3.tipologia Agentiilor de Turism

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Sursa: Vellas F. Becherel L., International tourism, Houndmills Basingtoke, Londra, 1995.
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Sursa: Vellas F. Becherel L., International tourism, Houndmills Basingtoke, Londra, 1995.
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Studiul de caz nr.1: S.C. SOREL’94 TOUR IMPEX S.R.L.

1. Denumirea agentului economic: S.C. SOREL’94 TOUR IMPEX S.R.L.
2. Sediul agentului economicùRVùWHIDQFHO0DUHQU
3. 1XP UFHUWLILFDWGHvQPDWULFXODUHOD5HJLVWUXO&RPHU XOXL J40/2130/1994
4. Capital social:
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a) ùRVùWHIDQFHO0DUHQU 34
b) B-dul I. Mihalache (1 Mai) nr.60
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8. Personal total: 10
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– 90 m2
b) B-dul I. Mihalache (1 Mai) nr.60 – 30 m2
14. Echipamente în dotare: telefon, fax, calculatoare pentru fiecare birou, xerox, telefoane
mobile
15. Telefon/fax:
a) ùRVùWHIDQFHO0DUHQU– tel: 210.20.16,
fax: 211.93.35
b) B-dul I. Mihalache (1 Mai) nr.60 – tel/fax: 222.25.00
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Club.
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Studiul de caz nr. 3: $*(1 ,$'(785,60/$572856 SRL
In 1990 LAR (Liniile Aeriene RRPDQH DX vQFHSXW V RUJDQL]H]H VHUYLFLL GH F O WRULH SHQWUX FOLHQ LL HL vQ
completare cu serviciile de transport aerian. Compartimentul de turism a fost apoi desprins ca LAR TOURS
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LAR TOURS HVWH DJHQW DXWRUL]DW SHQWUX WRDWH FRPSDQLLOH DHULHQH LPSRUWDQWH FDUH RSHUHD] GH OD %XFXUHúWL
TAROM, AUSTRIAN AIRLINES, BRITISH AIRWAYS, AIR FRANCE, OLYMPIC AIR AIRWAYS,
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operatori europeni:
• LARA TRAVEL, VELAS TOURS, CRETAN HOLIDAYS – Grecia;
• MUNDICOLOR – Spania;
• VASTRAVEL – Italia;
• ALL EUROPEAN TRAVEL – Anglia;
• ALMA VOYAGES –)UDQ D
• NEW MARATHON – Cipru;
• CORAL TRAVEL – Israel, etc.
Programele turistice comercializate de LAR TOURS includ:
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LAR TOURS vinde anual circa 1000 de pachete turistice, în special cu avionul, cifra de afaceri
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4 PARALELA 45 TURISM SRL 2.3 35600889 0.02 1.0 726549
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6 BUSINESS TRAVEL TURISM SRL 2.0 27789637 0.23 0.66 1543869
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9 SPARO PRODEXIM SRL 1.8 21602368 0.04 1.0 3086053
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/LFHQ HOH GH WXULVP YRU ILYL]DWH GH Ministerul Turismului – D.G.A.C.din trei în trei ani. Agentul economic
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profesionale, programe pentru tineret, turism cultural, croaziere

maritime).
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P VXUL SULYLQG DFRUGXULOH UHVWULFWLYH úL DEX]XO GH SXWHUH DUWLFROHOH úL DOH 7UDWDWXOXL GH OD 0DDVWULFK
regulamentul CEE 4046-89, din 21 decembrie 1989, referitor la controlul concHQWU ULORU FRQWUROXO
DMXWRDUHORUDFRUGDWHGHVWDWDUWLFROHOHúLDOH7UDWDWXOXL ).
10
Dezvoltarea turismului a fost în prim planul sprijinului oferit de Comunitate, în perioada 1989- úL DSRL
1994-SHQWUXUHFRQYHUVLDHFRQRPLF úLGH]YROWDUHDUXUDO
ÌQ GRPHQLXO ILVFDOLW LL GLQ DX IRVW LQWURGXVH WDULIH PLQLPH
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FDGUXOIURQWLHUHORULQWHUQHFHW HQLLHXURSHQLSRWFXPS UDP UIXULGLQ
DOWH VWDWH PHPEUH vQ FDUH 79$ HVWH PDL PLF FHHD FH YD VWLPXOD
VWDWHOHPHPEUH V PHQ LQ WD[HOHODQLYHOVLPLODUDSURSLDW GHQLYHOXO
minim
Serviciile oferite de restaurante sunt impozitate cu 15% TVA. Statele

PHPEUH SRW LQWURGXFH XQD VDX GRX WD[H GH PLQLP OD VHUYLFLLOH
cu caracter social sau cultural, între care sunt incluse: transportul

F O WRULORU FD]DUHD WXULúWLORU vQ KRWHOXUL VDX DOWH XQLW L GH SULPLUH
VHUYLFLL GH WUDWDPHQW vQ VWD LXQLOH EDOQHR -climaterice; utilizarea

LQVWDOD LLORU VSRUWLYH LQWUDUHD vQ SDUFXUL GH GLVWUDF LL HYHQLPHQWH
Impozitarea sportive, spectacole, teatre, cinematografe, târguri, circuri, muzee,

JU GLQL]RRORJLFHFRQFHUW úL H[SR]L LL3HQWUXF O WRULLOH vQ LQWHULRUXO
serviciilor turistice
&RPXQLW LL79$SH WUDQVSRUWXOF O WRULORU VHSO WHúWHQXPDLvQ DUD
de plecare.
7RDWH VHUYLFLLOH SUHVWDWH GH DJHQ LLOH GH YRLDM VXQW SULYLWH GH F WUH
DXWRULW LFDXQVLQJXUVHUYLFLX taxat în statul membru în care agentul

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F O WRULLOHvQDIDUDFRPXQLW LLvQSUH]HQWDFHVWHDVXQWH[FHSWDWHGHOD
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FRQVLGHU F VXQW VXELHFWXO XQRU SROLWLFL ILVFDOH GLIHUHQ LDWH LPSXVH GH VWDWHOH PHPEUH vQ FDUH vúL GHVI úRDU
DFWLYLWDWHD 5HJXOLOH &RPXQLW LL (XURSHQH DX GUHSW VFRS VXSULPDUHD WXWXURU PRGDOLW LORU GH GXEO
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7XULVPXO HVWH R DFWLYLWDWH PRELO úL GH DFHHD HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW GUHSWXO GH LQWUDUH úL VHMXU DO VWXGHQ LORU
PXQFLWRULORU VDX LQGHSHQGHQ LORU GLQ VHFWRUXO WXULVPXOXL 3ULPHOH P VXUL SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD OLEHUW LL GH
FLUFXOD LH D PXQFLWRULORU DX IRVW DGRSWDWH GH &RPXQLWDWH vQF GLQ &HW HQLL &RPXQLW LL FDUH H[HUFLW
SURIHVLXQHDGHJKLG WXULVWLF VHvPSDUWvQGRX FDWHJRULL FHL FDUH YRU V VHVWDELOHDVF vQWU XQVWDW PHPEUX úL
-
FHL FDUH YRU QXPDL V vQVR HDVF WXULúWLL vQWU -un alt stat membru, problemele lor fiind reglementate de
articolul 59 al Tratatului de la Maastricht.
10
*6W QFLXOHVFX7HKQLFDRSHUD LXQLORUGH Turism, Editura All, 1998, p. 274.
ÌQ SULYLQ D SUHVW ULORU OLEHUH GH VHUYLFLL vQWU -un alt stat membru au fost adoptate: Directiva Consiliului
QU &(( GHFHPEULH UHIHULWRDUH OD XQ VLVWHP JHQHUDO GH UHFXQRDúWHUH D GLSORPHORU GLQ
vQY PkQWXOVXSHULRUFXRGXUDW PLQLP GHWUHLDQLúL'LUHFWLYD&RQVLOLXOXLQU CEE pentru facilitarea

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PHPEUXSRDWH V -úL GHVI úRDUHDFWLYLWDWHD vQ RULFHDOWVWDW PHPEUXFX
Transporturile
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turistice
europene În domeniul transporturilor aeriene s-au stabilit regulamente
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FRQFXUHQ &RPXQLWDWHDvQFHDUF V FUHH]HFRQGL LLHJDOHSHQWUXWRDWH
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întreprinderile de transport aerian.
&DXUPDUHDLQWU ULLvQYLJRDUHDUHJXODPHQWXOXL 3356/91/CEE pe 1 ianuarie 1993 au fost excluse controalele

úL IRUPDOLW LOH OD IURQWLHUH LQVSHF LD OLVWHORU GH SDVDJHUL D SHUPLVXOXL GH FRQGXFHUH D FHUWLILFDWXOXL GH
FRQWUROWHKQLFDOPDúLQLORUSHQWUXWUDQVSRUWXOSHúRVHDúLSHF LOHQDYLJDELOHGLQLQWHULRUXO&RPXQLW LL
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11
.
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europene „Euro-Info-&HQWUHV´RIHU XUP WRDUHOHVHUYLFLL
GLIX]DUHD GH GRFXPHQWH JHQHUDOH GHVSUH DF LXQLOH úL OHJLOH
comunitare;
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SLH HLXQLFH
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vQF GHODvQILLQ DUHXQQXP UPDUHGHFHUHULGHFRRSHUDUHvQGLYHUVH
UDPXULGHDFWLYLWDWHOHJDWH GLUHFWGHWXULVP'DWRULW QXP UXOXLPDUH
GH SDUWHQHUL FRUHVSRQGHQ L %5( FRQVWLWXH un stimulator pentru

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.
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11
- op. cit., p. 274
12
idem, p. 276
3.6. Rolul Uniunii Europene în dezvoltarea turismului
ÌQ FRQWH[WXO YLLWRDUHORU HYROX LL DOH LQGXVWULHL WXULVWLFH SH SODQ HXURSHDQ GDU úL PRQGial, se pune problema
rolului Uniunii Europene în domeniul turismului în viitor, a modului de abordare a problematicii turismului
la nivel european.
ÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WDXIRVWULGLFDWHFkWHYDSUREOHPH FDUH vúLYRUJ VLU VSXQVXO XUP ULQG DWHQWHYROX LDWX turor
VHFWRDUHORUHFRQRPLFHúLDFHOXLWXULVWLFvQPRGVSHFLDO
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diversificarea produsului turistic (dezvoltarea turismulXL FXOWXUDO úL

rural în special).
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LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SROLWLFL FRHUHQWH úL VWDELOH vQ GRPHQLXO WD[HORU

Politici
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coerente Ideea de dezvoltare a industriei turistice în UnLXQHDUSXWHDILSULYLW úL
independent, ca o suplimentare a politicilor deja existente.

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fezabile.
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Tabelul nr. 3.3.

Activitatea )UDQ D Germania Grecia Italia Marea Britanie Spania
7UDQVSRUWDHULDQLQWHUQD LRQDO 9 9 9 9 9 9
Transport aerian intern 6-7 9 10 7-10 7,5 8
7UDQVSRUWIHURYLDULQWHUQD LRQDO 10 13 9 9 9 9
Transport feroviar intern 7 13 - 7 9 9
Transport maritim 9 10 - - 10 -
Voiaje forfetare 8-13 8-14 10 10 10 -
ÌQFKLULHULPDúLQL 15-20 10-15 - - 10 -
Spectacole 15-20 10 - - 10 -
$VLJXU UL 35 25 - - 40 -
Sursa: J-P Pasqualini – Tourisme en Europe, 1994
'XS FXP HVWHGHMD FXQRVFXW8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ DEHQHILFLDWSkQ vQ

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SUH]HQW GH XQ FDGUX OHJDO SHQWUX D DFRUGD DVLVWHQ D VHFWR rului turistic:
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SURIHVLRQDOHvQGRPHQLXSURWHMDUHDPHGLXOXLvQFRQMXU WRU
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ED] SHQWUXFRRSHUDUHDvQWUHVWDWHOHPHPEUHúL a stimulat dialogul între

acestea în problematica turismului. A reprezentat, de asemenea, baza
SHQWUXVFKLPEXOGHLGHLúLLQIRUPD LLSHQWUXFRQVWUXLUHDGHSURLHFWHúL
VWUDWHJLLFRPXQH'LQS FDWHSODQXOGHDF LXQHDIRVWOLPLWDWDWkWFD
GXUDW FkWúLF a scop.
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XQHL FRRSHU UL WUDQVQD LRQDOH SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHD WXULVPXOXL úL LQWHJUDUHD HXURSHDQ 'LDORJXO HIHFWLY úL
FRQWLQXX vQWUH WRDWH S U LOH LPSOLFDWH OD QLYHO UHJLRQDO QD LRQDO VDX LQWHUQD LRQDO HVWH HOHPHQWXO HVHQ LDO DO
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IDSWXO F H[LVW LQWHUHV GHRVHELW vQ FRRSHUDUHD WUDQVQD LRQDO vQ
domeniul turismului, planul ca atare nu a fost suficient pentru a

DVLJXUD H[SORDWDUHD vQWUHJXOXL SRWHQ LDO DO WXULVPXOXL vQ EHQHILFLXO
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existente DSOLF ULL P VXULORU H[LVWHQWH FDUH DX LPSDFW DVXSUD WXULVPXOXL úL
sporirea fondurilor alocate pentru acest scop.

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SDWULPRQLXOXLQDWXUDOúLFXOWXUDO – cele trei obiective care se constituie

vQFKHLDGHEROW DGH]YROW ULLDFHVWXLDSHSODQHXURSHDQ
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VWLPXODWRU DO LQL LDWLYHORU QD LRQDOH vQ VFRSXO vQFXUDM ULL
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ale statelor membre.
$U SXWHD R DVHPHQHD SROLWLF V JHQHUH]H XQ U VSXQV FRUHFW DO 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH OD SUREOHPD PHQ LQHULL
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Rezumat
În cadrul îQWUHSULQGHULORUWXULVWLFH SULPDUH R SR]L LH GHRVHELW R RFXS vQWUHSULQGHULOH SURIHVLRQDOH GH
PLMORFLUH D VHUYLFLLORU WXULVWLFH DO F URU SURWRWLS FODVLF vO FRQVWLWXLH DJHQ LLOH GH YRLDM ELURXULOH GH
turism, tour-operatorul.
În cazul voiajelor, între presWDWRULLGHVHUYLFLLúLFRQVXPDWRULVHDIO GHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULDJHQ LLOHGH
turism (voiaj).
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VRFLHW L GH GLVWULEX LH SHQWUX IDFLOLWDUHD FRQWUDFWHORU vQWUH FOLHQWHOD WXULVWLF SRWHQ LDO GLQ DUD ]RQD
ORFDOLWDWHD GH UHúHGLQ D WXULúWLORU úL vQWUHSULQGHULOH SUHVWDWRDUH GH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH KRWHOXUL
UHVWDXUDQWH GH WUDQVSRUW GH DJUHPHQW HWF GLQ DUD ]RQD VWD LXQHD HWF DOHDV GH WXULúWL FD GHVWLQD LH
SHQWUXYL]LWDUHúLSHWUHFHUHDFRQFHGLLORU
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(tranzitate, integrate, protejate) care sunt descrise în acest capitol.
Pentru a putea fuQF LRQDDJHQ LLOHWUHEXLHV VROLFLWHúLV RE LQ OLFHQ HúLEUHYHWHGHWXULVP
Cuvinte cheie
DJHQ LHGHWXULVP ILUP VSHFLDOL]DW vQWXULVPFDUHVHRFXS FXSURGXFHUHDúLFRPHUFLDOL]DUHD
produselor turistice.
tour-operator = ILUP VSHFLDOL]DW vQWXULVPFDUHVHRFXS FXYkQ]DUHDÄHQ -gros” a aranjamentelor
WXULVWLFHF WUHDJHQ LLGHWDLOLVWH
DJHQ LHGHYRLDM ILUP FDUHDUHFDRELHFWGHDFWLYLWDWHFRPHUFLDOL]DUHDELOHWHORUGHF O WRULHSHQWUX
toate mijloacele de transport).

