SH1026218A @Printed In Japan

OWNER'S MANUAL

FOREWORD

Thank you for your purchase of the CASIO fx-lOOOGA.

This unit is a totally new type of advanced programmable computer. Besides 82 scientific functions, graph functions also make it possible to produce a wide variety of useful graphs.

Manual computations can be easily performed following written formulas (true algebraic logic). A replay function is provided that allows confirmation or correction when key operation errors occur. Programs can also be input by following true algebraic logic, so repeat and/or complex computations are simplified.

This manual is composed of four sections:

1. Configuration and Operation

2. Manual Computations

3. Graphs

4. Program Computations

Section 1 should be read first to become familiar with the nomenclature, handling and cautions concerning this unit. Sections 2, 3 and 4 can then be read in order to master each type of functions through samples and explanations.

• The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.

• Reproduction of this manual either in part or its entirety is forbidden.

• Note that the manufacturer assumes no responsibility for any injury or loss incurred while using this manual.

• Due to limitations imposed by printing processes, the displays shown in this manual are only approximations and may differ somewhat from actual displays.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD .

HANDLING PRECAUTIONS ,. vi

1. CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION 1

1-1 NOMENCLATURE AND FUNCTIONS 2

Display window...... 3

Power switch 3

Special operation keys 4

Numeric/Decimal point/Exponent input keys 7

Computation keys 7

Graph keys '" 8

Function keys 8

Contrast adjustment 11

1-2 POWER AND BATTERY REPLACEMENT 12

Procedure 12

1-3 BEFORE BEGINNING COMPUTATIONS 14

Computation priority sequence '" 14

Number of stacks 15

Computation modes 16

Number of input/output digits and computation digits 17

Overflow and errors 18

Number of input characters 19

Graphic and text displays 19

Display registers 19

Corrections 20

Memory 21

Memory expansion 23

Answer (Ans) function 24

Auto power off function 25

2. MANUAL COMPUTATIONS 26

2-1 BASIC COMPUTATIONS

ii

Arithmetic operations .

Parenthesis computations .

Memory computations .

Specifying the number of decimal places, the number of

significant digits and the exponent display 29

27 ! 27

28

28

2-2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 31

Continuous computation 'f~'~'~ti~~"""""""""""""""""""""" 31

Replay function 32

.............................

Multistatement function

2-3 FUNCTIONAL COMPUT~~I·O~S···::::::::::::::::::::::················'" 33

Angular measurement units 34

Trigonometric functions and i·~~·~~~~··t~i~·~~~~~·t~i~ .. ········ .. · 34

functions '" 35

Logarithmic and exponential functions 36

Hyper~olic functions and inversa hyperb~ii~·f~~~t·i~·~·~ .. ·::: 37 Coordinate transformation 38

Other functions ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38

2-4 BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL

C?MPUTATIONS 40

Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversions 41

Negative expressions 42

Basic arithmetic operations using binary, octal, decimal .

and hexadecimal values 42

Logical operations 43

2-5 STATISTICAL COMPUTATIONS 44

Standard deviation 44

Regression computation 46

Linear regression 47

Logarithmic regression 48

Exponential regression 49

Power regression 50

3. GRAPHS 51

3-1 BUILT-IN FUNCTION GRAPHS 52

Overwriting built-in function graph·~···:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 53 3-2 USER GENERATED GRAPHS

.............................................. 54

Ranges 54

User generated function graphs 59

Function graph overwrite 59

Trace function 60

Plot function 63

~~nc~~ru~uc~~~~o~··::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~

Instant factor function 71

iii

3-3 SINGLE VARIABLE STATISTICAL GRAPHS 73

Drawing single variable statistical graphs 73

3-4 PAIRED VARIABLE STATISTICAL GRAPHS 76

Drawing paired variable statistical graphs 76

4. PROGRAM COMPUTATIONS 78

79 79

Formulas 79

Programming ..

80

Program storage 82

Program execution '" .

4-2 PROGRAM CHECKING AND EDITING

(CORRECTION, ADDITION, DELETION) 85

Formulas 85

85

Programming .

86

Program editing .

87

Program execution .

Reference 89

4-3 PROGRAM DEBUGGING

(CORRECTING ERRORS) 90

Debugging when an error message is generated 90 90

Error messages .

Checkpoints for each type of error 91

4-4 COUNTING THE NUMBER OF STEPS 93

4-5 PROGRAM AREAS AND COMPUTATION MODES 95

Program area and computation mode specification in the

WRT mode 95

Cautions concerning the computation modes 97

4-6 ERASING PROGRAMS 98

Erasing a single program 98

Erasing all programs 99

4-7 CONVENIENT PROGRAM COMMANDS 100

Jump commands 100

Unconditional jump 100

4-1 WHAT IS A PROGRAM?

iv

Conditional jump 102

Count jump 104

Summary.............. 106

Subroutines 106

Carriage return function 109

4-8 ARRAY-TYPE MEMORIES 111

Using array-type memories 111

Cautions when using array-type memories 112

Application of the array-type memories 114

4-9 DISPLAYING ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS AND

SYMBOLS 116

Alpha-numeric characters and symbols 116

4-10 USING THE GRAPH FUNCTION IN PROGRAMS 119

PROGRAM LIBRARY 121

Prime factor analysis 122

Definite integrals using Simpson's rule 124

6_y transformation 126

Minimum loss matching 128

Cantilever under concentrated load 130

Normal distribution 132

Graph variation by parameters 134

Hysteresis loop 138

Regression curve 144

Parade diagram 150

REFERENCE MATERIAL 154

Error messages 155

Input range of functions (general prinCiples) 156

SPECIFICATIONS 158

v

HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

• This unit is composed of precision electronic components and should never be disassembled. Do not drop it or otherwise subject it to sudden impacts or sudden temperature changes. Be especially careful to avoid storing the unit or leaving it in areas exposed to high temperature, humidity or large amounts of dust. When exposed to low temperatures, the unit will require more time to display answers and may even fail to operate. The display will return to normal once normal temperature is attained.

• Batteries should be replaced every 2 years even if the unit is not used for extended periods. Never leave dead batteries in the battery compartment. They can leak and cause damage to the unit.

• Avoid using volatile liquids such as thinner or benzine to clean the unit.

Wipe the unit with a soft, dry cloth or a cloth that has been dipped in a neutral detergent solution and wrung out.

.If malfunction of the unit should occur, either bring or send the unit to your retailer or the nearest CASIO dealer.

Be sure to clearly explain the problem in detail.

• Before assuming malfunction of the unit, be sure to carefully reread this manual and ensure that the problem is not due to insufficient battery power, programming or operational errors.

vi

1.

CONFIGURATION AND OPERATION

1-1 NOMENCLATURE AND FUNCTIONS

2

• Display window

**** MODE ****

s y s mode RUN
cal mode COMP
angle Deg
display Nor m
S t e p 0 The display window is capable of displaying 16-character by 8-line text and symbols. Graphs are produced on a 95 by 63-dot matrix. A system display as shown on the left indicates the following: the system mode (sys mode), calculation mode (cal mode), angle unit (angle), number of decimal places or number of significant digits (display), and key input buffer status (Step).

The display on the right shows a sine graph as a representative example of the graphs.

The letter "0" is distinguished from zero by adding a slash for the zero (0).

• Power switch

Power is turned ON by sliding the power switch up. Sliding the power switch down turns power OFF.

• Special operation keys ~Shift key

Press when using the function commands and functions marked in brown on the key panel. An [ID will blink on the display to indicate that [SEIill has been pressed. Pressing CSE.iill again will cause the [ID to disappear from the display and the unit to return to the status it was in before CSE.iill was originally pressed.

~ Mode Key

Use the ~ key in combination with r.:J, OJ through [2], EEl, 8, and El to specify the calculation mode and the unit of angular measurement.

3

~ ill For manual computations and program execution.

~()[)E] [2J For writing or checking programs.

~E] @I For clearing programs.

~ @J Oeg displayed. If lliIJ is pressed, unit of angular measurement is specified as degress.

L~~ [}2] ... Rad displayed. If lliIJ is pressed, unit of angular measurement is specified as radians.

[~QE] [§J .. Gra displayed. If lliIJ is pressed, unit of angular measurement is specified as grads.

~DEj [Zj ... Fix displayed. Entering a value from 0 to 9 followed by lliIJ will specify the number of decimal places according to the value entered.

Ex. ~ ITl @llliIJ --. Three decimal places

~ [ill ... Sci displayed. Entering a value from 0 to 9 followed by lliIJ will specify the number of significant digits from 1 to 10.

Ex. ~ [ill [}2] [Qill--. 5 significant digits

~ [2J ... Norm displayed. Pressing ~l will cancel the specified number of decimal places or the specified number of significant digits.

~ [J ... Oefm displayed. Entering a value followed by lliIJ will specify the number of memories available.

Ex. ~ 0 OJ [Q] lliIJ --. Number of memories available increased by 10.

If lliIJ is pressed without entering a value, the current number of memories available and remaining steps will be displayed. (See page 23.)

Ex.~DlliIJ

Program 56

Memory 36

286 Bytes Free

~ I±l ... Specifies COMP mode for arithmetic computation or function computation (program execution possible).

~ EJ ... For binary, octal or hexadecimal computations/conversions.

4

[~ IZl For standard deviation computations (S01 mode).

i.MQQEl El For regression computations (LR1 mode).

~ i.MQQEl1Zl ... For production of a bar graph, line graph or normal distribution curve according to single variable statistical data (S02 mode).

~ ~ El ... For production of a regression line according to paired variable statistical data (LR2 mode).

The xY and v--- functions are not available in the LR1 mode. To use these functions, first perform the statistical operations and then press ~ I±l to enter the COMP mode.

~ i.MQQEl @J ... :r~ssed after a numeric value representing degrees n IS input.

~ i.MQQEl [}2] ... Pressed after a numeric value representing radians (y) is input.

~ [M.QilE] [2l ... Pressed after a numeric value representing grads is input.

~ Alphabet key

Press to input alphabetic characters or special characters. Pressing ~ displays rl and allows the input of only one character. After that the unit returns to the status it was in before the ~ key was oriqlnat. Iy pressed. Pressing ~ followed by ~ will lock the unit in this mode and allow consecutive input of alphabetic characters until ~~ is pressed again.

c::::::J
IT] GJ 0 0 w [I]
0 [TI c:::Q] IT] r:::o 0
IT] 0 [I] CD 0 [i:J
G_] 0 IT] D D
0 [§J 0 0] CD
DO G.J ~ 0 CD
IT] rn rn ~ 0 Goto

~ Program/Goto key

Press~, enter a value from 0 to 9 and then press lliIJ to execute a program.

Ex. ~ OJ ~ --. Execution of P~~ram 1 begins.

Pressing ~ followed by ~ (~ key) will cause Goto to appear on the display. This is a jump command used in programs.

5

~E~LA~ ~

t.me x-v Cursor/Replay keys

CD DO

Press to move the cursor (blinking "_") left, right, up, and down on

the display. The [<EJ key moves the cursor to the left, cs;] moves the cursor to the right, DO moves the cursor up, and rn moves the cursor down. Holding any of the keys down will cause the cursor to continuously move in the respective direction.

Once a formula or numeric value is input and [QEJ is pressed, the [~ key and [S>J key become "replay" keys. In this case, pressing cs;] displays the formula or numeric value from the beginning, while pressing L2J displays it from the end. This allows the formula to be executed again by changing the values.

Pressing the cursor key following ~ changes their functions to those mark~b above the keys.

[iliJ ( ¢o ) is used to input labels within programs.

~ ( ¢ ) inserts a space at the current position of the cursor. ~ (rr:l) mak~s it possible to produce line graphs or regression lines. The B (LJL:l) key makes it possible to switch the X and Y coordinate display during graph trace operations.

[<8 and @] following the ~ key are used for contrast adjustments. (See page 11.)

illill Delete key

Press to delete the character at the current position of the cursor. When the character is deleted, everything to the right of the cursor position will shift one space to the left.

Pressing ~ ~ [QEJ will clear the memory contents.

~ All clear key

Press to completely clear the displayed formulas, numeric values or texts, and to clear all of the input buffer contents. Also used to release errors indicated by error message displays, and to restore power after reactivation of the auto power off function. (See page 25.)

[QEJ Execute key

Press to obtain the result of a computation or to draw a graph. Pressed after data input for a programmed computation or to advance to the next execution after a computation result is obtained.

~Answer key

Pressing ~ followed by [QEJ will recall the last computation result. It can be recalled by ~ [QEJ even after it has been cleared using the ~ key or by switching the power of the unit OFF. When used during program execution, the last result computed is recalled.

6

• lll ~ [2J, [J, IEXPj Numeric/Decimal point/Exponent input keys When entering numeric values, enter the number in order. Press the [J key to enter the decimal point in the_ desired position.

To input 1.23X 1 06, press 1 [J 23 [Qi'J [l::::IJ 6.

~ key combinations for the various modes are as follows:

caMP mode (~ I±l) BASE-N mode (~El)

mG~J ~GGJ

~J 0 0 ~ZJ 0 cs::.l

~0r:::s:::l ~ [R8.ill [2]

SD mode(~ [l5]) m G [IJ [§] 0 D 0BB ~ [R8.ill [2]

Standard deviation functions can be used.

[QgJ [2] 8J DOD

Pol!, Red, Rnd, Ran # and 7r cannot be used in this mode.

LR mode (~El) CTI W 0 GJ IE:::J B [ZJ ~ B

~~0

Paired variable statistic functions can be used.

• computation keys

I±l El [l5] El Arithmetic operation keys

For addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, enter the computation as it reads. ~ key combinations for the various modes are as follows:

COMP mode or SD mode

~ ~ (m and Q keys) ... Coordinate transformation LR mode

[] [k] (00 G keys) ... Estimated value computation of x and y ~ ~ ... Coordinate transformation

7

• Graph keys

Used to produce a variety of graphs (see page 51 for details). These keys cannot be used in the Base-n mode.

Mode display/Plot key

• Used to confirm the status of the system mode, calculation mode, angle unit and rounding. Setting status is displayed only while this key is pressed.

• Pressed following !s~ to plot a point on the graph screen.

Graph/Trace key

• Pressed before entering a formula to be used for a graph ("Graph Y=" appears on the display).

• Pressed following l.SBI.ill to trace over an existing graph and display the x or y coordinate value.

Range/Factor key

• Used to confirm or set the range and size of graphs.

• Pressed following [S8IF21 to magnify or reduce the upper and lower ranges of graphs.

Graph-text/Clear screen key

• Switches between the graph display and text display (see page 19). .[sH;Fi] [c:;;-] @Ij clears the graph display. The text display cannot be cleared using this operation.

• Function keys

Press for functional computation. Various uses are available in combination with the l.SBI.ill key, and/or depending on the mode being used.

ctJ Multistatement/Display key

K. Press to separate formulas or commands in programmed computations or consecutive computations.

The result of such combinations is known as a multistatement. (See page 32.)

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key, the results of each section of the programmed computations or consecutive computations are sequentially displayed with each press of~.

N~m Engineering/Negation key . . .

. • Press to convert a cornputaron result to an exponential display whose exponent is a multiple of three.

kilo m .. e!t,8 g~a miUi micro nano pica

(103= k, 106= M , 1 09= ~, 10-3= m, 1 0-6= ~ , 10-9= n , 10-12= p)

8

.When obtaining logical negation for a value in the Base-n mode

press prior to entering the value. '

• Press following the l.SBI.ill key in the Base-n mode to obtain the exclusive logical sum.

~ Root/Integer key. .

• Press prior to entering a numenc value to obtain the square root of that value.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key, the integer portion of a value can be obtained.

• Press followed by ~ in the Base-n mode to specify the decimal computation mode.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key in the Base-n mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as a decimal value.

r2;J Square/Fraction key. .

• Press after a numenc value IS entered to obtain the square of that value.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key, the decimal portion of a value can be obtained.

• Press followed by ~ in the 8ase-n mode to specify the hexadecimal computation mode.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key in the Base-n mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as a hexadecimal value.

10'

~ Common logarithm/Antilogarithm key

."bP• Press prior to entering a value to obtain the common logarithm of that value.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key, the subsequently entered value becomes an exponent of 10.

• Press followed by ~ in the Base-n mode to specify the binary computation mode.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key in the Base-n mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as a binary value.

~ Natural logarithm/Anti-natural logarithm key

0" '. Press prior to entering a value to obtain the natural logarithm of that value.

.When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key, the subsequently entered value becomes an exponent of e.

• Press followed by ~ in the Base-n mode to specify the octal computation mode.

• When pressed following the l.SBI.ill key in the Base-n mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as an octal value.

9

~ Reciprocal/Factorial key

• '. Press after entering a value to obtain the reciprocal of that value. .When pressed following the ~ key, the factorial of a previously entered value can be obtained.

• Press in the Base-n mode to enter A (1010) of a hexadecimal value.

B Degree/minute/second key Idectmal+r sexaqesimal key)

• '. Press to enter sexagesimal value. (degree/minute/second or houri minute/second)

Ex. 78'45'12"-78 EJ 45 EJ 12 EJ

• When pressed following the ~ key, a decimal based value can be displayed in degrees/minutes/seconds (hours/minutes/seconds).

• Press in the Base-n mode to enter B (1110) of a hexadecimal value.

~ Hyperbolic key

, '. Pressing [ilITJ, and then ~, ~, or [§] prior to entering a value produces the respective hyperbolic function (sinh, cosh, tanh) for the value.

• Pressing ~, then [ilITJ and then @OJ, ~, or ~J prior to entering a value produces the respective inverse hyperbolic function (sinh" cosn', tanh") for the value.

• Press in the Base-n mode to enter C (1210) of a hexadecimal value.

~ §J ~Trigonometric function/Inverse trigonometric function keys

o '. Pr~~s one of these keys prior to entering a value to obtain the re-

spective trigonometric function for the value.

• Press @§J and then one of these keys prior to entering a value to obtain the respective inverse trigonometric function for the value.

• Press in the Base-n mode to enter 0, E, F (1310, 1410, 1510) of a hexadecimal value.

cB Minus key

... '. Press prior to entering a numeric value to make that value negative.

Ex. -123- lEI] ITl [2J @]

.When pressed following the ~ key, the same numeric value can be assigned to multiple memories.

Ex. To assign the value 456 to memories A through F: @] ~ [§] G ~ rJ @§J G ~ I) [ill]

• Press in the Base-n mode prior to entering a value to obtain the negative of that value. The negative number is the two's complement of the value entered.

?

G ASSignment key

". Press prior to entering a memory to assign the result of a computa-

10

tion to that memory.

Ex. ;'o~sign the result of 12+45 to memory A: ITl [2J EB @] ~ G Iili@ ... ~

• During execfutlilon ?f prog~ computations or consecutive computations, press 0 owmq the @1IF:fJ key to enter a numeric value.

m dJ Parenthesis keys

'. Press t~~ open ~arenthesis key and the closed parenthesis key at the POSition required in a formula.

• When pressed following the ~ key, a comma or semicolon can be Inserted ~o separate the arguments in coordinate transformation or consecutive computations.

~K Power/Absolute value key

• Enter x (any number), press this key and then enter y (any number) to compute x to the power of s.

In the SO or LR mode, this function is only available after pressing the~key.

• Press following the ~ key to obtain the absolute value of a subsequently entered numeric value.

• Press ~n the Base-n mode to obtain a logical product ("and").

• Press In the SO or LR mode to delete input data. ,

t;Q Root/Cube root key

• Enter x, press this key and then enter y to compute the xth root of y. In the SO or LR mode, this function is only available after pressing the ~ key.

• press following the ~ key to obtain the cube root of a subsequently entered numeric value.

• Press in the Base-n mode to obtain a logical sum ("or").

• Used as a data input key in the SO or LR mode.

• Contrast adjustment

Pressing the G8 or [2J key following the ~ key adjusts the contrast of the display. Pressing G8 makes the screen lighter, while [2J makes it darker. Holding either key down will cause the display to successively become respectively lighter or darker.

