A-PDF MERGER DEMO

B-1 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

!
APPENDIX B: A BRIEF JOURNEY
THROUGH ARABIC GRAMMAR

You will cover the basics of the following topics in this Part.

1. Subject and Predicate ----------------------- B-2

2. Masculine and Feminine Genders ---------- B-3
3. Numbers: Singular, Dual, and Plural ------ B-5
4. Adjective and its Noun ----------------------- B-6
5. The Possessive Case or Genitive ------------ B-7
6. Interrogatives --------------------------------- B-9
7. Pronouns ---------------------------------------- B-9
8. The Prepositions ------------------------------ B-12
9. Subject, Verb, and Object ------------------- B-13
10. The Tense -------------------------------------- B-14
10a. Past Tense ------------------------------ B-14
10b. Imperfect Tense ------------------------ B-17
10c. Imperative and Negative Impr ------- B-20
10d. Derived Forms of the verb ------------ B-25
 B-2 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

1. Subject and Predicate ¦»

 ¦¾¬¦÷
Allah is creator.
Muhammad (peace be upon him, pbuh) is prophet.
Tariq is Mujahid (one who struggles)

The sentences like these are composed of a subject and a predicate which are called ¦¾¬¦÷ and ¦»
in Arabic. To translate such sentences into Arabic, just put Tanveen ( Æ- ) on each of these words

(in case they are singular masculine). Tanveen ( Æ- ) is also known as double pesh or double
dhammah.
Allah is creator. êó ¢»É …Ȧ
Muhammad (pbuh) is Prophet. ¦Žû¾ø¸
 ÷
Tariq is a Mujahid. ¾ÿ ¢´÷Ƽ°Ê ¢Š×
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 1 ************************

creator êó ¢» big Z¦ŽïŠ religion ú Ê®

prophet ¦Žû mg. slave ¾¦ß one ¾ · ¦ÈÂ
one who ¾ ÿ¢´÷ pious ¶ó ¢Ï scholar öó ¢ß
struggles
truthful Ƽ®Ê ¢Ï
house ª ¥

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 1 =======================

Using the words and their meanings given above, translate the following sentences into English.
The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.

The house is big. Z¦ŽïŠ ª¦’ó¦È Islam is a religion. úʮɿ¢ŠôÇ¢ ’ó¦È

The slave is pious. ¶ó ¢Ï¾¦à ’ó¦ Allah is one. ¾· ¦ÈÂɅ¦È
The Muslim is truthful. Ƽ®Ê ¢Ïöô Èø’ó¦È Javeed is a scholar öó ¢ß¾Ê¢³
 B-3 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

2. Masculine and Feminine Genders ®ûš ÷ ÈÂÂMïÀŠ ÷

You must have heard the Arabic names, for e.g., ˆò ø³ for a boy and ˆ¨ôŠ  ø³ for a girl. There lies

the rule. Just put ¨ at the end of a masculine (singular) word to make it feminine (singular). For
example,

 ˆ¨ï ¯È  ï ¯È ˆ¨¸
 ó ¢Ï ¶ó ¢Ï Æ̈¾Ë ¦È° ¾Ë ¦È°
ˆ¨ü÷ š÷ ú ÷š÷ Æ̈¾¥Ž¢ß ¾¥Ž¢ß ¨¾ó ¢» ¾ó ¢»
Notes:
1. Arabic has two genders, i.e., masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no common
gender in Arabic.
2. A common sign of a feminine word is ¨ (in general) as the last letter of the word.

3. To make a specific reference, we put ̾¦È in front of a common noun in Arabic just as we put
"the" in front of a common noun in English. When ̾¦È is attached to an Arabic word, we

remove one of É (dhamma or pesh) from the two Æ (Tanveen or double pesh). For
example,

 ¾É Ç ÂóȦ ƾÇ °È ÉÀ¢ŠÈû¢ ’ó¦È ÆÀ¢Èû¦Ê ¾ø¸

 ’ó¦È ¾ø·

4. Occasionally, the prefix ̾¦È is used to imply generality also. For e.g., À¢Èû¢ ’ó¦È (the human
being).
5. If the ¦¾º¬¦÷ (subject) is feminine, then its ¦º» (predicate) will also be feminine.

For example, ¶ó ¢Ïɧ¢Š’ó¦È ˆ¨¸

 ó ¢ÏN¿¢Œ’ó¦È
Additional rules for making feminine gender of dual and plural nouns are given in the following
lesson.
 B-4 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 2 ************************

mg. small Zä Ï

 uncle (mother's brother) ƾ¢» mg. beautiful ˆò ø³
fg. small Æ̈Zä Ï
 aunt (mother's sister) ˆ¨óŠ¢» fg. beautiful ˆ¨ôŠ  ø³
mg. big Z¦ŽïŠ mg. truthful Ƽ®Ê ¢Ï son ú¥¦Ê
fg. big Æ̈Z¦ŽïŠ brother Æ­¦È daughter ªü¥Ž
mg. intelligent ï ¯È mg. worshipper ¾¥Ž¢ß father Ƨ¦È
uncle (father's brother) öß fg. worshipper Æ̈¾¥Ž¢ß mother K¿¦É
aunt (father's sister) ˆ¨øß sister ª»¦É

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 2 =======================

Find out the masculine and feminine words in the following sentences and translate them into
English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.