OLFHQ GHWXULVP= DFWvQED]DF UXLDRDJHQ LHGHWXULVPvúLGHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHDWRXU-operator sau
detailist).
brevet de turism = DFWFDUHDFRUG GUHSWXOSRVHVRUXOXLGHDvQILLQ DúLVDXFRQGXFHRDJHQ LHGHWXULVP
JDUDQ LHILQDQFLDU VXP FXFDUHVHJDUDQWHD] XQcontract, o activitate.
ticketing = UH]HUYDUHDúLYkQ]DUHDELOHWHORUGHDYLRQSULQVLVWHPHFRPSXWHUL]DWH
birou, compartiment, oficiu = componente ale structurii organizatorice ale unei firme.
RUJDQLJUDP VWUXFWXUDRUJDQL]DWRULF DILUPHLvQIRUP VFKHPDWLF
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îndatoririle unui angajat.
agent de turism = SHUVRDQDFDUHvQFDGUXODJHQ LHLVHRFXS FXYkQ]DUHDSURGXVHORUWXULVWLFH
agent de ticketing = SHUVRDQDFDUHVHRFXS FXUH]HUYDUHDúLDSRLFRPHUFLDOL]DUHDELOHWHORUGHDYLRQ
BibliografieVXSOLPHQWDU
CRISTUREANU C. (FRQRPLDúLSROLWLFDWXULVPXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO

, Editura Abeona,1992
TINARD Y. Le tourisme. Economie et management Ediscience International, Paris,1994.
GHERASIM T., Marketing turistic,(GLWXUD(FRQRPLF %XFXUHúWL
GHERASIM D.,
SYRATT G. Manual of travel agency practice, Butter work Heinemann, 1992
3ODQXOGHDF LXQHDO8QLXQLL(XURSHQHvQGRPHQLXOWXULVPXOXL(proiecte pilot)
–Directoratul general XXIII, Bruxelles,1998.
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• ExplicD LQR LXQLOHGHDJHQ LHGHYRLDMúLDJHQ LHGHWXULVPFRQFHSWXDOúLVHPDQWLF

• &XPVHGHILQHúWHDJHQWXOGHYRLDM"
• &DUHVXQWSULQFLSDOHOHUHJOHPHQW ULOHJLVODWLYHvQGRPHQLXOvQILLQ ULLúLIXQF LRQ ULLDJHQ LLORUGHWXULVP"
• Care sunt principalele tipuri deDJHQ LLGHWXULVPvQ8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ "
• &DUHVXQWFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHUH HOHORUGHDJHQ LLGHWXULVPLQWHJUDWHYROXQWDUHIUDQúL]DWHSURWHMDWH"

Probleme
2DJHQ LHGHWXULVPFDUHDUHXQFDSLWDOVRFLDOGHPLOOHLúLGHILOLDOHSRDWH avea statutul juridic

de:
a) VRFLHWDWHSHDF LXQL
b) VRFLHWDWHFXU VSXQGHUHOLPLWDW
c) VRFLHWDWHIDPLOLDO
d) societate în nume colectiv.
0RWLYD LU VSXQVXO
$QDOL]D LXUP WRDUHDVLWXD LH
8QLQYHVWLWRUÄ;´DUHGRX SRVLELOLW L
a) V DFKL]L LRQH]HRDJHQ LHGHWXULVPGHMDvQILLQ DW FDUHEHQHILFLD] GHRSLD VLJXU SHUVRQDO
FDOLILFDWFOLHQ LFXSRVLELOLW LILQDQFLDUHSHVWHPHGLHXP
b) V vQILLQ H]HRDJHQ LHGHWXULVPFDUHDUQHFHVLWDFRQVWUXLUHDXQHLFO GLULDFKL]L LRQDUHDGH
ELURWLF DQJDM ULGHSHUVRQDOFKHOWXLHOLFDUHV

-ar ridica la 450.000.000 u.m.. Timpul de
FRQVWUXLUHDQRLLDJHQ LLHVWHGHúDVHOXQLLDUSURGXVXORIHULWSHSLD VHYDYLQGHIRDUWHELQH
&HYDULDQW YDDOHJHLQYHVWLWRUXO"$UJXPHQWD LU VSXQVXO

ANEXA NR. 3.1.
'2&80(17(1(&(6$5(Ì1),,1 5,,$*(1 ,(,'(785,60
ROMÂNIA
MINISTERUL TURISMULUI 1
st uvwFx yDE
OFICIUL vPzZAUTORIZARE
{ wUxW|Pyt }~
/,&(1 '(785,60
YDODELO SkQ ODGDWDGH
TIPUL ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
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+ % %U #
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n ]#W (denumirea
agentului
; economic)
%
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data de ................... data de ................... data de ................... data de ...................
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st uvwFx yDE
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3
BANCA .......................
& WUH
MINISTERUL TURISMULUI
2),&,8/'($8725,=$5(ù,&21752/Ì1785,60
6&5,62$5('(*$5$1 ,(%$1&$5 15
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(denumirea agentului economic)

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–
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2),&,8/'($8725,=$5(ù,&21752/Ì1785,60
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..............................., cu sediul în .................................................................. a depus în contul nostru nr. ..........................,

GHVFKLV OD %DQFD VXPD GH vQ YHGHUHD FRQVWLWXLULL JDUDQ LHL
ILQDQFLDUH SHQWUX $JHQ LD GH WXULVP ......................................., cu sediul în ..............................................., potrivit
prevederilor normelor metodologice aprobate prin Ordinul ministrului turismului nr................... sumei totale de
..........................OHLODSULPDúLVLPSODFHUHUHD0LQLVWHUXOXL7XULVPXOXL–2ILFLXOGH$XWRUL]DUHúLFRQWUROvQ7XULVP
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5
ROMÂNIA
st uvwFx yDE
{ wUxW|Pyt }~
BREVET DE TURISM
ÌQ ED]D VH HOLEHUHD] SUH]HQWXO EUHYHW GH WXULVP GOXLGQHL
Q VFXW vQ DQXO OXQD ]LXD vQ ORFDOLWDWHD MXGH XO SULQ
FDUHLVHDWHVW FDSDFLWDWHDGHDvQGHSOLQLIXQF LDGH
VHPQ WXUD
L.S.
Nr. .........
%XFXUHúWL ............. 200... .
CERERE
de eliberare a brevetului de turism
Domnule Director.
6XEVHPQDWXODQ VFXW vQORFDOLWDWHDMXGH XO
la datDGHGRPLFLOLDW vQ
¿ ³%©¯¹¬»!´° ©² ®
ª ©³ ¹¬»!´° ©² §
Y URJV ELQHYRL LDGLVSXQHHOLEHUDUHDEUHYHWXOXLGHWXULVPSHQWUXIXQF LDGH
'HFODU F vQGHSOLQHVF vQ WRWDOLWDWH FULWHULLOH PLQLPH SHQWUX HOLEHUDUHD EUHYHWXOXL GH WXULVP VWDELOLWH GH
Ministerul Turismului – 2ILFLXO GH $XWRUL]DUH úL FRQtrol în Turism - SH FDUH OH YRL UHVSHFWD SH WRDW SHULRDGD
GHVI úXU ULLDFWLYLW LLGHWXULVP
$QH[H]XUP WRDUHOHGRFXPHQWH
- ........................................................
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VHPQ WXUD
Data .......................
ANEXA 3.2.
5( (/('($*(1 ,,'( TURISM EUROPENE
ÇFÈ Ã É
Á+ÄÅ#Ã ÅÆËÆÁ A
Ä ÀÁ Î!Ï Ì ÆÅ#ÐÄ Ã Ã
Nume À ÁWAn
Â Ã Ã Á deÄÅÆ Nr.puncte Statut Ê Ì&Í Å Ã Á Í Ä Í Æ
ÑÒ
ÓÔÕÖF×&ÇØ Ã Õ5ÙPÚAÔÛÓÙPÜFÖ
de vânzare
AMERICAN EXPRESS REIZEN American Express I da

(USA)
BBL TRAVEL Banque Bruxelles 30 I nu
Lambert
CIT (Compania Italiana del CIT (I) I da
Turismo)
LOTUS REIZEN 22 I nu
NF (Nouvelles Frontieres) 14 I da
NVB (Neckermann V.Bureau) ³&¬
¹« NUR
²¹#µ (D) x ¸%« 60 I da
SELECTAIR Ý ÝPÞÝ 90 V da
Toerkoop
SUN REIZEN SUN 20 I da
TCB (Touring Club Belge) TCB (automobil 21 I nu
club francophone)
}á ®
µ
´ â ãWä
TRANSCONTINENTAL General car, Havas, 39 I nu ßPÝPàAÝ
Inno
VTB (Vlaams Tourist Bond) VTB (automobil 31 I nu
club flamand)
WAGONS-LITS TOURS REIZEN 1876 CIWLT (F) 35 I da A absorbit Air tip,
Unicar Travel, Travel 44
WASTEELS 1951 25 I da Prezent pretutindeni în
(150 PV) Europa
2. DANEMARCA ¨ª ©¼©#¶²å ¶F² ¬
²
BENNETT Bennett (N) 8 I da
(100 PV) Scandinavia
CAN TRANSPORT Carlson (USA) 4 I da
DSB (Danske Staat Baner) DSB (Chemins de 23 I nu
fer)
FDM (Formende Danske Motore) FDM (Automobile 35 I nu
Club)
SAS REJSE BUREAU SAS 5 I da
TJAERE BORG Spies 6 I nu
WAGONS-LITS WORLD 15 I da Tachat de Worls Tourist
TOURIST REJSE BUREAU
æÒ
ç6ÜPÇPè Ç en 1988
u ª ©#² ®©®« ¼« ®
©#¶ « «
AFAT (Association Francais des 1988 320 V nu
Agences de Tourisme) Selectorului
AMERICAN EXPRESS 1985 American Express 45 I da
VOYAGES (USA)
CIT (Compania Italiana del CIT (I) 12 I da
Tourismo)
CLUB MED VOYAGES 1950 Club Med 78 I da
CREDIT MUTUEL VOYAGES 1971 Credit mutuel 50 I da
FRANTOUR TOURISME 1961 SCETA 52 I nu
HAVAS TOURISME 1902 Havas, CDC, 450 C nu
Bollore, Bouygues,
SIET, Lyonnaise
HERVOUET VOYAGES 1929 Autocars Hervouet 12 I nu
JUMBO 1989 Sotair (Air France) 40 Parraine nu
KUONI 1908 Kuoni (CH) 12 I da
LECLERC EVASION 1988 Leclerc 30 I nu
(Supermarches)
MTC (Mer, Terre, Ciel) 12 I nu
NF (Nouvelles Frontieres) 1967 100 C da
PERRIN GRUP Jean Perrin 20 I nu
PLEIN CIEL 1989 Plein Vent, 20 C nu
Lyonnaise de
Banque
RIVOIRE VOYAGES PARIS 1850 Jeumont Scheider 40 I nu Au fuzionat în 1990
CENTRE VOYAGES
SELECTOUR 1970 390 V Acorduri cuSelectair (B)
Toerkoop (NL)
TOURISME FRANCAIS Autocars Gaubert 10 I nu
TOURISME VERNEY 1889 Autocars Verney 70 C nu Ex-Nord-Sud Voyages
VOYAGES POUR TOUS 1976 Imperial Hoels 32 F nu
(Thailande)
VOYAGEURS DU MONDE 1980 10 I nu
WAGONS-LITS TOURISME 1872 CIWLT (Accor) 300 C da OPA d’Accor en 1991
(930 PV)
WASTEELS 1951 Wasteels 90 I da
4. GERMANIA
ABR (Amtliches Bayersches 1910 50 I nu
Reiseburo)I
ACE (Auto Club Eurropa) ACE (automobil 40 I nu
club)
ADAC (AlIlgemeiner Deutscher 1957 ADAC (automobil 176 I nu
Automobil Club) club)
ALPHA TOURS 1980 Tjaereborg 15 I nu
AMERICAN EXPRESS 1954 American Express 20 I da
REISEBÜRO (USA)
u ª ©#²®© u « ° ©º ©ª ² ©
DER (Deutsches Reiseburo) 1917 Deutsche 70 I da
Bundesbahn, ABR, germane
Lufthansa, Hapag
Lloyd
DR TIGGES 1962 15 I nu Grup TUI
EURO LLOYD REISEBURO 1954 Lufthansa, First 25 I nu ¹ ² ª în
Absorbit © z 1978 de
Reiseburo ß
FIRST REISEBURO 1976 10 I da Preluat de Carlson
(USA)
HORTEN 1977 40 I nu Grup TUI
KARSTADT REISEBURO 1971 100 I da Grup NUR
KAUFHOF HERTIE REISEN Kaufhof (ITS) 170 I nu Grup ITS
KUONI REISEBURO Kuoni (CH) 18 I da
NUR (Nekermann Und Reisen) 1963 Karstadt 80 I da Grup NUR
QUELLE REISEBURO 1962 Quelle 200 I nu
ROMANIGER REISEBURO 1842 Deutsche 50 I nu
Bundesbahn, DER
THOMAS COOK REISEBURO Cook (UK) 20 I da
TRANSALPINO REISEBURO 1978 Group italo-belge 10 I da
WAGONS-LITS REISEBURO CIWLT (F) 26 I da
5. GRECIA
WAGONS-LITS CIWLT (F) 7 I da
¿ « ° © ©ª6.² ITALIA
} u ©§ ¨+ª ©¼©#¶² å ¶gä#é ª«
CIT (Compania Italiana del 1927 Þ Þ 44 I da
Turismo)
NF NF (F) 16 I da
TURBO 150 V nu
UPT (Unione participazioni 11 V nu
Turisctiche)
WAGONS-LITS TURISMO CIWLT (F) 33 I da
7. MAREA BRITANIE ¨+ª ¬¯©¶« ² ®« ¶
AA (Automobile Association) AA 65 I nu
Automobilistic Club
AMERICAN EXPRES TRAVEL American Express 50 I da
(USA)
ARTAC (Association of Rentail V nu
Travel)
AT MAYS Carlson 300 I da ¨ª ¬¯©¶« ² ® « ¶¹¬ª ´¬ª «
BRITISH ARIWAYS HOLIDAYS BA 50 I nu ©ª « #¶
BROOKS Hotel Plan (CH) 10 I da
HOGG ROVINSON 255 I nu Grup BTI
INTRA TRAVEL 300 I nu ¹ê« ¼« « ¬¶²å ¶gä#ãëì
LUNN POLY HOLIDAY SHOP Thomson 500 I nu Ý
NAITA (National Association of 1978 800 I nu
Independent Travel Agents)
NATIONAL TRAVEL WORLD 150 I nu
PICKFORDS NFC, CIWLT (F) 360 I nu Probleme en 1991
THOMAS COOK TRAVEL 1845 Midland Bank 380 I da ° µ²+³%º ¾ª cu¸%« ²CIWLT
Acordul å ¶gä#ããWä a
(750 PV) ª µ
´F¶ ³&¹#µ²å ¶gä#ãî+ä
UNI GLOBE Uniglobe (Canada) 10 F da í
8. OLANDA
ABN ABN Bank 280 I nu
AMRO MRO Bank 120 I nu
ANWB (Allgemene Nederlandse 1883 ANWB 45 I Creat de Automobil
Wielrijders Bond) Club
ARKE REIZEN TUI (D) 50 I da
BROOKS Hotel Plan (CH) 20 I da
HOLLAND INTERNATIONAL ITS (D) 140 I da Grup BTI
HOTEL PLAN Hotel Plan 25 I da
u « ° © © ª ² © } µ©®©#¼©
NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen) NS 40 I nu Þ
NUR (Nekermann Und Reisen) NUR (D) 30 I da
PHILIPS REIZE BUREAU I nu
RABO RABO Bank 200 I nu ³&¬
¹« ² ¹#µ x ¿ §á
TOER KOOP 160 V nu Ý ÝPÞÝ Þ
Selectair (B)
UNI TRAVEL I nu ³%¬
¹« « ©®
©² ª ©«
± ¶¹«
VSB VSB Bank 350 I nu Ý
WAGONS-LITS REIZEN 1882 CIWLT (F) 45 I da
9. PORTUGALIA
ABREU 17 I da
ATLAS 5 I nu
CONCORDE 6 I nu
HOTELCAR 5 I nu
INTER VISA 8 I nu
JPR (Joaquim Pereira Resende) 6 I nu
MELIA Melia (S) 6 I da
NOVO MUNDO 15 I nu
STAR TRAVEL SERVICE Grup Sonae 10 I nu
TOP TOURS 6 I nu
WAGONS-LITS TURISMO CIWLT (F) 20 I da
10. SPANIA
BAIXAS VIAJES Carlson 15 I da ¼©#¶²+¸&«
å ¶ »(©ª « ¹®
©
ECUADOR VIAJES CIWLT (F), BBV 91 I da Pre Ý
(20 PV) Sud
EL CORTE INGLES EL Corte Ingles I nu
(grands magasins)
MARSANS VIAJES 50 I
MELIA VIAJES I da
NF NF (F) 6 I da
TIEMPO LIBRE 1969 Tiempo ibre 23 I nu
WASTEELS Wasteels I da
WAGONS-LITS VIAJES CIWLT (F) 130 I da
În coloana „Statut”: I –LQWHJUDW

C –FRPSXV DJHQ LLSURSULLúLIUDQVL]DWH
V – voluntar.
Sursa: Tourisme en Europe – J.P.Pasqualini, 1992.
ANEXA 3.3.
ANEXA 3.4.
Capitolul 4
Opera iunile tehnice
úi organizarea
agen iei de turism
ÌQ FDGUXO DJHQ LHL GH WXULVP WRDWH
ELURXULOH úL FRPSDUWLPHQWHOH FRQFXU OD
structurarea produselor turistice, la elaborarea

GRFXPHQWD LHL UHIHULWRDUH OD SURJUDPHOH GH YRLDM
IRUPDUHD LWLQHUDULLORU VHUYLFLLORU úL RIHUWHORU
DJHQ LLORUFRUHVSRQGHQWH
De asemenea, sunt precizate hotelurile

ofertante, tour-XULOH FH VH HIHFWXHD] VH RIHU
VHUYLFLLOHJDWHGHYL]HSDúDSRDUWHúLDOWHIDFLOLW L
GHF O WRULH
23(5$ ,81,/(7(+1,&(
ù,25*$1,=$5($
$*(1 ,(,'(785,60
PLANUL
CAPITOLULUI 4.1 Vânzarea de bilete pentru transportul turistic aerian
4.2 Vânzarea de bilete pentru alte forme de transport
turistic
4.3 Vânzarea de bilete pentru transporturile
QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH
4.4 Vânzarea de servicii turistice