Pressing any other key besides ~, ~, or [2J (as well as rn W)

cancels contrast adjustment. '

* Light d!splay contrast .even at the darkest setting indicates that battery power IS too low. In this case, replace batteries as soon as possible.

* Contrast adjustment is impossible during range display using the ~ key. (See page 51.)

11

1-2 POWER AND BATTERY REPLACEMENT

PRECAUTIONS:

Incorrectly using batteries can cause them to burst or leak, possibly damaging the interior of the unit. Note the following precautions:

• Be sure that the positive (+) and negative (-) poles of each bat-

tery are facing in the proper direction.

• Never mix batteries of different types.

• Never mix old batteries and new ones.

• Never leave dead batteries in the battery compartment.

• Remove batteries if you do not plan to use the unit for long periods.

• Replace batteries at least once every 2 years, no matter how much the unit is used during that period.

• Never try to recharge the batteries supplied with the unit.

• Do not expose batteries to direct heat, let them become shorted, or try to take them apart.

Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If swallowed, consult with a physician immediately.

Power is supplied to this unit by three lithium batteries (CR2032C). If the power of the batteries should diminish, the display will weaken and become difficult to read. A weak display even after contrast adjustment (see page 11) may indicate power is too low, so the batteries should be replaced. When making replacements, be sure to replace all three batteries.

• If batteries are used for longer than two years, there is the danger 01 leakage. Be sure to replace batteries at least once every two years even if the unit is not used during that period.

• The life of the original batteries supplied with the calculator is ceiculated from the date of installation at the factory, not from the date of purchase.

• Stored programs or data are erased when batteries are replaced.

Therefore, it is recommended that programs and data required for teter use be recorded on a coding sheet before replacing batteries.

• Be sure to use batteries specified by Casio.

12

r

• Procedure

CD Slide the power switch to the OFF position, remove the two screws on the back of the unit with a screwdriver, and remove the back cover.

CV Slide the battery pressure plate in the direction indicated by the arrows and remove it.

® Remove the three old batteries from the unit.

(This can be done easily by turning the unit so the battery compartment is facing downwards, and then lightly tapping the unit.)

® Wipe the surfaces of three new batteries with a soft, dry cloth and load them into the unit ensuring that the positive EEl sides are facing upwards.

@ Fasten the battery pressure plate in place, and replace the back Cover.

Screws

RESET button

o

o

o

• 'N!POR!"A"!T: Never dispose of old batteries in such a way that they Will be mctnereted. Batteries may explode if exposed to fire.

13

1-3 BEFORE BEGINNING COMPUTATIONS ...

• computation priority sequence .

This unit employs true algebraic logic to compute the parts of a formula In the following order:

1. Coordinate transformation Pol (x, y), Rec (r, 0)

2. Type A functlons" x', X-I, xl, ., T, 8, .",

3. Power/root :x!, x.,r-

4. Abbreviated multiplication format in front of 7[ or memory

27[ , 4R, etc. .. -I -I

5. Type B functions" .,r-, r, log, 1Ox, In, e, Sin, cos, tan, sin ,cos ,

tan ", sinh, cosh, tanh, sinn ", cosh:', tann', (-), Abs, Int, Frac, h, d, b, 0, Neg, Not

6. Abbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions or pa-

renthesis 3sin5, 6fT, 2sin30cos60, etc.

7. X,+

8. +,-

9. and

10. or, xor

11. Relationaloperators <, >, =, =1=, :s, 2::

• Functions are divided into two types.

Type A functions are entered after the argument, while Type B functions are

entered before the argument. . .

• When functions with the same priority are used in series, execution IS performed from right to left: e.g., e"lnmD ..... e" (inmD)l.

Otherwise, execution is from left to right.

• Compound functions are executed from right to left: '-1

e.g., sin ccs=o.e ..... sin (cos 0.6~ • Everything contained within parentheses receives highest priority.

Ex. 2+3X (log sln2Jt',ad +6. 8) =22. 07101691 Lill.J

LillJ

lillJ

Lill_j

I ®

® I

Cj) I

14

• Number of stacks

This unit features a memory known as a stack for the temporary storage of low priority numeric values and commands (functions, etc). The numeric value stack has eight levels, while the command stack has twenty. If a complex formula is employed that exceeds the stack space available, a stack error (Stk ERROR) message will appear on the display.

Ex. Stack counting method

2X ( (3+4X (5+4) +3) +5) +8=

~lU~l~ll~l~

Numeric value stack

ill 2
@ 3
@ 4
@ 5
tID 4 Command stack

m X
I2J (
~ (
@l +
ffil X
ffil (
[1J + • Computations are performed in the order of the highest computation priority first. Once a computation is executed, it is cleared from the stack.

15

• Computation modes This unit features modes for manual computations, storing programs, and modes for general as well as statistical computations. The proper mode to suit computational requirements should be employed.

• Operation modes There are a total of three operation modes.

1. RUN mode Graph production as well as manual computations and program executions.

2. WRT mode Program storage and editing. (See Section 4.)

3. PCl mode

Deletion of stored programs. (See Section 4.)

• Computation modes There are a total of six computation modes which are employed according to the type of computation.

1. COMP mode General computations, including functional computations.

2. Base-n mode Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversion and computations, as wei as logical operations. (See page 40.) Function computations and graph drawing cannot be performed.

3.SD1 mode

Standard deviation computation (single variable statistics). (See page 44.)

4. SD2 mode

For production of bar graph, line graph or normal distribution curve according to single variable statistical data. (See page 73.)

5. lR1 mode

Regression computation (paired variable statistics). (See page 46.)

6. lR2 mode

For 'production of regression line graph according to paired variable statistical data. (See page 76.)

With so many modes available, computations should always be performed after confirming which mode is active.

• IMPORTANT: When the power of the unit is switched OFF (including auto power off), the current system mode is cancelled, and the unit will be set to the RUN mode when switched ON again. However, the calculation mode, number of decimal place setting (~11l n), number of significant digits (~@] n), and angle unit (Oeg, Rad, Gra) will be retained in memory. The mode setting is displayed when the power of the unit is switched ON. i Confirm whether the desired mode is set before performing calculations.

16

, ,.--
**** MODE ***
s y s mode RUN
c a I mode COM
a n g I e Deg
display Nor
S t e p e
• RESET operation
The RESET operation can be
up because of static electric
operation clears all data and
use a thin pointed object to pr
Once the unit is RESET, it will
Mode Initial Setting
--------=-
system RUN
Calculation CaMP
Angle DEG
-- t------~--
I Display NORM *

System mode (RUN, WRT, pel)

-Calculation mode (COMP, Base-n, SOl, S02, lRl, lR2)

Angle unit (Oeg, Rad, Gra) Number of digits (Fix, Sci, Norm)

used to clear the unit if it becomes locked al charge. Note, however, that the RESET programs from memory. With power ON, ess the RESET key on the back of the unit. be in the following initial modes.

• The RESET operation clears al/ programs and data from memory. Be sure to keep written copies of al/ important programs and data.

• Number of input/output digits and computation digits

.The allowable input/output range (number of digits) of this unit is 10 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent. Computations, however, are internally performed with a range of 13 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent.

Ex. 3X10'+7=

3~5El7[@

3~ 5 El7 1342857 [@

42857.14286

0.14285714

• Computation results greater than 1010 (10 billion) or less than to'2 (0.01) are automatically displayed in exponential form.

Ex, 123456789X9638=

123456789 IZl 9638 [@

1.189876532 E+12

'"

I

Mantissa

t

Exponent

17

.. eted the mantissa is rounded off to 10 digits

Once a computation IS com~1 d 'mantissa can be used for the next comand displayed. And the disp aye

putation.

Ex. 3X1OS+7=

42857.142861

3~5El7~ El42857~

d . mary with 13 digits for the mantissa and 2 digits for

* Values are store In me

the exponent.

0.14286

• Overflow and errors . . exceeded or incorrect inputs are If the computational range. of the Unit ISthe dis lay 'window and subsequent

made, an error m~ssage. will ~~e~r :e error ~heck function. The following

operation will be Im~osslble.. IS IS

operations will result In err?,"s. d. te or final or any value in memory ex-

(1) The answer, whether mterrne ra 99 '

ceeds the value of ±9.999999999Xt~O . I computations that exceed the in(2) An attempt is made to perform func rona

put range. (See page .156.) t 1"

(3) Improper operation during statistical compu a I~S.

(E Att mpting to obtain x or xa« without data input.) stack I'S ex-

x. e . I tack or the command

(4) The capacity of the numenc va ue s

ceeded. . 1Il' f II d by [2J i±I []] 1Zl11J)

(Ex. Entering nineteen successive ( s a anded a memory name such as

(5) Even though memory has not been. expan ,

Z [2] is used. (See page 23 for details on memory.) (6) Input errors are made.

(Ex. ffili±li±l []] ~) . ommands or functions that require

(7) When improper arguments are use~ In ~side of the range of O~9 for Sci or arguments. (i.e. Input of an argumen ou

Fix.)

Will be displayed for the operations noted The following error messages

above:

(1)~(3) Ma ERROR (4) Stk ERROR

(5) Mem ERROR (6) Syn ERROR

(7) Arg ERROR "Ne ERROR" (nesting error) and a "Go ERROR".

Besides these, there are an . rag rams See page 89 or the

These errors mainly occur when. usinq p .

Error Message Table on page 155.

18

• Number of input characters

This unit features a 127 -step area for computation execution.

One function comprises one step. Each press of numeric or I±) , 13, IZl and El keys comprise one step. Though such operations as §Ffl [2J (0 key) require two key operations, they actually comprise only one function and, therefore, only one step.

These steps can be confirmed using the cursor. With each press of the ~ or @J key the cursor is moved one step.

Input characters are limited to 127 -steps. Usually the cursor is represented by a blinking "- ", but once the 122nd step is reached the cursor changes to a blinking ".". If the "." appears during a computation, the computation should be divided at some point and performed in two parts.

* When numeric values or computation commands are input, they appear on the display 'window from the left. Computational results, however, are displayed from the right.

• Graphic and text displays

This unit has a graph display for production of graphs, as well as a text display for production of formulas and commands. These two types of display contents are stored independently of each other.

Switching between graph and text displays is performed using the B key. Each press of B SWitches from the current type of display to the other. Operations to clear the display depend upon the type of display being shown:

Graphs: §Ffl @;] ~

Texl:[ED

Pressing the [ED key causes a cleared text display to appear if pressed during a graph display.

• Display registers

This unit has separate registers for storing text and graph displays. Both of these two registers are unaffected by key operations except for those related to their functions (calculations or [ED key operation during text display; graph drawing, switching to text display by B after clearing. graph display by ~ ~[@).

Since the register stores the previous calculation results, they can be recalled. This is espeCially useful in the text mode for binary, octal, decimat, and hexadecimal conversions, as well as declmai and significant digit settings.

The fOllOWing commands will produce previous calculation results:

19

1

!

• Lbl CJ • Deg • Prog ()
• Dsz () • Rad
• Isz () • Gra
• Mcl • Fix 0
• Hex • Sci 0
• Dec • Norm
• Bin • Rnd
• Oct • Sci Ex. Perform the calculation 123X456, and then clear the graph display.

• The lli§J ~ [@ operation during graph display does not ~ffect the calculation, so the previous calculation result appears on the display.

IE] 123[5<] 456~ 12 3X45 6

56088.

123X456

56088.

Cis

56088.

A calculation result displayed as shown here is cleared to 0 by pressing IE], or if the power of the unit is switched OFF (including auto power off).

• Corrections

• To make corrections in a formula that is being input, use the [B and [§J keys to move to the position of the error and press the correct keys.

Ex. To change an input of 122 to 123:

122

122

123

Ex. To change an input of cos60 to sin60' ~ [§] [Q] @J~~ ~J

cos 60
cos 60
Sin 60 • If, after making corrections, input of the formula is c.omplete, the answer can be obtained by pressing~. If, however, more IS to be added to the formula, advance the cursor using the @J key to the end of the formula

for input.

20

elf an unnecessary character has been included in a formula, use the [2] and @J keys to move to the position of the error and press the [Qill key. Each press of [Qill will delete one command (one step).

Ex. To correct an input of 369XX2 to 369X2:

~ [§] (ill [5<] [5<] I2l rl-:3'-6-9~X-X-2:-_-------

[£J@]@ill . 369X2

L- ~ ~

elf a character has been omitted from a formula, use the [2] and @J keys to move to the position where the character should have been input, and press §F.i] followed by the ~ key. Press §fTJ ~ and insertions can be subsequently performed as desired.

Ex. To correct an input of 2.36' to sin2.36':

