .. -~

2.2.3 Kh6u rna hoc.

VI nhieu luat cho duoi dang dung cac bien ngon ngli' voi cac tv thong thuong. Nhir vay voi nhirng gia tri (ro) quan sat diroc .do diroc eLI the, d0 co Ih0 tham gia vao qua trlnh dicu khi0n Ihl dill thic] phai ma hoa,

C6 th~ dinh nghia, mo hoa III m91 anh x a (mapping) IV khong gian de gia tri quan sal duoc (ro) vao khong gian cua cac tir-tap mo trcn khong gian ncn cua cac bien ngon ngfr input.

Vi du ung voi bien ngon ngfr toe dt), ta eho phep mo hoa bang anh X'.l

- Toe d9 m91 xe lai do duoc: u = 75km/h.

-- Tv eto co: (Pri;'t ch(Lm(75), f.lch(im(75), f.ltrllllg binh(75), f.lnhanh(75), f.lra·t nhanh(75) ).

2.2.4 Co so ccc IUQt rna

Dang t6ng q~al cua cac IU~11 dieu khien mo la b9 cac quy uk ma dang IF ... THEN, Irong do cac dieu k ien dau V~IO va ca cac bien ra ( he qua) sli' dung cac bien ngon ngli', Viet a dang 16ng quat, co sa cac luat mo trong cac h¢ Ihong nhieu bien vao (output) va m91 bien ra (output) ( nrc la voi cac h~ MISO) cho dirof dang sau:

Cho x I' x:!, ... ,x II! I~l cac bien van cua he thong, y la bien ra (tlurong la cac bien ngon ngir). Cac t~pAij' Bj ,vO'i i=l, ... .m, j=l, ... ,n la cac I~p mo trong cac khong gian nen Wong tmg cua cac bien vao va bien ra dang SLr dung cua h¢ thong. Cac R J la cac suy dien ma (cac IU~1 rna ) dang "Neu ... thi" (dang if ... then)

eha:

va x", laAm *

R I _ ~~~_ ~_l_ ~~l_i\.l_l _ v.~~ ..',': _ .v.~ X-",_ )~_i\_~I_l __ t!1_1_? __ I_~ ~! _

R 2 _ ~~~. ~_1_ ~~_i\_I_:! .. ~~ .:: __ v_~ ~_'!'_ ~~_i\_~'_2 __ I~_l_ !'._I~_ ~~. . _

1'lnh: y I~l B *

i.i day A 1*' ... , A III * Iii cac gia Ir! ' dau vao hay sl! kien (co Ih0 mo hoac gia tri r6 ).

Mot dang luang minh cac 11I~11 mo thirong cho duoi dang

i= 1 .... , n. cj day I/x I' x ~ .... , x In) El 11191 ham ella c.ic bien Ir'.lng thai.

96

2.2.5 Me to suy dien

Day la phan cot 16i nhat cua FLC trong qua trlnh rna hinh hoa cac bai roan dieu khien va chon quyet dinh cua con ngiroi trong khuon kh6 van dung logic rna va 1~lp luan xap xi. ])0 cac h¢ thong dtroc xet diroi dang he vao-ra nen luat suy dien modus ponens suy rong d6ng mot vai tro rat quan trong,

Nhir dil trinh bay ky trong phan tnroc. Suy luan xap xl, phep hop thanh va phep keo theo ella logic rna se quyet dinh nhirng cong viec chinh trong qua trlnh tinh toan cling nhu trong qua trinh rut ra ket luan.

Bang sau day gioi thieu mot so phep keo thea mo (fuzzy implications) thirong duoc si'r dung trong dicn dat cac luat mo.

Phep keo theo

Cong thuc

Toan ti1 min [Mamdani]

a => b = min(a , b)

Tolin ti1 tich [Larsen]

a=>6 = a.b

Tich bi chan

a => b = rnax( 0, a+b-l)

Quy tac so h9C [Zadeh]

a => b = min(l,l-a+b)

Quy dc max-rninl Zadeh]

a => h = max(l-a, min(a,b»

SHY dien binh tlnrong

h {llleu c s b a=>=

o neu a> b

Logic Boole

_,----------------------------------------

Logic Godel

a => b = max(l-a, b)

{l nen a:S b a => b =

b neu a> b

h {l nell a:S; b a=>= b l a neu a s- I:

Phep keo theo Goguen

-----.------------------------~--------------.------------~

2.2.6 Khau giai me

Day la khau thuc hien qua trlnh xac dinh mot gfa tr] r6 co the chap nhan diroc lam dau ra tir ham thuoc ella gia trj mo dau ra. Co hai phirong phap giai me chinh: Phuong phiip cU'c dai V~l plllt(/n{!phcijJ die/n trong tam. Tinh toan theo cac phirong ph.ip nay khong phirc tap. Co th~ tham khao <1 cac t~li lieu 13,121.

2.2.7 ling dl:mg

Ui1g dung dau tien ella dieu khien ma phai k6 den ella nhorn Marndani va Assilian nam 11)74,1141. Tir dily pham vi irng dung thuc tien ella dieu khien rna trong cac linh vue khac nhau dii. het stre rong: nr dieu khicn 10 nung xi mang I Larsen, 19XO- day la irng dung thirc st! d.iu ticn vao san xuat cong ughiep I. qU~lII ly cac biii d6 xe I Sugcno va cong st! 19X4,19X5, II)X9 L dieu khicn van hanh h¢ thong giao thong ngilm, quan Iy nhom cac thang may I Fu jitcc, II)XX L dieu chinh vice hoa clo trong cac nha m{IY loc mroc, dieu khien he thong

97

may hom lam sach ruroc 1 Yagishita et al., 19X5 I, dieu khien he thong nang IVl.1rIg va dieu khien phan ung hat nhan IBernard,19XX, Kinoshita et al., 19XXj, may bay inrc thang 1 Sugeno, 1990 I, v. v ... , cho t6i tham sat ole slf co tren duong cao toe 1 Hsiao et aI., 19931 cac thiet bi phan cUng mo 1 fuzzy hardware devices, Togai va Watanabe, 19X6, nhom cong tac voi GS. Yarnakawa, 19X6, 19X7,19XX ... 1.