6WUXFWXUDWHKQLF DXQHLDJHQ LLGHWXULVP
'RFXPHQWD LDDJHQ LHL
3HUVRQDOXODJHQ LHLGHWXULVP
5H]XOWDWHOHDFWLYLW LLDJHQ LLORUG e turism din

România
• Bilet neutru
• Handling
CONCEPTE • &RQGL LLGHF O WRULH
• Trafic accesoriu
• ,QIRUPD LLSURIHVLRQDOHvQWXULVP
4 Opera LXQLOH tehnice
úLorganizarea DJHQ LHLGHWXULVP
$JHQ LD GH WXULVP HVWH XQ LQWHUPHGLDU SULYLOHJLDW vQWUH GLIHUL LL SUHVWDWRUL GH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH KRWHOXUL
UHVWDXUDQWHRUJDQL]DWRULGHDJUHPHQWWUDQVSRUWDWRULúLWXULúWLÌQDFHDVW FDOLWDWHúLFRQIRUPRELHFWXOXLV XGH
DFWLYLWDWH DJHQ LD GHVI úRDU DFWLYLW L OHJDWH GH YkQ]DUHD GH ELOHWH GH WUDQVSRUW VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH úL VHUYLFLL
complementare acestora.
4.1. Vânzarea de bilete pentru transportul turistic aerian

Conform statisticilor oficiale ale OMT, 60% din cifra de afaceri a unei DJHQ LL R UHSUH]LQW HOLEHUDUHD
WLWOXULORUGHWUDQVSRUWFXQRVFXW VXEQXPHOHGHÄWLFNHWLQJ´VDXÄELOHWHULH´
,$7$ SHUPLWH HPLWHUHD GH ELOHWH SHQWUX XQ QXP U GH GH FRPSDQLL DHULHQH GLQ OXPHD vQWUHDJ SH OLQLLOH
LQWHUQD LRQDOHDFWLYLWDWHSHQWUXFDUH DJHQ LLOHSULPHVF XQ FRPLVLRQ GH$FHVWSURFHQWHVWH DFHODúLSHQWUX

1 2
WRDWH DJHQ LLOH GLQ OXPH (O HVWH QHJRFLDW vQWUH ,$7$ úL )8$$9 . Pentru a putea presta astfel de servicii,
DJHQ LD WUHEXLH V FRQVWLWXLH R JDUDQ LH ILQDQFLDU úL V GH LQ úWDPSLOD ,$7$ QXPLW úL 0$75,&2/
0DWULFHDHVWHQXPHURWDW SHQWUXDVHSXWHDLGHQWLILFDUH]HUY ULOHI FXWHGHDJHQ LLOHDFUHGLWDWH
3HQWUX VLPSOLILFDUHD ELOHWHULHL DHULHQH vQ DJHQ LL ,$7$ D FUHDW biletul neutru, numit BSP (Bank Settlement
3ODQ(OvQORFXLHúWH,63,QGXVWU\6HWWOHPHQW3ODQSULPDWHQWDWLY GHELOHWQHXWUXFDUHQ -a primit aprobarea
tuturor transportatorilor.
%63 QX SRDUW PDUFD XQHL FRPSDQLL DHULHQH FL GRDU PHQ LXQHD ,$7$ (O SHUPLWH DJHQ LLORU XWLOL]DUHD
DFHOHLDúLIRUPXOHLQGLIHUHQWGHFRPSDQLDFDUHDVLJXU ]ERUXO
DOCUMENTE FOLOSITE IN SERVICIILE DE TRANSPORT AERIAN

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$),ù$'(5(=(59$5(
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numele pasagerului;
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tariful.
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MPD-urilor.
MPD-XOSRDWHILHPLVPDQXDOVDXDXWRPDWFDGRFXPHQWFHVHGHFRQWHD] LQWUHFR mpanii.
6HDSOLF XUP WRDUHOHFRQGL LLJHQHUDOH
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-
titlul pasagerului.
'DF 03'-XO HVWH HPLV SHQWUX PDL PXO L SDVDJHUL VH WUHFH QXPHOH ILHF UXL SDVDJHU 'DF QX HVWH
VXILFLHQWVSD LXVHvQVFULHQXPHOHFDSXOXLGHIDPLOLHFRQGXF WRUXOXLGHJUXSVDXDOVSRQVRUXOXLXUPDW
GHÄ)RU;;SDVVHQJHUV´;; QUGHSDVDJHUL&HOHODOWHQXPHVHSRWLQWURGXFHvQDULDIOH[LELO VDXSH
ROLVW VHSDUDW DWDúDW ILHF UXL FXSRQ$FHDVW OLVW WUHEXLH YDOLGDW úL DGQRWDW FX VHULD GRFXPHQWXOXL
MPD.
2. Reason for Issuance
6HELIHD] UXEULFDSHQWUXFDUHVHHPLWH03' -ul
3. Amount in Letters
6HLQWURGXFHvQOLWHUHYDORDUHDWRWDO SHQWUXFDUH VH HPLWH03' XOXUPDW GH FRGXOPRQHGHL0RQHGD
-
vQ FDUH VH H[SULP VXPD UHVSHFWLY HVWH FHD D ULL GH vQFHSHUH D F O WRULHL FX H[FHS LD XQRU
UHJOHPHQW ULORFDOHGDF H[LVW
4. Fare/Changes
6HvQVFULHYDORDUHDWDULIXOXLI U WD[HVDXDVXPHLvQFDVDWHSUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHL
5. Equivalent Amount/Fare Paid
'DF SODWD VH IDFH vQ DOW PRQHG GHFkW FHD GLQ UXEULFD Ä)DUH&KDQJHV´ VH LQWURGXFH YDORDUHD
HFKLYDOHQW SUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHL
6. Tax
6HLQWURGXFYDORULOHWD[HORUFDUHVXQWLQFOXVHvQYDORDUHDWRWDO D03' XOXLvQDFHHDúLPRQHG FX
-
cea de la „Total”.
'DF QX VXQWVXILFLHQWHUXEULFLSHQWUXWRDWHWD[HOHVHLQWURGXFH VXPDWRWDO XUPDW GHFRGXOÄ;7´
úL VH GHWDOLD] vQ DULD IOH[LELO ILHFDUH YDORDUH ILLQG XUPDW VDX SUHFHGDW GH FRGXO ELOHWHULF DO
taxelor.
7. Ticket Total
$FHDVW UXEULF VH FRPSOHWHD] QXPDL vQ FD]XO 37$ XULORU 3HUVRQDO 7UDYHO $UUDQJHPHQW 'DF
-
GRFXPHQWXOQXVHIRORVHúWHSHQWUX37$VHLQWURGXFHÄ;;;´
8. Other Charges
6HFRPSOHWHD] vQFD]XO37$ -urilor.
9. Equivalent Charge Paid
6HFRPSOHWHD] vQFD]XO37$ -urilor.
10. Total Exchange Value
6HLQWURGXFHYDORDUHDWRWDO SHQWUXFDUHVHHPLWH03' XOSUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHLGHSODW
-
11. Service Change/Tax on MPD
Se introduce în cazul PTA-urilor, taxa de PTA.
12. Total
6HLQWURGXFHVXPDWRWDO SO WLW SUHFHGDW GHFRGXOPRQHGHi.
13. Airline Data

Se introduce codul PNR-ului (Personal Number Registered) când este cazul.
14. Date of Issue
Se introduce data emiterii.
15. Bank Exchange Rate-Other Charges.
6HLQWURGXFHFXUVXOEDQFDU GHVFKLPE IRORVLW SHQWUXWD[HvQYHGHUHDRE LQHULLVXPHLvQPRQ eda de
SODW
16. Form of Payment

6HLQWURGXFHFRGXOIRUPHLGHSODW
17. Endorsements/Restrictions
5HVWULF LLGHWDULIUDPEXUV UL
18. Bank Exchange Rate-Fare

6H LQWURGXFH FXUVXO EDQFDU GH VFKLPE IRORVLW SHQWUX WDULI vQ YHGHUHD RE LQHULL VXPHL vQ PRQHGD GH
SODW
19. Place of Issuance – Agency

3ULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLYDOLGDWRUVHLQWURGXFXUP WRDUHOHGDWH
a) codul numeric al agentului

b) data emiterii
c) QXPHOHFRPSDQLHLDJHQ LHLHPLWHQWH
d) ORFXOúL DUDHPLWHULL
e) FRGXOVDXLQL LDOHOHDJHQWXOXLHPLWHQW
20. Issued in connection With
Se introduce seria documentului emis în conexiune cu MPD-ul.
21. Issued in Exchange For
Se introduce seria documentului care este preschimbat. Când MPD-ul este emis ca un MCO
VSHFLILFDWFRGXODFHDVWDUXEULF VHODV OLEHU
22. Original Issue

1XVHFRPSOHWHD] vQ cazul în care MPD-ul este emis ca MCO specificat.
a) vQ FD]XO UHHPLWHULL VH LQWURGXFH VHULD GRFXPHQWXOXL RULJLQDO ORFXO GDWD úL FRGXO QXPHULF DO
agentului;
b) vQFD]XOHPLWHULLRULJLQDOHVHLQWURGXFHORFXOGDWDúLFRGXODJHQWXOXLQXPHULF
23. Flexible – Free Format Area
1. Excess Baggage Ticket
ÌQUXEULFDÄ5HDVRQIRU,VVXDQFH´VHELIHD] &RGXO – „Excess Baggage Ticket”.
ÌQ UXEULFD FX IRUPDW OLEHU VH LQWURGXFH UXWD SHQWUX FDUH VH vQFDVHD] H[FHGHQWXO GH EDJDM
XWLOL]kQGFRGXULGH DHURSRUWRUDúHFRPSDQLL DHULHQH 6HvQVFULHPRWLYXOSHQWUX FDUH HVWH SO WLW
DFHDVW VXP H[FHGHQW GH JUHXWDWHQXP U SLHVH 6H vQVFULH VXPD vQFDVDW SHU XQLWDWH úL RULFH
DOWHLQIRUPD LLQHFHVDUH
2. Special Service Ticket

6HELIHD] &RGXO – „Special Service Ticket”
ÌQ]RQDFXIRUPDWOLEHUVHVSHFLILF VHUYLFLXOVSHFLDOSHQWUXFDUHVHHPLWH03' -ul, de exemplu
„UPGRADE” urmat GHUXWDFODVD]ERUGDWDVWDWXWXOUH]HUY ULL
Cuponul de schimb („exchange coupon”) al MPD-XOXL VH DWDúHD] OD FXSRQXO GH ]ERU DIHFWDW
de modificare al biletului pasagerului.

3. Tour Order
6HELIHD] &RGXO– Tour Order.
4. Prepaid Ticket Advice

6HELIHD] Codul 40 – Prepaid Ticket Advice
În zona cu format liber se înscrie:

„C/” –DGUHVDúLWHOHIRQXOSDVDJHUXOXL
„X/” – ruta, tariful;
„B/” – date despre rezervare;
„R/” –LQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUH
„S/” –QXPHOHúLDGUHVDVSRQVRUXOXL
5. Specified Miscellaneous Charges Order
6HELIHD] &RGXO– Specified Miscellaneous Charges Order.
6HLQWURGXFHÄ72´XUPDWGHQXPHOHFRPSDQLHLFDUHRQRUHD] 03' XOXUPDWGHÄ$7´úLORFXO

-
în care acest cupon va fi onorat.
Se introduce „VALID FOR” urmat de tipul serviciului.
C. EXCEDENTUL DE BAGAJE
DeoarecH SHQWUX VXPHOH FROHFWDWH vQ DFHVW FD] QX VH SO WHúWH FRPLVLRQ DJHQWXOXL OLQLD Ä5HPLWWDQFH´ VH YD
completa astfel:
„Cash collection” –VHYDFRPSOHWDFXYDORDUHDFROHFWDW SHQWUXH[FHGHQWXOGHEDJDM
„Comission rate” – se va completa cu valoarea 0 (zero).
Exemplu:
Currency Cash Credit Commission Tax
collection balance rate amount
USD 100 0 0
'$5$1-$0(17(/$62/3(1758& / 725,,/( TIP „INCLUSIV TOUR”
DDF FRPLVLRQXO DFRUGDW HVWH LGHQWLF DWkW SHQWUX WDULIXO DIHUHQW WUDQVSRUWXOXL FX DYLRQXO FkW úL SHQWUX
aranjamentele la sol, atunci tariful total al pachetului turistic se va trece în biletul de avion.
Linia „Remittance” a MPD-ului emLVFXDFHDVW RFD]LHVHYDFRPSOHWDDVWIHO
„Cash collection” – se va completa cu valoarea 0 (zero).

„Comission rate” – se va completa cu valoarea 0 (zero).
Exemplu:
Currency Cash Credit Commission Tax
collection balance rate amount
USD 0 0
E. MODEL REZERVARE BILET DE AVION
& U LG
e îmbarcare care
dau posibilitatea
SDVDJHULORUV XUFH
în avion
F. BILETUL DE AVION
SHUDPEXUVHD] GHF WUHDJHQ LDGHWLFNHWLQJúLVHvQPkQHD] WXULVWXOXLvQPRPHQWXODFKLW ULLWDULIXOXL
Biletul de rambursare
(VWHVSHFLILFDFWLYLW LLGHWUDQVSRUWDHULDQúLUHSUH]LQW VXPDUDPEXUVDW FOLHQWXOXLvQPRPHQWXOQHHIHFWX ULL
F O WRULHL
*%,/(7'($9,217$520ù,%,/(7('(,'(17,),&$5($%$*$-(/25
&203$1,,/(7$520ù,6$%(1$
+$6,*85$5('(6 1 7$7(
• Zona 1 (Belgia)
• Sejur limitat la unDQXPLWQXP U
de zile
4.2. Vânzarea de bilete pentru alte forme de transport turistic
4.2.1. Transportul rutier
Transportul rutier HVWHRIRUP GHWUDQVSRUWWHUHVWUXúLWRWRGDW XQVXEVLVWHPDOVLVWHPXOXLQD LRQDODO
WUDQVSRUWXULORUFDUHDVLJXU GHSODVDUHDvQVSD LXDP UIXULORUúLSHUVRDQHORUFXDMXWRUXOYHKLFXOHORUPLMORDFH
de transport auto-SURSXOVDWHúLDPLMORDFHORUWUDFWDWHUHPRUFLWUDLOHUH
$XWRYHKLFXOHOH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQWU R PRELOLWDWH GHRVHELW QHILLQG OHJDWH GH LQVWDOD LL VSHFLDOH IL[H FXP
-
HVWHFD]XOvQWUDQVSRUWXOIHURYLDUGHSLOG 'DWRULW DFHVWXLIDSWHOHSRWS WUXQGHvQORFXULXQGHDOWHPLMORDFH
GHWUDQVSRUWQXDXDFFHVLELOLWDWHFRQVWUXLQGRFRPSRQHQW LQGLVSHQVDELO DWUDQVSRUWXULORUPXOWLPRGDOH
Componentele procesului de transport rutier: -SURFHVXOGHWUDQVSRUWDUHWUHLFRPSRQHQWHGHED] úLDQXPH
• drumul;
• autovehiculul;
• FRQGXF WRUXODXWR
&D VXSRUW PDWHULDO SH FDUH VH GHUXOHD] FLUFXOD LD DXWRYHKLFXOHORU GUXPXO FRQGL LRQHD] SULQ FDOLW LOH VDOH
mobiOLWDWHDDXWRYHKLFXOHORUúLHILFLHQ DH[SORDW ULLORUWHKQLFHúLFRPHUFLDOH
8QGUXPHVWHFXDWkWPDLEXQFXFkWVROLFLW GLQSDUWHDDXWRYHKLFXOXOXLRIRU GHWUDF LXQHPDLPLF SHUPLWH
FLUFXOD LD FX YLWH] PDUH vQ OLPLWHOH OHJDOH DGPLVH SUH]LQW XQ JUDG GH X]XU PLQLP úL RIHU R VLJXUDQ
3
PD[LP SHQWUXFLUFXOD LH .
7RWDOLWDWHDGUXPXULORUVLWXDWHSHvQWUHJWHULWRULXO ULLIRUPHD] UH HDXDUXWLHU În cadrul acesteia, din punct
GHYHGHUHDOLPSRUWDQ HLHFRQRPLFHúLDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGHRVHELP
• drumurile publice, UHVSHFWLY DFHOH F L GH FRPXQLFD LH WHUHVWU FX H[FHS LD F LORU IHUDWH DPHQDMDWH
SHQWUX FLUFXOD LD YHKLFXOHORU úL DIODWH vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD XQXL RUJDQ GH VWDW GDF VXQW GHVFKLVH FLUFXOD LHL
SXEOLFHúLVDWLVIDFFHULQ HOHGHWUDQVSRUWUXWLHUDOHvQWUHJLLHFRQRPLLQD LRQDOHúLDOHSRSXOD LHL
• drumuri de exploatare FDUH VDWLVIDF FHULQ HOH GH WUDQVSRUW DOH XQRU XQLW L HFRQRPLFH DJULFROH
forestiere).
La rândul lor, drumurile publice se împart în:
a) drumuri de interes republican;
b) drumuri de interes local.
Din categoria drumurilor de interes republican fac parte: DXWRVWU ]LOHúLGUXPXULOHQD LRQDOH.
$XWRVWU ]LOHVXQWGUXPXULGHPDUHFDSDFLWDWHUH]HUYDWHH[FOXVLY
FLUFXOD LHL DXWRYHKLFXOHORU (OH VXQW SUHY ]XWH FX F L GH UXODUH
XQLGLUHF LRQDOH VHSDUDWH SULQ tr-R EDQG PHGLDQ LQWHUVHFWHD]
GHQLYHODW RULFH DOW FDOH GH FLUFXOD LH HYLW SH FkW SRVLELO
ORFDOLW LOH LDU DFFHVXO úL LHúLUHD DXWRYHKLFXOHORU VXQW SHUPLVH
numai prin locuri special amenajate.