The son is beautiful. ˆò ø³ ú¥¢ ’ó¦È
The daughter is beautiful.ˆ¨ôŠ  ø³
 ªü¦Ž’ó¦È
The father is pious. ¶ó ¢Ïɧ¢Š’ó¦È
The mother is pious. ˆ¨¸
 ó ¢ÏN¿¢Œ’ó¦È
The brother is intelligent. ï ¯É­¢Š’ó¦È
The sister is intelligent. ˆ¨ï ¯È ª»¢Œ’ó¦È
The uncle is truthful. Ƽ®Ê ¢Ïɾ¢¼’ó¦È
The aunt is truthful. ˆ¨ëŠ ®Ê ¢ÏŒ¨óŠ¢¼’ó¦È
The uncle is big. Z¦ŽïŠ öà ’ó¦È The son is small. Zä Ï
 ú¥œŽ’ó¦È
The aunt is big. Æ̈Z¦ŽïŠ Œ¨øà ’ó¦È The daughter is small. Æ̈Zä Ï
 ªü¦Ž’ó¦È
 B-5 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

3. Numbers: Singular, Dual and Plural Þø³¨üŽ°’ «¾ ·¦ÈÂ

There are specific rules in Arabic for making singular, dual, and plural forms of a word. (Yes,
dual is a separate and distinct Number in Arabic). There are two types of plurals in Arabic.
Solid Plural (ö ó¢ºÇ
 Þf ) and Broken Plural ( ZÊȒð«Þf ). The plural form depends upon the
context in which it is used, as shown below (for the Solid Plural case only):

'Aaraab forms ↓ Plural Dual Singular Gender

¸ŒçÂ÷ with Dhamma ( É- );  ÀÈ øô È÷ ÀÊ ¢øô È÷ öô È÷ mg.

when used as subject

©
Ç ¢øô È÷ ÀÊ ¢¬ø ô È÷ ˆ¨ø ô È÷ fg.

§Ðü÷ with Fatha (È- );  [

Ž ø ô È÷ úŽ ø ô È÷ ö ô È÷ mg.

when used as object

©
Ç ¢øô È÷ úŽ ¬ø ô È÷ ¨† ø ô È÷ fg.

°Ì´÷ with Kasra ( Ê- ); [

Ž ø ô È÷ úŽ ø ô È÷ ö‰ ô È÷ mg.

when the noun is

used with preposition
©
Ç ¢øô È÷ úŽ ¬ø ô È÷ ¨
ø ô È÷ fg.

******************* Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 3 *******************

Try to practice the rules of making dual and plural by reproducing the above table for the
following words (both for masculine and feminine case):

hypocrite êç ¢ü÷ believer ú÷ š÷ disbeliever Âç ¢Šï

patient Â¥Ž¢Ï helper ÂÏ
¢û worshipper ¾¥Ž¢ß
scholar öó ¢ß one who struggles ¾ÿ ¢´÷ one who Âï ¦È¯
remembers
pious ¶ó ¢Ï killer ˆò« ¢Šë truthful Ƽ®Ê ¢Ï
protector ˆÚç ¢· one who prostrates ¾³Ž ¢Ç prophet ¦Žû
 B-6 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

4. Adjective and its Noun»Ï

 ÷ ¨ŠèÏ

Look at the following phrases and their translations:

a true Muslim
Ƽ®Ê ¢Ïöô È÷ a pious person
¶ó ¢Ïˆò³ °È
a small book
Zä Ï
 Ƨ¢¬ï a trustworthy uncle
[÷ ¦Èƾ¢»
a big mosque
Z¦ŽïŠ ¾´
Ž È÷ a beautiful house
ˆò ø³ ª ¥
These phrases are said to be composed of ¨ººŠèÏ
(adjective) and »Ï
 ÷ (the noun of the
adjective). To translate these into Arabic, just reverse the order of the words (Muslim ö ôÈ÷ and

then true ¼Ê®¢º

ºÏ ) and put tanveen ( Æ ) on each of them. The tanveen could be Å or Ç or Æ
depending upon the context in which this phrase is used.
The rules are similar to those of ¦¾¬¦÷-¦»  (subject and predicate) except that in case of ¨ŠèÏ

»Ï
 ÷ :
1: The order of the words is reversed; and
2: If the first word is attached with ̾¦È , then the second will also have ̾¦È attached to it.
For e.g., using the same phrases given above, we will have:

the true Muslim

ɼ®Ê ¢Вó¦öô Èø’ó¦È the pious person
¶ó ¢Вó¦Œò³ ’ó¦È
the small book
Zä Вó¦ɧ¢¬ð ’ó¦È the trustworthy uncle
[÷ ¢Š’ó¦ɾ¢¼’ó¦È
the big mosque
Z¦ŽðŠ ’󦾴
Ž Èø ’ó¦È the beautiful house
òŒ  ø´
 ’󦪦’ó¦È
And remember, as in case of ¦¾¬¦÷-¦»  (subject and predicate), if the first word is feminine, the
second should also be feminine. Further, if the first word is dual or plural, the second should also
be dual or plural in number, i.e, the two words should agree in gender and number with respect to
each other. For example:

the true Muslim

man
ɼ®Ê ¢Вó¦öô Èø’ó¦È the true Muslim
woman
Œ¨ëŠ ®Ê ¢В󦌨ø ô Èø’ó¦È
the true
Muslim men
ÀÈ ëŒ ®Ê ¢Вó¦ÈÀøô Èø’ó¦È the true
Muslim
©
É ¢Šë®Ê ¢Вó¦É©¢øô Èø ’ó¦È
women
 B-7 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

==================== Exercises for Lesson No. 4 ====================

Try to translate the following sentences and phrases. Notice the difference in Arabic construction
for a simple sentence ( ¦» Ȧ¾¬¦ ÷ ) and for adjective and its

noun ( »Ï
 ÷ ȨŠèÏ
).
The house is big.
Z
 ¦ŽïŠ ª¦ó’¦È the big house
Z¦ŽðŠ 󒦪¦ó’¦È
The slave is
pious.
¶
 ó ¢Ï¾¦ à ó’ ¦È the pious slave
¶ó ¢Ð󦾦 à ó’ ¦È
The Muslim is
truthful.
¼
Æ ®Ê ¢Ïöô È
 ø ó’ ¦È the truthful
Muslim
ɼ®Ê ¢Ðó¦öô È
 ø ó’ ¦È
The path is
straight.
ö  ì¬È
 ÷ɶ¦ÂÐóȦ the straight path
ö  ì¬È
 øó’¦ɶ¦ÂÐóȦ
The uncle is
pious.
¶
 ó ¢Ïöà ó’¦È the pious uncle
¶ó ¢Ðó¦öà óȦ
The aunt is pious.
¨ˆ ¸
 ó ¢ÏŒ¨óŠ¢¼ó’ ¦È the pious aunt
Œ¨¸
 ó ¢Ðó¦Œ¨óŠ¢¼ó’ ¦È

5. The Possessive Case or Genitive þ󊤻¢Ô÷ »¢Ô÷

Look at the following phrases and their translations:

the creation of Allah

ʅ¦ê’ô» the house of Allah
ʅ¦ª¥
the nation of Hud
®Ç ÿÉ¿ëŠ the call of the prophet
¾Ê Ç Âó¦É̈ß®È
the command of the
Qur'an
ÀÊ ¡ÂŒì’ó¦ö’ð· the creation of Allah
ʅ¦ê’ô»
Notes:
1. To convey the meanings of "of," we place Dhammah or pesh ( É- ) on the first word and

double kasra ( Ç- ) on the second word.