.-----~----------------~

12l[J~[§][2] 2.36 2_

~~~--~--------------~

2.362

[¢2J [2] [2] ~ ~ §F.i]L~

• When §F.i] ~ are pressed, the letter at the insertion position is surrounded by "=~" and blinks. As many letters and/or commands as desired can be inserted at this position untilc:EJ, 8], m, OJ, or~ is pressed. This blinking ~ ~ is indicated by "L .." in the alphabet mode (~ key), while itis indicated by "co" in the shift mode (§fTJ) .

• Memory

This unit contains 26 standard memories. Memory names are composed of the 26 letters of the alphabet. Numeric values with 13 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent can be stored.

Ex. To store 123.45 in memory A:

123.45-+A_

123.45G~fJ ~

123.45

21

ry using the G key followed by the memory Values are assigned to a memo

M~· . ry~

the sum of memory A+78.91:.:.n~m~e=m:.:.o~_.---------,

Ex. To store t 8 9 6

r-=I = Ii] L~A_.::!+::_7!.__':!..._:_. ~-+~:......-;~~~

~ rJ rn 78.9 L::..J ~ • 2 0 2 . 3 5

~ l_ ----~~----

To add 74.12 to memory B:

Ex.

~1i]1±l74.12G~1i]

\ 6+74.12-+6

276.47

[

~

th name of the memory to be .To check the contents of a memory, press e

checked followed by !]ill.

[ 123.45

---____:...--'=---"------'

( k them 0) proceed as follows· .

• To clear the contents of a memory ma e '

To clear the contents of memory A on~IY:~· ------n~

Ex. [ 0.

oG~rJ@J -

E>. To de" me coote"'" of ~11he memo[,e~Ms~~~=- ----"1

~§ll l 0.

[@

. If I memories, press ~ followed

• To store the same numeric value to mu rp e

byG(~ key).

Ex. To s~~reGa value of 10 in memories A_:th~r~o:.::u:.:g'.:..:h __ J:..:: __ -------

~ D t_11_.'<0~-+:..'A:::.~=-:J~_---;-;,..--j

10G~rJ~G _ 10.

~ l_---------------~

22

• Memory expansion

Though there are 26 standard memories, they can be expanded by changing program storage steps to memory. Memory expansion is performed by converting 8 steps to one memory.

* See page 93 for information on the number of program steps.

Number of memories

Number of steps

Memory is expanded in units of one. A maximum of 52 memories can be added for a maximum total of 78 (26 + 52). Expansion is performed by pressing~, followed by D, a value representing the size of the expansion, and then Cful.

Ex. To expand the number of memories by 30 to bring the total to 56:

[MQQEi D 30 D e f m 30_

~-------~--------~

Program

~----+--Number of program steps used

Number of memories

Memory

Current number of remaining program steps

The number of steps used, number of memories and number of remaining steps are displayed. The number of remaining steps indicates the current unused area, and will differ according to the size of the program stored. To check the current number of memories, press~, follow.ed by D and then

[@.

Program 0

Memory 56

182 Bytes Free

23

To initialize the number of memories (to return the number to 26), enter a zero for the value in the memory expansion sequence outlined above.

Program 0

Memory 26

422 Bytes Free

* Though a maximum of 52 memories can be added, if a program has already been stored and the number of remaining steps is less than the desired expansion, an error will be generated. The size of the memO/}' expansion must be equal to or less than the number of steps remaining.

* The expansion procedure (~ [J expansion value) can also be stored as a program.

• Using expanded memories

Expanded memories are used in the same manner as standard memories, and are referred to as Z [1], Z [2], etc. The letter Z followed by a value in brackets indicating the sequential position of the memory is used as the memory name. (Brackets are formed by ~ [J for" [ .. and ~ ~ for" ]".) After the number of memories has been expanded by 5, memories Z [1] through Z [5] are available.

The use of these memories is similar to that of a standard computer array, with a subscript being appended to the name. For more information concerning an array, see page 111.

• Answer (Ans) function

This unit has an answer function that stores the result of the most recent computation. Once a numeric value or numeric formula is entered and ~ is pressed, the result (the answer in the case of the numeric formula) is stored by this function. To recall the stored value, press the ~ key.

When ~ is pressed, "Ans'' will appear on the display, and can be used in this form in subsequent calculations.

* Hereinafter, Ans will be referred to as the Ans memory.

Ex. 1231-456==579 789-579==210

123+456

579.

789-Ans

210.

24

Numeric v~lues with 13 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent can be stored In./he A~: hmedmoory. The Ans memory is not erased even if the pow-

er of the uru IS SWI C e FF. Each time ~ is pressed, the value in th A

memory is replaced with the new value produced by the computatio~ e~~ ecuted.

When a value is stored to another memory using the [iill key, that value is not stored in the Ans memory.

Ex. Perform computation 781-56==134, then store the value 123 to memory A:

I1l [§J EEJllil [§J ~

~ ~ ... Checking the content 01 Ans memory

78+56
134.
An s
134.
123-A
123 .
An s
134. The Ans memory can be used in the same manner as the other memories thus making it possible to use it in computation formulas. In multiplication op~ erations, the [2g immediately before ~ can be omitted.

Ex. 15X 3 ==45 78X!5-23==3487

15X3

45.

78Ans-23

3487.

• Auto power off function

The power of the unit is automatically switched off approximately 6 minutes after the last key operation (except during program computations). Once this occurs, power can be restored either by switching the power of the unit OFF and then ON again, or by pressing the @J key. (Numeric values in the memories. programs or computation modes are unaffected when power is switched off.)

25

2. MANUAL COMPUTATIONS

2-1 BASIC COMPUTATIONS

• Arithmetic operations

• Arithmetic operations are performed by pressing the keys in the same order as noted in the formula.

• For negative values, press CEIl before entering the value.

Operation

Display

Example

23+4.5-53=-25.5 231±l4.5 Ei53~

56X(-12H-( -2.5)= 268.8 5612][I:JJ 12 8 CEIl 2.5 ~

-25.5

I

12369X7532X741 03= 112369 [gJ 7532 [gJ 74103 ~

6.903680613X 1 012

(6903680613000) I

268.8 6.903680613.+12

• Results greater than 10." (10. billim) or less than 10.·' (0.0.1) are displayed in expmential form.

(4.5X1075) X (-2.3X10"79) 4.5 ~ 75 [gJ CEIl 2.3 ~

=-1.035X10'" CEIl79~

( -0.001035)

-1.035E-03

(2+3)X10'=500

(1 X10')77=14285.71429

m21±l3OJ[gJ1~2~ 1~587~

500 14285.71429

0.71428571

(1X10')77-14285= 1 [@587Ei14285~

0.71428571

• Internal computatims are computed in 13 digits for a mantissa, and the result is displayed rounded oft to 10. digits .

• For mixed basic arithmetic operations, multiplication and division are given priority over addition and subtraction.

Example

I Operation

33. 36. 6.6

Display

3+5X6=33 7X8-4X5=36

-~

131±l5[gJ6~ 7[gJ8Ei4[gJ5~

I

! 11±l2Ei3 [gJ 48 51±l6~

27

• Parenthesis computations

Display

= Example \ Operation \

100-(2+3)X4=80 1100Bm 21±l3OJ[gJ4~ I

2+3X(4+5)=29 21±l3[gJm41±l5~ II

• Closed parentheses occurring immediately before op-

eration of the ~ key may be omitted, no matter hovv \

many are required.

(7-2)X(8+5)=65 Im7B2OJm81±l5~

• A multiplication sign (Xl occurring immediately before

an open parenthesis can be omitted.

10-12+7X(3+6)1 =-55 110B m 21±l7 m 31±l6~ • Henceforth, abbreviated style will not be used in this

manual.

5X6+6X8 =08125 15X4+12X3

m 5 [gJ 61±l6 [gJ 8 OJ 8 m 15 [gJ 41±l12 [gJ 3 OJ~

1.2~19Bm 2.5~20 1\[gJ 3 8100 OJ ~

68m4[gJ5OJ~

(1.2X10")-1(2.5X10"')

X_3_1 =45X10"

100 .

6 4X5=0.3

• The above is the same as 6 84 85 ~.

80. 29.

65.

-55.

2.

o 8125 i

4.5'+18

0.3

• Memory computations

• The contents of memories are not erased when Rower is switched OFF.

They are cleared by pressing ~ followed by [Mill (~ key) and then ~.

Example

Operation

9.874X7=69.118 9.874X12=118.488 9.874X26=256.724 9.874X29=286.346

9.874G~a~ ~al817~ ~a[gJ12~ ~a[gJ26~ ~a[gJ29~

• The G I$ey is used to input numeric values in memory. (Clearing a memory before input is not required, because the previous value in the memory WIll be automatically replaced with the new value.)

28

Display

9.874

69.118 118.488 256.724 286.346

Operation

Example

Display

231±l9G~m~ 53B6~ ~ml±l~G~m ~

45[gJ2~

15:~~G~m

~ml±l~G~m

I~

i 2.31±l3.4 G ~ m ITill 112[gJ~mB5~

I

3OX(23+3.4+4.5)-15 14.5G~m~

X4.5=238.5 1130[gJm~ml±l~mOJI B15~m~

• Multiplication signs (XI immediately before memory I

names can be omitted. I

23+9=32 53-6=47 -)45X2=90 99+3=33

32. 47.

79. 90.

Total 22

-11. 33.

22. 5.7 63.4

4.5

12X (2.3+3.4)-5=63.4

238.5

• Specifying the number of decimal places, the number of significant digits and the exponent display

.To specify the number of decimal places, press ~ followed by [1], a value indicating the number of places (0-9) and then~.

• T Q specify the number of significant digits, press ~ followed by 1m, a value indicating the number of significant digits (0 - 9 to set from 1 to 10 digits) and then~ .

• Pressing the ~ key or ~ followed by G (~key) will cause the exponent display for the number being displayed to change in multiples of 3.

• The specified number of decimal places or number of significant digits will not be cancelled until another value or ~ llil is specified using the sequence: ~, llil, ~. (Specified values are not cancelled even if power is switched OFF or an other mode (besides ~ llil) is specified.)

• Even if the number of decimal places and number of significant digits are specified, internal computations are performed in 13 digits for a mantissa, and the displayed value is stored in 10 digits. To convert these values to the specified number of decimal places and significant digits, press ~ followed by ~ (CD key) and then~.

• You cannot specify the display format (Fix, Sci) while the calculator is in the 8ase-n mode. Such specifications can only be made if you first exit the 8ase-n mode.

29

Example

Operation

Display

100+6= 16.66666666 ...

16.66666667 16.6667

1100 El 6l1ill

I ~ I1l @] l1ill (Four dec-

i imal places specified.)

I ~ !illl1ill (Specification I cancelled.)

I. ~ Iill ~ l1ill (Five sig- 1 nificant digits specified.)

'\ ~ !illl1ill (Specification cancelled.)

16.66666667

1 .6667,+01

16.66666667

• Values are displayed rounded off to the place specified.

200+7X14=400

16.667

~ I1l [}] l1ill (Three decimal places specified.)

200 El 7l1ill

28.571 28.57142857X- 400.000

(Continues computation with

10-digit display.) 14l1ill

123mX456=56088m =56.088km

78gXO.96=74.88g =007488kg

If the same computation is I pertormed with the specified:

number of digits: ·1

200 El 7l1ill I

(Value stored internally cut

off at specified decimal place.) lli§J IB;;;J] l1ill

[2<]

14[iill

~ !ill ~ (Specification

cancelled.)

1 23 [2<] 456 [iliJ ~

78[2<] 0.96 [iliJ ~~

28.571

28.571

28.571X_

399.994 399.994

30

56088. 56.088.+03

74.88 0.07488,+03

2-2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

• Continuous computation function

Even if computations are concluded with the l1ill key, the result obtained can be u~ed for !urther computations. In this case, computations are performed with 10 digits for the mantissa which is displayed.

Ex. 3X4=12 Continuing +3.14=

3 [2<] 4 [lliJ

3X4

12.

(Continuing) El 3.14 ~

12. +3.14 3.821656051

Ex. To compute 1+3X3 1El3[2<]3~

1+3X3
1 .
1+3
0.3333333333
0.3333333333X3
0.9999999999 (Continuing) [2<] 3 ~

This function can be used with memory and Type A functions (x', x -I, x! : see page 39). and +, =, x:", xv, .,,' .

Ex. To store the result of 12X45 in memory C: ~1~2~X~4~5------------~

540.

540.

(Continuing) B ~ II [lliJ

540.-C

Ex. To square the result of 78+6 (see page 39):

78 El 6 [lliJ

78+6

13.

(Continuing) [ZJ @I]

169 .

31

J

p-
een executed. After execution
key will display the formula
h the cursor located under the
ith the cursor located at the
ve the cursor, the formula can
mmands can be changed for
56088.]
123X456
]
123X456
appears after clearing the display.
I 123X456 56088.]

I 123X456 ]

tation execution, an error check
the error using ~ and then re-
ssing either G>J or ~ will auto-
in the formula that generated the
tered for 14+ 1 OX 2.3:
14+0X2.3
Ma ERROR
S t e p 4
I
I 14+0X2.3
T
Error generated here.
\ 14+10X2.3 3.22]

. • Replay function

• This function stores formulas that have b is complete pressing either the G>J or ~

executed. .

Pressing 0 will display the formula, Wit

first character. Pressing ~ will display the formula, w space following the last character. Then using 0, ~, DO and rn to mo be checked and numeric values or co subsequent execution.

Ex.

123 IZJ 456 [ill]

* The formula

.If an error is generated during compu function eliminates the need to clear starting input from the beginning. ~re matically move the cursor to the potnt error and display it.

Ex. When 14+0X2.3 is mistakenly en

14 El 0 IZJ 2.3 [ill]

[S>J(or~)

32

• As with the number of input characters (see page 19), the replay function can accept input up to 127 steps .

• The replay function is cleared when the em key is pressed, when power is switched OFF or when the mode is changed.

• Multistatement function

• The multi statement function (using colons to separate formulas or statements) available in program computations can also be used for manual computations.

• The multistatement function allows formulas to be separated by colons to make consecutive, multiple statement computations possible.

• When [ill] is pressed to execute a formula input using the multistatement format, the formula is executed in order from the beginning. .Inputting "..II1II" (~ ~) in place of the colon will display the computational result up to that point during execution.

Ex. 6.9X123=848.7

123+3.2=38.4375

123G~ r..i.1 D 6.91ZJ ~r..i.1~~

~ r..i.1 El 3.2 [illJ

123-+A:6.9XA .. A+3.2

848.7

DiS P -

The display halted by the .0IIII command IS represented with I-Oisp- 123-+A:6.9XA .. A+3.2

848.7 38.4375

* Even if "..II1II" is not input etttte end of a formula, the final result will be displayed.

• Consecutive computations using multistatements cannot be performed. 123X456 : +5

Llnvalid

33

2-3 FUNCTIONAL COMPUTATIONS

• Angular measurement units

• The unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) is set by pressing ~ followed by a value from 4 through 6 and then~.

• The numeric value from 4 through 6 specifies degrees, radians and

grads respectively. .....

• Once a unit of angular measurement is set, it remains In effect until a new unit is set. Settings are not cleared when power is switched OFF.

• The unit of angular measurement can be checked by pressing the ~

k~. .

• You cannot specify the unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) while the calculator is in the BASE-N mode. Such specifications can only be made if you first exit the BASE-N mode.

Example

Display

Operation

I

Conversion of 4.25 rad to !~ @][iill

degrees 14.25llii1FTJ ~ ~ ~

Conversion of 1.23 grad to i~ ~ ~

radians i1.23llii1FTJ~[§]~

I

Conversion of 7.89 de- i~[§]~

grees to grads 17 .89llii1FTJ ~ @] ~ !

Result displayed in l~ @][iill

degrees !47.31±l82.5llii1FTJ~~

I

47.3'+82.5 rad= 'I~

477 4.20181 ,

I

12.4'+8.3 rad-1.8 gra= \ 12.41±l8.3llii1FTJ~ ~ EI

486.33497!1.8llii1FTJ ~ [§] ~ I

I •

Result displayed in l~~~ I

radians 12486831 8llii1FTJ I

24'6'31"+85.34 rad= i~ @] 1±l85.34~ 1

85.76077464 [ !

Result displayed in grads ~ [§] ~ I

36.9'+41.2 rad= !36.9llii1FTJ~ @] 1±l41.2

2663.873462!lliiIFTJ ~ ~ ~

2663,873462

243.5070629

0.01932079482

8.766666667

4774.20181

486.33497

85.76077464

34

• Trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions

• Be sure to set the unit ~f angular. measurement before performing trigonometric function and Inverse trigonometric function computations.

Example Operation

Display

sin 63'52'41 "= I~ @] [iill

0.897859012 ~63052G41

IOITill

!

cos r -%- rad )=05 I~ ~ ITill

i ~ ITllliilFTJ [i<] 8 3 OJ ITill

tan (-35 gra)= !~ [§] ITill

-06128007881'[§][GJ 35 ITill

2' sin 45' X cos 65'= ~ @] ITill

0.5976724775 2 fZJ ~ 45 ffJ ~ 65 ITill LCan be omitted.

• 1

cot 30 = tan 30' ~ @] ITill

= 1 .732050808 1 8 [§] 30 ITill

~wITill

1 8~ITllliilFTJ[i<]83OJ ITill

~@]ITill

1 lEI ~ 30 ITill

cost« /3 rad)

2

• 1

cosec 30 = sin 30' =2

sm " 0.5=30'

(Determine the value of x when sin x=0.5.)

,llliiIFTJ~~

Can be entered as

cos " "J = ~ ~ ITill

07853981634 rad ~ 0 ITl CJ 2 82 OJ

it r=;:-,

=4rad i~

8~[i<]ITill

tan-'0.741= ~@]ITill

365384457r ~ ~ o 741.J:Iill =36'32'18.4" ~ G

• If the total number of digits for degrees/minutes/ seconds exceeds eleven digits, the high-order values (degrees and minutes) are given display pnotity, and any lower-order values are not displayed. However, the entire value is stored within the unit as a decimal value.

0.897859012

0.5

-0.6128007881

0.5976724775

1.732050808

2

2 30.

0.7853981634 0.25

36.53844577 36'32'18.4"

35

Example

Operation

Display

2.5X(sin-'0.8-cos-'0.9) 2.5 ~ ITl ~G2J 0.8 El

=68"13'13.53" \~ ~ 0.9 m [iill ~

\8

sin18'XcosO.25rad= 1~18~~025~

0.29941 040441 ~ [§] [iill

• The above is computed in radians, and is the same as ~ 18 ~ ~ @] ~ ~ 0.25 [@

I

68'13'13.53"

0.2994104044

• Logarithmic and exponential functions

Operation

0.08990511144

Example

log 1.23( 10glO 1.23) = C§] 1.23 [iill

0.08990511144

In 90(loge90)= G 90 [iill

4.49980967

log 45671n 456= \C§] 456 8 G 456 [iill

0.43429448191 (log/In ratio= constant M) \

Solve 4'=64

x'log 4=log 64 _log 64 =3 x- log4

10'''= 16.98243652

C§] 64 8 C§] 4 [iill

~~1.23~

(To obtain the antilogarithm of common logarithm

123) 1

5.60 2.3 [iill

~04.5[iill

e"=90.0171313 (To obtain the antiloga-

rithm of natural logarithm

4.5)

104'e-4+1.2'1023= ~~4~~0

422.5878667 [EI]4 1±l1.2 ~ ~ ~ 2.3 [iill

5.6"= 52.58143837

36

Display

4.49980967

0.4342944819

3 16.98243652

90.0171313

422.5878667 52.58143837

Example

Operation

Display

7JT23(=123T)= 7[TI123~ 1.988647795

1.988647795 !

(78-23)-"= ITl78 El23 rn 0 rr==Il12

1.305111829X10-" ~ 1 .3051 11829 E -21

2+~V64-4=10 21±l3~3[TI64El4~ 10 .

• x' and V· given computation priority over X and

2X3.415+6J1=3306232.001 12 ~ 3.40 ITl5 m 6.7 m

I~ 3306232.001

-

Example

1 Operation

• Hyperbolic functions and inverse hyperbolic functions

Display

sinh 3.6= 18.28545536 cosh 1.23= 1.856761057 tanh 2.5=0.9866142982

1~~3.6~ i~~1.23~

I

1~[§]2.5~~

cosh 1.5-sinh 1.5= ~ ~ 1.5 El [Elli GI6J

0.2231301601 1.5 ITill

=e-'5 (Continuing)[;;;]~~

(proof of cosh x ±sinh x=e±')

sinh-'30=4.094622224 ~ ~ ~ 30 ~

COSh-'t ~~)= ~~~ m 20 815

0.79536546121rn ~

Determine the value of x i

when tanh 4 x=0.88 I

tanh-'0.88 1

x 4 ~ ~ CIi.2J 0.88 8 4

0.3439419141 ~

sinh-'2Xcosh-'1.5= ~~~2~[§iiiFT]

1.389388923 ~ ~ 1.5 ~

sinh-'(%)+tanh-{~)= ~~~[]283rn

1.723757406 m ~ [Elli CIi.2J ITl4 85 rnITill

18.28545536 1.856761057 0.9866142982

0.2231301601 -1.5

4.094622224

0.7953654612

0.3439419141

1.389388923

1.723757406

I

37

• Coordinate transformation • Rectangular coordinates

• Polar coordinates YI

P(r,8 )

Pol

Rec

x

• Computation results are stored in memories I and J: (Contents of memory I displayed.)

Pol+-Is=r, J= ()

Rec-+I=x, J=y

• With polar coordinates, () can be computed within a range of

-180' < () ~ 180'. (The computation range is the same with radians or grads.)

Example Operation

Display

If x=14 and y=207, what 1[>,IQ6E]@] IExo:!

are rand e t '~H,fTJ ~ 14 [SE!FT] Q 20.7 CD i

Ir:fiiJ I

(Continuing) ~li~ D [gEJ I

If x=7.5 and y=-10, what are rand /J rad?

If r=25 and IJ =56, what are x and y?

2

If r=4.5 and IJ =:3 IT rad,

what are x and s?

24 . 98979792 (r)

5 5 . 5 5 ' 4 2 . 2 " (9)

: LMQI)E] ~J [gIl

[£QiI] 7.5 ~ Q l.L-J] i 1 0 ITl [gIl

I (Continuing) ~ D [E~ I

i [M_QQE] @] [gIl

! [SE!FT] ~ 25 ~J! Q 56 ITl I [gIl

(Continuing) ~ D [gIl

~~@<EJ

I [SE!FT] ~ 4.5 [SE!FT] Q [I] 2 I El 3 [Z] [SE!FT] [iiJ ITl ITl [gIl

I (Continuing) ~ D [gIl

12.5(r) - 0 . 9 2 7 2 9 5 2 1 8 (9)

1 3 . 9 7 9 8 2 2 5 9 (x) 20 . 7 2 5 9 3 9 3 1 (y)

-2.25 (x) 3 . 8 9 7 1 1 43 1 7 (y)

Example

• Other functions (y~, x', x-" x!, \-

Display

Ran fj:, Abs, Int, Frac)

Operation

,2 +,5=3.65028154

38

3.65028154

Example

Operation

Display
54.
1 2 .
40320.
42.
(Ex) 0.792 2'+3'-i-4'+5'=54

2

8! (=1X2X3XX8)= 8

40320!

36X42X49 =42

RarcoCl number generation (pseudorandom number +om 0.000 to 0.999)

,i3-5'+,32+4'=17

2 [~::'_i tn 3 L. 'J'tl 4

rn 5 IQEI

I ! 3 '_' -4l__'

I~XEI

IEXE i

49

\'-1-sir/40C= ;_~XE;

0.7660444431 =cos

(Proof of cos II =

\ 1-sin2 ~XEj

1 1

4' +6 I + 8' =

05430803571

Whet's the absolute value of the common logarithm of :?

IIOg ~ 1=01249387366 What IS the integer part of

7~~0 ?

What IS the fraction part of 7800

96

Whc.·' .s the aliquot part of 25- 25~9139-7- 2141?

L I_t_l_!_jl

7800 C:2 96

7800 ,,,:~ 96 m

2141 [_EXEci 2512549139 -::': i

17.

0,7660444431

40.

0.5430803571

0.1249387366

81 .

0.25

1173540.

0.99953

39

2-4 BINARY, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL COMPUTATIONS

• Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal computations, conversions and logical operations are performed in the BASE-N mode (press ~ El).

• The number system (2, 8, 10, 16) is set by respectively pressing ~, @0], ~ or~, followed by~.

• Number systems are specified for specific values by pressing §jFjJ, then the number system designator (~, @J, [ill or i.hJ), immediately followed by the value.

• General function computations cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.

• Only integers can be handled in the BASE-N mode. If a computation produces a result that includes a decimal value, the decimal portion is cut off.

• Octal, decimal and hexadecimal computations can be handled up to

32 bits, while binary can be handled up to 16 bits.

Binary Up to 16 digits

Octal Up to 11 digits

Decimal Up to 10 digits

Hexadecimal Up to 8 digits

• The total range of numbers handled in this mode is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. If values not valid for the particular number system are used, attach the corresponding designator (b, 0, d or h), or an error message will appear.

Valid values

Binary

Octal Decimal Hexadecimal

0, 1 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F

• Negative numbers in binary, octal and hexadecimal are expressed as two's complements .

• To distinguish the A, B, C, D, E, F used. in the hexadecimal system from standard letters they appear as: lA, IB, C, 10, IE, IF.

40

.computation range (in BASE-N mode)

Binary Positive: 111111111111111 ~ x ~O Negative: 1111111111111111 ~ x

~ 1 000000000000000

Octal Positive: 17777777777 ~ x ~ 0

Negative: 37777777777 ~ x ~ 20000000000

Decimal Positive: 2147 483647 ~ x ~ 0 Negative: -1 ~ x ~-2147483648

Hexadecimal Positive: 7FFFFFFF ~ x ~ 0

Negative: FFFFFFFF ~ x ~ 80000000

• You cannot spe~ify the unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) or the display format (Fix, Sci) while the calculator is in the BASE-N mode. Such specifications can only be made if you first exit the BASE-N mode.

• Binary,octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversions

,

I Operation

Example

Display

j~El

42. 188.

I~~

values for 2A16 and 2748? ~ [i:i] 2A ~

!~[QJ274~

What are the hexadecimal I~~

values for 12310 and I~@] 123~

10102? :~ [§J 1010 ~

What are the octal values I @0] ~

for 1516 and 11002? !~[i:i]15~

1~[§J1100~ I

What are the binary values I~ ~

for 3610 and 3B716? i~ [ill 36 ~ 1~[i:i]3B7~

What are the decimal

000000718 0000000"-

00000000025 00000000014

0000000000100100 0000001 1 101 101 1 1

41

• Negative expressions

Operation

Display

Example

~El How is 1100102 expressed [§;;J[iill

as a negative? I~ 110010 [iill

I

How is 728 expressed as a I~[iill

negative? i CNiru 72 [iill

How is 3A'6 expressed as i~ [iill

a negative? iCNiru 3A [g[]

1111111111001110

37777777706

fiFIFIFIFIFC6

• Basic arithmetic operations using binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal values

Example

Operation

Display

i~El Il~[iill

110111 1±J11 01 0 [iill

I~[iill

B47 El OF [iill

I ~ I2l 1 23 IS] A BG [ill] ~[iill

~llil1F2DEl100[iill ~[iill

1238XABG'6=37 AF4'6 =22808410

1 F20'6-100,o=7881,o =1 EG9'6

76548+ 1210 ~ [iill

= 334333333310 !1Hiill2l 7654 812 ~

=5168

• Computation results are displayed with the decimal portion cut off.

1234+1 EF,6+248=23528 'I~ [Ci] 1234l±] ~ llil1EF 824 [iill

= 1 258, 0 ~ [iill

• For mixed basic arithmetic operations, multiplication and division are given computation priority over addition and subtraction.

0000000000110001

00000/A68 00037/AIF4 228084

7881 000011H9

334 00000000516

00000002352 1258

42

• Logical operations

Logical operations are performed through logical product (AND), sum (OR), exclusive logical Sum (XOR) and negation (NOT).

Example I Operation

logical

Display

I [MQii~ El

I I

19'6AND 1A,6=18'6 i~~[QIJ

119~ 1A[QEJ 00000018

11102 AND 368= 11102 I~] 1EXE]

1111 0 L~dJ lSEiilll2l36 [QEJ 0000000000001 1 1 0

238 OR 618=638 i~[QIJ

/23[2']61@1 00000000063

12016 OR 11012=120'6 I~[QIJ

i120[2'][SiIDl[ii] 1101 [QEJ 000001210

I