Trang sO' nhirng tmg dung thuc str thanh c6ng trong thirc ti~n con phiii nhac toi toi bo FLC dung trong quan Iy san bay 1 Clymer et al, ,19921, cac he thong dieu khien dirong slit va cac he thong can diu container [Yasunobu va Miyamoto, 19X5, Yasunobu'ct al., 19X6, 19X71· M9t irng dung rat hay cua dieu khien 1110 la he lti6u khien "the camera tracking control system" cua NASA, 1992 ....

Chung ta cling khong th~ khong nhac toi cac may 1110C trong gia dinh dung FLC dang ban tren th] twang the gioi: may dieu hoa nhiet do lhang Mitsubishi], may gi~t [Matsushita, Hitachi, Sanyo], cac video camera [Sanyo, Matsushita], tivi, camera [hang Canon I, may hut bui, 10 say (microwave oven) [Toshiba] vv ....

Ngay tir 1990, trong 1119t bai dang 0 tap chi AI Expert, Vol.S, T.J. Schwartz dil viet:

"T£.Ii Nhat ban da co hon 120 rrng dung cua dieu khien mo ''.

2.3 Cae h~ chuven gia ma (Fuzzy Expert Systems)

2.3.1 Cac h~ chuyen gia (Expert Systems) la mot nhanh cua bi? mon Tri tue nhan tao (Artifical Intelligence) Slr dung cac tri thirc chuyen biet d~ giiii quyet bai toan 0 giai doan dung cac chuyen gia - con ngiroi. Chung phat tri~n vao nhfrng nam 1970 va da diroc irng dung trong kha nhieu Iinh vue, Ngay nay noi den he chuyen gia thi tiurc ch,it hieu la cac h? thong trong do co sir dung cong ngM h¢ ch.uyeri gia (expert system technology) bao gom: cac ng6n ngii h? chuyen gia chuyen dung, cac chirong trinh va d. cac phan cung duoc thiet ke nham phat tri~n va v~n hanh cac he chuyen gia.

Hien nay trong cac sach bao ngiroi ta thuong dung tir dong nghia la "h¢ ch.uyen. gia treri co Sd tri thuc " (knowledge-based expert system). Sau day chung ta se cho cau true co ban (hinh 2) va each st.! dung h? chuyen gia.

Giao di~n Doi thoai Dif!u chi;'h tri thU'c

Hinh 2: Cau true co ban ella h~ chuyen gia

98

Duoi day la vai C9t moe chfnh trong qua trmh hmh thanh va phat trien cua cac he chuyen gia:

1957 195X 1965

- 196X

1970 - 1973

- 1976

- 19X5

mit dau "Chuang trlnh giiii quyet bai toan t6ng quat" (GPS). Ngon ngfr I~p trlnh LISP.

DENDRAL- he chuyen gia dflu tien.

Mang ngu nghia.

Ngon ngfr lap trlnh PROLOG.

MYCIN - h¢ chuyen gia danh cho chuan doan y h9C (Shortliffe et all.). H¢ chuyen gia PROSPECTOR trong Iinh vue diachat.

Cong CI,I h¢ chuyen gia CUPS cua NASA (expert system tool).

Trong so nhirng h¢ ban dau nay h¢ MYCIN co y nghia rat Ian VI may lf do sau :

a) No chi ra ding Trf tu¢ nhan tao co th~ Slr dung trong cac bili loan thuc litn.

b) Trong MYCIN dil dira vao nhieu khai niern moi rat co loi cho nhirng phat trien v6 sau.

c) No chirng rninh tinh kha thi cua cac khung cua h¢ chuyen gia, cac cong cu tao I~p

h¢ chuyen gia (expert system shell).

2.3.2 Ben canh nhirng thanh cong cua cong nghe h¢ chuyen gia, Iy thuyet t~p mo V~I logic mo co nhieu uu diem troug bieu dien tri tlurc cua cac chuyen gia. Cho nen viec dira cac luat mo va d~c bier cac bien ngon ngfr va ham thuoc dil xuat hien kha sam. Cac h¢ chuyen gia trinh bay duoi day dil Slr dung cac luat mo (fuzzy rules).

Ten/ tac gii\./ narn

Linh V\!C

CADIAG-2,Adlassnig et al.,1985 EMERGE, Hudson, Cohell,1988

Y (internal medicine)

Phan tich da 1I nguc

Ke hoach mac chien luoc

ESP, Zimmermann, 1989

FAULT, Whalen et aI., 1987

. K,e toan

Lap lich cong viec

OPAL, Beusaua et al., 1988

Thuc ti6n dil dii.n toi can phoi hop tot hon hai loai cong nghe nay, do la nhu cau ve nghien ciru cac h~ chuyen. gia nut (fuzzy expert systems). Nhtrng nghien ciru sau day la vi du:

- FESS - mot h¢ chuyen gia mo tai sfr dung ,Hall va Kandell, 1992

- H¢ chuyen gia rno co muc dich tong quat, Schneider V~I Kandel, 1994.

- Nhfrng khung cho h¢ chuyen gia mo, Umano, Hatono va Tamura (Fuzzy expert system

shells), 1994.

- Cong trinh cua Whalen va Schott, 1992, tao ra mang suy dien ngon ngfr mo (Fuzzy linguistic inference network generator).

99