2. As usual, if the second word has ¾È¢ attached with it, then instead of double kasra

( Ç- ), we will have single kasra ( Ê- ) on the second word.

3. The first noun 꺒ô» in the sentence ʅ¦ê’ô» is called »¢Ô÷. The second noun ʅ¦ is

called þ󤻢Ô÷ , which should always be a proper noun.

 B-8 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

4. In Arabic the construction of »¢Ô÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically takes care of the " 's "
or "of" (Allah's creation OR the creation of Allah) as shown in the above examples.
5. The construction of »¢ººÔ÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically implies specific person or
thing. Therefore, 'the' is always added in English translation of this phrase.

*********************** Vocabulary for Lesson No. 5 ***********************

grance ˆòÔçŠ day Æ¿ words Æ¿¢ŠôŠï

rebellion ÆÀ¢ä׌ judgement úÊ® way, system ˆ¨üÇ
the people ²
É ¢üóȦ to establish ˆ¨÷ ¢Šë¤Ê messenger ƾÇ °È
house Æ°¦È® the prayer É̈¢ŠôÐóȦ doubt ¤°È
hereafter Æ̈» ¡ to obey ˆ¨ß ¢Š×¤Ê human being ÆÀ¢Èû¦Ê
food Æ¿¢àŠ× parents úŽ ¾ ó ¦Ê remembrance ’ï¯Ê
sinner ö ¯¦È earth Ƶ̰¦È the most úø·°È
beneficent

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 5 =======================

Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
the establishment of
prayer
Ê̈¢ŠôÐ󦌨÷ ¢Šë¤Ê the words of Allah ʅ¦É¿¢ŠôŠï
the obedience to
parents
úŽ ¾ ó ¦’ó¦Œ¨ß ¢Š×¤Ê the book of Allah ʅ¦ɧŠ¢¬ ï
the earth of Allah
ʅ¦ɵ̰¢È the way of the
messenger
¾Ê Ç Â󦌨üÇ
the rebellion of the
people
²
Ê ¢üó¦ÉÀ¢ä׌ the doubt of the
human being
ÀÊ ¢ÈûœŽ’󦤰È
the house of the
hereafter
Ê̈» –’ó¦É°¦È® the remembrance of
the most Beneficent.
úø·Âó¦’ï¯Ê
the food of the
sinner
öŽ  ¯Š˜’ó¦É¿¢àŠ× the grace of Allah ʅ¦ŒòÔçŠ
the house of Hamid
¾
÷ ¢·ª¥ the day of judgement
úŽ ¾ó¦É¿
 B-9 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

6. Interrogatives ¿¢ è¬Ç¦©¦Â®¢

¦
When U÷ Who ú÷ 
Where ú ¦È What ¢÷¦È¯¢÷
Why ¦È¯¢øó  Which (masculine) NĦÈ
How much, How many öŠï Which (feminine) ˆ¨¦È
Is? Am? Are? Do? ¢Èòÿ How æ
 Šï
Have?

7. Pronouns Ÿ ¢øÓ


7a. Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun Demonstrative Pronoun Num- Gen-

¾Ï ø ’ó¦öÇ¦Ê ¨È°¢Ë¢ ’ó¦öÇ¦Ê ber der

(The one)
who Ä ÀóM¦È That  ó ¦¯
î This ¦Àÿ sr.

ÀÊ ¦ŠÀóM¦È  ûŽ¦¯
î ÀÊ ¦ŠÀÿ
(The two) Those These dl. mg.
who (two) (two)

ú  ÀóM¦È î
   óÂɦ   šÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
(The one)
who  ¬óM¦È That î
 ô’ « This ÁÊ À ÿ sr.

ÀÊ ¢¬óM¦È î
 ûŽ¢« ÀÊ ¢«¢ÿ
(The two) Those These dl. fg.
who (two) (two)

 «¢Mó¦È î
   óÂɦ   šÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
 B-10 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

7b. Personal and Possessive Pronouns

Examples Possessive Personal No. Gen- Per-

on pronouns Pronouns Pronouns der son

his
book þ¥¢¬ïŠ his Á he ÿ sr.

their
house ¢ø ¬¥ their
(of ¢øÿ they
two ¢øÿ dl. mg.
two)
their
belief ö û¢{ʦ their öÿ they öÿ pl.
3rd
her
mother ¢ ÷ ɦ her ¢ÿ she  ÿ sr. person

their
house ¢ø ¬¥ their
(of ¢øÿ they
two ¢øÿ dl. fg.
two)
their
house ú  ¬¥ their úÿ they úÿ pl.

your
book ¬ ï your Ƚ you ªûȦ sr.

your
house ¢øðŒ ¬¥ your
(of ¢øïŒ you ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.
two
two)
your
me- öðŒ óŒ ÇÈ° you öïŒ you all ö¬ûȦ pl  2nd
ssenger
your
house  your ʽ you ªûȦ sr. person

your
book ¢øðŒ ¥¢¬ ï your
(of ¢øïŒ you ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.
two
two)
your
house úðŒ ¬¥ your úïŒ you all ú¬ûȦ pl.

my
Ž¥¢¬ ï my Ä
book I
¢ûȦ sr.
mg.
fg.
gave me
rizq
Žü늱Ȱ Žû 1st
me
our
book ¢ü¥¢¬ ï our ¢û we ú¸û dl.,
pl.
mg.,
fg.
person