1RLOH GUXPXUL LQWHUQD LRQDOH RFROHVF RUDúHOH SHQWUX XQ W rafic mai
Turismul UDSLG WLPSXO HFRQRPLVLW ILLQG vQ DYDQWDMXO F O WRULORU FX DXWRPRELOXO
SH GLVWDQ H OXQJL UHGXF FRQJHVWLRQ ULOH GH WUDILF H[WLQG FkPSXO
depinde de autRVWU ]L
afacerilor de-DOXQJXODFHVWRUDSULQVHUYLFLLOHGHFD]DUHúLDOLPHQWD LH
úLGUXPXULQD LRQDOH
SULQDWUDF LLOHGHWRWIHOXO
DrumXULOH QD LRQDOH IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH SULQFLSDOHOH RUDúH DOH ULL úL
SXQFWHOHGHIURQWLHU FHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
Din categoria drumurilor de interes local fac parte: drumuri

MXGH HQHcele comunale úL UH HDXD VWUDGDO D RUDúHORU ULL
'UXPXULOH MXGH HQH IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH SULQFLSDOHOH ORFDOLW L DOH
MXGH HORULDUFHOHFRPXQDOHVHUDPLILF GLQFHOHMXGH HQH
&DUDFWHULVWLFWUDQVSRUWXULORUUXWLHUHGLQ DUDQRDVWU GDUúLGLQDOWH UL
HVWH IDSWXO F GUXPXULOH úL DXWRYHKLFXOHOH VH DIO vQ DGPLQLVWUDUH
GLIHULW .
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autonome Ä$GPLQLVWUD LD1D LRQDO D'UXPXULORU´$1'
3
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'UXPXULOH MXGH HQH VH DIO vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD SULP ULLORU FRPXQDOH LDU UH HDXD VWUDGDO D RUDúHORU vQ
DGPLQLVWUDUHDSULP ULLORURUDúHORUUHVSHFWLYH
Studiu de caz
Ä=LDUHOH ORFDOH GLQ MXGH XO %UDúRY DX UHOHYDW vQ QXPHURDVH UkQGXUL GHVSUH VFDQGDOXULOH L]EXFQLWH DVXSUD
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- GH OD DQ OD DQ GLQ
lipsa fonGXULORUDORFDWHSULP ULLORUMXGH HQH5HIHULWRUODMXGH XO%UDúRYSULPDUXODUHDPLQWLWF Ä&HDPDL
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JURSLOH PDUL GH SH GUXPXUL 5HDPLQWLP F vQ D cest an, municipalitatea a contabilizat 300.000 de mp de
JURSL FX PDL SX LQ GHFkW vQ LDU YDORDUHD IRQGXULORU FH DU WUHEXL DORFDWH SHQWUX D VH UHSDUD
VWU ]LOH HVWH GH SHVWH GH PLOLDUGH GH OHL SHQWUX UHSDUD LL FDSLWDOH QHFHVDUXO ILLQG GH 0 de miliarde.
*URSLOH ÄSULP Y UDWLFH´ YRU GLVS UHD GRDU GDF WHPSHUDWXUD OD QLYHOXO VROXOXL HVWH GH JUDGH &HOVLXV
SHQWUX F DOWIHO QX VH SRDWH WXUQD DVIDOW vQ JURSL LDU GDF PDL HVWH úL FDURVDELOXO XPHG QX VH YD DF LRQD
deloc. De altfel, „drumurile sHYRUUHSDUDGXS FHYLQHF OGXUD´
(Sursa: „Transilvania Expres”, pag. 1, 10 martie 2000).
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• SURGXF LDLQGXVWULHLGHDXWRPRELOH
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Autobuzul sau autocarul UHSUH]LQW GH DVHPHQHD XQ PLMORF GH

Autobuzul sau WUDQVSRUW WRW PDL XWLOL]DW úL SRDWH IL FRQV
iderat corespondentul
autocarul turistic transportului automobilistic adaptat la turismul de grup. Astfel
SULQFLSDOXOV XDYDQWDMvO UHSUH]LQW FRVWXOVF ]XW SHSDVDJHU LQkQG
VHDPDúLGHFKHOWXLHOLOHYDULDELOHFkWúLGHFHOHIL[H
Succesul transportului cu autocarul se daWRUHD] QXQXPDLGLIHUHQ HL
GH SUH ID GH DOWH PLMORDFH GH WUDQVSRUW GDU úL DPHOLRU ULL
VXEVWDQ LDOH D HFKLSDPHQWXOXL FRQIRUW VHUYLFLL LQWHULRDUH
FOLPDWL]DUHFUHúWHULLVHFXULW LLúLXQHLDGDSW ULRSWLPHQHFHVLW LORU
turismului. De aceea, coeficieQWXO GH XWLOL]DUH D FDSDFLW LL
DXWRFDUHORU GHS úHúWH ILLQG VXSHULRU FHORU GLQ WUDQVSRUWXO
IHURYLDU úL DHULDQ &OLHQWHOD WXULVPXOXL FX DXWRFDUXO HVWH IRUPDW vQ
VSHFLDOGLQWLQHULVDXGLQPHPEULLXQRUDVRFLD LLvQWUHSULQGHUL
Studiu de caz
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LGHHD GH D SO WL PDL PXOW GDF YRU FD 5RPkQLD V DLE GUXPXUL PDL EXQH Ä3RDWH HVWH PRPHQWXO V
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de a accepta plata unor taxe cât mai reduse. Ä7UHEXLHV OHH[SOLF PF QXSXWHPIXQF LRQDvQWU -o astfel de
FRQWUDGLF LH´ D DILUPDW % VHVFX 3ROLWLFD 0LQLVWHUXOXL 7UDQVSRUWXULORU vQ XUP WRDUHD SHULRDG YD IL
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ILQDQ DUHD SURYHQLW GLQ )RQGXO 6SHFLDO DO 'UXPXULORU )6S' DVLJXU vQ SUH]HQW DFRSHULUHD LQWHJUDO D
OXFU ULORUGHvQWUH LQHUHDúRVHOHORU

(OVSXQHF WRWXúLWUHEXLHFUHDWHFULWHULLGHFUHúWHUHDHILFLHQ HLXWLOL] ULLUHVXUVHORUSURYHQLWHGLQ)RQGvQ
FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH H[LVW ÄPDUL LQFHUWLWXGLQLL´ vQ SULYLQ D GLVWULEXLULL UHVXUVHORU ILQDQFLDUH F WUH
DGPLQLVWUD LLOHORFDOHª
(Sursa: „Transilvania Expres”, pag. 3, 8 octombrie 1998)
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turistice. Studii asupra costului de utilizare a maúLQLLDXDU WDWF SHQWUXFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDEHQHILFLDULORU
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Studiu de caz
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– exploatare, rafinare,
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D SUHFL]DW %HUFHDQX /D XOWLPD PDMRUDUH D SUH XOXL EHQ]LQHL vQ PDUWLH XQ (&8 YDORUD OHL LDU
miercuri, 14 octombrie, a atins niveOXOGHOHL0LQLVWUXOVSXQHF SHQWUXHYLWDUHDFUHúWHULLSUH XULORU
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D HYLWD DFXPXODUHD SLHUGHULORU OD 3HWURP &21(/ VDX 5RPJD] D DG XJDW %HUFHDQX 3kQ PLHUFXUL SHVWH
GLQ SUH XO GH OHLOLWUX UHSUH]LQW LPSR]LWH úL WD[H F WUH VWDW vQ XUPD GHYDORUL] ULL OHXOXL úL OD
aFHDVW YDORDUHDG XJkQGX VHWD[HOHLQFOXVHvQSUH XO L HLXOXLURPkQHVF3HWURPvQFDVDvQILQDOSX LQSHVWH

-
GLQSUH XOILQDODOSURGXVHORUSHWUROLHUHDSUHFL]DW%HUFHDQX´
(Sursa: „Transilvania Expres”, pag. 16, 15 octombrie 1998)
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Închirierea
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aceea, în ultima vreme, autobuzul/autocarul este din ce în ce mai

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AN Din total, în milioane pasageri/km

Rutier
Cehia Ungaria Polonia România Slovenia Slovacia
1995 16.777 9.556 34.024 12.343 2.507 11.191
1996 15.228 9.763 33.984 12.842 2.348 14.777
1997 12.423 10.167 33.128 13.531 2.195 13.493
1998 13.177 10.662 34.035 8.962 2.098 8.840
*Sursa: Cestat – Statical Bulletin – CNS – România, 1999
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crearea unui sistem european de tarife pentru pasageri (TEV),

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membre un comision de cca. 10% pentru promovarea

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mici.
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RIT fiind, într-un fel, similar agrementului IT folosit în transportul aerian.
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limitat volumul minim al traficului în acest aranjament.
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precedent.
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importante beneficii suplimentare.
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AN Din total, în milioane pasageri / km

feroviar
1995 8.023 8.441 26.635 18.879 595 4.202
1996 8.111 8.582 26.569 18.356 613 3.769
1997 7.710 8.669 25.806 15.795 616 3.057
1998 7.001 8.884 25.664 13.422 645 3.092
1999 - - + - - -
*Sursa: CESTAT – Statistical Bulletin – CNS – România, 1999.
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principale se mai desprind o serie de linii secundare FDUH S WUXQG SH
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-
„radialitatea”.
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continentului.
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etc..., existând: trenuri intercity; trenuri exprese; trenuri rapide; trenuri accelerate; trenuri de persoane.
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)DFLOLW L H[FXUVLLOH LQWHUQH VXQW HPLWHUHD GH ELOHWH GH F O WRULH vQ FLUFXLW
pentru transportul úL D FHORU SHQWUX JUXSXUL FX UHGXFHULOH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
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cazuri:
pentru c O WRULDFRSLLORUVXEDQLSHSDUFXUV61&)5úL
VXEDQLSHSDUFXUVVWU LQ
SHQWUXF O WRULDvQJUXSXULGHSHVWHSHUVRDQH
SHQWUX F O WRULD GXV -întors în traficul reciproc cu Ungaria,

6ORYHQLD&HKLD3RORQLDúL,XJRVODYLD
persoanelor de vârsta a treia (peste 60 ani) posesoare ale

F U LLÄ5DLO(XURS6HQLRU´
SHUVRDQHORUFDUHF O WRUHVFvQJUXSXULPLFLPLQLPXQDGXOW
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WLQHULL VXE DQL SRW HIHFWXD XQ QXP U QHOLPLWDW GH
F O WRULL vQ (XURSD WLQS GH ]LOH VDX R OXQ vQ FRQGL LL
IRDUWHDYDQWDMRDVHFXPS UkQGOHJLWLPD LDÄ,QWHU -Rail 26”.

6HUYLFLLOHRIHULWHGHFDOHDIHUDW SRWILFODVLILFDWHDVWIHO
• servicii feroviare propriu-zise;

• servicii feroviare auxiliare.
3ULPHOH VH UHIHU QXPDL OD WUDQVSRUWXO SHUVRDQHORU FX PLMORDFHOH F LORU IHUDWH LDU VHUYLFLLOH DX[LOLDUH FXP
VXQW VHUYLFLLOH SHQWUX F O WRULD vQ WLPSXO QRS LL YDJRDQH SDWXUL YDJRDQH FXúHWH VDX YDJRDQH UHVWDXUDQW
4
vagoane cX V OL GH FLQHPDWRJUDI YDJRDQH GH EDJDM HWF DX vQ YHGHUH FUHDUHD XQRU FRQGL LL IDYRUDELOH GH
transport.
4.2.3 Transportul naval

$OHJHUHD QDYHORU FD PLMORF GH WUDQVSRUW WXULVWLF D UHSUH]HQWDW vQF
de la începutul secolului o manifestare îndeosebi a consumului

turistic de lux, apanaj al claselor socio-economice cu venituri
ULGLFDWH 'HVLJXU H[LVWHQ D PDL PXOWRU FODVH FDOLWDWLYH vQ LQWHULRUXO
DFHOXLDúL VSD LX GH WUDQVSRUW D IDFLOLWDW úL DFFHVXO WXULúWLORU FX
YHQLWXUL PDL PRGHVWH GHúL WDULIXO SO WLW SHQWUX R F O WRULH FX

Croazierele sunt vaporul – ca mijloc de acces - HUD GHVWXO GH ULGLFDW $WUDF LD
considerate H[HUFLWDW GHF O WRULDSHDS FDSULQFLSDODJUHPHQWúLQXQXPDLFD
SRVLELOLWDWH GH DFFHV OD R GHVWLQD LH WXULVWLF D GDW QDúWHUH

turism de lux „croazierelor” – aranjamente turistice cH FXSULQG DO WXUL GH
WUDQVSRUW úL FHOHODOWH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH SUHVWDWH SH SDUFXUVXO
F O WRULHL 3DUFXO GH QDYH vQ FRQWLQX FUHúWHUH FUHúWHUHD VHFXULW LL
GH WUDQVSRUW GDU PDL DOHV GLYHUVLILFDUHD WLSXULORU GH QDYH úL
FRQGL LLOH GH FRQIRUW úL DJUHPHQW VSRULWH SH FDUH OH RIHU DX
LPSXOVLRQDWFHUHUHDWXULVWLF SHQWUXFURD]LHUH
3LD DWXULVPXOXLGHFURD]LHU úL DPRGLILFDWLPDJLQHD vQXOWLPLLDQLGHODRSLD

- GHOX[ODRSLD úLRRIHUW
GH PDV GHVWLQDW XQXL SXEOLF PDL ODUJ úL PDL WkQ U 7HQGLQ HOH UHF ente sunt de scurtare a duratei
croazierelor, de combinare a aranjamentelor aer – PDUH R GDW FX OLEHUDOL]DUHD WUDQVSRUWXULORU DHULHQH úL R
GLYHUVLILFDUH D DFWLYLW LORU FH VH GHVI úRDU OD ERUGXO QDYHORU 7RDWH DFHVWH PRGLILF UL V -au reflectat în
aliniereDRIHUWHLODFHUHUHFHHDFHDVWLPXODWFLUFXOD LDWXULVWLF SHFDOHDPDULWLP
5
În România, VHUYLFLLOHPDULWLPHúLIOXYLDOHVHHIHFWXHD] SH0DUHD1HDJU úLSH'XQ UH'LQ0DUHD1HDJU
VHWUHFHSULQVWUkPWRULOH%RVIRUúL'DUGDQHOHvQ0DUHD0HGLWHUDQ GHXQGHVHDMXQJHvQFHOHPDLvQGHS UWDWH
FRO XULDOHOXPLL3HDFHDVW FDOHPDULWLP VHHIHFWXHD] vQGHRVHELWUDQVSRUWXOGHP UIXULúLPDLSX LQFHOGH
F O WRUL
ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHWUDQVSRUWXOGHF O WRULVHSRWDPLQWLFURD]LHUHOHPDULWLPHFDUHSRUQHVF din portul Tomis –

&RQVWDQ DvQVSUH ULOHULYHUDQH
Croaziera face parte din exportul ocazional, de fapt un serviciu de

Croaziera este un WXULVPFDUHFRQVW vQSHWUHFHUHDVHMXUXOXL la bordul unei nave special
export ocazional amenajate, oferindu-VH F O WRULORU QX QXPDL XQ YRLDM PDULWLP
RELúQXLWFLúLXQHOHWUDWDPHQWHúLGLYHUWLVPHQWHGHRVHELWHSUHFXPúL
YL]LWDUHD XQRU SRUWXUL úL ORFDOLW L vQ DIDUD JUDQL HORU ULL vQ
conformitate cu itinerarul stabilit în prealabil. În cazul unor excursii

SHWHULWRULXODOWRU ULFkQGVHXWLOL]HD] úLDOWHPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUW
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V ILHFXSULQVHvQLWLQHUDUXOGLQDLQWHVWDELOLW
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sau într-XQDOWSRUWvQFDUHV -LDúWHSWHSHWXULúWLLSOHFD LvQH[FXUVLH
4
&(')*+ * ,.- Economia serviciilor, /01+ 2 3!456745)83:9;<=3#*384?>@2 + ;1A!B!B8B8;CD-A1AFE
5
Minciu, R. Economia turismului ;/01+ 2 3!4?56G4?5)83#9;<=3#*3!4>@?2 + ;8A!B8B8B!;C:- A!H!I8-
Studiu de caz
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FXSULQGHSHOkQJ FHOHGHFDELQH UHVWDXUDQWHSLVFLQHV

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VSRUW FDVLQR PDJD]LQH FHQWUX GH WUDWDPHQW úL vQIUXPXVH DUH VSD LL GHVWLQDWH FRSLLORU SH GLIHULWH JUXSH G e
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4.2.4 Transportul fluvial

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(XURSDFDUHWUDYHUVHD] 0XQ LL&DUSD LvQUHJLXQHD3RU LOHGH)LHUSH
R GLVWDQ G e aproximativ 126 kilometri. Nici un alt fluviu mare din

OXPH FXP DU IL ,QGXV *DQJH %UDKPDSXWUD úL DOWHOH QX VWU EDWH XQ
ODQ GH PXQ L SH R DVHPHQHD GLVWDQ $SRL HVWH GH UHPDUFDW
Transportul IUXPXVH HD 'HOWHL 'XQ ULL DFHDVW ÄvPS U LH D DSHORU´ FDUH RIHU XQ
WXULVWLFSH'XQ UH
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De-D OXQJXO 'XQ ULL vQ WRDWH ULOH ULYHUDQH V-au construit în ultima
vreme diferite obiective ce pot fi vizitate. Prin construirea canalului
'XQ UH – 0DUHD 1HDJU V-a extins sectorul navigabil, inclusiv de
DJUHPHQWSHWHULWRULXO ULLQRDVWUH
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Transportul turistic create prin construirea hidrocentralelor sau pe cele naturale.

