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web "M; t-. dv./olh I poc:\c.et R~ (poclc.eJ Rtf 2.005'. r ot f

Working with Directories and Flies

Display name of current working directory Display name of your home directory Change current working directory to dir

(if no dir is specified, uses your home directory)

Create new directory named dir

Remove empty directory named dir

List files in current directory

List specific file/directory; options include:

-a list all files, including "dotfiles"

(i.e., files with names beginning .) -F list files showing types (in listing,

/ = dir, * = executable, @ = link)

-I list with long information (mode bits,

owner, size, date, name, etc.)

Display file contents all at once

Display first n lines offile (if -n omitted, uses 10) Display last n lines offile (if -n omitted.uses 10) Display file one screenful at a time; once started:

Spacebar move forward one screenful

Return move forward one line

b move back one screenful

/string go to next line containing string

? help

q or Ctrl-c quit

Make a copy of file/directory at new location Move (rename) file/directory to new location

Mark file/directory for later permanent removal (file/directory renamed with prefix of .#)

Recover file/directory marked for removal

List files/directories marked for removal PERMANENTLY remove files/dirs marked for removal in directory dir (if dir omitted, uses current dir) PERMANENTLY remove files/dirs marked for removal in home directory and all sub-directories PERMANENTLY remove file immediately (-i option has command ask for confirmation; be careful!) NOTE: If you' accidentally remove a file using expunge, purge, or rm, but the file existed previously, you may be able to recover it from the OlcIFiles directory in your home directory. (OlcIFiles is an Athena-generated backup copy of your locker).

pwd echo$HOME

cddir

mkdirdir rmdirdir

Is

Is options file-or-dir

cat file head -n file tail -n file more file

cp fromfile tojile mv fromfile tofile

delete file-or-dir

undelete file-or-dir Isdel

expunge dir

purge

rm -i file

Creating New Flies

You typically create new files from within application programs (e.g., using the New or Save option from a pull-down menu of a program you're working in). To create a simple text file, however, you can use the following shortcut (see also the other redirection techniques on p. 9):

cat> file Create a new file by directly entering lines of text;

lines of text... if you make a mistake, delete the file (see above)

C-d and start again, or edit the file in a text editor;

to add text to an existingfile, use» rather than>

For more complex text files, use Emacs (p. II) or OpenOffice (see p. 10).

6

Emacs on Athena Reference Card

VersionS September 1993 AC.43

Starting the Editor

To create a new Emacs window for editing: emacs&<

emacsfik_&<

emacs swiIc/N, &

where filename is the name of the file for editing, which mayor may not exist. and where switches can be any combination of:

-" use reverse video

-font fontname use fontname instead of default "vtsmgle"

_etry width wight >XD/!:yoff

specify size and position of window

example:

emacs·rv ._"-"IIOxS5+30+10fik_ &<

You can also start Emacs from the Text submenu of the Textl Graphics menu of the dash menu bar. For more options. type mao .......

Exiting the Editor

C-xC-c

exit (will prompt to save modified buffers)

Getting Help

Type C-h and follow the instructions. If you are a first time user, type C-b t for a tutorial.

C-h a apropos: show commands matching string

C-h m get mode-specific infonnation

C-8Itill·MIDDLE pop-up help menu

M-C-v scroll Help window

c« 1 hide Help window

SearclJing

C .. C·r

search forward seao:h backward

Emacs prompts for search string. then finds it incrementally as you enter it Fix typos with DELETE key. Valid actions:

C ..

c-e Esc:orFll C.g

C·"

C·y

look for next occurrence seao:h backwards

end search (keep cursor at position) cancel search (go back to start)

grab word afret cursor as search string grab rest of current line as search string

Replacing M·% C-xEK

interactively replace a text string restart query-replace with same strings

Emacs finds each occurrence and prompts for action. Valid actions:

Space

replace this occurrence replace this, then exit

replace this and display result skip to next without changing exit without doing any more

replace the remaining without prompting go back to the previous occurrence

enter recursive editing mode

(C-M-c to exit)

display these options

Delete EleorFII

C·r

C·b

Oa tbiJ c:anl, aa in most Atbeaa documeDtatioD, 1bc following coaveDtioas areullCd:

C-x (CIrk-) preSIX while boJdins dowD c-troI (CII'I) key

M-... prell x wtM hokiiug down. Mda (CcIIapM CbIIneter,

• ee.po., AIt, 01'.) key; or UI Emacs 011 DEC and IBM wab:Wioas. prell and release the E.: or Fll key, dIeD press ....