10102AND (A'6 OR 7'6)= I[§;;J[QIJ

101021' 10,1, O~IIJ~llil AC-'iJ

~iTI llil7ITlCEill 0000000000001010

516 XOR 3'6=6'6 i~[QE]

!5(giJFT]GQ;]3[QIJ 00000006

I

iLD~[QIJ

142 ~ G_o.] iiEiillllil B ~x§] i~[EXEJ

i~ 1234[Iill

I~[QIJ 1~2FFFED[QIJ

IFIFI000012

33

Negation of 12348

37777776543

Negation of 2FFFEOl6

43

2-5 STATISTICAL COMPUTATIONS

• Standard deviation

• Standard deviation computations are performed in the SD1 mode. (Press ~ [g).)

• Before beginning computations, the statistical memories are cleared by pressing ~ followed by ~ (~ key) and then [ilil.

• Individual data is input using [lllJ ([YJ key).

• Multiple data of the same value can be input either by repeatedly pressing [lllJ or by entering the data, pressing~, followed by 0, that represents the number of times the data is repeated, and then [lllJ.

• Standard deviation

/ i (x;-x)'

(J n = J .e_-n- =

(Using the entire data of a finite J

lPoPulation to determine the standard deviation for the population.

~----~

2.X'-(2.x)'ln

n

(Using sample data for a POPUla-) tion to determine the standard deviation for the population.

2. (x;-x)'

i-I

2. x'- (2. x) 'In n-l

n-l

.Mean

i~'X; ~

X=-n-= n

* The values for n, ~.r, and ~.r2 are stored in memories W, V, and U respectively, and can be obtained by pressing ~ followed by the memory name and then [ilil (i.e. ~ I!1l [ilil).

44

Data 55, 54, 51, 55, 53, 53, 54, 52

== --=E~xa=m~p~l=e------+_---~o~p~e~ra~ti~o~n-----~----~D~i~5P~I~ay~ ___

~[g)

~ ~ [ilil (Memory clear)

55 [lllJ 54 [lllJ 51 [lllJ 55 [lllJ 53 [lllJ [lllJ 54 [lllJ 52 [lllJ

• Results can be obtained in any order desired.

I (Standard deviation a n)

~~[ilil

(Standard deviation a n-tl

~BCiliJ (Mean x) ~ [£] CiliJ (Number of data n)

~ I!1lCiliJ (Sum total '2. x) ~ m CiliJ

I (Sum of squares '2. x')

~ mCiliJ

What is deviation of the (Continuing) ~ B [2J

unbiased variance, the dif- CiliJ

ference between each 55 El ~ [£] CiliJ

datum and the mean of 54 El ~ [£] CiliJ

the above data? 51 El ~ [£] CiliJ

What is x and xo n-] for the following table?

Class No. Value Fre-
quency
1 110 I 10
2 130 31
3 150 24
4 170 2
5 190 3 ~~CiliJ 110~ 0 10[lllJ 130 ~ 0 31 [lllJ 150 ~ 0 24 [lllJ 1 70 [lllJ [lllJ

190 [lllJ [lllJ [lllJ ~ I!1lCiliJ

~ [£]CiliJ ~BCiliJ

52 .

1.316956719

1.407885953 53.375

8. 427.

22805.

1 .982142857 1 .625 0.625 -2.375

110. 130. 150. 170. 190.

70. 137.7142857 18.42898069

* Erroneous d~ta clearing/correction I (correct data operation: 51 [lllJ) CD If 50 [lllJ IS entered, enter correct data after pressing @g (0 key). ® If 49 [lllJ was input a number of entries previously, enter correct data after pressing ;49 @g.

45

• Erroneous data clearing/correction IT (correct data operation: 130~ [] 31l!ill)

CD If 120 ~ m is entered, enter correct data after pressing~.

(2) If 120 ~ [] 31 is entered, enter correct data after pressing ~.

@ If 120 ~ m 30 @TI is entered, enter correct data after pressing @g. @ If 120 ~ [] 30 @TI was entered previously, enter correct data after

pressing 120 ~ [] 30 @I].

• Regression computation

• Regression computations are performed in the LR1 mode. (Press ~ EL)

• Before beginning computations, the tabulation memories are cleared by pressing ~ followed by [§ill and then i}.ill.

• Individual data are entered as x data ~ D y data @TI.

• Multiple data of the same value can be entered by repeatedly pressing @TI. This operation can also be performed by entering x data ~ D y data @iiFiJ [] followed by a value representing the number of times the data is repeated, and then @TI.

.If only x data is repeated (x data having the same value), enter ~ [J y data @TI or @iiFiJ D y data @iiFiJ [] followed by a value representing the number of times the data is repeated, and then @TI.

.If only y data is repeated (y data having the same value), enter x data @TI or x data @iiFiJ [] followed by a value representing the total number of times the data is repeated, and then @TI.

.The regression formula is y=A+Bx, and constant term A and regression coefficient B are computed using the following formulas:

Constant term of regression formula

A= ly-B'lx n

Regression coefficient of regression formula

_ n'lxy-lx'ly B- n'lx2-(lx)'

• Estimated values X, and fj based on the regression formula can be computed using the following formulas:

y-A

fj=A+Bx x=-B-

(To obtain the estimated value y, @iiFiJ [kJ is used, and to obtain estimated value X, @iiFiJ [] is used.)

• The correlation coefficient r for input data can be computed using the following formula:

n'lxy-lx'ly

r= Jln'lx"-(lx)'1 In'ly'-(ly)'1

46

• The values for n, }; x, }; x2, }; xy, }; y, and}; y2 are stored in memories W, V, U, R, Q and P respectively, and can be obtained by pressing ~ followed by the memory name and then [ili] (i.e. ~ ~ [ili]).

III Linear regression

Example

Display

• Temperature and the length of a steel bar

:~~ -~~r

20 1010

l25 1011

30 1014

Using this table the regression formula and correlation coefficient can be obtained. Based on the coefficient formula, the length of the steel bar at 18'C and the temperature at 1000mm can be estimated.

Furthermore, the critical coefficient (r') and covariance

( 'ixy-n.x.y) --;;~ can also

be computed.

35.

Operation

@iiFiJ [§ill [ili] (Memory [clear)

11 0 @iiFiJ D 1003 @TI i 15 @iiFiJ D 1005 @TI 20 @iiFiJ D 1010 @TI 25 @iiFiJ D 1011 @TI 30~D 1014@TI

10. 15. 20. 25. 30.

(Constant term A)

@iiFiJ ~ [ili]

(Regression coefficient B)

~[ID[ili]

997.4

0.56

(Correlation coefficient r)

@iiFiJ 0 [ili]

0.9826073689

(Length at 18'C)

18 ~ [kJ [ili]

1007.48

(Temperature at 1000mm)

1 000@iiFiJ OJ [ili]

4.642857142

(Critical coefficient)

~0[2J[ili]

0.9655172414

(Covariance) IT] ~ mEl ~ ~ IZl ~ 1£l1Zl@iiFiJ lID OJ El IT] ~ ~ El 1 OJ [ili]

• Erroneous data clearing/correction (correct data operation: 10 @iiFiJ [J 1003@TI)

CD If 11 @iiFiJ D 1003 is entered, enter correct data after pressing ~.

47

(2) If 11 ~ 0 1003 @TI is entered, enter correct data after pressing [ill.

@ If 11 ~ 0 1003 @TI was entered previously, enter correct data af-

ter pressing 11 ~ 0 1003 [ill.

~ Logarithmic regression

.The regression formula is y=A+B·lnx. Enter the x data as the logarithm (In) of x, and the y data inputs the same as that for linear regres-

sion.

• Estimated values X, and fj based on the regression formula can be

computed using the following formulas:

fj=A+B·ln x x=exp( y ..... ;/)

• The same operation as with linear regression can be used to obtain the regression coefficient and for making corrections. To obtain the estimated value fj, ~ x ~ [ill [ill] is used, and to obtain estimated value X, y ~ Ul [ill] ~ 0 ~ [ill] is used.

Furthermore, LX,2:x2, and2:xy are obtained as Slnx. L(lnx)2, and2:lnxy

respectively.

Example

! . Operation

Display

Through logarithmic regression of the above data, the regression formula and correlation coefficient are obtained. Furthermore, respective estimated values fj and x can be obtained for xi=SO (fj when xi=SO)

and yi=73 using the ~ SO ~ [ill [ill]

regression formula.

\~B 1~C§ill[@ ~29~01.6@TI ~50~O 23.5@TI ~74~03S.0@TI ~103~O 46.4@TI ~11S~04S.9@TI

(Constant term A)

~1Al[@

(Regression coefficient B)

~[ill[@

I (Correlation coefficient r) I

~[iJ[@

(x when yi=73) 73 ~ Ul \ [@~[2]~[@

3.36729583 3.912023005 4.304065093 4.634728988 4.770684624

-111.1283976

34.0201475

48

0.9940139466

37.94879482

224.1541313

ItI Exponential regression

.The regression formula is y=A·eB·X(lny=lnA+B ) E

the logarithm of y(ln), and the x data the s x. nter the ~ data as gression. ame as that for linear re-

• Estimated values X, and y based on the

regression formula can be

computed using the following formulas:

y=A.eBx x Iny-lnA

B

• Correction is performed the same as in linear reqressi C

A . . Ion. on stant

term. IS obtained by ~ 0 ~ IAl 1Iill, estimated value fj is

obta~ned by x [S8iFTJ [ill IIill [SBiill 0 ~ 1Iill, and estimated value x . obta:ned by ~ y [S8iFTJ UlIIill. 2:y, 2:y' and 2:xy are obtained b 2:ln IS (Iny) and2:x·lny respectively. y y,2:

Example Operation Display
Xi T -- ~B
s,
6.9 I 21.4 1 [S8iFTJ C§ill1Iill
12.9 I 15.7 6.9 [S8iFTJ 0 ~ 21 .4 [QIJ 6.9
I 19.5 I 12.1 12.9 [S8iFTJ 0 ~ 15.7 [QIJ 12.9
i 19.5 [S8iFTJ 0 ~ 12.1 [QIJ
26.7 S.5 i 26.7 [S8iFTJ 0 [i;;_] S. 5 [QIJ 19.8
35.1 1 5.2 1 26.7
I _j 35.1 [S8iFTJ 0 [i;;_] 5.2 [QIJ
Through exponential re- (Constant term A) 35.1
gression of the above [S8iFTJ [2] [S8iFTJ IAlIIill 30.49758743
data, the regression for-
mula and correlation (Regression coefficient B)
coefficient are obtained. ~[ill1Iill -0.04920370831
Furthermore, the regres- (Correlation coefficient r)
sion formula is used to
obtain the respective esti- ~ [iJ1Iill -0.997247352
mated values fj and x (fj when xi=16) 16~[lli
when xi=16 and yi=20. IIill ~ [2] ~"l1Iill 13.87915739
(x when yi=20)
I [i;;_] 20 ~ UlIIill 8.574868046 49

~ Power regression

• The regression formula is y = A' xB(ln y = InA + Bin x). Enter both data x and y as logarithms (In).

• Estimated values i, and y based on the regression formula can be computed using the following formulas:

( In y-In A)

y=A'xB i=exp B

• Correction is performed the same as in linear regression. Constant term A is obtained by ~ [2] ~ [AI []ill, estimated value y is obtained by ~ x ~ em []ill ~ [2] ~ []ill, and estimated value i is obtained by ~ y ~ [] []ill ~ [2] ~ []ill. ~x, ~X2, ~y, ~y2 and ~ xy are obtained by ~Inx, ~(lnx)2,~lny,~(lny)' and~lnx'lny respectively.

Example

Operation

Display

I

i~8

I

I ~ [§ill []ill

i~28~GJ~2410

i[QiJ

~30~GJ~3033 1[QiJ

1~33~GJ~3895 [QiJ

i~ 35 ~ GJ ~ 4491 i[QiJ

1~38~GJ~5717 Throuqh power regression [QiJ

of the above data" the re- I - I

gression formula and cor- !(Constant term A) I

relation coefficient are i ~ [2J ~ [AI []ill

obtained. I

Furthermore, the regres- I (Regression coefficient S)

sion formula is used to I ~ [§] ~

obtain the respective esti- I

mated values i: and fj I (Correlation coefficient r)

w~n xi=40 and I ~[I] ~

YI-1000. (fj when xi=40) 1~40~em~~

1[2J~~

(i: when yi=1000) ~1000~[]~~

r --~~--I-y-i --l i--:28 I 241 01

: 30 I 3033 i

II 33 I 3895

35 4491

I 38 I 5717

3.33220451

3.401197382

3.496507561

3.555348061

3.63758616

0.2388010724

20.2622568

2.771866153

0.9989062542

6587.67458

50

3.

GRAPHS

3-1 BUILT-IN FUNCTION GRAPHS

The COMP mode of the RUN mode should be used when graphing functions. Some graphs can be produced in the SO and LR modes, but certain graphs cannot be produced in these modes. The BASE-N mode cannot be used for graphs. This unit contains a total of 20 built-in graphs making it possible to produce the graphs of basic functions.

• sin • cos • tan • sin" • COS" • tan"
• sinh • cosh • tanh • sinh" • cosh" • tanh"
· .,; • x' • log • In • 10x • eX
• z " .3.,; Any time a built-in graph is executed, the ranges (see page 54) are automatically set to their optimum values, and any graph previously on the display is cleared.

Ex. 1) Sine curve @@83 ~~[]ill

1

Ex. 2) y = -; graph

~0[]ill

L

52

• Overwriting built-in function graphs

TwO or more different built-in function graphs can be written together on the same display. Since the range for the first graph is automatically set, all subsequent graphs on the same display are produced according to the range of the first graph.

The first graph is produced by using the previously mentioned operation (8 [function key] []ill).

Subsequent graphs are produced using the variable X in the operation §a [function key] ~ Et ~ (El : ~ key). By inputting ~ Et after the function key, the range is unchanged and the next graph is produced without clearing the existing display. (See page 59 for details.)

Ex. Overwrite the graph for y=cosh x on the graph for y sinh x.

First, draw the graph for y=sinh x.

~[iW~~

Next, draw the graph for y=coshx without changing the existing range.

~[iW§]~Et~

<Note)

Built-in function graphs cannot be used in multi statements (see page 33) and cannot be written into programs.

53

3-2 USER GENERATED GRAPHS

Built-in function graphs can also be used in combination with each other. Graphing a formula such as y=2x2+3x-5 makes it possible to visually represent the solution.

Unlike built-in functions, the ranges of user generated graphs are not set automatically, so graphs produced outside of the display range do not appear on the display.

• Ranges

The ranges of the x and y-axes, as well as the scale (distance between points) for both axes can be set or checked using the ~ key.

• Ranges contents Ranges consist of Xmin (x-axis minimum value), Xmax(x-axis maximum value),Xscl (x-axis scale), Ymin (y-axis minimum value), Ymax (y-axis maximum value), and Yscl (y-axis scale).

• Range display

Ranges are displayed as shown on the right when the ~ key is pressed. The range value at the cursor position can be changed.

r----,Ymax
Xmin
I Xscl
-
I Yscl xmL
Ymin-..... Cursor

* Values shown here are only an example.

Actual values may differ.

Range I Xm i n :{iJ5 . m a x : 5 . sci: 2 .

Ymin:-10. max: 10. sci: 5 .

• Range setting

Range settings are made from the current cursor position and proceed in the order of Xmin--+Xmax--:Xscl--+Ymin--+Ymax--+Yscl. Input a numeric value at the cursor position and then press []ITl. Any value input while the cursor is at the first (extreme left) digit of the displayed value will replace the displayed value when []ITl is pressed.

If the ~ key is used to move the cursor to the second or subsequent digit of the displayed value, only the portion of the displayed value starting from the cursor position will be affected by the new input when []ITlis pressed.

54

Here, let's try changing the currently set range values to those listed below:

Xmin 0 Ymin-5

Xmax --+ 5 Ymax 15

Xscl --+ 1 Yscl 5

d) Input 0 for Xmin.

o []ITl

Ran g e Xmin:!l! rna x }~1. sci :1.

Ymin:-10 . max:10 sci: 5 .

~ The Xmax value is the same, so simply press []ITl.

~

(OD key can also be used.)

Ran g e Xmin:0 m a x : Q • sci :Z~.

Ymin:-10. ma x: 10 sci: 5.

® Input 1 for Xscl. 1 []ITl

Ran g e Xmin:0

m a x : 5 . sci : 1 Ymin:(..'.:)0

max :'1'0 .

sci: 5 .

® To change Ymin to -5, use the ~ key to move the cursor one digit to the right and input 5.

Range Xmin:0 m a x : 5 . sci : 1 Ymin:-5

m a x :i'i'10 . sci: '5.

55

I

I I

® To change Ymax to 15, use the [TI ke t

to the right and input 5. y 0 move the Cursor one digit

Range Xrnin:0 rna x: 5 • sci : 1 Yrnln:-5 rna x : ~5 sc I :~.

® The Yscl value is the same, so simply press [§ill

[§ill .

Once all settings are complete the dis la th

ing the ~ key is retrieved.' p y at was shown before press_

Press the ~ key again to confirm whether settings are corr t

~ ec.

Range

x m i n :~0t rna x :~. sci : 1 • Yrnl n :-5.

rna x : 15. sci: 5 .

The IT] and rn keys can be used to move the cursor rrom u .

the range display without affecting the range value sor from line to llne in be moved upwards as far as Xmin and d es. The cursor can only ~ to return to the display that ~as Sh~wn~arfds as far ~s Yscl. Press display. wn e ore entering the range

56

• The input range for graph ranges is -9.9999.+98 through 9.99999.+

98. rr;]

• Only numeric value keys from .t9J through ~, 0, ~, u=Il, ~, [TI, W,

cD, and ~ can be used durinq range display. Other key operation is

ignored. .

(use the u=Il key for negative value mput.)

• To completely change an existing range setting, ensure that the cursor is located at the first digit (all the way to the left) of the displayed value. If the cursor has been moved to another digit of the value, only the portion of the value from the cursor position (to the right) will be changed. The portion of the value to the left of the cursor will remain

unchanged.

Ex.

• Values up to nine significant digits can be input.

Values less than 10-2 and equal to or greater than 108 are displayed with a 6-digit mantissa (including negative sign) and a 2-digit expo-

nent.

• If input is improper (outside the allowable calculation range or inputting

only a negative sign), the existing value will remain unchanged. (The improper input, however, will be temporarily displayed.)

• Inputting 0 for Xscl or Yscl does not set any scale.

• Inputting a maximum value that is less than the minimum value will re-

verse the respective axis.

Ex. Xmin : 5

xrnax : -5

1~5

-15

-3{$

-3

----+----- -5

57

I'

• If the maximum and minimum values of an axis are equal, an error (Ma ERROR) will be generated when an attempt is made to produce. a graph.

* When a range setting is used that does not allow display of the axes the scale for the y-axis is indicated on either the left or right edge O( the display, while that for the x-exis is indicated on either the top Or bottom edge. (In both cases, the location of the scale is the edge which is closest to the origin (0, 0)).

• When range values are changed (reset), the graph display is cleared and the newly set axes only are displayed.

• Range settings may cause irregular scale spacing.

• If the range is set too wide, the graph produced may not fit on the display.

• Points of deflection sometimes exceed the capabilities of the display with graphs that change drastically as they approach the point of deflection.

• An Ma ERROR may be generated when a range value is specified that exceeds the allowable range.

Ex. Xmin 9.E99

Xmax 9.9E99

X sci 1.E99 ~ Falls outside of range.

• An Ma ERROR is generated when ranges are extremely narrow.

• Range reset

Range values are reset to their initial values by pressing §iill ~ during range display.

~ (Not required when range display is already being shown.)

§iill~

Range Xmin:-4.7 max:4.7 sci : 1 • Ymin:-3.1

m a x : 3 . 1 sci : 1 •

<Reference>

Range settings are performed within programs using the following format:

~ Xmin value, Xmax value, Xscl value, Ymin value, Ymax value, Yscl value

Up to six data items are programmed after the ~ command. When less than six items are programmed, range setting is performed in the order from the beginning of the above format.

58

• User generated function graphs

After performing range settings, user generated graphs can be drawn simply by entering the function (formula) after pressing ~.

Here, let's try drawing a graph for y=2x'+3x-4.

Set the ranges to the values shown below.

Ran g e Xmin:-S. max:S. sci : 1 • Ymin:-10.

max:10. sci: 2 .

The result produces a visual representation of the formula.

• Function graph overwrite

Two or more function graphs can be overwritten which makes it easy to determine intersection points and solutions that satisfy all the equations.

Ex. Here, let's find the intersection points of the previously used y=2x'+3x-4 and y=2x+3.

First, clear the graph screen in preparation for the first graph.

§iilllliJ~ ~ 2 ~ EI[2J EEl 3~ElEl4~

59

Next, overwrite the graph for y=2x+3. ~2~13EEl3ITill

In this way it can be easily seen that there are two intersections for the two function graphs. The approximate coordinates for these two intersections can be found using the trace function described in the following section.

* Be sure to input variable X (~ 13) into the function when using built-in graphs for overwrite.

If variable X is not included in the second formula, the second graph is produced after clearing the first graph.

• Trace function

The pointer (blinking dot) can be moved using the cursor keys(@]~) to determine the x and y coordinates of any point on a graph.

After a graph is produced on the display, press ~ ~ and the point will appear at the extreme left plot of the graph. The x-coordinate value (X= .... ) will appear on the bottom line of the display. The pointer can be moved using the @] and ~ cursor keys, and the x -coordinate value changes as the pointer moves. To change from the x-coordinate to the y-coordinate value, press ~ B. The displayed coordinate switches between x and y with each press of ~ B.

Ex. Determine the points of intersection of the graphs for y = x' - 3 and y=-x+2.

The range values should be set as follows:

Ran 9 e Xmin:-5. max:5. sci : 1 • Ymin:-10.

ma x: 10. sci: 2.

60

First, draw the graph for y=x'-3. ~ ~ 13 [2J El 3 ITill

Next, draw the graph for y=-x+2. ~ IT::D ~ 13 EEl 2 ITill

Finally, let's use the trace function .

X=-5.

x -coordinate value

The pointer appears at the extreme left plot of the graph. The ~ key moves the pointer to the right along the graph. Each press of ~ moves the pointer one point, while holding it down causes continuous movement.

~~

(Hold down)

X=-2.765957447

Hold ~ down until the pointer reaches the intersection of the two graphs. Note the x-coordinate value, and then press ~ B for the y-coordinate value.

~B

Y=4.765957447

In this way, it can be determined that the coordinates of the first intersection are x=-2.765957447 and y=4.765957447.

* The pointer does not move at the fixed distance because the distance is located along the dots of the display. Therefore, the x-y coordinates for the point of intersection are approximate values.

Similarly, press [s=J to move the painter to the next point of intersection.

I Y=0.19148936:2

This time, press ~ B to display the x -coordinate value.

~B

I X=1.808510638

Using the operations outlined above, the approximate x-y coordinates for points along graphs can be obtained.

• The trace function can only be used immediately after a graph is drawn. This function cannot be used if other calculations or operations (except~, ~, or B) have been employed after a graph has been drawn.

• The x-y coordinate values at the bottom of the display consist of a 10-digit mantissa or a 5-digit mantissa plus a 2-digit exponent.

62

• The trace function cannot be written into a program.

• The trace function can be used during a "-DISP-" display .

• When the format ~ formula J!IIJ ~ formula ~ is executed and a graph is drawn by pressing ~ directly after executing the trace function during halt status, the previous coordinate value remains on the display. After the trace function is executed and the text display is brought up using the B key, pressing ~ causes the next graph to appear and the coordinate value to clear.

Examine the above using ~ ~ 13 [2J ~ ~ ~ 2 [AiliiA] 13 rn 5

• Plot function

The plot function is used to mark a point on the screen of a graph display. The point can be moved left, right, up and down using the cursor keys, and the coordinates for the graph displayed can be read. Two points can also be connected by a straight line (see Line function, page 65).

Press ~ ~ and specify the x and y -coordinates after the "Plot" message.

Ex. Plot a point at x=2 and y=2 on the axes created by the following range values:

Ran 9 e Xmin:-5. max:5. sci: 1.

Ymin:-10. max:10.

s c t : :2 .

Blinking dot

1

.~

X=:2.0:21:276596

t x-coordinate value display

The blinking pointer is positioned at the specified coordinates.

• Due to limitations caused by the resolution of the display, the actual position of the pointer can only be approximate .

63

The pointer can be moved left, right, up, and down using the cursor keys. The current position of the pointer is always shown at the bottom of the display.

@]@]@]@]@]

X=2.553191489

To find the y-coordinate value: ~B

Y=1.935483871

Y=3.548387097

Now, inputting a new coordinate value causes the new pointer to blink without clearing the present pointer.

~ ~ 3.5 ~ D 6.5 [iliJ

,-------------------

:,')

X=3.510638298

64

If x-y coordinates are not specified for the plot function, the pointer appears at the center of the screen.

Set the following range values:

Range Xmin:-2. max:5. sci : 1 • Ymin:-2.

max:10. sci: 2 .

X=l .5

To find the Y -coordinate value: ~B

-~

Y=4.

• Attempting to plot a point outside of the preset range is disregarded.

• The x and !I-coordinates of the pointer used in the plot function are respectively stored in the X memory and Y memory.

• A blinking painter becomes a fixed point (not blinking) when a new pointer is created .

• Line function

The line function makes it possible to connect two points (including the blinking pointer) created with the plot function with a straight line. With this funciton, user generated lines can be added to graphs to make them easier to read.

65

Ex. Draw perpendiculars from point (2,0) on the x-axis to its intersec. tion with the graph for y=3x. Then draw a line from the point of intersection to the y-axis.

The range values for the graph are as follows:

Range Xmin:-2. max:5. sci : 1 • Ymin:-2.

max:10. sci: 2 .

Clear the graph display and draw the graph for y=3x. ~~~ ~3~f3~

Next, use the plot function to locate a point at (2,0).

v

X=2.021276596

Now plot a point at (2,0) again and use the cursor key (DO) to move the pointer up to the point on the graph (y=3x).

~~2~GJO[]ill

DO-DO

(Move the pointer up to the point on the graph for y=3x.)

X=2.021276596

66

Draw a line using the line function. ~~[]ill

/
~
/ Next, a perpendicular will be drawn from the same point on the graph to the y-axis. First, plot the point on the graph and use the cursor key (§ ) to move the pointer to the y-axis. This can be accomplished using Plot X, Y since the x-y coordinates of the point on the graph are stored in the X and Y memories.