NOTE: Memorize these pronouns thoroughly because they occur quite often in the Qur'an.
 B-11 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 7 ************************

Companions Ƨ¢¸Ï¦È hearing ÞøÇ and ÂÈ

Shop ÆÀ¢Mï®É relatives ˆòÿ¦È for ¾È ʾ
from ú÷ I helped ©
É ÂÐ
 û Verily MÀ¦Ê
son ú¥¦ Sustainer, Lord K§°È tongue À¢Èó

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 7 =======================

He is a Muslim.
öô È÷ ÿ You are a scholar.
öó ¢ßªû¦È
I am a believer.
ú÷ š÷ ¢û¦È She is righteous.
ˆ¨¸
 ó ¢Ïÿ

your tongue
öðŒ û¢Èó for him
þŠó
my son
Žü¥¦Ê towards me
Šó¦Ê

I helped him
þ«ÂÐ
 û towards them
(females)
úŽ Šó¦Ê
from you
î
 ü÷ for us
¢üŠó
towards us
¢ü óʦ verily you (males)
öðŒ û¦Ê
towards them
(males)
öŽ Šó¦Ê your hearing
öŒðàøÇ
from you
î
 ü÷ verily we
¢üû¦Ê
our Lord
¢ü¥°È my house
 ´
your Lord
öðŒ ¥°È for them
¢ø Šó
our messenger
¢üóŒ Ç °È my relatives
 ôÿ¦È
 B-12 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

8. The Preposition ³

 »Â·

Prepositions Examples of Prepositions / usage

in  ç in a house ª¥ ç
from ú ÷ We read from the Qur'an. ÀÊ ¡ÂìŒ ’ó¦ú÷ ¢ûÌ¢Šë
¦
on Šôß on a mountain ‰ò¦³ Šôß
like ½È like a man ò‰ ³Â ïŠ
about úß I heard ¾ ´
Ž Èø ’ó¦ çÊ̈ŠôÐó¦Žúß ªàø Ç
about Prayer in the Masjid
with §
Ê I enetered with security Ç¿¢ŠôÈ
 ¥Žª’ô» ®È
for ¾Ê for people ²
Ê ¢üô ó
¦
towards Šó¦Ê towards a city
¾Šô¥Šó¦Ê
¦
until ¬· until the day-break ŽÂ´Šè’ó¦ŽÞŠô’Ø÷¬·
by (of oath) ÂÈ By Allah ʅ¦ÈÂ

Rules of using Prepositions:

1. These words are used as connectors.
2. When these words are used with a proper noun, then a double kasrah ( -Ç ), is placed on the

last letter of word (or a single kasra, -Ê in case ¾È¦ is attached with it).
 B-13 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

9. Subject ò
’ ß ¢Šç , Verb òàçŠ , and Object ¾àè’ ÷
In general, in an Arabic sentence, the verb comes first, followed by the subject and the object. A
Double Dhammah or tanveen ( -Æ ) is placed on the subject and double fathah ( -Å ) is placed on
the object. Look at the following examples:

Hameed read the Qur'an. ¢û¦¢ÂëŒ ¾ ø· Ȣ ëŠ

Iqbal wrote a book. ¢¥¢¬ï ƾ¢¦’ë¦Ê¤¬ïŠ
In the first sentence, read is the verb, Hameed is the subject, and the Qur'an is the object. In the
second one, wrote is the verb, Iqbal is the subject, and a book is the object.

************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 9 *************************

read ¢ÈÂ ëŠ made òŠ à ³ created ê ôŠ »
wrote ¤
 ¬ïŠ separated ¼
È Â çŠ collected Þ ø ³
cheated ¸
È ¾ » water Æ ¢÷ wealth, means ƾ¢÷
======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 9 =======================

Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
Allah made Muhammad
(pbuh) a messenger.
¢†óÇ°M ¦¾ø¸
 ÷ Ʌ¦Šòà ³
Allah created the people.
²
È ¢üó¦Ʌ¦êôŠ »
Allah revealed the book.
¢¥¢¬ï Ʌ¦ȾÄ û¦È
The Satan cheacter the
man.
ÀÈ ¢Èû¢ ’ó¦ÉÀ¢ŠØÌó¦ȸ¾ »
We parted the sea.
 ¸¦’ó¦¢ü’ë çŠ
Note: When a word is attached with ̾¢È then one of two fathah ( -È ) , kasrah ( -Ê ) or dhammah (
-É ) in a tanveen ( -Å -Ç or -Æ ) are dropped. For example, as shown in the above sentences,

¼
Æ °ÊºŠ
¢× has double dhammah, whereas À
É ¢ŠØÌ
 óȦ has one dhammah since ̾¦È is attached with ÀÆ ¢ŠØË
. Similarly, ¢†óÇ°È has double fathah, whereas  ¸¦’ó¦È has only one fathah.
 B-14 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

10. Tense
10a. The Past Tense  Ó¢÷òàç
Past Tense
 Ó¢÷ Possessive
Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son

he did òŠ à çŠ Á ÿ sr.
they two
did Šà çŠ ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.
they all
did ¦Œôà çŠ ö ÿ ö ÿ pl.
3rd
ª
 ôŠ à çŠ ¢ÿ ÿ
person
she did
sr.
they two
did ¢¬ôŠ à çŠ ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.
they all
did ú ô’ à çŠ ú ÿ ú ÿ pl.

you did ª
 ô’ à çŠ ½È ª
 û¦È sr.
you two
did ¢ø¬ô’ à çŠ ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.
you all
did ö ¬ô’ à çŠ ö ïŒ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd
ª
ô’ à çŠ ½Ê ª
û¦È
person
you did
sr.
you two
did ¢ø¬ô’ à çŠ ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.
you all
did ú¬ô’ à çŠ úïŒ ú¬û¦È pl.

I did ª
 ô’ à çŠ Ä ¢û¦È sr. mg. 1st
fg.