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pe lac OXQJLPH GH GH NLORPHWUL HVWH EU ]GDW GH YDSRUDúH GH PLF
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'kPERYL D 6XSHULRDU &ULúXO 5HSHGH úD VLWXDWH vQ ]RQH
16
SLWRUHúWLRIHU SRVLELOLWDWHDWUDQVSRUWXOXLSHQWUXDJUHPHQW
ÌQ MXUXO FDSLWDOHL ULL QRDVWUH GH IDSW XQD GLQ SX LQHOH FDSLWDOH
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LQFOXVLY YDSRUDúH SHQWUX DJUHPHQW úL SUDFWLFDUHD VSRUWXULORU
nauticH $FHODúL OXFUX VH SRDWH VSXQH úL GHVSUH XQHOH ODFXUL
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Siutghiol.
Tabel 4.1
7UDQVSRUWXOPDULWLPGHSDVDJHUL ULDQL
Din total, în milioane pasageri / km

AN Maritim
1995 - - 166 24 - 7
1996 - - 156 17 - 5
1997 - - 143 16 - 4
1998 - - 173 13 - 5
1999 - - - - - -
Sursa: CESTAT – Statistical Bulletin – CNS - România
6
Minciu, R.., op. cit.
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*HQHUDOL]DUHD WUDQVSRUWXULORU UXWLHUH SH DS úL SH F LOH IHUDWH D GHWHUPLQDW FRQVLGHUDUHD DFHVWRUD GUHSW
transporturi clasice.
În locurile în care transporturile clasice nu au fost accesibile, s-DX LQWURGXV SH SODQ ORFDO DOWH PLMORDFH úL
sisteme de transport, care sunt denumite QHFRQYHQ LRQDOHFXPDUILIXQLFXODUHOHúLWHOHIHULFHOHWUDQVSRUWXULOH
VXVSHQGDWH F LOH IHUDWH FX R VLQJXU úLQ PRQRUDL F LOH IHUDWH FX FUHPDOLHU WUDQVSRUWXULle pneumatice,
F LOHIHUDWHFXPRWRDUHHOHFWULFHOLQLDUHF LOHIHUDWHFXYHKLFXOHSHSHUQ GHDHUúLDOWHVLVWHPHGHWUDQVSRUWXUL
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–úLQ VXVWHQWD LHVDXSURSXOVLHFODVLF VXQWGHQXPLWHWRWQHFRQYHQ LRQDOH
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funicularelor, cu un mileniX vQDLQWHD HUHL QRDVWUH vQ &KLQD ,QGLD úL

Japonia.
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ILLQGFRQVWLWXLWHGLQIXQLLVDXIUkQJKLLGLQPDWHULDOHWH[WLOHVXV LQXWHSH
VWkOSL GH OHPQ SH FDUH HUDX WUDVH FRúXUL FDGUH VDX bene cu materiale.
7UDF LXQHD VH HIHFWXD GH OD H[WUHPLW LOH IXQLLORU FX DMXWRUXO FDLORU
Din 1827 funiile din materiale textile au fost înlocuite cu cabluri de

R HO
7
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GH F WUH HQJOH]XO &KDUOHV +REWRQ &X WLPSXO V DX LQWURGXV úLQH -
SHQWUXFLUFXOD LDYDJRDQHORUúLVLVWHPHHILFLHQWHGHWUDJHUHDFDEOXULORU
GHWUDF LXQH
8Q VLVWHP GH IXQLFXODU IRUPDW GLQ GRX úLQH vQWU e care circulau
Transportul YDJRDQHOH WUDVH GH XQ FDEOX DF LRQDW GH OD H[WUHPLW L GH GRX PDúLQL
turistic fixe cu abur a fost creat de inginerul Maus, iar inginerul Tomas
$JXGLQR D FRQVWUXLW vQ vQWUH 7RULQR úL 6XSHUJD SH R GLVWDQ GH
pe funiculare NPXQIXQLFXODUFXRúLQ FHQWUDO úLXQFDEOX
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DSRLJHQHUDOL]DW
Unul dintre cele mai renumite funiculare a fost construit în Argentina

între anii 1903 – 1905, la minele de cupru de la Sierra de Famatina din
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VXV LQXWHGHVWkOSLPHWDOLFLvQDO LGHGHP
O linie de 335 de meWUL FXFDEOX OD FDUH WUDF LXQHD VH I FHD GH PDúLQL
IL[H FX DEXU DPSODVDWH OD FHOH GRX H[WUHPLW L OXQJ GH NP D
IRVWFRQVWUXLW vQWUH/RQGUDúL%ODFNZDO/LQLDHUDPRQWDW SHYLDGXFWH
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O PDUH U VSkQGLUH DX DYXW IXQLFXODUHOH DF LRQDWH SULQ FRQWUDJUHXWDWH
FXDSDvQ(OYH LD)UDQ D*HUPDQLDúL,WDOLD
Linia de funiculare cu cea mai mare declivitate de pe glob, de 840

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–
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SH FDUH VXQW PRQWDWH úLQH LDU YDJRDQHOH VXQW WUDVH GH FDEOXUL úL DX IRVW FRQVWUXLWH vQ DUD QRDVWU vQWUH -
vQWUH$QLQDúL2UDYL D
7
Ignat D., J1KL!M1N OP1KQ RKS T UGS UKSVSLW1S X!/08+ 2 3!4?5ZY>[8)+ * ;<=3#*384?>@2 + ;DE\I1\1;CD- IA -83.
2DOW OLQLHIXQLFXODU SHSODQvQFOLQDWFRQVWUXLW OD&RP G XOkQJ &RYDVQDvQDQXOIXQF LRQHD] úL
în prezent.
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vQ MXGH XO 6XFHDYD /D vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL DO XX lea s-D FRQVWUXLW R OLQLH IXQLFXODU FDUH WUDYHUVD PXQWHOH
5HWHYRLODIDEULFDGHKkUWLHGHOD%XúWHQL
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'XS FHO GH DOGRLOHD U ]ERLPRQGLDO V

- -au introdus PXOWH WHOHIHULFH vQ ]RQHOH WXULVWLFHGLQ PXQ L OD3UHGHDO
8
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Transporturile suspendate
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pe piloni din metal sau din beton armDW 9HKLFXOHOH FLUFXO VXE FDOHD
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Inginerul german Franz Fritz von Ducker a construit în anul 1861

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vQ0XQ LL+DU]
/LQLDIHUDW
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suspendat 0XQ LL 3LULQHL vQ DQXO &DEOXO GH WUDF LXQH DO YDJRDQHORU FX
PLQHUHXDF LRQDODFRERUkUHXQJHQHUDWRUHOHFWULFFDUHI urniza energia

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Sistemul de transport suspendat, în diferite variante de dispunere a

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/LYHUSRRO %DOWLPRUH %RVWRQ úL vQ DOWH S U L 6 D H[SHULPHQWDW úL

-
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motoarelor de avion. În 1923 s-a construit automotorul cu elice

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+DPEXUJúL%HUOLQ
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UL
Transportul de pasageri în România

Tabel 4.2
3DVDJHULWUDQVSRUWD L Parcursul pasagerilor
– mii pasageri – milioane pasageri – km
1997 1998 1997 1998
Trim 4 Trim 1 Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4 Trim 4 Trim 1 Trim 2 Trim 3 Trim 4
]F^_ à bc dc ef`Zg(__ à bc `f _ h`fi 130548 103525 93436 90298 86733 7481 5560 6065 7202 5396
T. feroviar 40453 38709 37891 36174 34026 3605 3153 3304 4018 2947
T. rutier 89290 64329 54737 53124 52072 3515 2087 2303 2521 2050
T. fluvial 563 295 559 660 408 6 3 4 4 3
T. aerian 242 192 249 340 227 399 317 454 659 396
]F^dc ef?`Zg(_`b?dc ef?` 526923 521323 544699 479266 527921 - 4852 7155 5581 6110
Sursa: CNS – Anul X nr.2 – 1999, „Buletin statistic lunar”.
8
Ignat, D., op. cit. p.33, p. 84-85.
& LOHIHUDWHFXRVLQJXU úLQ PRQRUDL
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În anul 1821, inginerul englez Henry Robinson Palmer a constrit între

9
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În 1892 americanul Boynton a creat sistemul Bicycle Railroad la New

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-
IRUP GH7
Sistemul monorai giroscopic al inginerului englez Louis Brenann

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Transportul cu
IRORVL VROX LD GH WUDFWDUH HILFLHQW a trenurilor cu locomotive cu
FUHPDOLHU
VLPSO DGHUHQ 8QD GLQ VROX LLOH SHQWUX P ULUHD DGHUHQ HL D IRVW
LQWURGXFHUHD XQHL úLQH GLQ DWH SH D[D F LL vQWUH úLQHOH FDUH VHUYHVF
SHQWUX VXV LQHUHD PDWHULDOXOXL UXODQW úL SHQWUX UXODUH
VDX ODWHUDO ùLQD GLQ DW DQJUHQHD] GLQ LL XQHL UR L VXSOLPHQWDUH D
XQRU ORFRPRWLYH GH FRQVWUXF LH VSHFLDO ùLQD GLQ DW HVWH GHQXPLW
FUHPDOLHU
6LVWHPXO D IRVW SXV SHQWUX SULPD GDW vQ DSOLFDUH vQ 68$ v n anul
úLSHUIHF LRQDWGHHOYH LDQXO5LJJHQEDFKFDUHDFRQVWUXLWSULPD
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-au
FRQVWUXLW OLQLL IHUDWH FX FUHPDOLHU OD DO
titudinea cea mai mare din
Europa, pe muntele Jungfrau, la 3.457 m. Între cele 14 linii ferate cu
FUHPDOLHU GLQ (OYH LD UHFRUGXO GHFOLYLW LL vO GH LQH OLQLD GH SH
muntele Pilatus, cu 480 mm/m.
ÌQ DUD QRDVWU V-D FRQVWUXLW vQ R OLQLH IHUDW FX FUHPDOLHU SH R SRU LXQH GLQ OLQLD IHUDW &DUDQVHEHú –
Sub –&HWDWHvQWUHVWD LLOH%RXWDULúL=DLFDQL
/LQLLOH IHUDWH FX FUHPDOLHU DX IRVW JHQHUDOL]DWH SH WUDVHHOH WXULVWLFH PRQWDQH FX GHFOLYLW L PDUL GLQ ULOH
DIODWHvQFHQWUXOúLYHVWXO(XURSHL
ÌQ68$FHDPDLUHQXPLW OLQLHGHFDOHIHUDW FXFUHPDOLHU VHDIO vQVWDWXO&RORUDGR/LQLDOXQJ GHNP
SOHDF GH OD DOWLWXGLQHD GH P OD 0DQLWRX úL XUF OD P , la observatorul Pike’s Peak. America de
6XG DUH OLQLLOH FX FUHPDOLHU FDUH DMXQJ OD FHOH PDL PDUL vQ O LPL /LQLD )HUURFDUULO $ULFD -La Paz, dintre
10
%ROLYLDúL&KLOHDWLQJHDOWLWXGLQHDGHP
9
Ignat, D., op. cit. p. 33, p.85-86.
10
Ignat, D., op. cit. p.33, p.87-88.
Transporturile pneumatice
Sistemul de transport pneumaWLF FRQVW GLQ GHSODVDUHD XQRU YHKLFXOH
FX R IRUP VSHFLDO vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL WXE GH GLPHQVLXQL PDUL FDUH
IRUPHD] XQWXQHO
(QJOH]LL -RVHSK 6DPPXGR úL 6DPXHO &OHJJ DX UHDOL]DW vQ ,UODQGD vQ
ROLQLHSQHXPDWLF SHFDUH FLUFXODXYHKLFXOHFXXQWRQD j de 30t,

FX R YLWH] GH NPK 6LVWHPXO D IRVW DSOLFDW úL vQWUH 'XEOLQ
–
Transportul .LQVWRZQ úL 'DONH\ vQ DQXO ÌQ V-a inaugurat între
pneumatic 6\GHQKDP úL /RQGUD XQ WXE SQHXPDWLF SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO F O WRULORU
este de viitor iar în 1874 M.Beach a introdus la New York un tramvai pneumatic
care avea intrarea pe strada Broadway.
În prezent, un tub pentru transportul pneumatic este utilizat eficient
SHQWUXWUDQVSRUWXOF O WRULORUOD3RUWR$OHJUHvQ%UD]LOLD
1XPHURDVH UL vQWUH FDUH úL 68$ 5XVLD -DSRQLD $QJOLD *HUPDQLD
úL DUDQRDVWU IDF VWXGLLSHQWUXJ VLUHDXQRUVROX LLHILFLHQWHPRGHUQH
de transport pneumatic, care este considerat unul dintre sistemele de

transport ale viitorului.
& LOHIHUDWHFXPRWRDUHHOHFWULFHOLQLDUH
0RGHUQL]DUHD WUHQXULORU FODVLFH LQFXPE XQHOH DVSHFWH GLILFLOH R GDW FX P ULUHD YLWH]HL VFDGH DGHUHQ D
VDUFLQLOHGLQDPLFHGLQWUH UR LúLúLQ FUHVFFXHIHFWH DVXSUDLQWHJULW LL VWUXFWXUDOHDPDWHULDOXOXL UXODQW DSDU
IRU HFHQWULIXJHFDUHFRQGXFODGHJUDGDUHDvQI úXU ULLURWRDUHORUODPRWRDUHOHHOHFWULFHúLDOWHOH
3HQWUX HOLPLQDUHD DFHVWRU LQFRQYHQLHQWH VROX LD LQWURGXFHULL PRWRDUHORU OLQLDUH GH LQGXF LH RIHU R VHULH GH
DYDQWDMHHVHQ LDOHIRU DGHWUDF LXQHVHDSOLF QHPLMORFLWYHKLFXOXOXLúLQXGHSLQGHGHFRHILFLHQWXOGHDGHUHQ
dintre roDW úL úLQ DF LRQDUHD VH IDFH I U FRQWDFW PHFDQLF úL I U SURGXFHUHD GH X]XUL IRU D GH WUDF LXQH
ILLQG LQGHSHQGHQW GH DGHUHQ PRWRDUHOH QX SRVHG SLHVH PRELOH VXQW VLPSOH IXQF LRQHD] VLOHQ LRV úL QX
sunt poluante.
6H DSUHFLD] F PRWRDUHOH HOHFW rice liniare vor constitui una din principalele metode de propulsare a
trenurilor viitorului.
ÌQ DUD QRDVWU D IRVW FUHDW OD ,QVWLWXWXO 3ROLWHKQLF 7UDLDQ 9XLD GLQ 7LPLúRDUD PRWRUXO OLQLDU GH LQGXF LH
sistem ROM-U-/,0 úL VLVWHPXO OLQLDU VLQFURQ KRPRSRODr ROM-V-LOM, care a fost testat pe un vehicul
experimental construit de uzina Electroputere Craiova.
& LOHIHUDWHFXYHKLFXOHSHSHUQ GHDHU
6XVWHQWD LD SH SHUQ GH DHU FRQVW GLQ VXVSHQGDUHD PDWHULDOXOXL UXODQW SH XQ VWUDW VXE LUH GH DHU GHDVXSUD
uneL F L GH UXODUH vQ WLPSXO GHSODV ULL HOLPLQkQG IUHFDUHD vQWUH UR L úL úLQH &HUFHW UL LPSRUWDQWH vQ DFHVW
GRPHQLXDXIRVWI FXWHvQ)UDQ D68$ $QJOLD-DSRQLD*HUPDQLD úLDOWH ULGDUvQSUH]HQWQXHVWHGHS úLW
VWDGLXOH[SHULPHQW ULORUGHúLUH]XOWDWHOHVXQWSURPL WRDUH
'LQWUHUHDOL] UL PHQ LRQ P WXUERWUHQXO IUDQFH] %HUWLQ úL YHKLFXOHOH DPHULFDQH FX SURSXOVLH WXUER DMXWDW GH
11
XQXOVDXGRX PRWRDUHHOHFWULFHOLQLDUHFDUHDXUHDOL]DWODH[SHULPHQW ULYLWH]HGHSkQ ODNPK
Costul ridicatDOYHKLFXOHORUSHSHUQ GHDHUIDFHFDDSOLFDUHDDFHVWHLVROX LLV ILHvQWkU]LDW
11
Ignat, D., op. cit., p.33, p.89-90.
$OWHVLVWHPHGHWUDQVSRUWQHFRQYHQ LRQDOH
2 FDWHJRULH VSHFLDO D PLMORDFHORU GH WUDQVSRUW QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH HVWH FRQVWLWXLW GH F LOH IHUDWH GHQXPLWH
„transportabile”. LD DFHVW VLVWHP OLQLLOH IHUDWH úL PDWHULDOXO UXODQW SRW IL GHSODVDWH GXS QHYRL úL PRQWDWH
WHPSRUDUODúDQWLHUHGHFRQVWUXF LLH[SORDW ULPLQLHUHúLIRUHVWLHUHOXFU ULKLGUDXOLFHHWF&HOHPDLFXQRVFXWH
F LIHUDWHWUDQVSRUWDELOHVXQWGHQXPLWH decauville.
'LQWUHF LOHIHUDWHQHFRQYHQ LRQDOHIDFSDUWHúLFHOHSHFDUH YDJRDQHOHGH FDOHIHUDW GHRELFHLFRQYRDLHVDX
WUHQXULvQWUHJLSUHFXPúLDXWRYHKLFXOHOHVXQWWUDQVSRUWDWHSHVWH FXUVXULGHDS XQGHQXV -au construit poduri

