Counting Techniques

COUNTING TECHNIQUES
WHAT IS COUNTING TECHNIQUES?
To solve a probability problem by
counting the number of points in
the sample space without actually
listing each element.
IN A PROBABILITY SPACE,WHERE THE
OUTCOMES ARE EQUALLY LIKELY,

The fundamental principle of counting, we

will call: The fundamental principle of counting
or multiplications principle.
THEOREM :
THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE
If operation A can be performed in
different ways and operation B in different
ways, The sequence (operation A, operation B)
Can be performed in different ways.
COROLLARY
If operation , = 1,2,… , can be performed
in ways, = 1,2,… , respectively, then the
sequence (operation , operation , … ,opera
tion ) can be performed in ways.
The basic counting results that have direct appli
Cation to probability problems is combinatorial
mathematics (calculus of counting). Combinat
orics is a branch of mathematics that deals with
various kinds of enumeration problems.
CALCULUS OF COUNTING

COMBINATORIAL MATHEMATICS
(calculus of counting)
COMBINATIONAL MATHEMATICS
(Calculus Of Counting)

PERMUTATIONS COMBINATIONS
Permutations/Lineups Combinations/selections or
Committees

IS AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE
ARE PERMUTATIONS IN WHICH
OBJECTS OF A SET IN A
ORDER IS NOT IMPORTANT
PARTICULAR ORDER
A permutation is an arrangement of A combination is a selection of objects
objects in a difinite order. without regard to order.
 NOTATION
To denote the number of
permutations taken from a
set of elements

WE USE
NOTATIO
N

To denote the
combinations of
Elements taken from
A set of elements
 WR VERSUS WOR

WITHOUTREPLACEMENT/WOR
if an item is drawn randomly and not
replaced before the next item is drawn

SAMPLING
WITH REPLACEMENT/WR, if it is
obtained by first drawing one item randomly
and inspecting it and then replacing it in the
population.
NUMBER OF POSSIBLE ARRANGEMENTS
OF SIZE FROM OBJECTS
WOR WR

ORDERED

UNORDERED

Proof discuss it in class

 Diagram that can be used as an aid in
computing probabilities.

TREE DIAGRAM
Is depict events or sequences of
PROBABILITY TREE
events as branch of a tree.
PROBABILITY TREE DIAGRAM

Is a useful way of indicating the possible

outcomes of a probability experiment. If you
know how to use a tree diagram, then you can
work problem requiring Bayes’ theorem.
THEOREMS
 Theorem : The number of ways to arrange n objects, n1 of one
kind, n2 of a second kind,….,and of an rth kind
and is

 Theorem : There are (n - 1)! ways to arrange n distinct objects in

a circle. 
 Theorem : The number of combinations of r objects selected
from a set of n distinct objects is

for r = 0, 1, 2, … , n
 Theorem : The number of ways of partitioning a set of
in distinct objects into k subsets with n1 objects in the
first subset, n2 objects in the second subsets, … , and
objects in the kth subset is,
EXAMPLES

1. An urn contains 9 balls, two of which are red, three blue and
four black. Three balls are drawn from the urn at random,
that is every ball has an equal chance of being included in the
three. What is the chance (probability) that :
a) three balls are of different colours ?
b) two balls are of the same colour and the third of different ?
c) the balls are of the same colour ?
SOLUSI:
a) Ingat,

Total banyaknya outcomes dalam mengambil 3 bola

dari 9 bola adalah C(9,3) = 84.
Banyaknya outcomes yang dikehendaki :

C(2,1) . C(3,1) . C(4,1) → kenapa ?

Jadi: Andaikan A event yang menyatakan 

terambilnya 1 bola warna merah, 1 bola
warnabiru dan 1 bola warna hita, dari 9 bola,
maka :
b) Pada soal ini, dua bola harus berwarna sama, berarti
bola ketiga warna lainnya, yang ditabelkan sbb :

2 bola warna sama Bola ke tiga Favorable outcomes

Merah Biru atau hitam {C(3,1) + C(4,1)} = 7

Biru Merah atau hitam {C(2,1) + C(4,1)} = 18

Hitam Merah atau biru {C(2,1) + C(3,1)} = 30

 DENGAN DEMIKIAN, JIKA A EVENT YANG
MENYATAKAN TERAMBILNYA 2 BOLA WARNA SAMA
DAN BOLA KETIGA WARNA LAIN, MAKA

c)Pada soal ini, ketiga bola harus berwarna sama, berarti

cukup diperhatikan hanya bola warna biru dan bola
warna hitam saja.
Andaikan A event yang menyatakan terambilnya 3 bola
dengan warna sama, maka :
2. If 3 people are picked from a group of 4 married
couples, what is the probability of not including a pair of
spouses ?
SOLUSI:
Ada 4 pasang suami-istri, berarti 8 orang.
Banyaknya cara memilih 3 orang dari 8 orang ada
C(8,3) cara, ini adalah total outcomes. Selanjutnya,
dari 3 orang tersebut, tidak boleh terdapat
sepasang suami-istri. Berarti kita harus memilih
terlebih dahulu 3 pasang dari 4 pasang suami-istri;
selanjutnya dari 3 orang pasang suami-istri
diambil/dipilih seorang. Dengan demikian,
favorable outcomes
C(4,3) . C(2,1) . C(2,1) . C(2,1)
Andaikan A event yang menyatakan terpilihnya
3 orang dari 4 pasang suami-istri dengan syarat
tidak terdapat satu pasang suami-istri, maka
3. A box contains 10 white balls, 20 reds and 30
greens.
Draw 5 balls without-replacement (WOR). Find the
probability that :
a) the sample contains 3 white or 2 red or 5 green

b) all 5 balls are the same color.

 SOLUSI:
a) Ingat,

Kenapa?
=

b)
Why?
4. Four married couples have bought 8 seats in a row for a concert. In how
many different ways can they be seated
a) With no restrictions?
b) If each couple is to sit together?
c) If all the men sit together to the right of all the women?
5. If five boys and five girls sit in a row in a random order, what is the
probability that no two children of the same sex sit together?

6. An urn contains six red, four white, and eight blue balls. Consider the
following situations :
a) Five balls are drawn with replacement. What is the probability of
obtaining three red?
b) Five balls are drawn without replacement. What is the probability of
obtaining three red?
c) Five balls are drawn with replacement. What is the probability of
obtaining two red, two white, and one blue?
d) Five balls are drawn without replacement. What is the probability of
obtaining two red, two white, and one blue?