We did ¢üô’ à çŠ ¢û ú ¸

 û dl., mg., person
pl. fg.
Gender: mg.: Masculine gender; fg.: Feminine gender
Number: sr.: Singular; dl..: Dual; pl.: Plural (n)
 B-15 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

Try to practice the pronouns and past tense by repeating the conjugation table using the following
words. This will greatly help you in getting yourself familiarized with the verb forms. Is it not
worth repeating it 10 to 15 times so that you can remember it for the rest of your life? It certainly
is! Learning and practicing them for the sake of understanding Qur'an is one of the best worship
for which you will be abundantly rewarded by Allah, inshaAllah.

************************* Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a *************************

he did òŠ à çŠ he went ¤
 ÿ ¯È he found ¾ ³ ÂÈ
he wrote ¤
 ¬ïŠ he killed òŠ ¬ëŠ he refused Â èŠ ïŠ
he read ¢ÈÂ ëŠ he made òŠ à ³ he joined òŠ Ï
 ÂÈ
he helped  Ð
 û he opened ¶
 ¬çŠ he created ê ôŠ »
he hit, §
È Â Ó
 he entered òŠ » ®È he sent ®
Š à ¥
gave example
he drank §
È ÂŽ Ë he provided rizq ¼
È ±È °È
he demanded ¤
 ôŠ ׊
====================== Exercises for Lesson No. 10a =======================

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The English translation is provided for you to check your
answers.
mg. dl. they opened ¢¸¬çŠ mg. pl. they wrote ¦¦¬ïŠ
mg. pl. you did ö¬’ôà çŠ mg. you helped ©
È ÂÐ
 û
mg. pl. they did ¦Œôà çŠ mg./fg. dl. you two opened
¢ø¬¸¬çŠ
mg./fg. dl. you two did ¢ø¬’ôà çŠ
mg. pl. you demanded ö¬¦ôŠ ׊
mg. dl. they two did ¢Šôà çŠ
mg. dl. they two wrote ¢¦¬ïŠ
mg. you did ª
 ’ôà çŠ
mg. pl. they demanded ¦¦ôŠ ׊
fg. she did ªôŠ à çŠ
mg. you went ª
 ¦ÿ ¯È
fg. pl. they did ú ’ôà çŠ
mg./fg. dl. they two ¢ø¬¦ôŠ ׊
mg. pl. you went ö¬¦ÿ ¯È demanded
mg./fg. dl. you two helped ¢ø«ÂÐ
 û mg. pl. you wrote ö¬¦¬ïŠ
 B-16 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

mg. you demanded ª

 ¦ôŠ ׊ fg. dl. they two hit ¢¬¥Â Ó

fg. dl. they two helped ¢«Â Ð
 û mg. pl. they went ¦¦ÿ ¯È
mg./fg. dl. you two went ¢ø¬¦ÿ ¯È mg. you opened ª
 ¸¬çŠ
mg. pl. you helped ö«ÂÐ
 û mg./fg. dl. you two wrote
¢ø¬¦¬ïŠ
fg. you wrote ª
¦¬ïŠ
mg. pl. they opened ¦¸¬çŠ
mg. he wrote ¤
 ¬ïŠ
mg. you demanded ª
 ¦ôŠ ׊
mg. pl. you opened ö¬¸¬çŠ
mg. dl. they two went ¢¦ÿ ¯È
mg. pl. they hit ¦¥Â Ó


Active and Passive Voices ¾ ´

 ÷ »ÂÂà ÷
You already know that òŠ à çŠ means (he) did. To make passive voice of this, you have to write it

as òŠ à Œç which means (it) is done. Further examples are given below.

mg. pl. you created ö¬’ìôŠ » mg. pl. you were created ö¬’ìô »
mg. he killed òŠ ¬ëŠ mg. he was killed òŠ ¬ Œë
Mg. pl. they demanded ¦¦ôŠ ׊ mg. pl. they were demanded ¦¦ô ×
Œ
mg. he sent ®
Š à ¥ mg. he was sent ®
Š à ¥
I sent ª
 ’°à ¥ I was sent ª
 ’°à ¥
we provided ¢ü’ë±È °È we were provided ¢ü’ë±Ê É°
mg. pl. they provided ¦Œë±È °È mg. pl. they were provided ¦Œë±Ê É°
Important Note: Always be careful in placing A'araab (fathah, kasrah, or dhammah) on different
parts of a sentence. A little change in these A'araab may lead to a completely different message.
The tense may change from active to passive or the object may be changed to subject. In some
cases, the sentence may not make any sense at all.
 B-17 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

10b. The Present (and Future) Tense ̸°Ê ¢Ô÷ òàç

Present Tense ¸°¢Ô÷ Possessive

Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son

he does
òŒ à è’  Á ÿ sr.
they do.
ÀÊ Šà è’  ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.
they do
ÀÈ Œôà è’  ö ÿ ö ÿ pl.
3rd
òŒ à è’ « ¢ÿ  ÿ
she does. person
sr.
they do.
ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.
they do.
ú ô’ à è’  ú ÿ ú ÿ pl.
you do
Œòà ’è« ½È ª
 û¦È sr.
you do
ÊÀŠà’è« ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.
you do
ÈÀŒôà ’è« ö ïŒ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd
[ ôà’è« ½Ê ª
û¦È
you do person
sr.
you do
ÊÀŠà’è« ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.
you do
ú’ôà’è« úïŒ ú¬û¦È pl.
I do
òŒ à ç’ ¦È Ä ¢û¦È sr. mg. 1st
fg.
We do
òŒ à è’ û ¢û ú ¸
 û dl., mg., person
pl. fg.

Gender: mg: Masculine gender; fg: Feminine gender

Number: sr.: Singular; dl.: Dual; pl: Plural (n)
 B-18 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

IMPORTANT NOTE: ¸°¢Ô÷ actually is the Imperfect Tense and refers to an action which
is incomplete at the time to which reference is being made. It refers to the present tense in
general. It becomes Future tense by addition of the prefix ²
È or the particle »
È Ç before the
¸°¢Ô÷ forms.