~~~f3~ GJ~DI[]ill

X=2.021276596

@J-@J

(Move the pointer to the y-axis.)

/
V
X=0.01063829787
V
/ • The line function can only be used to draw lines between the blinking pointer and a fixed point created using the plot function.

67

• Factor function

The factor function is used to magnify or reduce the range of a graph centered around the blinking pointer provided with the plot function Or trace function.

For magnification, the minimum value and maximum value of the range are multiplied by 1/ n. For reduction, they are multiplied by n.

• Operation

~ ~ m ~ [J n ~ x is magnified m times and y is magni. fied n times centered around the pointer.

~ ~ n ~ x and yare both magnified n times

centered around the pointer.

The graph display is cleared when the factor function is executed be. cause of changes in the range values.

Ex. After setting the range values specified below, magnify the graph for y=sin x centered on the origin.

Range Xmin:-360. max:360. sci: 180.

Ymi n :-1.6 max:l.6 sci: 0.5

Draw the graph for y=sin x after setting the range values. ~~~EI~

Now use the plot function to blink the pointer at the origin of the graph and then use the factor function to magnify the graph 1.5 times.

~~D~~1.5D ~~~EI~ * The multistatement function is used to

produce the graph in a single step. -.1,----+---.1,--1

68

The following shows the resulting range values:

~--------------~

Ran g e Xmin:-240. max:240.

sci: 180.

Ym in: -1.06666667 ma x: 1 .06666667 sci: 0.5

This indicates that the range values for the x and y-axes are equal to 1/1.5 of their original values.

NoW let's try magnifying the graph another 1.5 times.

This time, it is not necessary to input any further commands. The existing graph is magnified by simply pressing ~. Since the original magnification was accomplished using the multistatement function, the replay function becomes operational.

~

\1 \
\ ! Now the graph is so large that little of it remains on the display. Let's try to reduce the graph to half its present size to make it more manageable.

The replay function is used to change the magnification value from 1.5 to 0.5.

1:101 :Faclor 1.5 :Graph v ee s Ln X

Piol :Factor .1.5 :Graph y=sin X

@]@]@]

69

o

Now execute the function. ~

Plot :Factor 0~5 :Graph y=sin X

The following display shows the new range values:

~ rR~a~n~g-e----------~

Xmi n:-320. max:320.

sci: 180.

Ym in: -1 .42222223 max: 1.42222221 sci: 0.5

To reduce the graph by half again: ~

70

NoW let's double the x-axis and increase the y-axis by 1.5 times.

@ Plot :Factor 0.5 :Graph Y=sin X

@@]@]~OE§] 2~GJ

~OE§] 1

Plot :Factor 2,1 ~5:Graph Y=sin X

Now execute the function.

lNl

Using the operations outlined in this section, graphs can be magnified or reduced. In the examples given here, the graphs were magnified and reduced centered around the origin, but any pointer on the display can be used as a central point for magnification and reduction .

• Instant factor function

The instant factor function can be used to quickly magnify the size of a graph by 2n or reduce it by 112n. The change in size is centered at the pointer when it is displayed, and at the center of the graph when the pointer is not displayed .

• Operation

~ I8l ... 2X magnification in both x and y directions. Pressing ~ I8l again magnifies by 22 or 4X, and a third press magnifies by 23 or 8X.

~ El ... 1/2 reduction in both x and y directions. Pressing ~ El again reduces by 1/22 or 1/4, and a third press reduces by 1/23 or 1/8.

71

Since range contents are switched to their inverse proportions, the graphic display is cleared each time the instant factor function is executed.

Ex. Graph y=cos x using the built-in function, and change the size by 2X and 1/2.

Now magnify the graph 2 X at the center of the display.

~------~~--~--

~1Zl

Next, reduce the original y=cos x graph by 1/2.

~------------~

~ B (Returns to original graph.)

~B

In the above examples, the changes in the graph size were performed at the center of the display. If the pointer is shown on the display, the rnaqnification/reduction is applied centered at the pointer.

72

3~3 SINGLE VARIABLE STATISTICAL GRAPHS

.Single variable statistical graphs are drawn in the SD2 mode (~~ 181).

• Bar graphs, line graphs, and normal distribution curves can be produced as single variable statistical graphs.

• Function graphs are also possible in the SD2 mode, so graphs of theoretical values and graphs of actual values can be overwritten.

• Abs and v cannot be used in the SD2 mode.

• Number of data is determined by expanding memories .

• Graphs are drawn with the x-coordinate as the data range and the ycoordinate as the number of items (frequency) of each data.

• The @!J key ([£J) is used for data input.

• The @J key (0) is used for data correction.

• Drawing single variable statistical graphs • Procedure

(j) Specify the SD2 mode (~~ IZl ). ® Set the range values (~ ).

® Expand the memory in accordance with the number of bars (~ c:J n

[@).

@ Clear the statistical memories (~ [§£iJ []ill). @ Input data (Data [Q!J ([£J )).

® Draw the graph.

• Bar graph ~ []ill

• Line graph ~ ~ ~ []ill

• Normal distribution curve ~ ~ ~ 1 []ill

• Data input method in step 5 is the same as that for standard deviation computations (see page 44).

Ex. Use the following data to draw a ranked graph.

Rank No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Rank 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency 1 3 2 2 3 5 6 8 15 9 2 73

Perform graph preparation in accordance with the following procedure' CD Specify the SD2 mode (~~ 00 ). . ~ Set the range values.

The highest value .to be plotted on the x-axis is 100, but for graphin purposes the maximum value (Xmax) is set at 110. (The general 9 . ~tth " ~ IS a e minimum value should be equal to or greater than ttfe '.

m mi' mini_

u . range va ue and the maximum value should be less than the

maximum range value, so here we set the x-axis ranges to 0 thro

110.) ugh

Ymax value is set to 20 for the y-axis because the maximum frequ

cy is15. en-

Range Xm in: 0.

m a x : 1 10. sci: 10.

Ymin:0. max:20. sci: 2 .

Q) Since the number of bars is 11(0~9, 10~19, 20~29 .... 100~109) expand memories by 11.

** Defm **

Program 0

Memory:37

334 Bytes Free

@ Clear the statistical memory. ~ [§ill ITill

® Input the data.

o @U 10 [Q!] @U @U 20 @U@U 30 [Q!] @U 40 @U @U@U 50 ~ [J 5 [Q!] 60 ~ [J 6 [Q!] 70 ~ [J 8 @U

80 ~ [J 1 5 [Q!] 90 ~ [J 9 [Q!] 1 00 [Q!] [Q!]

® First, draw a bar graph.

~[ill]

74

Next, overwrite a line graph. §t;l ~ ~ [ill]

• Finally, draw a normal distribution curve. Since the y-axis value is relatively small when compared with the bar and line graphs, the same range values cannot be used. Change the range values to those shown eerow

Ran g e

Xm in: 0. max: 110. sci: 10.

Ymin:0. max:0.05 sci: 0.01

§t;l ~ ~ 1 [gill

Inputting the ntumber 1 causes a normal distribution curve to be drawn.

• Be sure to expand the memory in accordance with the number of bars.

A Mem-error is generated if memory expansion is not performed.

.If the number of expanded memories is changed during data input, the number of data divisions also changes, thus making it impossible to produce a proper graph.

.When a value that exceeds the preset ranges is input, it is input to the statistical memory, but not into the graph memory.

• When more data than the preset y-axis range is input, the bar graph is drawn to the upper limit of the display, and the points outside the range cannot be connected.

• The formula used for normal distribution curves is:

1 _~"'.f.

y = J2it (] e 2,,' * Keyboard designation of a is xa n. m is f .

• The following must be true in the case of range settings: Xmin<Xmax.

• After a bar or line graph is executed, "done" is displayed in the text display.

75

3-4 PAIRED VARIABLE STATISTICAL GRAPHS

• Paired variable graphs are drawn in the LR2 mode (~~ B ).

• Paired variable graphs can be drawn as regression lines.

• Standard function graphs can also be drawn in the LR2 mode, so theoretical graphs, data distribution and regression line graphs can be overwritten.

• After data input in the LR2 mode, points are displayed immediately, and data is input to the statistical memory.

• When a value that exceeds the preset range is input, it is input to the statistical memory, the point is not displayed.

• Data is input using the [QTI ([TI) key in the following format: x data ~ GJ y data [§Biill CJ frequency [QTI.

• The @jJ (0) key is used to edit data after input is complete, but points that are produced on the display are not cleared. (Point appears even when data is corrected by the @jJ key).

• Points on the display cannot be retrieved if the display is cleared ([ffi ~[]ill).

• Drawing paired variable statistical graphs • Procedure

CD Specify the LR2 mode ([§Biill ~ B ). ~ Set the range values (~).

@ Clear the statistical memory ([§Biill [§ill []ill ).

® Input data ( x data [§Biill GJ y data [§Biill CJ frequency [QTI). @ Draw the graph (~~ ~ 1 []ill) .

• Data input method in step 4 is the same as that for Regression computation (Page 46).

Ex. Perform linear regression on the following data and draw a regression line graph.

Xi Yi
-9 -2
-5 -1
-3 2
1 3
4 5
7 8 76

d) Specify the LR2 mode (~~ B ).

(2) Set the range values to those shown in the table.

Ran 9 e Xmin:-10. max:10. sci: 2 .

Ymin:-5. m a x : 15. sci: 5 .

• According to the general rule of the x-axis range values, the values for x are: -10 ~ x<10.

@ Clear the statistical memories. ~ [§ill []ill

@ Input the data.

u:::IJ9~GJu:::IJ2[QTI u:::IJ 5 [§Biill GJ u:::IJ 1 [QTI u:::IJ 3 [§Biill GJ 2 [QTI

1 [§Biill GJ 3 [QTI

4 [§Biill GJ 5 [QTI

7 [§Biill GJ 8 [QTI

@ Draw the graph.

~ [§Biill ~ 1 []ill

* When data is input that is outside of the preset range values, a point does not appear .

• An Ma ERROR is generated when there is no data input and the following key operation is performed: ~ [§Biill ~ 1 []ill.

* The following must be true in the case of range settings:

Xmin< Xmax.

77

4.

PROGRAM COMPUTATIONS

4-1 WHAT IS A PROGRAM?

This unit has a built-in program feature that facilitates repeat computations. The program feature is used for the consecutive execution of formulas in the same way as the "multistatement" feature is used in manual computations. Programs will be discussed here with the aid of illustrative examples.

EXAMPLE:

Find the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron when the length of one side is given.

Length of one side (A)

Surface area (S)

Volume (V)

( )cm'

( )

( )

( )cm'

( )

( )

10cm 7 15

• Fill in the parentheses.

(D Formulas

For a surface area S, volume V and one side A, S and V for a regular octahedron are defined as:

S=2i3 N V= ITA'

3

® Programming

Creating a program based on computation formulas is known as "programming". Here a program will be created based upon the formulas given above. The basis of a program is manual computation, so first of all, consider the operational method used for manual computation.

Surface area (S): 2 IRl [EJ 31Rl Numeric value A [2] [@ Volume (V): [EJ 2 E131Rl Numeric value A 03 [@

In the above example, numeric value A is used twice, so it should make sense to store it in memory A before the computations.

Numeric value A - ~ a [@

2 IRl [EJ 3 IRl ~ a [2] []ill S

[E]2E131Rl~ a03[@·········································· V

79

With this unit, the operations performed for manual computations caOb'e used as they are in a program. Once program execution starts, it Will continue. in order without stopping. Therefore, commands are required",to request the input of data and to display results. The command to request data input is "T', while that to display results is ...... ".

A "1" within a program will cause execution to stop temporarily and a"?" to appear on the display as the unit waits for data input. This command cannot be used independently, and is used together with G as " [§fr] [IJ G memory name". To store a numeric value in memory A, for example:

?-+A

When "?" is displayed, calculation commands and numeric values can be input within 111 steps.

The " .... " command causes program execution to stop temporarily and the latest formula result or alphanumeric characters and symbols (see page 116) to be displayed. This command is used to mark positions in formulas where results are to be displayed. Since programs are ended and their final results displayed automatically, this command can be omitted at the end of program. However, if the BASE-N mode is specified for base conversion during a program, do not omit final ...... ".