VDX SHVWH P UL FX QDYH GHQXPLWH IHULERWXUL 3H YDVXO WUDQVSRUWDWRU IHULERWXO VXQW PRQWDWH úLQH FDUH
constituie prelungirea liniilor ferate pe uscat.
3ULPDOLQLHGHDFHVWIHOGHQXPLW ÄSOXWLWRDUH´DIRVWvQILLQ DW OD'HXW]vQDQXO6LVWHPXOSOXWLWRUDIRVW
repede extins în difHULWH S U L DOH OXPLLvQWUH3RUWVPRXWKúL*RVSRUW vQ $QJOLD $OH[DQGULD úL&DLURvQ(JLSW
vQ*ROIXO6DQ)UDQFLVFRvQ68$vQWUHSRUWXULVSDQLROHúLDOWHSRUWXULGHSHPDOXO0HGLWHUDQHLvQWUH3LULQHXúL
RSDUWHGLQSRUWXULOHLQVXOHORUJUHFHúWLvQWUHLQV ulele japoneze etc.
7UDQVSRUWXOSOXWLWRUHVWHvQFRQWLQX H[WLQGHUHvQvQWUHDJDOXPH
12
4.4. Vânzarea de servicii turistice

&LUFDGLQFLIUDGHDIDFHULDXQHLDJHQ LLRUHSUH]LQW YRLDMHOHIRUIHWDUH
Serviciile turistice vândute pot fi:
1. Izolate, FD]vQFDUHDJHQ LDVHRFXS FXYkQ]DUHDVHUYLFLLORUGHSULPLUHúLGHDFFHVODSURGXVHúLDQXPH
• servicii de primire ÄPHHWLQJ´ VDX ÄWUDQVIHU´FDUH FRQVWDXvQSXQHUHDODGLVSR]L LDFOLHQ LORU D XQXLPLMORF
GHWUDQVSRUWúLDXQXLDVDXPDLPXOWRUIXQF LRQDULDLDJHQ LHLFDUHYRUEHVFOLPEDFOLHQWXOXLLQWHUSUHWFDUH
úWLXV
-ODMXWHvQRSHUD LXQLOHGHVWD LRQDUHWUDQVSRUWEDJDMHYL]DUHELOHWHúLFDUHFXQRVFWRSRJUDILFORFXULOH
unde vor trebui utilizate serviciile locale, rezervate anterior;
• servicii de acces SULQ FDUH VH SXQH OD GLVSR]L LH XQ PLMORF GH WUDQVSRUW úL XQXO VDX PDL PXO L IXQF LRQDUL
JKL]L FDUH vQVR HVF FOLHQ LL vQ YL]LWH H[FXUVLL úL FDUH úWLX V SUH]LQWH vQ OLPED FOLHQ LORU DWUDFWLYLWDWHD
zonei.
2. Complexe, cum sunt: voiajele generLFH úL YRLDMHOH IRUIHWDUH )LHFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWHD SRDWH IL LQGLYLGXDO úL
FROHFWLY ILLQG vQ JHQHUDO vQVR LW GH XQXO VDX PDL PXO L IXQF LRQDUL DL DJHQ LHL VDX FX LWLQHUDULX SURSXV GH
FOLHQWúLFXLWLQHUDULXGHMDSUHJ WLWGHDJHQ LH
Voiajul colectiv (sauvQJUXSHVWHFRQFHSXWvQSULPXOUkQGGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOLWLQHUDULXOXLúLDOSUH XOXL

FRVWXOXL RSWLP XOWHULRU VH GHWHUPLQ FRWD LQGLYLGXDO GH SDUWLFLSDUH FX FRQGL LD JHQHUDO D XQXL QXP U
PLQLPGHSDUWLFLSDQ LúLDSRLHVWHRIHULWSHSLD DWXULVWLF
7XULúWLL SO WHVF FRWD GH SDUWLFLSDUH úL DX GUHSWXO OD WRDWH VHUYLFLLOH vQVFULVH vQ SURJUDPXO GH YRLDM H[FOXVLY
VHUYLFLLOHIDFXOWDWLYH DGLF FHOH FDUHQX VXQWFXSULQVHvQFRWDLQGLYLGXDO GHSDUWLFLSDUH úLSH FDUHWXULVWXOOH
SRDWHRE LQHvQWLPSXOYRLDMXOXLSO WLQGVHSDUDW
2UJDQL]DUHDXQXLYRLDMFRQVW vQHODERUDUHDXQXLGHYL] HVWLPDWLYSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDSUH XOXLGHYkQ]DUH
vQ SUHJ WLUHD úL IXUQL]DUHD WXWXURU VHUYLFLLORU GH WUDQVSRUW GH SULPLUH úL GH DJHQ LH vQ HPLWHUHD WXWXURU
WLWOXULORUELOHWHGHILQLWLYHúLERQXULGHVFKLPESHQWUXVHUYLFLLOHGHWUDQVSRUWGHSULPLUHúLGHDJHQ LH
12
Ignat,D, op.cit. p.33, p.89-90.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FRQVXPXO WXULVWLF DFHVWD VH UHDOL]HD] vQ FDGUXO ED]LQXOXL RIHUWHL WXULVWLFH SH PDL PXOWH
WUHSWHGHVI úXUDWHvQWLPSúLVSD LX
a) vQDLQWH GH vQFHSHUHD GHSODV ULL HIHFWLYH VSUH ORFXO GH GHVWLQD LH WXULVWLF GDU OHJDW GH DFHVWD
DFKL]L LRQDUHDGHHFKLSDPHQWSHQWUXVSRUWXULOHGHLDUQ
b) vQWLPSXOGHSODV ULLVSUHORFXOGHGHVWLQD LH (transportul);

c) ODORFXOGHGHVWLQD LHFD]DUHDOLPHQWD LHDJUHPHQW
$FHVWHD VH ILQDOL]HD] FX WUDQVSRUWXO SH UXWD GH vQWRDUFHUH 7UHEXLH UHPDUFDW IDSWXO F SH WRDW GXUDWD
GHVI úXU ULL DFHVWRU HWDSH DOH FRQVXPXOXL GH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH XQ URO LPSRUWDQW vO DUH DFWLYLWDWHD GH UHOD LL
SXEOLFHDVRFLDWHIXQF LHLGHLQIRUPDUHWXULVWLF
$YkQG vQ YHGHUH GHVI úXUDUHD DFHVWRU HWDSH úL LQkQG FRQW vQ DFHODúL WLPS GH IDSWXO F UHSUH]LQW
FRPSRQHQWHOH HVHQ LDOH DOH RIHUWHL WXULVWLFH úL DOH ILHF UXL SURGXV WXULVWLF HOH SRW IL FRQVLGHUDWH FD ILLQG
subproduse.13 Definirea serviciilor turistice ca subproduse ale produselor turistice a determinat gruparea lor
într-RSULP DFFHS LHDVWIHO
• VHUYLFLL SULQFLSDOH VDX GH ED] WUDQVSRUWXO VHUYLFLLOH GH FD]DUH VHUYLFLLOH GH DOLPHQWD LH DJUHPHQWXO
vQJULMLUHDV Q W LL
• servicii auxiliare sau suplimentare VHUYLFLL EDQFDUH FHOH GH LQIRUPDUH úL DOWH VHUYLFLL HIHFWXDWH GH F WUH
vQWUHSULQGHULOHKRWHOLHUHvQVFRSXOFRPSOHW ULLRIHUWHLORUúLFXUROXOGHDU VSXQGHXQRUFHULQ HFkWPDLODUJL
DOHWXULúWLORU
$FHDVW FODVLILFDUHGHPDLVXVQHFHVLW DQXPLWHSUHFL] ULvQVHQVXOF
vQ IXQF LH GH DQXPLWH FRQGL LL VSHFLILFH GH FRQ LQXWXO IRUPHORU GH
WXULVP SUDFWLFDWH GLIHULWH VHUYLFLL GH ED] VH WUDQVIRUP vQ VHUYLFLL
3DUWLFXODULW LDOH
VXSOLPHQWDUH úL LQYHUV R SDUWH GLQ VHUYLFLLOH VXSOLPHQWDUH vQ P VXUD
FODVLILF ULL vQ FDUH HOH FRQVWLWXLH PRWLYD LD GH ED] D F O WRULLORU VH LGHQWLILF WRW
serviciilor turistice PDL PXOW FX VHUYLFLLOH GH ED] VHUYLFLLOH GH WUDQVSRUW VXQW LQFOXVH vQ
JUXSD VHUYLFLLORU GH ED] SHQWUX WXULúWLL DXWRPRELOLúWL vQV GHRDUHFH
GHSODVDUHDVHUHDOL]HD] FXPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUW SURSULL SUHVWDUHDORU
QXPDLHVWHLQFOXV vQDUD njamentele perfectate).
6WUXFWXUD UHDOL]DW DQWHULRU DUH vQ YHGHUH IDSWXO F RULFH F O WRULH
SUHVXSXQH vQ SULPXO UkQG GHSODVDUHD WXULVWXOXL GH OD UHúHGLQ D

6HUYLFLLOHGHED]
SHUPDQHQW OD GHVWLQD LH FX DMXWRUXO XQXL PLMORF GH WUDQVSRUW 'H
DVHPHQHD vQ YLUWXWHD QHFHVLW LORU IL]LRORJLFH RDPHQLL VROLFLW úL vQ
SHULRDGHOHvQFDUH VXQWWXULúWLFRQGL LL DGHFYDWHSHQWUXGRUPLW úLKUDQ
DSHOkQG OD XQLW L VSHFLDOL]DWH FXP DU IL KRWHOXULOH VDX DOWH XQLW L
SDUDKRWHOLHUH úL OD GLIHULWH VWUXFWXUL GH VHUYLUH D PHVHL 'HRDUHFH
WUDQVSRUWXO FD]DUHD úL DVLJXUDUHD SUHSDUDWHORU FXOLQDUH SRWULYLW
JXVWXULORU úL FHULQ HORU IDF SDUWH GLQ FDWHJRULD HOHPHQWHORU
LQGLVSHQVDELOH HIHFWX ULL RULF UHL F O WRULL WXULVWLFH VH FRQVLGHU F HOH
VXQWVHUYLFLLGHED]
ÌQFDGUXODFHVWHLJDPHGHVHUYLFLLVHPDLLQFOXGúLVHUYLFLLOHGHVWLQDWHWXULúWLORUVRVL LvQWU RVWD LXQHvQVFRSXO -

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'LQ FHOH VWXGLDWH SkQ DFXP UHLHVH F FHUHUHD WXULVWLF QX VH OLPLWHD] GRDU OD VHUYLFLLOH GH ED] $O WXUL GH
DFHVWHDH[LVW RVHULHGHVHUYLFLLVXSOLPHQWDUHGRULQ DGHPLúFDUHFkWPDLIDFLO DRDPHQLORULQWHUHVXOSHQWUX
satisfacerea propriilor pasiuni), servicii ce nu au în vedere satisfacerea de nevoi fiziologice fundamentale.

$FHVWH VHUYLFLL WUHEXLH V U VSXQG XQRU FHULQ H úL SUHIHULQ H FH GLIHU GH OD XQ SRSRU OD DOWXO GH OD XQ JUXS
socio–SURIHVLRQDO OD DOWXO úL FKLDU GH OD XQ LQGLYLG OD DOWXO 'DF vQ FD]XO VHUYLFLLORU GH ED] FRQ LQXWXO
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JUDGXOGHFXOWXU DOWXULúWLORUOD serviciile suplimentareXQDGLQFDUDFWHULVWLFLHVWHDFHHDF QXH[LVW VHUYLFLX
FDUH V ILH VROLFLWDW GH WR L WXULúWLL JXVWXULOH úL SUHIHULQ HOH ILLQG FHOH FDUH GHWHUPLQ GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL
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F.Bran, D.Marin, T. Simion, Economia turismjk jlmlnopl jk jlq rstr ujv w tvx
13
p.72-75.
'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX FDWHJRULL GH VHUYLFLL HVWH DFHHD F vQ FD]XO
FHORU GH ED] VH FRQVWDW R GHOLPLWDUH vQ WLPS LDU PRGLILF ULOH FH SRW
DS UHDVHUHIHU QXPDLODYROXPXOúLVWUXFWXUDFRPSRQHQWHORUSHFkQG
Serviciile la cele suplimentare nu se cunosc limite, ele diversificându-se

FRQWLQXX OD DFHDVWD FRQWULEXLQG VFKLPE ULOH FDUH DX ORF OD QLYHOXO
suplimentare JXVWXULORU úL SUHIHULQ HORU WXULúWLORU ÌQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH serviciile
WXULVWLFH GH ED] VXQW UHDOL]DWH úL FRQVXPDWH OD XQ QLYHO FDOLWDWLY
ridicat, serviciile suplimentare pot juca rolul determinant în asigurarea

IRU HLGHDWUDF LHDXQHLVWD LXQLVDXGHVWLQD LLDFHVWHDSXWkQGFRQWULEXL
într-R IRDUWH PDUH P VXU OD UHDOL]DUHD UHQXPHOXL OD IRUPDUHD P UFLL
unui produs turistic.
4.4.1 Structura serviciilor turistice

$FWLYLWDWHDLQGXVWULHLWXULVWLFHSULYLW FDSDUWHFRPSRQHQW DVHFWRUXOXLWHU LDUúLDQDOL]DW SULQSULVPDRIHUWHL
turistiFHQXVHUHGXFHGRDUODSULPLUHDYL]LWHORUvQXQLW LVSHFLDOL]DWHFLDUWUHEXLDúH]DW vQWU -un context mai

DPSOX OD FDUH FRQWULEXLH XQ FRPSOH[ GH IDFWRUL úL DFWLYLW L VSHFLILFH LQGXVWULLORU FRQH[H WUDQVSRUWXULOH
FRQVWUXF LLOH WHOHFRPXQLFD LLOH DVWIHO vQFkW SULQ HIHFWXO ÄEXOJ UHOH GH ] SDG ´ V VH UHDOL]H]H R GH]YROWDUH
V Q WRDV úLGXUDELO DWXULVPXOXLvQV SHED]DXQHLLQIUDVWUXFWXULELQHGHILQLWH
3HQWUX HYLWDUHD úL GHVFXUDMDUHD VHGHQWDULVPXOXL SHQWUX FUHúWHUHD IOX[XULORU WXULVWLFH úL GHFL D F onsumului de
SUHVWD LLVSHFLILFHLQGXVWULHLWXULVWLFHODRUDDFWXDO H[LVW PDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVHUYLFLLWXULVWLFH
a) GXS FRQ LQXWXOSUHVWD LHL vom deosebi:

Õ VHUYLFLLOHJDWHGHF O WRULH(voiajul) –FDUDFWHULVWLFHFRPSDQLLORUGHWUDQVSRUWVHUHIHU ODIDFLOLW LOHúL
SDUDPHWULLFDOLWDWLYLDLGHSODV ULLODGXUDWDDFHVWHLD LQkQGFRQWGHPLMORFXOGHWUDQVSRUW
Õ servicii specifice perioadei de sejur – VXQW GLIHUHQ LDWH vQ IXQF LH GH IRUPD GH WXULVP SUDFWLFDW
PLMORDFH VSHFLILFH WHUPDOLVPXOXL VDX VSD LL SHQWUX GHVI úXUDUHD WXULVPXOXL GH DIDFHUL – V OL GH
FRQJUHVHVHPLQDULLFRQIHULQ H
b) GXS PRELOXOVDXPRWLYD LDF O WRULHL
Õ VHUYLFLLGHED] FD]DUHDOLPHQWD LDSXEOLF WUDQVSRUWXO
Õ servicii specifice KLSLVPXOVFKLXOYkQ WRDUHD