****************** Vocabulary & Exercises for Lesson No. 10b ******************

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.

mg. dl. they two drink ÀÊ ¢¥Â Ì fg. pl. you make ú ’ôà ´«
mg. he collects Þ ø ´ mg. dl. you two drink ÀÊ ¢¥Â Ì«
I know ö ôŠ ß ¦È fg. dl. they two drink ÀÊ ¢¥Â Ì«
I open ¶
 ¬’ç¦È mg. dl. you two make ÀÊ ¢Šôà ´«
fg. sr. you collect Þ ø ´« fg. dl. they two make ÀÊ ¢Šôà´«
mg. pl. they thank ÀÈ Â ðŒ Ì  pl. we worship ¾ ¦ à û
mg. pl. they disbelieve ÀÈ ÂÂ èŒ ’ð  mg. pl. they recite ÀÈ Œô ¬ 
I worship ¾ ¦ ß ¦È mg. pl. you recite ÀÈ Œô ¬ «
mg. you know ö ôŠ à « mg. they don't know ÀÈ ø ôŠ à  ¢Šó
we don't hear Þ ø È û¢Šó I don't disbelieve Â èŒ ’ï ¦È¢Šó
And they will not grieve.
ÀÈ ûÄ ¸ ö ÿ ¢ŠóÂÈ
They hear the words of Allah.
ʅ¦È¿¢Šô ïŠ ÈÀà ø È 
I do not worhsip what you worship.
ÀÈ Â¾ ¦ à «¢÷¾ ¦ ß ¦È¢Šó
We do not worship except Allah.
ȅ¦¢Mó¦Ê¾ ¦ à û¢Šó
 ¦ þ óÇ °È ÈÂʅ¢¥ÈÀü ÷ š 
They believe in Allah and His
messenger.
 B-19 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

Active and Passive Voice:

As you have seen earlier, òŠ à çŠ is made passive by writing òŠ à Œç for verbs in past tense. However,

in case of present tense, Œòà ’è is made passive by writing it as Œòà ’è , i.e., first letter will have

dhammah / pesh ( É- ) and the third letter will have fathah ( È- ). The remaining letters will have
the same A'araab as in the case of active voice.

Concentrate on the following examples:

he drinks §
É Â Ì he is made / given to drink§
É Â Ì
they (all, mg) help ÀÈ ÂÂÐ
 ü they (all, mg) are helped À
È ÂÂÐ
 ü
you (mg) ask ¾É ˜ŠÈ« you (mg) are asked ¾É ˜ŠÈ«

************************* Vocabulary & Exercises ****************************

Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.

they understand
ÀÈ  ìŠ ’è  they cut
ÀÈ à ؊ ’ì 
they (women) are
asked
ú ’ô ŠÈ they will not
asked
ÀÈ Œó˜Š È «¢Šó
they do not fear
ÀÈ Œç¢¼¢Šó they
ÀÈ Œô  ´ 
(it) is opened.
¶
 ¬’è they are killed
ÀÈ Œô¬’ì
they do not cut
ÀÈ à؊ ’좊ó you understand
ö  ’è«
you are provided.
ÈÀŒë±È « you are helped
ÈÀÂÂÐ
 ü«
you are provided.
ÈÀŒë±È « you are helped
ÈÀÂÂÐ
 ü«
 B-20 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

10c. Imperative and Negative Imperative  ûÂÂ÷¢È

You can order only to the person in front of you (2nd person). Therefore, the imperative and
negative forms for only the 2nd person are provided below.

Negative
Imperative  û Imperative
Â÷Ȧ
Poss.
Prns.
Pers.
Prns.
No. Gen- Per-
der son

Don't
do (it). ’òà’è«¢Šó Do (it). ’òà’çʦ ½
È ª
 û¦È sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢Šôà’è«¢Šó (you two)
Do (it). Šà’çʦ ¢øï
Œ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.
Don't
do (it). ¦Œôà ’è«¢Šó (you all)
Do (it). ¦Œôà ’çʦ ö ï
Œ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd
 ôà’è«¢Šó  ôà’çʦ ½
Ê ª
û¦È
Don't do person
(it). Do (it).
sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢Šôà’è«¢Šó (you two)
Do (it). Šà’çʦ ¢øï
Œ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.
Don't do
(it). ú’ôà’è«¢Šó (you all)
Do (it). ú’ôà’çʦ úï
Œ ú¬û¦È pl.

************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 10a ************************

to act, work ˆòø ß asked òŠ  ŠÇ
to know ö’ôß drank §
È ÂŽ Ë
to open, expand ƬÂË rode ¤
 ï °È
(he) separated, divided ¼
È ÂçŠ went ¤
 ÿ ¯È
came near §
È Â ëŠ
 B-21 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

======================= Exercises for Lesson No. 10c =======================

im. mg. sr. (you) Go

¤ÿ ̯¦Ê im. mg. pl. Know.
¦øôŠ ߦÊ
ni. mg./fg. dl. (You two)
Do not go near (it).
¢¥Â ’ì«¢Šó ni. mg. sr. Do not
do (it).
’òà ’è«¢Šó
ni. fg. sr. Do not fear (it).
  碼«¢Šó ni. mg. sr. Do not
go.
 ¤ÿ ’À«¢Šó
im. mg. sr. Open.
̬Â Ë¦Ê ni. mg. sr. Do not
make.
’òà ´«¢Šó
im. mg. sr. (you) Say
’òëŒ ni. mg. pl. Do not
say.
¦ŒóŒì«¢Šó
open up for me
 ó̬Â Ë¦Ê (you two) don't
come near
¢¥Â ’ì«¢Šó
(you all) drink
¦¥ÂŽ Ë¦Ê don't ask me
Žü’ó˜ŠÈ«¢Šó
(you all) ride
 ¦¦ïŠ Ì°¦Ê and (you all)
listen
 ¦àø ǦÈÂ
im. mg. sr. (you all) Say
¦ŒóŒë ni. mg. pl. Do not
be divided.
¦ŒëÂèŠ «¢Šó
im. mg. sr. Be.
úïŒ ni. mg. pl. Do not
be.
¦ûŒð«¢Šó
IMPORTANT NOTE
All the verb forms of ŠòºàŠç that were taught in the previous lessons along with personal and
possessive pronouns are given in the table on the next page. Try to reproduce this table a couple
of times for different verbs such as:Šò¬ëŠ ¤ÿ
 È̄ ¶¬çŠȧŽ Ë ȧ Ó
 êèŠ ûÂèŠ ïŠ öô ß Šòø ß 
¤ôŠ×Š Šò» ®È ¤¬ïŠ Šòà ³ .
 B-22 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

Conjugation table for the verb ò

Š à çŠ
 û Â÷Ȧ ¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son

òŒ à è’  òŠ à çŠ Á ÿ sr.