pre .. Jtetam 01' Eutr ill maiD keybomd ares

pn:ss tbe key .orllel.ftbe upperrigbtCOl'lla"oftbe main keyboanIlabeled Ita&:bpMe or <Xl, lIOl Delete Icrtmoute buttoD

LEn MIDDLE .. GBT

CopyriabtC 1993 MuudwscUs 1Ds~ ofTedmolosY

®

Error Recovery

Cog cancel any command. get out

Cox u undo the last command

C-I redraw garbaged screen

M-x recover-ftle recover a file lost by system crash M-x revert-buffer restore a buffer to original contents

Moving the Cursor

M·I M·b

C·por! Coo or ~

M ... M ..

M.( M·l

C·v M·v C-x< Cox>

M-< M->

LEFT

Inserting Text

type at cursor Return Return

move forward one character move back one character

move forward one word move back: one word

move to previous line move to next line

go to beginning of current line go to end of current line

go to linen

go to beginning of current sentence go to end of current sentence

go to beginning of current paragraph go to end of current paragraph

scroll to next screen scroll to previous screen stroll screen left

scroll screen right

go to beginning of current buffer go to end of current buffer

exchange cursor with mark

move emacs cursor to mouse position

C-q control-char insert control character

M-x insert·buffer bring in text from other buffer Cox i bring in text from external file

insert nonna1 printing characters insert blank lines

Changing Case

M·u M·I M·c C-xC-u C-xC-1

Transposing C·,

M·,

C-xC-t

Spelling

M-ltispell-word M •• _ .......

M-ltl8pell-boffer

Fill and Line Wrap

change word to uppercase change word to lowercase capitalize word

change region to uppercase change region to lowercase

transpose current and previous char transpose current and previous word transpose current and previous line

check current wont check: all words in region check: all words in buffer

Text mode must be on to use the fill commands.

M-x text-mode enter text mode

C-u n Cox f set right margin to column n

M-x auto-fill tum auto fill mode on or off

(off by default)

M.q fiU paragraph

M-g fill region

M-s center on line with respect to fill

Minibuffer

Tab Space Retum

These keys are defined in the minibuffer:

C.g

complete as much as possible complete up to one word complete and execute

show possible completions abort command

Marking a Region

A region is all the text between a mark and the cursor.

C·Space c-s c« M·@ M·b C-xC-p C-xh

Deleting and Killing

set mark here

exchange point and mark set word mark

set paragraph mark set page mark

set buffer mark

Killed text is placed into the kill buffer and can be retrieved. Deleted text is not placed into the kill buffer, thus is not retrievable. Forward kills include the text currently under the cursor, backward kills do not. You can use kill and yank to move text.

De .... Cod

C·k C·u0 C·k

M·k

Cox Delete

C·", M·w

M·zc

C-u- M-zc

C·y

C-u2 C-y C·yM·yM·y ...

MIDDLE

RIGHT

SbIII·MIDDLE

C·MIDDLE

Files c-s c-e C·xi

delete previous character delete current character

kill word forward kill word backward

kill line forward kill line backward

kill sentence forward kiJI sentence backward

kill region copy region

kill ( zap) forward to character c kill (zap) backward to character c

yank back (restore) last thing killed yank back next to last thing killed cycle through previous kills

paste text from X cut buffer to mouse cursor

copy text between Emacs and mouse cursor into X cut buffer

copy text between Emacs and mouse cursor into X cut buffer, and the Emacs kill ring

cut text between Emacs and mouse cursor into X cut buffer and the Emacs kill ring

read new file into new buffer insert contents of another file into

this buffer

C-x Cos save current buffer into same file

C-s s prompt to save all modified buffers

Cox CaW write buffer to specified file

M-x write-region save rnuked region.as a file

Buffers

C-xb C-xC-b or C-Shlft-LEFf C-xk

Windows C-xl

c·. 0 (vzero") C·. 2 OR C-RIGHT C-xS

C-x"

C-x0 ("oh'') C-M-v C-u-C·M-v c-s-e

Cox>

Macros

select another buffer 1ist all existing buffers

delete a buffer

hide all other windows

hide window the cursor is in split window in two horizontally

split window in two vertically enlarge window

move to other window scroll other window down scroll other window up scroll window right

scroll window left

COx ( start defining keyboard macro

Cox ) end keyboard macro definition

Cox e execute last-defmed keyboard macro

C-u Cox ( append to last keyboard macro

M-x name-last-kbd-rnaero

name lasl keyboard macro