Õ servicii complementare sau suplimentare (servicii de informare, cultural - sportive, de închiriere de
DXWRPRELOHVDXDOWHRELHFWHGHX]SHUVRQDOúLVSRUWLYVHUYLFLLVSHFLILFHXQLW LORUKRWHOLHUHGH – 5*);
c) GXS QDWXUDFHUHULL
Õ servicii ferme: stabilite anterior consumului;

Õ servicii spontane: stabilite în momentul în care turistul a luat contact cu oferta, constituind servicii
FDUDFWHULVWLFH SUHVWD LLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH &HUHUHD VSRQWDQ GH VHUYLFLL WXULVWLFH FUHúWH vQ LQWHQVLWDWH PDL
ales în cazul formelor de turism itinHUDQWFHODXWRPRELOLVWLFGHH[HPSOXXQGHVROLFLW ULOHGHVHUYLFLL
VH PDQLIHVW vQ HWDSH vQ IXQF LH GH PRPHQWHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH GH SH WUDVHHOH SDUFXUVH $FHVW WLS GH
VHUYLFLLVHPDQLIHVW vQGLIHULWHSURSRU LLúLvQFD]XOWXULVPXOXLRUJDQL]DWúLVHPLRUJD nizat:
d) GXS PRGDOLW LOHGHSODW
Õ VHUYLFLLSO WLWHDQWHULRUSUHVWD LHL
Õ VHUYLFLLSO WLWHVLPXOWDQFXSUHVWD LD
Õ VHUYLFLLSO WLWHGXS UHDOL]DUHDSUHVWD LHL
Õ servicii gratuite – SUHVXSXQDVLJXUDUHD XQRU IDFLOLW LDOH F URU FRVWXULVXQWVXSRUWDWHGHRU ganizatorii

GH WXULVP IDFLOLW L RIHULWH XQRU FDWHJRULL GH WXULúWL GH WLSXO YL]LWDWRULORU WLQHUL – HOHYL VWXGHQ L –
pensionari);
e) GXS QDWXUDORU
Õ servicii specifice GHVI úXU ULLDFWLYLW LLWXULVWLFHSURSULX -zise;

Õ servicii nespecifice adresate atât vi]LWDWRULORUWHPSRUDULFkWúLUH]LGHQ LORUSRSXOD LHLORFDOHGHWLSXO
WHOHFRPXQLFD LLORUWUDQVSRUWXULvQFRPXQVDXVHUYLFLLGHvQWUH LQHUHúLUHSDUD LLVHUYLFLLGHJRVSRG ULH
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6HUYLFLLOHGHED]
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Serviciile
H[LVWHQ DXQHLED]HWH hnico - materiale adecvate: hoteluri propriu-zise,
de cazare sunt PRWHOXUL KDQXUL FDVHGH RGLKQ FDEDQH SRSDVXUL WXULVWLFH .
14
oferite frecvent 6HUYLFLLOH RIHULWH GH F WUH DFHVWH RELHFWLYH GH FD]DUH vQ VWUXFWXUD
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sezoniere), de tipul lor, de gradul lor de confort sau de forma de

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pe cont propriu.
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În principal, serviFLLOHGHSULPLUHFHFRUHVSXQGDFWLYLW LLKRWHOLHUHVXQWUHGDWHSULQ

y
cazare propriu-]LV
y
VHUYLFLLGHDOLPHQWD LHSXEOLF
y
servicii oferite de baruri;
y
V OLGHEDQFKHWH
y
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2UJDQL]DUHD úL FRPELQDUHD DFHVWRU VHUYLFLL GLIHU GH OD R XQLWDWH OD DOWD vQ IXQF LH GH QXP UXO GH VWHOH GH
FDOLWDWHDGRW ULORUDFHVWRUD
([SHULHQ D LQWHUQ úL LQWHUQD LRQDO DUDW F vQ VWUXFWXUD VHUYLFLLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH SUHVWDWH GH XQLW LOH GH
FD]DUH vQ FD]XO GH ID DO VWUXFWXULORU GH SULPLUH PDUL GH WLSXO KRWHOXULORU LQWU R VHULH GH VHUYLFLL FRPXQH
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6HUYLFLLOHFXSODW
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úLJUDWXLWH SODW úLVHUYLFLLJUDWXLWH&HOHGLQXUP VXQWGHQXPLWHDúDSHQWUXF
vQ JHQHUDO SUHVWDUHD ORU QX DWUDJH úL SODWD XQHL VXPH GH EDQL GLQ
partea beneficiarului; în realitate, la stabilirea tarifului de cazare se

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XQLW LORU GH FD]DUH OD GHILQLUHD P UFLL DFHVWRU VHUYLFLL VXSOLPHQWDUH
I U SODW HVWH QHFHVDU V OL VH DFRUGH DWHQ LH IRDUWH PDUH úL V ILH
efectuate la un înalt grad de profesionalism.
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U VSXQG SRWILJUXSDWHDVWIHO
14
Ioan Cosmescu, op.cit. p. 193.
Ê
15
VHUYLFLL FDUH DX UROXO GH D VDWLVIDFH FHULQ HOH SHUVRQDOH GH RUGLQ LJLHQLF úL HVWHWLF - frizerie,
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electrice pentru XVFDWS UXOSUHVXSXQSHOkQJ SHUVRQDOVSHFLDOL]DWVSD LLDGHFYDWHSHQWUXHIHFWXDUHD
lor;
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16
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de bilete la diverse spectacole, pentru vizitarea de muzee, închirierea de aparate radio–TV,

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Ê servicii cu scop de agrement – DX FD RELHFWLY DVLJXUDUHD GHVWLQGHULL úL DPX]DPHQWXOXL FOLHQWXOXL
$FHDVWD HVWH FHD PDL ERJDW JUXS D VHUYLFLLORU VXSOLPHQWDUH úL VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ LPHQVH
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ELOLDUG WHQLV GH PDV MRFXUL HOHFWURQLFH SLVFLQH VDXQH GDU úL vQFKLULHUHD GLYHUVHORU PDWHULDOH
terenuri de sport.
Dincolo de aceste trei grupe de servicii, din categoria serviciilor
VXSOLPHQWDUH IDF SDUWH úL SUHVWD LLOH FDUH DX
ca scop satisfacerea
nevoilor de comunicare (servicii de telefonie, telex, xerox-uri), de
GHSODVDUH SURFXUDUHD ELOHWHORU GH F O WRULH SDUFDUHD PDúLQLORU
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de comunicare
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altele mobilier, diverse echipamente, jocuri pentru toate gusturile; se

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Serviciile mult DFWLYLW LL GH DQLPD LH sau agrementului. Ca urmare, diversitatea
de agrement úLRULJLQDOLWDWHDRIHUWHLGHDJUHPHQWSRWFRQVWLWXLHOHPHQWHKRW UkWRDUH
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abordându-VH WRDWH DVSHFWHOH FDUH FRQFXU OD EXQD GHVI úXUDUH D
sejurului turistic17.
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„ ?¡ ¢£¤ ¥ -20.
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GLYHUWLVPHQWúL GH]YROWDUH IRDUWHIUHFYHQWILLQGFODVLILFDWHvQDFWLYLW L
VSRUWLYH úL DFWLYLW L FXOWXUDO –distractive. Pe plan economic,

DJUHPHQWXO SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW DO WXUL GH WUDQVSRUW FD]DUH úL
DOLPHQWD LHSXEOLF RFRPSRQHQW DSURGXVX lui turistic.

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turistice”.
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WXULVWLFHFRQVWDXvQVDWLVIDFHUHD GRULQ HORUVDXQHYRLORUWXULúWLORU

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Variate ca forme – FLQHPDWRJUDIH WHDWUH PX]HH H[SR]L LL

festivaluri, carnavaluri, biblioteci etc – ele atrag un foarte mare
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organizate pe litoral – GH PX]LF SRSXODU XúRDU GH WHDWUX GH

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18
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4.4.3 Serviciile turistice complementare

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-
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18 ?a dfi _ a _ `=a dc _ ( ` c^ ¡(?¢£¤ ^ ?¥ -20.
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a) ServicLLOH úL DFWLYLW LOH WXULVWLFH VXSOLPHQWDUH FX FDUDFWHU GH FXUH úL WUDWDPHQWH EDOQHR -medicale.
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b) Serviciile de informare a clientelei turistice. $FHVWHD WUHEXLH V DVLJXUH UDSLGLWDWHD úL FDOLWDWHD LQIRUP ULL
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d) 6HUYLFLLOH úL DFWLYLW LOH WXULVWLFH FX FDUDFWHU FXOWXUDO-educativ. Turismului îi revine un important rol
cultural-educativ. Programele turistice includ excursii, vizitarea unor obiective de interes turistic,
programe cultural-artistice, excursii tematice etc.
e) 6HUYLFLLOHúLDFWLYLW LOHWXULVWLFHFXFDUDFWHUUHFUHDWLY$FHVWHVHUYLFLLFXSULQGFHOHPDLGLYHUVHGRPHQLLúL
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programelHPHQLWHV IDFLOLWH]HSHWUHFHUHDXQXLVHMXUFkWPDLDJUHDELO
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calitate de turist.
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turism.
A. Prezentarea firmei – forma 1
C O N C EPT
Consult & Prospect SRL
We are pleased to present our company, CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL, a private company,
incorporated, and existing under the laws of Romania, with its Head Office in 11-13 Povernei St,
Bucharest.
Founded in 1993, CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL, has two main activities: consulting and
management for the hotel industry and corporate travel service in Romania and abroad, through our
travel agency- New Concept Tours.
The company is owned managed by 0U 0 OLQ 0 /,1($18, who started his working experience
14 years ago in tel Aviv, Israel, beginning with a position in a local tour operator’s office, and
continuing by being Deputy Manager at Imperial Hotel Tel Aviv and then Front Office Manager at
Ramada Hotel Tel Aviv. His working experience is doubled by an extensive background education
starting with The Civil Engineering Faculty in Bucharest and continuing with The Hotel Business
School in Israel. The two courses at School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University, Tel Aviv
Israel, taken I 1992 and 1993, together with graduation from National Institute for Management In
tourism, Bucharest – 5RPDQLD TXDOLILHV 0U 0 /,1($18 DV RQH RI WKH OHDGLQJ PDQDJHUV LQ
Romanian Tourism.
He is assisted by a young team of 10 full-time travel agents, plus the 2 employees for the financial
department and also up to 5 part-time.
The Bucharest team is co-ordinated by Ms. Lorena PREDA, Operations Manager, a top 10% graduate
from School of Hotel Business, Academy of Economics Studies, Bucharest-Romania. She also
attended management seminars held in 1993, 1994 and 1995 by Harding University Arkansas –USA,
continued in 1997 by course in financial management held by Hjorring Business College Denmark,
and a special training program conducted by British Council London and British Tourist Authority
London for management in tourism, with courses at Luton University, England, November 1997.
Last year, she took part into a complete training program in a Best Western Corporate Office – Best
Western Greece, Cyprus, Lebanon, Bulgaria and Romania, held in Athens, Greece.
CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL

P.O.Box 10-5, Bucharest, Romania, Tel/Fax: 40-1-312 44 57, 40-1-312 92 40, 40-1-650 68 37
B. Prezentarea firmei – forma 2
C O N C EPT
Consult & Prospect SRL
Regarding the consulting and management activity of the company, CONCEPT is proud to mention his
first project in Romania –+RWHO&DUSD L%DOYDQ\RVa Romanian – Israeli joint venture.
HRWHO &DUSD L LV SUHVHQWO\ D YHU\ ZHOO NQRZQ VSD DQG UHVRUW VWDU KRWHO YHU\ DSSUHFLDWHG E\ ,VUDHOL DQG
Western Europe market for rest and mise-en-forme stays, and also very acknowledge as a first conference
destination in Romania. This year, the hotel was affiliated to the Best Western Hotel Chain.
One of the important achievements is CONCEPT’s appointment to represent in Romania Best

Western International – the largest chain in the world of independent owned and managed hotels.
As a travel agency of CONCEPT’s, New Concept Tours is a value-added travel services provider,
presently offering for the businessmen niche the following services:
accommodation services at hotels in Romania and world-wide

ticketing services
welcome services at the airport
transfers to Bucharest and other cities
rent-a-car services in Romania and word-wide
organizing upon request meeting, seminars and cocktails
organizing group week-ends or one day trips, including visit of the main important touristic objectives
from Romania
exclusive representative for Best Western Balvanyos Hotel.
New Concept Tours’s office is located in the very center of Bucharest, with its own fleet of
vehicles and all the necessary information and technological equipment, being connected to WorldSpan
System of Reservations. The agency is a IATA accredited agency.
Our visin for New Concept Tours is to become Romania’s leading proveder of quality travel
services through the corporate community.
CONCEPT Consult & Prospect SRL

P.O.Box 10-5, Bucharest, Romania, Tel/Fax: 40-1-312 44 57, 40-1-312 92 40, 40-1-650 68 37
C. Prezentarea hotelului – scrisoare geneUDO
7KHODQGPDUN¶V&DUSD L+RWHOLQ%Dlvanyos, now fully restored and upgraded by Concept Consult
and Prospect, recently re-opened and is blooming again, proudly displaying its acquired Best Western
colours.
The first tourist destination in Romania under the banner of the worldwide hotel chaiQ&DUSD L-Balvanyos,
a three-star-level resort-hotel and spa is located at an altitude of 900 m in the densely-wooded
surroundings of St. Anna Lake in the Covasna County. It features 90 large, pleasant, sunfilled rooms and
suites with generous terraces, all overlooking an outstanding panorama of mountains and forests.
The in-house spa provides easy-access therapy facilities based on well-known local cure factors, mainly
concentrated mineral waters and natural emanations of therapeutic gas. Brand new sauna and Jacuzzi, as
well as expert massages complete this perfect reshaping package, while the more active can enjoy hiking,
horseback riding or fun-filled buggy rides.
&DUSD L-Balvanyos also offers corporate services and been proud to regularly open its filly-equipped
conference rooms to companies such as Coca Cola, Philip Morris, Kraft—Jacobs Suchard, Eli Lilly or
Compaq.
7KHSDUWQHUVKLSZLWK%HVW:HVWHUQRSHQVQHZKRUL]RQVIRU&DUSD L-Balvanyos: Best Western International
is the largest hotel chain in the world with over 3800 member hotels in more than 70 countries, providing
important logistical support, connection to a worldwide reservation canter and an enhances image,
promoting “good value for money”.Affiliation to Best Western comes as a confirmation IRU&DUSD L-
Balvanyos. The comfortable facilities, the professional approach and mainly the exquisite service with a
personal touch exceed the expectations of an increasing number of clients.
Seeing is lelieving! So why don’t you place a visit to Balvanyos in the near future! We will be delighted to
host you and offer you a sample of our “pampering” guest service.
S.C. IMPERIAL Hotel Management SRL

Bucharest, ROMANIA, Tel/Fax: 01-312 44 57;, 01-312 92 40; 01-650 68 37
Balvanyos, ROMANIA, Tel/Fax: 067-36 07 00; 067-36 03 10; 094-30 04 61
D. Prezentarea hotelului –UH HDXDGHXQLW L
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- e, comparativ cu anul 1998, se
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Anul 1999 Anul 1999 în %

ID GHDQXO
$F LXQLWXULVWLFH – total (A+B) – mii

-WXULúWL 1502,4 89,0
-WXULúWL-zile 9358,9 92,4
$$F LXQLWXULVWLFHLQWHUQH
-WXULúWL 1298,6 91,4

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QXP UXOGHWXULúWLúLODQXP UXOGHWXULúWL -zile).
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PLLWXULúWLGLQWRWDOXODF LXQLORUWXULVWLFHLQWHUQH
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UHVSHFWLYGLQWRWDOXODF LXQLORULQWHUQH
La DF LXQLOHWXULVWLFHLQWHUQHFXGXUDWDGHPLQLP]LOHvQDQXODXSDUWLFLSDWPLLWXULúWi cu 7567,4
PLLWXULúWL ]LOHUHVSHFWLYGLQWRWDOXODF LXQLORUWXULVWLFHLQWHUQH
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- -zile.
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9L]LWHOHFHW HQLORUURPkQLvQVWU LQ WDWHvQDQXODXvQVXPDWPLLSOHF ULFXPDLSX LQHGHFkW
în anul 1998.
'XS VFRSXOYL]LWHORUHYROX LDSOHF ULORUvQVWU comparativ cu anul 1997, se prezLQW
LQ WDWHvQ DVWIHO
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vQID GHDQXO
9L]LWDWRUL URPkQL vQ VWU LQ WDWH – 9892640 110,4