ÀÊ Šà è’  Šà çŠ ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÀÈ Œôà è’  ¦Œôà çŠ ö ÿ ö ÿ pl.

3rd
Œòà è’ « ª
 ôŠ à çŠ ¢ÿ ÿ
person
sr.

ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢¬ôŠ à çŠ ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú ô’ à è’  ú ô’ à çŠ ú ÿ ú ÿ pl.

’òàè’ «¢Šó ’òà’çʦ Œòà ’è« ª

 ô’ à çŠ ½È ª
 û¦È sr.

¢Šôà’è«¢Šó 
Š à’çʦ ÊÀŠà’è« ¢ø¬ô’ à çŠ ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.

¦Œôà ’è«¢Šó ¦Œôà ’çʦ ÈÀŒôà ’è« ö ¬ô’ à çŠ ö ïŒ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd
 ôà’è«¢Šó  ôà’çʦ [ ôà’è« ª
ô’ à çŠ ½Ê ª
û¦È
person
sr.

¢Šôà’è«¢Šó 
Š à’çʦ ÊÀŠà’è« ¢ø¬ô’ à çŠ ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.

ú’ôà’è«¢Šó ú’ôà’çʦ ú’ôà’è« ú¬ô’ à çŠ úïŒ ú¬û¦È pl.

òŒ à ç’ ¦È ª
 ô’ à çŠ Ä ¢û¦È sr. mg. 1st
fg.
òŒ à è’ û ¢üô’ à çŠ ¢û ú ¸
 û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
 B-23 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

Conjugation table for the verb ÀÈ ¢Šï

 û Â÷Ȧ ¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son

ÀÉ Œð ÀÈ ¢Šï Á ÿ sr.

ÀÊ ¢ŠûŒð ¢Šû¢Šï ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÀÈ ûŒð ¦û¢Šï ö ÿ ö ÿ pl.

3rd
ÀÉ Œð« ª
 û¢Šï ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÀÊ ¢ŠûŒð« ¢¬û¢Šï ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú ðŒ  ú ïŒ ú ÿ ú ÿ pl.

úŒð«¢Šó úŒï ÀÉ Œð« ªüŒï ½È ª

 û¦È sr.

Š¢ûŒð«¢Šó Š¢ûŒï ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð« ¢ø¬üŒï ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.

¦ûŒð«¢Šó ¦ûŒï ÈÀûŒð« ö¬üŒï ö ïŒ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd

ŽûŒð«¢Šó ŽûŒï [ŽûŒð« ªüŒï ½Ê ª
û¦È
person
sr.

Š¢ûð«¢Šó Š¢ûŒï ÊÀŠ¢ûŒð« ¢ø¬üŒï ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.

úðŒ «¢Šó úïŒ úðŒ « ú¬üïŒ úïŒ ú¬û¦È pl.

ÀÉ Œï¦È ª
 ü ïŒ Ä ¢û¦È sr. mg. 1st
fg.
ÀÉ Œðû ¢üïŒ ¢û ú ¸
 û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
The verb forms of ÈÀ¢Šï are extensively used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of
times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.
 B-24 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

Conjugation table for the verb ¾

È ¢Šë
 û Â÷Ȧ ¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Pers. No. Gen- Per-
Prns. Prns. der son

¾É Œì ¾È ¢Šë Á ÿ sr.

ÀÊ ŠŒì Š¢Šë ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÀÈ ŒóŒì ¦Œó¢Šë ö ÿ ö ÿ pl.

3rd
¾É Œì« ª
 óŠ¢Šë ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÀÊ ŠŒì« ¢¬óŠ¢Šë ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú ô’ ìŒ  ú ô’ ëŒ ú ÿ ú ÿ pl.

’òŒì«Š ’òŒë ¾É Œì« ª

 ’ôŒë ½È ª
 û¦È sr.

¢ŠóŒì«Š ¢ŠóŒë ÊÀŠŒì« ¢ø¬’ôŒë ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.

¦ŒóŒì«Š ¦ŒóŒë ÈÀŒóŒì« ö¬’ôŒë ö ïŒ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd

 óŒì«Š  óŒë [ óŒì« ª
’ôŒë ½Ê ª
û¦È
person
sr.

¢ŠóŒì«Š ¢ŠóŒë ÊÀŠŒì« ¢ø¬’ôŒë ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.

ú ’ôŒì«Š ú ’ôŒë ú ’ôŒì« ú¬’ôëŒ úïŒ ú¬û¦È pl.

¾É Œë¦È ª
 ô’ ëŒ Ä ¢û¦È sr. mg. 1st
fg.
¾É Œìû ¢üô’ ëŒ ¢û ú ¸
 û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
Different forms of ȾºŠ
¢ ë are frequently used in the Qur'an. Try to reproduce this table a couple of
times to get a very good familiarity of all the forms shown above.
 B-25 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

10d. Derived Forms of theVerb ò

Š à çŠ

Verbal Passive Active Present (& Past S.