Here these two commands will be used in the previously presented procedure:

,~[IJG~rJ,CJ 2l2$l [EJ 3l2$l~ rJ[2J~ ~

l' Input to memory A ~Display S

[EJ2E13l2$l~rJ03

t_ ... omitted

Now the program is complete.

® Program storage

The storage of programs is performed in the WRT mode which is specified by pressing ~ I2l .

Operation ~12l

Display
s y s mode WRT
cal mode COMP
angle Deg
display Norm 422 Bytes Free Pro 9 ?0'<1 2 345 6 7 8 9

80

When §@ I2l are pressed, t~~ system mode changes to the WRT mode. Then, the numb~r. of remaln~ng steps (see page 93) is indicated. The number of remaining steps IS decreased when programs are input or when memories are expanded. If no programs have been input and the number of memories equals 26 (the number of memories at initialization), the number of usable steps should equal 422.

The larger figures located b~low indicate the program areas (see page 95). If the letter "P" is followed by the numbers 0 through 9, it indicates that there are no programs stored in areas PO through P9. The blinking zero here indicates the current program area is PO.

Areas into which programs have already been stored are indicated by "_" instead of numbers.

sys mode WRT

cal mode COMP

angle Deg

display Norm

248 Bytes Free progjJ11 346789

Here the previously mentioned program will be stored to program area PO (indicated by the blinking zero):

Operation ~ (Start storage)

Display

~[IJG~ rJ CJ 21ZlC03 l2$l~rJ[2J~~

?-+A: 2Xr3XA 2 ..

I ?-+A:2Xr3XA2 .. . r2+3XAxY3

After these ope~ations are complete, the program is stored.

• The system display appears only while the ~ key is pressed.

~ (Displayed while pressed)

**** MODE ****

sys mode ca I mode an 9 I e display

WRT COMP Deg Norm

step P0-20

• After the program is stored, press@@rn to return to the RUN mode.

]

]

81

® Program execution

Programs are executed in the RUN mode (~ IJJ). The program area to be executed is specified using the ~ key.

To execute PO: ~ 0 []ill To execute P3: ~ 3 []ill To execute P8: ~ 8 []ill

Here the sample program that has been stored will be executed. The surtacs (S) and volume (V) for the regular octahedron in the sample prob. lem are computed as:

Length of one side (A) Suface area (5) Volume (V)
1 Oem (346.4101615)em' (471.4045208)em'
7 (169.7409791 ) ( 161.6917506)
15 (779.4228634 ) ( 1590.990258) Operation ~1

Display
**** MODE ****
s Y s mode RUN
c a I mode COMP
an 9 I e Deg
display Norm
S t e p 0 ?-+A:2Xv'3XA2~ v'2+3XA x'3 Prog 0

10 !ill] (Value of A)

(S when A = 10)

Indicates answer displayed by ..0lIl.

?-+A: 2Xv'3XA 2 ~ v'2+3XAx'3 Pro 9 0

1 0

346.4101615 - Disp -

82

[]ill ?-+A : 2Xv'3XA 2 ~ (V when A = 10)
v'2+3XA x'3
Pro 9 0
?
10
346.4101615
471.4045208

~O[]ill v'2+3XA x'3
Pro 9 0
?
10
346.4101615
471.4045208
Pro 9 0

7 []ill (Value of A) 10 (S when A = 7)
346.4101615
471.4045208
Pro 9 0
7
169.7409791
- Disp -

[]ill 10 (V when A = 7)
346.4101615
471.4045208
Pro 9 0
7
169.7409791
161.6917506 83

15 [ili] (Value of A)

471.4045208
Pro 9 0
7
169.7409791
161.6917506
Pro 9 0

7 (S when A = 15)
169.7409791
161.6917506
Pro 9 0
15
779.4228634
- Di sp -

7 (V when A = 15)
169.7409791
161.6917506
Pro 9 0
15
7 7 9 . 4 2 2 8 634
1590.990258 * Program computations are performed automatically with each press of [ili] when it is pressed after data is input or after the result is read.

* Directly after a program in PO is executed by pressing ~ 0 []ill as in this example, the Prog 0 command is stored by the replay function. Therefore, subsequent executions of the same program can be per. formed by simply pressing []ill.

Operation ~ 0 [ili] (PO program execution) 10 []ill (Input 10 for A)

[]ill (Display V when A = 10) [ili] (Reexecute)

7 [ili] (I nput 7 for A)

[ili] (Display V when A = 7)

84

~OGRAM CHECKING AND EDITING

4 (CORRECTION, ADDITION, DELETION)

R calling a stored program can be performed in order to verify its con-

e ts After specifying the desired program area using G§J or @] in the ~~T' mode (~ [2l ), the program contents will be displayed by pressing ne @I key. Once the program is displayed, the @] (or G§J , [J[] ,00) ~ey is used to advance the program one step at a time for verification. When the program has been improperly stored, editing can also be performed by adding to it or erasing portions. Here a new program will be created by checking and editing the previous sample program (the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron).

EXAMPLE:

Find the surface area and volume of a regular tetrahedron when the length of one side is given.

@ Length of one side (A) Surface area (S) Volume (V)
----- ._----
10 em ( )cm2 ( rem'
~ 7.5 ( ) ( )
20 ( ) ( ) (j) Formulas

For a surface area S, volume V and one side A, S and V for a regular tetrahedron are defined as:

IT

s= IT A' V=-- A'

12

® Programming

As with the previous example, the length of one side is stored in memory A and the program then constructed.

Numeric value A -+ ~ Et []ill

[E]31Zl~Et[ZJ[]ill ·· · · .. · · S

[E]2El121Zl~Et03[ili] .. · .. ··· · ·· ··· · .. ·· .. · · V

When the above is formed into a program, it appears as follows: [SBjill[I]G~Et OC"J31Zl~Et [ZJ~~ [E]2El121Zl~Et03

85

® Program editing

First, a comparison of the two programs would be helpful.

Octahedron: §iill OJ G ~ m 0 2 I8J ITI 3 I8J ~ m [2J §iill ~ ITI 2 El 318J ~ m 03

Tetrahedron: §iill OJG ~ m 0 ITI 318J ~ m [2] §iill ~

1TI2El1218J~m03

The octahedron program can be changed to a tetrahedron program by deleting the parts marked with wavy lines, and changing those that are marked with straight lines.

In actual practice, this would be performed as follows:

Operation Display

WRT CaMP

sys mode cal mode an 9 I e display

Deg

Norm

402 Bytes Free

Prog 123456789

.---------:-----'---, Cursor located at

1_ -. A : 2 X y 3 X A 2,4 beginning. Press

v'2+3XA x y 3 §iill~to bring

L...:.-=-----'::...c... __ ...::_ _.J cursor to end.

@J@J@J@J/ ?-.A :£:3XA2,4

[Q§:][Q§:] . v'2+3XAxY3

/ Locate cursor at position to be deleted, and delete two characters.

[J[]~§iill [ill§] 1 2

? -+ A .: v' 3 X A 2,4 v' 2 + 1 2 :3~x A x y 3

I nsert two characters.

[Q§:] ?-+A:v'3XA2,4 Delete unneces-
r 2 + 1 2:)<jA x y 3 sary 3.

~m **** MODE **** Editing cmoplete. Re-
turn to the RUN mode.
s y s made RUN
c a I mode COMP
an 9 I e Deg
display Norm
S t e p 0 86

@ program execution

NOW this program will be executed.

Length of one side (A) 10 cm

7.5

20

Surface area (S)

( 173.2050808)cm' (97.42785793)

( 692.820323)

Volume (V)

( 117.8511302)cmJ (49.71844555) (942.8090416)

Operation ~m

10~

Display

**** MODE ****

sys mode RUN

ca I mode CaMP

angle Deg

display Norm

S t e p 0

87

?-+A : v'3XA 2,4 r2+12XAxY3 Pro 9 0

?-+A : v'3XA 2,4 r2+12xAxY3 Pro g 0

10

173.2050808 Dis P -

?-+A : v'3XA 2,4 r2+12XAxY3 Pro 9 0

10

173.2050808 117.8511302

[§] 0 [ili]

7.5 [ili]

r2+12XAxY3 Pro 9 0

10

173.2050808 1 1 7 . 8 5 1 1 3 02 Prog 0

20 [ili]

7.5

10

173.2050808 117.8511302 Pro 9 0

7.5

97.42785793 - Disp -

97.42785793 49.71844555 Pro 9 0

20

692.820323 - Disp -

7.5

10

173.2050808 117.8511302 Pro 9 0

7.5

97.42785793 49.71844555

97.42785793 49.71844555 Prog 0

20

692.820323 942.8090416

(Reference) Cursor movement

Pressing the cursor keys ( ~, [2], 00, m ) causes the cursor to move as follows:

®--~l~.? -+ A :.J 3X A 2 "'"""E~---\--© ® Lr2+12XAxY3 E @

Cursor position

® @

© @

Invalid 1 position right Invalid 1 line down (@)

1 position left (©) 1 position right 1 line up (@) End of line (@)

1 position left 1 position right (@) Beginning of line (@) 1 line down (@)

1 position left Invalid 1 line up (©) Invalid

Pro 9

117.8511302 o

88 89

7.5

97.42785793 49.71844555 Prog 0

4-3 PROGRAM DEBUGGING (CORRECTING ERRORS)

After a program has been created and input, it will sometimes gener I error messages when it is exeuted, or it will produce unexpected resu~ e This indicates that there is an error somewhere within the program Ih s. needs to be corrected. Such programming errors are referred to al "bugs", while correcting them is called "debugging". as

• Debugging when an error message is generated An error message is displayed as follows:

r---:-F=:::===::===::===,Type of error Syn ERROR

Step P01-~

·"----------+-Step number where

error was generated

L------+Program area where error was generated

The error message informs the operator of the program area (PO to P9) in which the error was generated. It also states the type of error, which gives an idea of the proper countermeasure to be taken. The step num, ber indicates in which step of the program area the error was generated.

• Error messages

There are a total of seven error messages.

CD Syn ERROR (Syntax error)

Indicates a mistake in the formula or a misuse of program commands.

® Ma ERROR (Mathematical error)

Indicates the computation result of a numeric expression exceeds 1010°, an illogical operation (i.e. division by zero), or the input of an argument that exceeds the input range of the function.

® Go ERROR (Jump error)

Indicates a missing Lbl for the Goto command (see page 100), or thai the program area (see page 95) for the Prog command (see page 107) does not contain a program.

90

Ne ERROR (Nesting error)

@ Indicates a subroutine nesting overflow by the Prog command.

@ stk ERROR (Stack error) .

Indicates the computation performed exceeds the capacity of the stack for numeric values or for commands (see page 15).

® Mem ERROR (Memory error)

Indicates the attempt to use a memory name such as Z [5] without

having expanded memories.

rJ) Arg ERROR (Argument error) .. .

Indicates the argument of a command or specltlcatlon in a program

exceeds the input range (i.e. Sci 10, Goto 11).

Further operation will become impossible when an error message is dis-

layed. Press~,~, or ~ to cancel the error.

~ressing ~ cancels the error and new key input becomes possible. With this operation, the RUN mode is maintained.

pressing ~ or ~ cancels the error and changes the system mode to the WRT mode. The cursor is positioned at the location where the error was generated to allow modification of the program to eliminate the

error.

• Checkpoints for each type of error

The following are checkpoints for each type of error:

(f) Syn ERROR

Verify again that there are no errors in the program .

ill Ma ERROR

For computations that require use of the memories, check to see that the numeric values in the memories do not exceed the range of the arguments. This type of error often occurs with division by 0 or the computation of negative square roots.

® Go ERROR

Check to see that there is a corresponding Lbl n when Goto n is used. Also check to see that the program in P n has been correctly input when Prog n is used.

@) Ne ERROR

Check to ensure that the Prog command is not used in the branched program area to return execution to the original program area.

91

® Stk ERROR

Check to see that the formula is not too long thus causing a stack overflow. If this is the case, the formula should be divided into two Or more parts.

® Mem ERROR

Check to see that memories were properly expanded using .. ~ EJ 71 []ill " (Defm). When using array-type memories (see page 110), check to see that the subscripts are correct.

(J) Arg ERROR

Check whether values specified by ~ I1l (Sci) or ~ llil (Fix) are with. in the range of 0 - 9. Also check whether values specified by Goto Lbl, or Prog commands are within 0-9. Also ensure that memory ex~ pansion using ~ c:::J (Defm) is performed within the remaining number of steps and that the value used for expansion is not negative.

92

=--

4~4 COUNTING THE NUMBER OF STEPS

The program capacity of this unit consists of a total of 422 steps.

The number of steps indicates the amount of storage space available for prog~ams, and it ,,:,ill decrease as programs are input. The number of remaining steps will also be decreased when steps are converted to memories. (See page 23).

There are two methods to determine the current number of remaining steps:

(j) When ~ c:::J []ill are pressed in the RUN mode, the number of remaining steps will be displayed together with the number of memories.

Example:

403 By t e s F r e e Number of remaining

l__ __j steps

(V Specify the WRT mode (~ [2]), and the number of remaining steps will appear. At this time the status of the program areas can also be determined.

Prog _123456789 Basically, one function requires a single step, but there are some commands where one function requires two steps .

• One function/one step: sin, cos, tan, log, ( , ), :, A, S, 1, 2, 3, etc .

• One function/two steps: Lbl 1, Goto 2, Prog 8, etc.

Program

19

Memo r y

26

sys mode cal mode an 9 I e display

WRT COMP Deg Norm

403 Bytes Free

Number of steps used for programming Number of memories

Number of remaining steps

Each step can be verified by the movement of the cursor:

93

Example:

Present cursor position'+

]_--+A : r-3XA 2 ... r-2+12XAxY3

At this time, each press of a cursor key (~ or @]) will cause the CUr_ sor to move to the next sequential step. For example:

~~ (Hold down)

The display will show at what step of the program the cursor is currently located as long as ~ is pressed.

**** MODE ****

s y s mod e WR T

cal mode: COMP angle: Deg display: Norm

L __ s_t_e_p_p_0_-_6~==tlndicates cursor is located at 6th step.

94

4=5 PROGRAM AREAS AND COMPUTATION MODES

This unit contains a total of 10 program areas (PO through P9) for the storage of programs. These program areas are all utilized in the same manner, and 10 independent programs can be input. One main program (main routine) and a number of secondary programs (subroutines) can also be stored. The total number of steps available for storage in program areas PO through P9 is 422 maximum.

specification of a program area is performed as follows:

RUN mode: Press any key from 0 through 9 after pressing the ~ key.

Then press [iill .

Example: P 0 ~ [QJ [iill P8 ~Iill[iill

, In this mode, program execution begins when [iill is pressed.

WRT mode: Use ~ or @] to move the cursor under the program area

to be specified and press [iill.

Only the numbers of the program areas that do not yet contain programs will be displayed." "symbols indicate program areas which already contain programs.

Example:

WRT COMP

sys mode cal mode an 9 I e display

Deg

Nor m

403 Bytes Free

Prog 123 67 9

t t t t

Programs already stored in these program areas .

• Program area and computation mode specification in the WRT

mode

Besides normal function computations, to perform binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal computations and conversions, standard deviation computations, and regression computations in a program, a computation mode must be specified. Program mode specification and program area specification are performed at the same time.

95

:irst th~. WRT mode is specified (~ [2]), and then a computation mOde IS specified. Next, the program area IS specified, and, when [Q[jis pr

d th t t· de l .. ess.

e, e compu a Ion mo e IS memorized In the program area. .

Henceforth, stored programs will be accompanied with the computati

m~e. ~

Example:Memorizing the BASE-N mode in P2

sys mode ca I mode an 9 I e di splay

WRT COMP Deg Norm

Assuming that nothing is stored.

422 Bytes Free Pro 9 {0}123456789

Specify P2.

sys mode cal mode an 9 I e display

WRT COMP Deg Norm

s y s mod e : WR T Specify the BASE-N

c a I mod e : BAS E - N mode.

Dec

As shown above, the computation mode will be memorized into a program area.

422 Bytes Free Prog 0H2'2456789

96

422 Bytes Free Pro 9 01{21a456789

• cautions concerning the computation modes

All key operations available in each computation mode can be stored as programs, but, depending on the computation mode, certain commands or functions cannot be used.

BASE-N mode

• Function computations cannot be performed.

• Units of angular measurement cannot be specified.

• All program commands can be used.

• Be sure to include a "~" at the final result output to return to the previous computation mode when a program execution is terminated. Failure to do so may result in a decimal display or an error.

SD1, 502 mode

• Among the functions, Abs and r cannot be used.

• Among the program commands, Osz, > and < cannot be used.

LR1, LR2 mode

• Among the functions, Abs and r cannot be used.

• Among the program commands, 9, =, *, Isz, 2: :5: Osz, > and < cannot be used.

97

4-6 ERASING PROGRAMS

Erasing of programs is performed in the pel mode. Press ~ lID to spe. cify the pel mode. There are two methods used to erase programs: erasing a program located in a single program area, and eraSing all programs.

• Erasing a single program

To erase a program in a Single program area, specify the pel mode and press the ~ key after specifying the program area.

Example: Erase the program in P3 only.

Operation Display

sys mode cal mode an 9 I e di splay

PCl CaMP Deg Norm

324 Byles Free

Progf~2 45678

Prog 1~"45678

sys mode c a I mode an 9 I e display

PCl CaMP Deg Norm

324 Byles Free

sys mode cal mode an 9 I e display

PCl CaMP Deg Norm

367 Byles Free Prog 12i~45678

98

PO, P3 and P9 already contain programs.

Align cursor with P3.

Number 3 appears after deletion.

@@[] **** MODE **** Return to RUN mode.
s y s mode RUN
c a I mode CaMP
an 9 I e Deg
display Norm
S I e p 0 • Erasing all programs

To erase all programs stored in program areas 0 through 9, specify the peL mode and press ~ and then @ill.

Example: Erase the programs stored in PO, P4, P8 and P9.

Operation Display

r-s-y-s--m--o-d-e~--P~C~l---

cal mode CaMP

an 9 I e display

Deg

Nor m

295 Byles Free

Prog 123567

PCl CaMP

sys mode cal mode a n 9 I e display

Deg

Nor m

422 Byles Free

Pro 9 ~0'H 23456789

**** MODE ****

s y s mode RUN
c a I mode CaMP
angle Deg
display Nor m
S I e p 0 99

4-7 CONVENIENT PROGRAM COMMAND~

The programs for this unit are made based upon manual computation Special program commands, however, are available to allow the sele:~ tion of the formula, and repetitive execution of the same formula.

Here, some of these commands willi be used to produce more conve_ nient programs.

• Jump commands

Jump commands are used to change the flow of program execution. Programs are executed in the order that they are input (from the lowest step number first) until the end of the program is reached. This system is not very convenient when there are repeat computations to be performed or when it is desirable to transfer execution to another formula. It is in these cases, however, that the jumps commands are very effective. There are three types of jump commands: a simple unconditional jump to a branch destination, conditional jumps that decide the branch destina_ tion by whether a certain condition is true or not, and count jumps that increase or decrease a specific memory by one and then decide the branch destination after checking whether the value stored equals zero or not.

III Unconditional jump

The unconditional jump is composed of "Goto" and "Lbl". When program execution reaches the statement "Goto n" (where n is a number from 0 through 9), execution then jumps to "Lbl n" (n is the same value as Goto n). The unconditional jump is often used in simple programs to return execution to the beginning for repetitive computations, or to repeat computations from a point within a program.

Unconditional jumps are also used in combination with conditional and count jumps.

Example: The previously presented program to find the surface area and volume of a regular tetrahedron will be rewritten using "Goto 1" and "LbI1" to allow repeat computations.

The previous program contained:

? , +, A, :, F", 3, X, A, x', .... ,

F", 2, +. 1 , 2, X, A, x", 3 19 steps

* Hereinafter, commas (, ) will be used to separate steps for the sake of clarity.