WRWDOSOHF UL din total:
-RGLKQ UHFUHHUHYDFDQ H 6128657 110,7
-SHUVRQDOvQVR LWRU 442097 107,5
-DIDFHULúLPRWLYHSURIHVLRQDOH 204467 109,3
-PLFWUDILFGHIURQWLHU 117419 107,1
Sursa datelor: Ministerul de Interne, Buletin Informativ, martie 1999
& O WRULLOH SHQWUX RGLKQ UHFUHHUH úL YDFDQ H DX GH LQXW SRQGHUHD SULQFLSDO UHSUH]HQWkQG GLQ
QXP UXOWRWDODOSOHF ULORUvQUHJ istrate în anul 1998.
& O WRULLOH YL]LWDWRULORU URPkQL SHVWH KRWDUH V DX HIHFWXDW FX SULRULWDWH vQ
- UL VLWXDWH vQ (XURSD GLQ
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3ULPHOHORFXULvQWRSXOSUHIHULQ HORUYL]LWDWRULORUURPkQLVXQWRFXSDWHGH8QJDULDGLQQXP UXOWRWDODO
SOHF ULORU,XJRVODYLD7XUFLD%XOJDULD
&HD PDL PDUH SDUWH D F O WRULLORU YL]LWDWRULORU URPkQLvQ VWU LQ WDWH D IRVW UHDOL]DW FX mijloace de transport
rutier UHVWXOF O WRULLORUDXIRVWHIHFWXDWHFXPLMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUWIHURYLDUDHULDQúL
naval (2,3%).
& O WRULLOHYL]LWDWRULORUVWU LQLvQ5RPkQLDvQDQXODXIRVWGHPLLVRVLULvQVF GHUHFXID
de anul 1997.
(YROX ia VRVLULORUYL]LWDWRULORUVWU LQLvQ5RPkQLDJUXSDWHGXS VFRSXOYL]LWHORUFRPSDUDWLYFXDQXOVH
SUH]LQW DVWIHO
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vQID GHDQXO
9L]LWDWRUL URPkQL vQ VWU LQ WDWH – 4830838 93,8

total sosiri din care:
-RGLKQ UHFUHHUHYDFDQ H 2783273 100,3
-în tranzit 1289503 82,2
-SHUVRQDOvQVR LWRU 560269 93,1
-DIDFHULúLPRWLYHSURIHVLRQDOH 182434 99,6
-PLFWUDILFGHIURQWLHU 15359 70,8
Sursa datelor: Ministerul de Interne,Buletin Informativ,martie 1999
Scopul SULQFLSDO DO YL]LWHORU FHW HQLORU VWU LQL vQ 5RPkQLD O -a constituit RGLKQD UHFUHHUHD úL YDFDQ HOH
GLQQXP UXOWRWDODOVRVLULORUvQUHJLVWUDWH
0DMRULWDWHDYL]LWDWRULORUVWU LQLSURYLQHGLQ ULVLWXDWHvQ(XURSDGLQWRWDOXOVRVLULORUúL aproximativ

GLQ ULOHYHFLQH5RPkQLHL'LQVWDWHOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQHV -au înregistrat 761,3 mii sosiri (15,8% din total
sosiri).
3RQGHULOHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHvQQXP UXOWRWDODOVRVLULORUvQ5RPkQLDVXQWGH LQXWHGHYL]LWDWRULLVWU LQLGLQ
Republica Moldova (24,7%), Ungaria (17,2%), Bulgaria (9,6%), Ucraina (8,8%).

Mijloacele de transport rutier DXIRVWFHOHPDLXWLOL]DWHGHYL]LWDWRULLVWU LQLSHQWUXF O WRULLOHF WUH5RPkQLD
GLQ QXP UXO WRWDO GH VRVLUL UHVWXO F O WRULLORU DX IRVW HIHFWXDWe cu mijloacele de transport feroviar
DHULDQúLQDYDO
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TotDO SOHF UL din 100,0 Total sosiri din care: 100,0
care: -Republica Moldova 24,7
-Ungaria 44,8 -Ungaria 17,2
-Iugoslavia 22,1 -Bulgaria 9,6
-Turcia 9,1 -Ucraina 8,8
-Bulgaria 8,7 -Turica 5,4
-Germania 2,6 -Germani 5,4
-Republica Moldova 2,0
În anul 1QXP UXOGHSOHF ULvQVWU LQ WDWHDOHYL]LWDWRULORUURPkQLDIRVWFXPDLPDUHFRPSDUDWLY
FXQXP UXOGHVRVLULDOHYL]LWDWRULORUVWU LQLvQ5RPkQLD
&LIUD GH DIDFHUL D DJHQ LLORU GH WXULVP GHWDLOLVWH SURYLQH vQ SULQFLSDO GLQ YHQLWXULOH RE LQXW e sub forma
comisioanelor.
Studiu de caz nr. 1
$QDOL] FRPSDUDWLY SHQWUXXQSURGXVWXULVWLFWLSVHMXU
Studiul de caz are în vedere compararea produselor tip sejur din oferta O.N.T. – &DUSD L SHQWUX VWD LXQLOH
MDPDLD úL 1HStun, GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO WDULIHORU úL FRWHL GH FRPLVLRQ SUDFWLFDWH DO YDULD LHL DFHVWRUD vQ
IXQF LHGHSHULRDG VH]RQH[WUDVH]RQVHUYLFLLVXSOLPHQWDUHPDV FLQ IHVWLY VHMXUSHQWUXVHULLIL[H – cu
date fixe de intrare – sau pentru serii flexibile –FXLQWU UL]LOQLFH–HWF$FHVWHVWD LXQLVXQWVHPQLILFDWLYHSULQ
WHQGLQ HOHFRQWUDGLFWRULLFDUHVHPDQLIHVW vQFDGUXOFHUHULLGHORFXULGHFD]DUHFHUHUHDSHQWUX0DPDLDHVWHvQ
FRQWLQX VF GHUHvQWLPSFHSHQWUX1HSWXQVHUHPDUF RFUHúWHUHDFHUH rii, de la an la an.
'DWHOH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH VLQWHWLF LQ WDEHOXO WDEHOHOH úL UHIOHFWkQG WDULIHOH SUDFWLFDWH vQ VH]RQXO HVWLYDO
1998, astfel:
¦
în tabelul 1 HVWHSUH]HQWDW DQDOL]DGHSUH SHQWUXVWD LXQHD Mamaia – Hotel Siret, hotel cu care O.N.T. –
¦ &DUSD LDUHXQFRQWUDFWSHQWUXORFXULGHFD]DUHFDPHUHGXEOH
în WDEHOXOúLHVWHSUH]HQWDW VLWXD LDSHQWUXFHOHGHORFXULFRQWUDFWDWHGH217–&DUSD LFX+RWHO

Slatina din Neptun (15 camere duble –etaj).
MAMAIA
Hotel Siret** - 10 locuri
Tabel 1
S-DXIRORVLWQRWD LLOHC = cazare c = FLQ

md = mic dejun Dp = demipensiune
d = dejun Pc SHQVLXQHFRPSOHW
$PIRORVLWDFHDVW DQDOL] GHSUH SHQWUXDHYLGHQ LDYDULD LLOHFRWHLGHFRPLVLRQúLDOH tarifelor.
Tabel 3
Anexa 1
)LJXUD9DULD LDFRPLVLRQXOXLvQIXQF LHGHVHUYLFLLOHVXSOLPHQWDUH
)LJXUD9DORDUHDFRPLVLRQXOXLvQIXQF LHGHFRW úLVHUYLFLLVXSOLPHQWDUH

Studiu de caz nr. 2
Studiu de caz nr. 3
DRACULA MAXITOURS
$QDOL] GHSUH (minim 25 de persoane)1

- USD -
• 1 demipensiune Cluj – Hotel Transilvania 28 + 4 + 6 =38

• GHPLSHQVLXQH7J0XUHú – H. Transilvania 10 + 2 + 5 =17
• 1 demipensiune Sinaia – H. Montana 8,5 + 2,5 + 5 =17
• –+'RUREDQ L
EE%XFXUHúWL 2 x (25.2 + 12) =74,5
• 1 demipensiune Rm. Vâlcea – H. Alutus 10 + 2,5 + 4,5 =17
• 1 demipensiune Deva – H. Deva 8+3+5 =16
Total 1 =178,5
Cheltuieli ghid
• FD]DUHSHQVLXQHFRPSOHW FLQHvQ%XFXUHúWL
178,5 – (25,2 x 2) + 5 x 7 =163,1

• salariu 4x8 =32
• bilet avion =37
• taxi =8
• LQWU ULPX]HH =10
TOTAL =198,1
Comision O.N.T. – 10% =20

Cota de risc - 1% = 2
TOTAL GENERAL SHUVRDQ
1
3UH XULOHVXQWH[SULPDWHvQGRODUL68$
Studiu de caz nr. 4
Aspecte generale
Situat în centrul Transilvaniei, MXGH XO 0XUHú DUH XQ UHOLHI DFFLGHQWDW UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ PXQ L úL SRGLú
GUHQDW GH UkXO 0XUHú FX DIOXHQ LL V L OD FDUH VH DGDXJ R YDVW UH HD GH LD]XUL GH LQWHUHV SLVFLFRO úL ODFXULOH
helioterme de la Sovata. OrDúHOH MXGH XOXL 0XUHú SH OkQJ LPSRUWDQ D ORU HFRQRPLF GHRVHELW VXQW úL
centre cultural-LVWRULFH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQWH DOH ULL QRDVWUH ÌQ HOH VH S VWUHD] PRQXPHQWHOH LVWRULFH úL
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Programul turistic propune vizitarea celor mai importanWHO FDúHGHFXOWGLQDFHDVW ]RQ SUHFXPúLDIDEULFLL
GHLQVWUXPHQWHPX]LFDOHGHOD5HJKLQúLVHYDGHVI úXUDSHXUP WRUXOWUDVHX%XFXUHúWL –3ORLHúWL –%UDúRY

– 6LJKLúRDUD – Reghin – 7kUJX 0XUHú – %XFXUHúWL 3URJUDPXO DUH R GXUDW GH ]LOH úL SUHVXSXne
parcurgerea a aproximativ 850 km, ca mijloc de transport alegându-se autocarul. Principalele obiective ce
vor fi vizitate sunt: Biserica de lemn VDW 3RUXPEHQL FRPXQD &HDXúX GH &kPSLH Biserica de lemn
(Reghin), Biserica de lemn 7J 0XUHú Biserica UHIRUPDW GLQ FHWDWH 7J 0XUHú Biserica romano-
FDWROLF 7J 0XUHú %LVHULFD HYDQJKHOLF &$ ÄGLQ GHDO´ 6LJKLúRDUD %LVHULFD P Q VWLULL 6I 0DULD
6LJKLúRDUD Fabrica de instrumente muzicale(Reghin).
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SUHFXPúLGHOD&RQVHUYDWRUúLúFROLOHGHPX]LF 3UH XOLQIRUPDWLYHVWHGHOHLDVLJXUkQGX -se cazare,

SHQVLXQHFRPSOHW úLWUDQVSRUW*UXSXOSRDWHILDOF WXLWGLQPD[LPGHSHUVRD ne.
3URPRYDUHD SURGXVXOXL VH YD UHDOL]D SULQ vPS U LUHD GH SOLDQWH SXEOLFLWDUH vQ úFROL OLFHH IDFXOW L SULQ
UHFODPH vQ FRWLGLHQH GH PDUH WLUDM (YHQLPHQWXO =LOHL &RWLGLDQXO =LXD $GHY UXO úL OD XQ SRVW ORFDO GH
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SHVWUDG VDXSULQFXWLLOHSRúWDOH6LVWHPXOGHGLVWULEX LHYDILELQHSXVODSXQFWFRQWDFWkQGX VHúLVWXGHQ LDL

-
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Etapizare:
Ziua întâi:
ÌQWkOQLUHODRUDvQ3LD D/DKRYDUL%XFXUHúWL
Traseu: %XFXUHúWL– 3ORLHúWL–%UDúRY–6LJKLúRDUDNP

D%XFXUHúWL %UDúRYNP
– – scurt popas „Kilometrul 6” –NPGH%XFXUHúWL
- RSULUH %UDúRY – vizitarea Bisericii Negre (1383 – LPSUHVLRQDQW
FROHF LHGHFRYRDUHRULHQWDOH –SHVWHúLXQVFXUWÄ&RQFHUWGHPX]LF
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-%UDúRY
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Ziua a doua:
Mic dejun: Hotel „Steaua”
7XUGHRUDú6LJKLúRDUD–YL]LWDUHDXUP toarelor obiective turistice. Cetatea cu cele 14 turnuri, Biserica
HYDQJKHOLF &$ÄGLQGHDO´(1345 –SLFWXU YDORURDV LQWHULRDU PRELOLHUvQVWLOXO5HQDúWHULLBiserica
PkQ VWLULL 6I 0DULD FROHF LD GH FRYRDUH RULHQWDOH Biserica fostei leprozerii GHVWLQDW SUHGLFLORU
SHQWUXEROQDYLLFDUHQXDYHDXDFFHVvQELVHULF
Prânz: Hotel „Steaua”

Program liber
ÌQWkOQLUHODRUDvQID DKRWHOXOXLSHQWUXFRQWLQXDUHDWUDVHXOXL
Traseu:6LJKLúRDUD– Fântânele – Sovata – Reghin (90km)

Servicii oferite: cazDUHúLFLQ OD+RWHOÄ3DUF´– Reghin
Ziua a treia
Mic dejun :Hotel „Parc”
9L]LWDUHD IDEULFLL GH LQVWUXPHQWH PX]LFDOH úL VFXUW GHPRQVWUD LH FX LQVWUXPHQWHOH FRQVWUXLWH OD 5HJKLQ
Biserica de lemn (sec. al XVII lea – hramul „Pogorârea Sf. Duh”)

Prânz: Hotel „Parc”
Program liber
ÌQWkOQLUHODRUDvQID DKRWHOXOXLSHQWUXFRQWLQXDUHDWUDVHXOXL
Traseu: Reghin –7kUJX0XUHúNP– oprire pe traseu la Biserica de lemn

KUDPXOÄ6I,RDQ%RWH] WRUX´GLQ&RPXQD&HDXúXGH&kPSLH
Cazare: Hotel „Transilvania”

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Mic dejun :Hotel „Transilvania”
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Prânz: Hotel „Transilvania”
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Costuri directe:
0DV mic dejun (20.000 lei/pers); dejun (50.000 lei/pers.); cina (30.000 lei/pers)
Cazare: - Hotel „Steaua” –6LJKLúRDUDOHLFDPHUDGXEO QRDSWH
- Hotel „Parc” –5HJKLQOHLFDPHUDGXEO QRDSWH
- Hotel „Transilvania” –7J0XUHúOHLFDPHUDGXEO QRDSWH
Transport: 0,2$/km
Cheltuieli culturale: intrare muzeu, alte cheltuieli legate de vizitarea obiectivelor turistice: 15.000 lei/pers
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Cheltuieli cu ghidul: cazare (190.00OHLGLXUQ OHL]L
Costuri indirecte:
Asigurare 4%: 1.005.800 lei;

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TVA 11%: 276.595 lei

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Nr. Articole de Elemente de cheltuieli Elemente de calcul Valoarea
crt. FDOFXOD LH
1 Masa 3 x mic dejun 60.000 2.400.000
4 x prânz 200.000 8.000.000
[FLQ 90.000 3.600.000
2 Transport 850 km x 0.2$/km 40.375 1.615.000
1$ - 9.500 lei
Cheltuieli directe
3 Cazare 120.000 dbl 60.000 2.400.000

110.000 dbl 55.000 2.200.000
150.000 dbl 75.000 3.000.000
4 Cheltuieli culturale 15.000 600.000
5 Cheltuieli organizator
6 &KHOWXLHOLúRIHU Cazare 4.750 190.000
'LXUQ 7.500 300.000
7 Cheltuieli ghid Cazare 4.750 190.000
'LXUQ 11.250 450.000
8 Alte cheltuieli 5.000 200.000
9 TOTAL CHELTUIELI DIRECTE 628.625 25.145.000
10 ASIGURARE 25.145 1.005.800
11 COMISION 62.862 2.514.500
12 TVA COTA PROMOVARE 6.915 276.595
1.886 75.435
13 TOTAL COSTURI 725.433 29.017.330
14. 727$/35( 9Æ1=$5( 725.433 29.017.330
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MARIN, D. %XFXUHúWL
SIMION, T.
DI MEO ALBERICA Marketing per il turismo, Sarin Sp A, 1997, Pomezia, Roma.
DRAICA, CTIN. *KLG SUDFWLF GH WXULVP LQWHUQD LRQDO úL LQWHUQ (GLWXUD +3& %HFN %XFXUHúWL
1999.
IGNAT, D. 7UDQVSRUWXULOHLHULúLD]L(GLWXUD7HKQLF %XFXUHúWL
MINCIU, R. Economia turismului, (GLWXUD8UDQXV%XFXUHúWL

MORRISON Hospitallity and travel merketing, Delmar Publishers inc., New Zork, 1989.
ALASTAIR, M.
67 1&IULESCU, G., 7HKQLFD RSHUD LXQLORU GH WXULVP 6WXGLL GH FD] Editura ALL Educational,
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VELLAS, F. International tourism, Houndmills, Basinghoke, London, 1995.

BECHEREL, L.

3.tipologia Agentiilor de Turism

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3.tipologia Agentiilor de Turism

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PARTEA a II-a

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turism. Aceasta, prin DE TURISM

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