Noun participle participle future) Tense Tense No.
°¾Ð÷ ¾à’èø ’ó¦öÇ¦Ê ò ߢŠè’ó¦öÇ¦Ê Ì¸°Ê ¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷
òˆ à ç ¾àè’ ÷ ò ߢŠç òŒ à è’  òŠ à çŠ 1 
òˆ  àè’ « òàèŠ ÷ òàèŠ ÷ òŒ à èŠ  òŠ à çŠ 2 
¨ˆ ôŠ ß ¢Šè÷ òߢŠè÷ ò ߢŠè÷ òŒ ß ¢Šè òŠ ß ¢Šç 3 
¾Æ ¢àç’ ¦Ê òàè’ ÷ ò àè’ ÷ òŒ à è’  òŠ à ç’ ¦È 4 
òˆ à èŠ « òàèŠ ¬÷ òàèŠ ¬÷ òŒ à èŠ ¬ òŠ à èŠ « 5 
¨ˆ ôŠ ß ¢Šè¬÷ òߢŠè¬÷ ò ߢŠè¬÷ òŒ ß ¢Šè¬ òŠ ß ¢Šè« 6 
¾Æ ¢àè û ¦Ê òàèŠ ü ÷ ò àèŠ ü÷ òŒ à èŠ ü  òŠ à èŠ û ¦Ê 7 
¾Æ ¢à¬ ç’ ¦Ê òà¬è’ ÷ ò à¬è’ ÷ òŒ à ¬è’  òŠ à ¬ç’ ¦Ê 8 
¾Æ Šà ç’ ¦Ê òŠôà è’ ÷ ò ôà è’ ÷ òN à è’  òM à ç’ ¦Ê 9 
¾Æ ¢àè’ ¬ Ç ¦Ê òàè’ ¬È
 ÷ ò àè’ ¬È
 ÷ òŒ à è’ ¬È
  òŠ à è’ ¬Ç ¦Ê 1 0 
Note: It is suggested that you practice on this table after memorizing the meanings of around a
Juz' (parah). Try to repeat this table for a couple of verbs. You will have a much wider
understanding of different verbs and their meanings which occur in the Qur'an. After this
practice, you will be able to remember and connect the derived forms with their root word easily.
For each of the verb, you can repeat the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb
òŠ ºàçŠ " and feel for yourself the power of Arabic language. The following page gives an example

of how the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb òŠ à çŠ " can be reproduced for

the derived form number 3, ò

Š à ’ç¢ ,. You can reproduce the following for each of the derivatives.
 B-26 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

An Example: Conjugation table for the verb ò

Š à ç’ ¢È
¸°¢Ô÷  Ó¢÷ Poss. Prns. Pers. Prns. No. Gen- Per-
der son

òŒ à è’  òŠ à ç’ ¢È Á ÿ sr.

ÀÊ Šà è’  Šà ç’ ¢È ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.

ÀÈ Œôà è’  ¦Œôà ç’ ¢È ö ÿ ö ÿ pl.

3rd
òŒ à ’è« ª
 ôŠ à ç’ ¢È ¢ÿ  ÿ
person
sr.

ÀÊ Šà è’ « ¢¬ôŠ à ç’ ¢È ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.

ú ô’ à è’  ú ô’ à ç’ ¢È ú ÿ ú ÿ pl.

Œòà ’è« ª
 ô’ à ç’ ¢È ½È ª
 û¦È sr.

ÊÀŠà ’è« ¢ø¬ô’ à ç’ ¢È ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.

ÈÀŒôà ’è« ö ¬ô’ à ç’ ¢È ö ïŒ ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd

[ ô à’è« ª
ô’ à ç’ ¢È ½Ê ª
û¦È
person
sr.

ÊÀŠà ’è« ¢ø¬ô’ à ç’ ¢È ¢øïŒ ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.

ú ’ôà ’è« ú ¬ô’ à ç’ ¢È úïŒ ú¬û¦È pl.

òŒ à ç’ ¦É ª
 ô’ à ç’ ¢È Ä ¢û¦È sr. mg. 1st
fg.
òŒ à è’ û ¢üô’ à ç’ ¢È ¢û ú ¸
 û dl. mg. person
pl. fg.
 B-27 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

GRAMMATICAL POINTS RELEVANT TO THIS WORK

Please note the following (especially for those who are not acquainted with Arabic grammar):

• For possessive case, 'the' is added in the box of »¢Ô÷ because the construction of the
possessive case in Arabic leads to addition of 'the' there. The word 'of' is added in the
following box containing þŠó¤Ê»¢Ô÷ . For example, 'the' is added in the box below §
Ë °È and

'of' is added in the box below [ øóŠ¢àó¦ .

of (all) the worlds. the Lord (be) to Allah, (All) the2 praises and thanks

• The verb (masculine or feminine) in Arabic is always singular when it comes before the
subject (masculine or feminine). On the contrary, if the verb is placed after the subject, then
the verb matches in number (singular, dual or plural) with its subject. The translation of such
verbs in the English cells is provided according to the context in which the verb has come. For
example, the verb ª
 È
 ëŠ is singular in the following verse (2:74) and is used to refer to the
noun §ŒôëŒ . The word §ŒôëŒ is broken plural (ZÈð«Þf).

 
like [the] stones5 so they (became) that after your hearts4 Then hardened

• The Broken Plural ZÈð«Þf (as opposed to Solid Plural C¢ÇÞf) is referred in general by a
singular feminine verb or a singular feminine pronoun (such as ¢ÿ). Any plural which does not
follow the standard pattern of making plurals is called broken plural. Here again the
translation of such verbs or pronouns in the English cells is provided according to the context
in which the Broken Plural has come. For example, both the verb ªÈëŠ and the pronoun ÿ

in verse (2:74) quoted above refer to the broken plural §ŒôëŒ .

• In some cases, inspite of all the efforts, the meaning of the Arabic words in the English cell
provided below may not be complete. Effort is made to provide explanation of such words in
 B-28 Appendix B: Arabic Grammar

the box provided at the bottom of each page. For example, the word §
Ê ¤ÿ È̄ means took
away, but ¤ÿ
 È̄ in this sentence is separated from §
Ê (the preposition of the verb òàèó¦¨ôÏ ) by
the word …¦ .

their light Allah took away5

• Similarly, in some other cases, inspite of all the efforts, the flow of the English sentence made
up of the words in the cells cannot be maintained because of the different nature of the two
languages. For example in verse below (2:94; If the home of the , the
translation of the word ªû¢Šï can't easily fit in the flow of the English text.


of the Hereafter the home 2
for you "If is1

• ¦È̄ ¤Ê followed by a past tense converts the tense into present. Look at the following verse (2:11)

 
in the earth," "Do not spread corruption5 To them, it is said And when