100

dd "Goto 1" to the end of the program, and add "Lbl 1" to the beginA. 9 of the program as the branch destination.

OIOh'S is .slrnply left the way it is, however, the volume will not be displayIf~ I nd execution will move immediately to the input of one side at the e e ~nning. To prevent this situation, insert a display command ( .... ) in b 9 h "G t 1"

front of teo 0 .

The complete program with the unconditional jump added should look

like this: _

Lbl, 1, :, ?, -, A, :, ~ ,3, X, A, x', .... ,

1-, 2, -+, 1 , 2, X, A, x", 3, .... , Goto, 1 25 steps

NOW let's try executing this program. . .

• For details on inputting programs and edltmg programs, see sections 4-1 and 4-2.

'Henceforth, the displays will only show computation result output.

Operation Display

?
173.2050808
117.8511302
?
97.42785793
49.71844555
? [§J[Q]~ 10~ ~

[iliJ

7.5~ [iliJ

[iliJ

Stored in PO. The length of the side=10

The length of the side=7.5

Since the program is in an endless loop, it will continue execution. To terminate execution, press ~ OJ.

~OJ **** MODE ****
s Y s mode RUN
c a I mode COMP
an g I e Deg
display Norm
S t e p 0 101

Besides the beginning of the program, branch destinations can be des. ignated at any point within the program.

Example: Compute y=ax+b when the value for x changes each time while a and b can also change depending upon the corn~ putation.

Program

?, -, A, :, 7, -, B, :, Lbl, 1, :, ?, -, X, .,

A, X, X, +, B, .... , Goto, 1--· 23 steps

When this program is executed, the values for a and b are stored in memories A and B respectively. After that, only the value for x can be changed.

In this wayan unconditional jump is made in accordance with "Goto" and "Lbl", and the flow of program execution is changed. When there is no "Lbl n" to correspond to a "Goto n", an error (Go ERROR) is generated.

III Conditional jumps

The conditional jumps compare a numeric value in memory with a con. stant or a numeric value in another memory. If the condition is true, the statement following the "~" is executed, and if the condition is not true, execution skips the statement and continues following the next """, ":" or " .... ".

Conditional jumps take on the following form:

Left side

{ .. ~}*

~ State-

ment

Statement

Relational operator

Right side

* +I represents carriage return function (see page 109). * Anyone can be used.

One memory name (alphabetic character from A through Z), constant numeric values or computation formulas (A X 2, D - E, etc.) are used for "left side" and "right side".

The relational operator is a comparison symbol. There are 6 types of reo lational operators: =, =I=,;:O:,~, .>, <.

Left side = right side (left side equals right side)

Left side =1= right side (left side does not equal right side)

Left side 2: right side (left side is greater than or equal to right side) Left side :s; right side (left side is less than or equal to right side) Left side> right side (left side is greater than right side)

Left side < right side (left side is less than right side)

102

rne "~,, is displayed when ~ i2l are pressed. If the condition is true, execution advances to the statement following ~. If the condition is not true, the statement following ~ is skipped and execution jumps to the statement following the next """, " : " or " .... ".

.------If true ----w

Right ~ State- { ~ }

side ment,.

Relational

State-

Left side

operator

ment

'------If not true ---------'

A statement is a computation formula (sin AX 5, etc.) or a program COI'l1- mand (Goto, Prog, etc.), and everything up to the next """, " : " or " .... " is regarded as one statement.

Example: If an input numeric value is greater than or equal to zero, compute the square root of that value. If the input value is less than zero, rein put another value.

Program

Lbl, 1, :, ?, -, A, :, A, ;:0:, 0, ~, F", A, .... , Goto,

16 steps

In this program, the input numeric value is stored in memory A, and then it is tested to determine whether it is greater than, equal to or less than zero. If the contents of memory A are greater than or equal to 0 (not less man zero), the statement (computation formula) located between "~" and "A" will be executed, and then Goto 1 returns execution to Lbl 1. If the contents of memory A are less than zero, execution will skip the following statement to the next " .... " and returned to Lbl 1 by Goto 1.

Example: Compute the sum of input numeric values. If a 0 is input, the total should be displayed.

Program

0,-, B, :,

Lbl, 1, :, ?, -, A, :, A, =, 0, ~, Goto, 2, ., A, +, B, -, B, :, Goto, 1, :,

Lbl, 2, :, B 31 steps

In this program, a 0 is first stored in memory B to clear it for computation of the sum. Next, the value input by"? - A" is stored in memory A by "A=O~" and it is determined whether or not the value stored in memory A equals zero. If A=O, Goto 2 causes execution to jump to Lbl 2. If memory A does not equal 0, Goto 2 will be skipped and the command A+BB which follows ":" is executed, and then Goto 1 returns execution to Lbl 1.

Execution from Lbl 2 will display the sum that has been stored in memory B. Actually, the display command " .... " is inserted following B, but here it can be omitted.

103

The following illustration shows the flow of the program: (A,." 0)

~ J

Lbll : ? .... A

(A=O)

A = 0 W02 : A+B-B : Goto 1

Lbd

(A=O)

~ Count jumps

The count jumps cause the value in a specified memory to be increased or decreased by 1. If the value does equal 0, the following statement is skipped, and the statement following the next """, " : " or " ..... " is executed. The "lsz" command is used to increase the value in memory by 1 and decide the subsequent execution, while the "Dsz" command is used to decrease the value by 1 and decide.

Memory contents =\=0

Isz

Memory name

Statement

Memory contents-O

Memory contents =\=0

Dsz Memory name

Statement

{ ~ f Statement

All!

Memory contents -0

{ : } Statement

Example: Increase memory A by one Isz A

Decrease memory S by one······ Dsz S

Example: Determine the average of 10 input numeric values.

Program

1 , 0, :..., A, :, 0, --, C, :,

Lbl, 1, :, ?, +. S, :, a, +', c. --, C,

Dsz, A, :, Goto, 1, :, C, +, 1 , 0 32 steps

104

In this program, first 10 is stored in memory A, and 0 is stored in memory c. Memory A is used as the "counter" and countdown is performed the specified number of times by the Dsz command. Memory C is used to store the sum of the inputs, and so first must be cleared by inputting a O. The numeric value input in response to "1" is stored in memory S, and then the sum of the input values is stored in memory C by "S+C--C ". The statement Dsz A then decreases the value stored in memory A by 1. If the result does not equal 0, the following statement, Goto 1 is executed. If the result equals 0, the following Goto 1 is skipped and "C+ 10" is executed.

Example: Determine the altitude at one-second intervals of a ball thrown into the air at an initial velocity of Vm/sec and an angle of So. The formula is expressed as: h=Vsin (J t-+gl', with g = 9.8, with the effects of air resistance being disregarded.

Program

Deg, :,0, .... , T, .', ?, --, V, :, ?, +, S, "

Lbl, 1, :, Isz, T, :, V, X, sin, S, X, T, -,

9, ., 8, X, T, x2, +, 2, ..... , Goto, 1 38 steps

In this program the unit of angular measurement is set and memory T is first initialized (cleared). Then the initial velocity and angle are input into memories V and S respectively.

tbl 1 is used at the beginning of the repeat computations. The numeric value stored in memory T is counted up (increased by 1) by Isz T. In this case, the Isz command is used only for the purpose of increasing the value stored in memory T, and the subsequent jump does not depend upon any comparison or decision. The Isz command can also be used in the same manner as seen with the Dsz command for jumps that require decisions, but, as can be seen here, it can also be used to simply increase values. If, in place of the Isz command, another method such as "T + 1-- T" is used, five steps are required instead of the two for the (Isz T) method shown here. Such commands are convenient ways of conserving memory space.

Each time memory T is increased, computation is performed according to the formula, and the altitude is displayed. It should be noted that this program is endless, so when the required value is obtained, ~ lil are pressed to terminate the program.

105

I'll'

1",'1,'

1,1.1,

III

1,1

Ii

I

...

(Summary>

Command

Formula

Operation -

Unconditional jump

Performs unconditional jump to - Lbl n corresponding to Goto n.

Lbl n

Goto n (n=natural number from 0 through 9)

Conditional jumps

Left Relational Right ~ Left and right sides are com:

side operator side pared. If the conditional ex pres_

{ .. } sion is true, the statement after

Statement ~ Statement ~ is executed.

If not true, execution jumps to (Relational operators: =,~, the statement following the next

>,<,,,,=,:0;) ",:or..ollll.

Statements include numeric expressions, Goto commands, etc.

Count jumps

Isz Memory name:

Statement {:} Statement

Numeric value stored in memory is increased (Isz) or decreased (Dsz) by one. If result equals 0, a jump is performed to the statement following the next .. , : or AlII. Statements include numeric expressions, Goto commands, etc.

Dsz Memory name:

Statement {:} Statement

(Memory name consists of single character from A through Z, A [ ], etc.)

• Subroutines

A program contained in a single program area is called a "main routine". Often used program segments stored in other program areas are called "subroutines" .

Subroutines can be used in a variety of ways to help make computations easier. They can be used to store formulas for repeat computations as one block to be jumped to each time, or to store often used formulas or operations for call up as required.

106

Main routine PO

Subroutine

pro~3

The subroutine command is "Prog" followed by a number from 0 through 9 which indicates the program area.

Example: Prog 0 · .. ···Jump to program area 0

Prog 2 ······Jump to program area 2

After the jump is performed using the Prog command, execution continues from the beginning of the program stored in the specified program area. After execution reaches the end of the subroutine, the program returns to. the statement following the Prog n command in the original program area. Jumps can be performed from one subroutine to another, and this procedure is known as "nesting". Nesting can be performed to a maximum of 10 levels, and attempts to exceed this limit will cause an error (Ne ERROR) to be generated. Attempting to use Prog to jump to a program area in which there is rio program stored will also result in an error (Go ERROR) .

• A Goto n contained in a subroutine will jump to the corresponding Lbl n contained in that program area.

Example: Simultaneously execute the two previously presented programs to compute the surface areas and volumes of a regular octahedron and tetrahedron.

Express the result in three decimal places.

This example employs two previously explained programs, and the first step is to input the specified number of decimal places (~ 1'Zl1m).

107

.. ""","

Now let's review the two original programs. Regular octahedron

PO Fix, 3,:, ?,-+,A, :, 2,X,r, 3,X,A,x',~,

~ 23 steps

Regular tetrahedron

P 1 Fix, 3, :, ?, -+, A, :, r, 3", X, A, x", ~,

~

22 steps Total: 45 steps

If the two programs are compared, it is evident that the underlined por, tions are identical. If these portions are incorporated into a common sub. routine, the programs are simplified and the number of steps required is decreased.

Furthermore, the portions indicated by the wavy line are not identical as they stand, but if P1 is modified to: r, 2, +,3, X, A, x", 3, +, 4,the two portions become identical.

Now the portions underlined by the straight line will be stored as an in. dependent routine in P9 and those underlined with the wavy line will be stored in P8.

P 9 Fix, 3, .. ?, -+, A, :, r, 3, X, A, x' P8 r,2,+,3,X,A,x',3

12 steps 8 steps

After the common segments have been removed, the remainder of the regular octahedron formula is stored in PO, and that of the regular tet. rahedron is stored in P1. Of course, the "Prog 9" and "Prog 8" must be added to jump to subroutines P9 and P8.

PO Prog, 9, :, Ans, X, 2, ~, Prog, 8 P 1 Prog, 9, ~, Prog, 8, :, Ans, +. 4

9 steps

9 steps Total: 38 steps

With this configuration,execution jumps to program P9 at the beginning of programs PO and P1, three decimal places are specified, the value for one side is entered, and the surface area of the tetrahedron is cornputed. The expression "2X" of the original octahedron formula was omitted in P9, so when execution returns to PO, "Ans X 2" is used to obtain the surface of the octahedron. In the case of P1, the result of P9 needs no further modification and so is immediately displayed upon return to P1.

108

Prog 9..01lIl

Prog9 :

Fix3 : ? -- A: r-3X Ax'

Prog8 : Ans + 4

Ans X 2..01lIl

Prog8

r-2+3XA x'3

By isolating the common portions of the two original programs and storing them in separate program areas, steps are shortened and programs take on a clear configuration.

• Carriage return function

With the carriage return function, ~ is used in place of D to separate commands to produce easy-to-read displays.

De g: 0--T: ?-+V: ?-+S:

Lbl l:lsz T:.VXs n SXT-g" 8XT 2+2 ... Got 0 1

Using the carriage return function in the program shown above pro-

duces the following display: ~ pressed at these two locations. Nothing is displayed at the

L b I 1: I s z T: V X s point where ~ is pressed, and the

n SXT-g" 8XT 2+2... display advances

L..:G::..=.o....:t~o=-_l:._ __J to the next line.

Deg

0-+T: ?--V : ?--S

This makes angle unit setting and looped operations, etc. easier to follow.

109

• Operation procedure

~ ~ ~ (Press in place of CJ)

[QJ G ~ 0 CJ @Biill o:::J G ~ rJ CJ @Biill o:::J G ~ m ~

@Biill [@ m CJ .

• To include the carriage return function in a program that has already been input, first press @Biill ~ to specify the insert mode and then press~. Then, delete the U : ".

,-----~-------------,

Qe 9 : 0-+T : ?-+V : ?-+S :

Lbl l:lsz T:VXs n SXT-9.8XT2+2 ... Got 0 1

Align the cursor with the U : " following uOeg" and press @Biill ~ ~.

~ @Biill ~ [ill] 0 e 9

~:~0-+T : ?-+V : ?-+S : L b I l:lsz r r v x s r n S XT-9. 8XT 2+2 ...

Got 0 1

Delete the U : ". @ill

Deg

~0:-+ T : ? -+ V : ? -+ S : L b I l:lsz r i v x s r n SX T-9. 8XT 2+2 ...

Go t 0 1

Align the cursor with the U : " following U? ---- S". As above, first insert [ill] and then delete the U : ".

~~~@Biill~ [ill] @ill

Deg

0-+T: ?-+V : ?-+S

[lJbl l:lsz T:VXsi

n SXT-9.8XT2+2 ... Got 0 1

• Carriage return can be used in manual operations by pressing @Biill~.

110

IT ARRAY-TYPE MEMORIES

• Using array-type memories

UP to this point all of the memories used have been referred to by single alphabetic characters such as A, B, X, or Y.

With the array-type memory introduced here, a memory name (one alphabetic character from A through Z) is appended with a subscript such as [1] or [2].

• Brackets are input by ~ 0 and ~ ~.

Standard Array-type
memory memory
A A [0] e[-2]
B A [1] e[-l]
e A [2] e[O]
0 A [3] cr n
E A [4] e[2] Proper utilization of subscripts shortens programs and makes them easier to use. Negative values used as subscripts are counted in relation to memory zero as shown above.

Example: Input the numbers 1 through 10 into memories A through J. Using standard memories

1,----,A,:, 2,--+,B,:, 3,--+,C, 4,----,0,., 5 , --+, E, :, 6, --+, F, :, 7, --+, G, ., 8, --+, H, .,

9 , --+, I, :, 1 , 0, --+, J 40 steps

Using array-type memories

0, ----, Z, :, Lbl, 1, :, Z, +, 1 , +. A, [, Z,], :, Isz, Z, :, Z, <, 1 ,0,9, Goto, 1

26 steps

In the case of using standard memories, inputting values into memories one by one is both inefficient and time consuming. What happens, if we want to see a value stored in a specific memory?

111

Using standard memories Lbl, 1, :, ?, -, Z, :,

z. =, 1 , ~,A, _..., Z, =, 2,~, B, _..., Z, =, 3,~, C, _..., Z, =, 4,~, 0, _..., Z, =, 5,~, E, _..., Z, =, 6,~, F, _..., Z, =, 7,~, G, _..., Z, =, 8,~, H, _..., Z, =, 9,~, I, _..., Z, =, 1 , 0,~, J, _..., Goto, 1

Using array-type memories

Lbl, 1, :, ?, -, Z, :, A, [, Z, -, 1 , l, _..., Goto, 1

70 steps

16 steps

The difference is readily apparent. When using the standard memories, the input value is compared one by one with the value assigned to each memory (l.e. A=1, B=2, .. ).

With the array-type memories, the input value is immediately stored in the proper memory determined by "[Z-1]". Formulas (Z-1, A + 10, etc.) can even be used for the subscript.

• Cautions when using array-type memories

When using array-type memories, a subscript is appended to an alphabetic character that represents a standard memory from A through Z.

Therefore, care must be taken to prevent overlap of memories. The relation is as follows:

11111110 11/110

I I II I I 1······ .. ·1 I [ I I ~ .

A[O) A[l) A[2] A[3) A[4) A[5) A[S) B[ -1) B[ 0) B[ 1) B[ 2) B[ 3) B[ 4) B[ 5) e[-2) Cl-f l etc: ct n C[2) ct n crt)

G[-S) G[-S] G[-4) G[-3) G[-2] G[-l) G[O)

A[23) A[24) A[25) A(26) A[27) B[22) B[23) B[24) B[25) B[26) C[21) e[22) e[23) e[24) C[25)

GT) G[lS) G[19) G[20) G[2l) X[O) xt n X[2) X[3) X[4) -t-n Y[O) Y[l) Y[2) Y[3) Z[-2) Z[-l) Z[O) zt i l Z[2)

112

The following shows a case in which array-type memories overlap with standard format memories. This situation should alwa.ys be avoided.

Example: Store the numeric values from 1 through 5 in memories A[1]

through A[5] respectively.

5, -, C, :, Lbl, 1 , :, C, -, A, L c. I. :, Dsz, C, :, Goto, l, :,

A, L 1 , l, _..., A, [, 2, l, _..., A, [, 3, l, _...,

A, [, 4, l, .... , A, L 5, 1 44 steps

In this program, the values 1 through 5 are stored in the array-type memories A[1] through A[5], and memory C is used as a counter memory. When this program is executed, the following results are obtained:

Operation Display

As can be seen, the second displayed value (which should be 2) in A[2] is incorrect. This problem has occurred because memory A[2] is the same as memory C.

BCD E F

A[l] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5]

The content of memory C (A[2J) is decreased from 5 to 0 in steps of 1. Therefore, the content of memory A[2] is displayed as O.

A

113

• Application of the array-type memories

It is someti":,es required to ~reat two different types of data as a sin Ie group. In this case, memories for data processing and those for d~t

storage should be kept separate. a

Example: Store data x and y in memories. When an x value is inp the corresponding y value is displayed. There will be a to~ti of 15 pieces of data. a

Example program 1

Memory A is used as the data control memory, and memory 8 is Used for temporary storage of the x data. The x data are stored in memories C[1] (memory 0) through C[15] (memory R), and the y data are stored in memories C[16] (memory S) through C[30] (memory Z[7]).

1 , -+, A, :, Oefm, 7, :,

Lbl, 1, :, ?, -+, C, LA, l. ., ? , -+, C, LA, +, 1 , 5,], :,

Isz, A, :, A, =, 1 , 6,9, Goto, 2, :, Goto, 1 , ., Lbl, 2, :, 1 , 5, -+, A, :, ?, -+, 8, :,

8, =, 0, 9, Goto, 5, :,

Lbl, 3, :,8, =, C, LA, ],9, Goto, 4, ., Dsz, A, :, Goto, 3, :, Goto, 2, :,

Lbl, 4, :, C, L A, +. 1 , 5,], ..... , Goto, 2, .,

Lbl, 5 98 steps

In this program, memories are used as follows:
x data
C [1] C [2] C [3] C [4] C [5] C [6] C [7] C [8]
D E F G H J K
C [9] C [10] C[11] C [12] C [13] C [14] C [15]
L M N 0 p Q R
Y data
C [16]- C [17] C [18] C [19] C [20] C [21] C [22] C [23]
s T U V W X Y Z
C [24] C [25] C [26] C [27] C [28] C [29] C [30]
z (1 ) Z (2) Z (3) Z (4) Z(5) Z(6) Z (7) 114

EXample program 2

The same memories are used as in Example 1, but two types of memory names are used and the x and y data kept separate.

1 , -+, A, :, Oefm, 7, :,

Lbl, 1, :, 7, -+, C, L A, ], :, ? , -+, R, L A, J, :,

Isz, A, :, A, =, 1 , 6,9, Goto, 2, :, Goto, 1 , Lbl, 2, :, 1 , 5, -+, A, :, ?, -+, 8,

8, =, 0,9, Goto, 5, :,

Lbl, 3, :, 8, =, c. LA, ],9, Goto, 4, ., Osz, A, :, Goto, 3, :, Goto, 2, :,

Lbl, 4, :, R, L A, ], ..... , Goto, 2, ., Lbl, 5

92 steps

Memories are used as follows:
x data
C [1] C [2] C [3] C [4] C [5] C [6] C [7] C [8]
D E F G H J K
c [9] C [10] C [11] C [12] C [13] C [14] C [15]
L M N 0 P Q R
Y data
R [1] R [2] R [3] R [4] R [5] R [6] R [7] R [8]
s T U V W X Y Z
R [9] R [10] R [11] R [12] R [13] R [14] R [15]
z (1 ) Z (2) Z (3) z (4) Z (5) Z (6) Z (7) In this way, the memory names can be changed. However, since memory names are restricted to the letters from A through Z, the expanded memories (~D) can only be used as array-type memories.

• The memory expansion command (Defm) can be used in a program.

Example: Expand the number of memories by 14 to make a total of 40 available.

Oefm, 1,4, .,

115

4-9 DISPLAYING ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS

Alphabetic characters, numbers, computation command symbols, etc can be displayed as messages. They are enclosed in quotation mark~ (~[§]).

• Alpha-numeric characters and symbols

• Characters and symbols displayed when pressed following ~ :

L J, k, m, u , n, p, f, space,

A, S, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, 0, P,Q, R,S, T, U,V,W,X, Y,Z

• Other numbers, symbols, calculation commands, program commands 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

(, ), r, E, +, -, X, ...;-, ...

sin, cos, tan, log, In, .

=, =1=, :::=:,,s, >, <'. .

A, IB, C, ID, E, IF, d, h, b, 0 Neg, Not, and, or, xor

X, fj, xa.; Xan-I, ...

o (~~ 0]), r (~~ ffil), 9 (~~ [§J)

• All of the above noted characters can be used in the same manner as the alphabetic characters.

In the preceding example requiring an input of two types of data (x, y), the prompt "?" does not give any information concerning the type of input expected. A message can be inserted before the "?" to verify the type of data required for input.

Lbl, 1,:, ?,--,X,:, ?,--,Y, :, ...

The messages "X=" and "Y=" will be inserted into this program. Lbl, 1, :, ~_X, =,_::, ?, --, X, "

., ...

116

If messages are included as shown here, the display is as follows: (ASSuming that the program is stored in P1)

~I X-= 7-::--. ---------,

[i§J 1 [ili] 10 [ili]

y=?

Messages are also convenient when displaying result in program computations.

Example:

Lbl, 0, :, ". N, =, ",?, ~,' S, =. c. :, 0, --, A, :,

Lbl, 1, :, C, ...;-, 2, --, C, :, Frac, C, =1=, 0,9, Goto, 3, : , Isz, A, :, C, =, 1 , 9, Goto, 2, :, Goto, 1, "

Lbl, 2, :, ". X, =, ", ~, A, ~, Goto, 0, :,

Lbl, 3, ., ", N, 0, ", ~, Goto, 0 70 steps

This program computes the x power of 2. A prompt of "N=?" appears for data input. The result is displayed by pressing [ili] while "X=" is displayed. When an input data is not the x power of 2, the display "NO" appears and execution returns to the beginning for reinput.

• Always follow a message with a ~ whenever a formula follows the message.

Assuming that the program is stored in P2:

[i§J 2 [ili] 4096 [ili] [ili]

[ili]

3124 [ili] [ili]

512 [ili] [ili]

N=?
X=
1 2
N=?
NO
N=?
X=
9 117

Strings longer than 16 characters are displayed in two lines. When alphabetic characters are displayed at the end of the bottom line, the entire display shifts upwards and the uppermost line disappears from the display.

[§JO

118

123+45

852-87

765.

968+125-65

1028.

Pro 9 0

123+45

852-87

765.

968+125-65

1028.

Pro 9 0

ABCDEFGH I JKLMNOP

After a while

852-87

765.

968+125-65

1028.

Prog 0

ABCDEFGH I JKLMNOP QRSTUVWXYZ

168.

168.

168.

119

Mo USING THE GRAPH FUNCTION IN PROGRAMS

using the graph function within programs makes it possible to graphical-

. Iy represent long, complex equations and to overwrite graphs repeatedly.

All graph commands (except the trace function) can be included in programs. Range values can also be written into the program.

Generally, manual graph operations can be used in programs without modification.

Ex. 1) Graphically determine the number of solutions (real roots) that satisfy both of the following two equations.

y = X4- x3- 24x'+4x+80

y=10x-30

The range values are as follows:

Ran 9 e Xmin:-10. max:10. sci: 2 .

Ymin:-120. max:150. sci: 50 .

First, program the range settings. Note that values are separated from each other by commas", ".

Range, (-), 1, 0, , ,1,0, , ,2, , ,(-),1,2,0, , ,1,5,0,. ,5, e

Next, program the equation for the first graph.

Graph, X, x", 4, -, X, x', 3, -,2,4, X, x', +. 4, X, +, 8,0

Finally, program the equation for the second graph.

Graph, 1, 0, X, -, 3,0 Total 49 steps

When inputting this program, press ITill after input of the ranges and the first equation.

Range -10,10,2,- 120,150,50

Graph Y=XxY 4-XxY 3-24X2+4X+80 Graph Y=10X-30

The following should appear on the display when the program is ex. ecuted:

[§J 0 [iliJ

A "~" can be input in place of the [iliJ key operation after the first equation to suspend execution after the first graph is produced. To continue execution to the next graph, press [iliJ.

The procedure outlined above can be used to produce a wide variety of graphs.

The library at the end of this manual includes a number of examples of graph programming.

120

PROGRAM LIBRARY

(Prior to use)

• Always check the number of remaining steps before attempting to store programs .

• The library is divided into two parts: a calculation section and a graph section. The calculation section shows only answers, while the graph section shows whole displays.

'To make programs in the graph section easier to follow, .. is used to indicate carriage returns. The [iliJ key should be pressed wherever" appears ( .. does not appear on the display) .

• Press the Graph key whenevervGraph" appears within a program (Graph Y = indicated).

'If it is necessary to specify a calculation mode (e.g. Base-n, SD1) in a program, be sure to specify it after pressing ~ [2J (WRT mode).

Then start programming by pressing [iliJ.

CASIO

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Prime factor analysis I No 1
"==-
Descripti'!!1_
Prime factors of arbitrary positive integers are produced.
For 1< m <10'"
prime numbers are produced from the lowest value first. "END" is displayed at
the end of the program.
<Overview)
m is divided by 2 and by all successive odd numbers (d = 3. 5. 7.9. II, 13 . ..... ) to
check for divisibility.
Where d is a prime factor, mj =mi-- Jd is assumed. and division is repeated until
Jm;+ I ~ d.
Exampl~ (])
119=7X17
(2 )
1234567890= 2 X 3 X 3 X 5 X 3607 X 3803
(3)
987654321 =3X3X 17X 17 X 379721
Preparation and o(leration
• Store the program written on the next page.
• Execute the program as shown below in the RUN mode (1MQQ!I1Il).
1 I I Step
Step Key operation Display Key operation Display
1---
1 ~0~1 M? 11 ~ 3803.
I
2 119~1 7. 12 ~ END
3 ~ 17. 13 ~ M?
4 ~ END 14 987654321 ~ 3.
5 ~ M? I 15 ~ 3.
6 1234567890 ~ 2. 16 ~ 17.
7 ~ 3. 17 ~ 17.
8 ~ 3. 18 ~ (~:~~~~)379721.
9 ~ 5'1 19 ~ END
10 ~ (After 74) 20
seconds 3607. 122

No.
Une 1MQ@[1J Program Notes Number
alste s
Mel: 2
2 Lbl: 0 M A Gola 2 15
3 LbI: ... A -s- 2 A A '* 30
GoIa: 33
Lbl: : Frac: A -r- 0 '* : GoIa: 48
3 B 52
Lbl: !r A + C 62
Lbl: 4 B '" C '* ! GoIa! 8 Frae A ~ B 77
0 '* ~ Gola 6 84
10 Lbl: B + B 96
11 Lbl: 6 A B X B '* : GoIa: 7 111
12 ! Gola : 5 115
13 Lbl: B ... A -r- B A : Gola : 129
14 LbI: A ... 134
15 Lbl ~ E N 0 ... ! Gola : 0 145
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
A rni H 0 V
s B d P W
c:
" c Jm;+ 1
E Q X
0
o D K
~ R y
0 E
E L S Z
"
::!; F M T
G N u
123 """",0""
CAS I 0 PROGRAM SHEET
Program for I No -
Definite integrals using Simpson's rule 2
Descri~tion
f' h
I = /(x)dx=~IYo+4(Y1+Y3+ ... +Yzm-1)+2(yz+Y,+ ... +YZm-z)+Yzml
b-a
h=--
2m
The r-ight- hand portion of the above equation can be transformed as follows.
h •
I =~ Iyo+,;, (4y 20-1 +2y 2') -Y 2ml
1
Let f(x)=x'+l
Exam~le (1) a=O,b=l, 2m=10
r 1
1= 0 x'+1 dI =0.7853981537
(2) a=2,b=5, 2m=20
f' 1
I = 2 X '+ 1 dI =0.2662526769
Pre~aration and o~eration
• Store the program written on the next page .
• Execute the program as shown below in the RUN mode (~OJ).
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 ~O~ A ? 11
2 O~ B ? 12
3 1~ 2M ? 13
4 10~ 0.7853981535 14
5 ~ A ? 15
6 2~ B ? 16
7 5~ 2M ? 17
8 20~ 0.2662526769 18
9 19
10 20
124
.... ~
I No. 2
I.ile 1MQ@[i] Program Notes Number li:11
ctsteps
1 p0
2 Lbl Mel 5 I::
I":
3 A A B - : B 20 III
1,' i
2 M M 27
A G Prog 1 P B A 42
M 0 M 0 54
Lbl G + 0 G Prog :+ P 69
X 4 : - 74
G +: 0 G Prog +: P X 2 89
10 0 0 97
11 0 ~ 0 <9 Gato 104
12 B G Prog 1 P I 117
13 0 X 3 AI 123
14 Gato 125
15
16 PI
17 1 G X G + 'P 11
18
19 Total 136 steps
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
A a H 0 m (Nl1Olber of repetitions) V
'" B P W
E
2 c Q X
c
0
o D h -..!!........!!. K R Y
c:- - 2m
0 L S Z
E E
III
~ F M 2m T
G x N u
125 CAS I 0

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for 1:::. Y transformation I No.
+--+ 3
Description a 'yo -=
A R4
- Rs
-
C R3 b b
1) ~-y 2) y-~
R, R,·R2 R, R,Rs + RsR6 + R6R,
R,+ R2+ R3 Rs
Rs R2·R3 R2 R,Rs + RsR6 + R6R,
R,+ R2+ R3 R6
R6 R3·R, R3 R,Rs + RsR6 + R6R,
R,+ R2+ R3 R,
Example 0) (2)
R,=12(0) R,=100(0)
R2=47 (0) Rs=150(0)
R3=82 (0) R6=220 (0)
Preparation and operation
• Store the program written on the next page.
• Execute the program as shown below in the RUN mode (~ITll.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
~O~ ~ '-------'-,
1 D-Y:1,Y-D:21 11 D-Y: 1,Y-O:21
-
2 1~ R 1=? 12 2~ R4= ?
3 12~ R2= ? 13 100~ R5= ?
4 47~ R3= ? 14 150~ R6= ?
5 82~ R4= 15 220~ R 1=
6 ~ 4. 16 ~ 466.6666667
7 ~ R5= 17 ~ R2=
8 ~ 27.33333333 18 ~ 318.1818182·
9 ~ R6= 19 ~ R3=
10 ~ 6.978723404 20 ~ 700. 126

,.- !M@[l]
Iii!
"1 Lbl 1
'2 1 : -
"3 N =:
f- R
4
r; R 2
6 R 3
f- A +: B
7 I No.

o

3

=9 Golo 2

N '"

34

N

20

B

52

? j - A

43

c:

61

+ C -·0:

69

Program Notes Number

I----~~--~~~--.-~~--~~~~~~~~----~

Y Y 0 15

R

X B 0 ....
X C 0 ....
X C 0 .... R 5

10 R 6

81

93

105

11 Golo 1

108

12 Lbl

111

13 "

R 4 E
R - F
R 6 ? - G
X F + F X G + G X E H
R : 1 .... H -e- F ....
R 2 .... H -e- G ....
R 3 .... H -s- E ....
1 14 "

15 "

16 E

17 "

18 "

19 "

20 GolO

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

120

129

138

152

162

172

182

184

Rl R.Rs+ RsR6+ R6R. 0 V
R2 P W
R3 Q X
Rj+ R2+ R3 K R y
R, L S Z
Rs M T
R6 N For judgement U
127 A

E B 2 c §~----~--~~--------~---------+~------~ ~ D

~ E

G> ::il F

G

CASIO

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Minimum loss matching I No -
4
Description =
Calculate R, and R, which match Zo and Z, with loss minimized. (Zo>Z,)
R,
Zo--£:E-z,

R,= Zo~ 1- ~~ R,= __ Z_,_
~
z,
Minimum loss Lml,=20 log U ~~ + ~ ~~ - 1) [dB]
Example
Calculate the values of R,o R, and Lml, for Zo=50011 and Z, =20011.
Preparation and operation
• Store the program written on the next page .
• Execute the program as shown below in the RUN mode (~OJ).
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 ~O~ Z0= ? "
2 500~ Z 1=? 12
3 200~ R 1= 13
4 ~ 387.2983346 14
5 ~ R2= 15
6 ~ 258.1988897 16
7 ~ LMIN= 17
8 ~ 8.961393328 18
9 19
10 20 128

I No. 4
[M@(IJ Program Notes Number
~ of steps
z 0 y 9
Z Z 18
r Z ~ y ) A 29
y X A R Z + A S y + Z 44
B 2 0 X log .J B + .J: B 59
T 65
R .... R .... 73
R 2 .... S .... 81
L M N T 90
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22 :
23 :
24
25
26
27
28
A ~ l--¥o- H 0 V
!'l B ~ P W
c z,
Q) X
E C Q
0
~ D K R Rl Y Zo
~ E L S R2 Z ZI
Q)
~ F M T Lmin
G N U
129 CASID

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for I No. -
Cantilever under concentrated load 5
Descri~tion
E : Young's modulus [kg/ram"]
~> I : Geometrical moment of inertia (mm4)
a : Distance of concentrated load
from support (mm)
P : Load (kg)
x : Distance of point of interest from
the support [mm]
Deflection y [mm] , Angle of deflection s ('), Bending moment M (kg' mm]
CD I >x >a @x;Sa
Pa;l Pa' _ P 3 Pa l
Y=6EI-~x Y-6E[X -~x
[ Pa'] s =tan " [~(x -2a) 1
s =tan " -2Ef 2EI
M =0 (shearing load W s = 0 ) M = P (x -a) (shearing load W s = P)
Exam~le E =4000 kg/mm"
1= 5mm' What are deflection, angle of deflection, bending mo·
a =30mm ment and shearing load at x = 25 mm and x = 32 mm ?
P = 2 kg
Pre~aration and o~eration
• Store the program written on the next page .
• Execute the program as shown below in the RUN mode (~[Ill.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
~ ~- .. ------,------ --- f---
1 ~O~ E=? " ~ -10.
2 4000~ 1= ? 12 ~ X=?
3 5~ A=? 13 32~ y=
4 30~ P=? 14 ~' -0.99
5 2~ X=? 15 ~ s=
6 25~ y= 16 ~ -2.57657183
7 ~ -0.6770833333 17 ~IM=
8 ~ s= 18 ~ 0.
9 ~ -2.505092867 19 Repeat from step 5
10 ~ M= 20
130
',,,,,,, I No. 5
liJe ~rn Program Notes Number
ofsteos
1 Deg E E .. 15
2 A A P 30
P 34
4 Lbl X X 45
5 X '" A 9 GolD 2 52
6 y .. : ... p X A: :x' 2 X E X 67
X A -r- X ... 78
S ... : tan-I: !H: p X A :x' 93
X E X ) ... M ... 0 ... 107
10 GolD 1 110
11 Lbl ; 113
12 .. y ...... p X X :x' -s- X E X 129
13 X X A ... 139
14 .. S ... : tan" : p X X 2 X E 154
15 X ) X ( X X A ... 167
16 .. M =: .. ... p X X A .... 180
17 GolD 182
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
A H 0 V
'" B P P W
C
Q)
C c Q X x
0
0 D K
?: R Y
0 E
E E L S Z
Q)
:E F M T
G N u
131 1
1 I No. 6
li"e [@§l2J Program Notes Number
01 steos
" x X
:
+ 0 2 6 9 X 23
X : - T '" 2 X " X e" 38
( :( ): X x' 2 : -: Q 48
p X ~ Q X 0 63
9 8 X T :+ (-) 0 5 6 78
5 6 3 2 X T x' + 8 93
7 9 X T x, : + (-) 1 2 108
2 5 9 8 X T x' + 123
10 0 7 9 X T x' 136
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
A H 0 V
Ul B P
'E W
Q)
§ C Q ;t X x
o D
e- K R y
0 E
E L S Z
Q)
::E F M T
G N u
133 CAS I 0

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for -I No. -
Normal distribution 6
DescriQtion
Obtain normal distribution function ; (r) (by Hastings best approximation).
; (x) = f_'=; tdx •
1 I'
;t=--e -,
.f21t
1
Put t = 1+Px
1> (x) "" 1- 1> t (CIt + C21'+ C3t'+ c,t'+ cst')
P =0.2316419 C3=1.78147937
C, =0.31938153 C4=-1.821255978
C2= -0.356563782 C5=1.330274429
ExamQle
Calculate the values of 1> (x) at x = 1.18 and x =0.7.
PreQaration and oQeration
• Store the program written on the next page .
• Execute the program as shown below in the RUN mode (IMQQ§m).
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 ~O~ X=? 11
2 1.18~ PX= 12
3 ~ 0.880999696 13
4 ~O~ X=? 14
5 0.7~ PX= 15
6 ~ 0.7580361367 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20 132

CASID

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Graph variation by parameters j No. 7
=ee
Description
Damped vibration ~
(i) E >n (Overdamping)
PI=-E+~ P2=-E-~ If
x = VO-XOP2 ePH- Vo-IaPI eP21
P1-P2 P1-P2 ~
(ii) E =n (Critical damping)
I= /Io+(Vo+EIo)t!e<'
(iii) E <n (Damping vibration) II A !\ r. A ~
x =e " Ixocos~ n2-t2 t+ vo+ tXa • sin~ n2_£2 tI
~ V V V V v
Example
Draw a graph of the damping vibration that possesses the following para-
meters:
(I) E = 0.1 (2) E = 0.2 (3) E = 0.2
n = l.5 n = 0.2 n = 0.18
Io = 2.5 Io = 2 Io= -2
vo = 1 vo = 0.6 Vo = l.5
Preparation and operation
• Store the program written on the next page.
A IO H 0 V
!!l B Vo I P PI = -E +.JE2=-n' W
c:
G) .rnr=E' P2=-E-~
§ C J Q X t
0 D K R y x
e
0 E L S Z
E E
G)
:::E F M T
G N n U 134

1

I No. 7
i line 1M@[l] Program Notes Number
of steps
1 Rad: .. 2
2 Range! 0 2 5 5 (-) 3 3 , 1 : .. 17
3 " E P S I L 0 N = " ? - E : .. 31
4 " N = " ? - N .. 39
5 " X 0 = " ? : - A .. 48
6 " : V 0 = " ? : - B .. 57
7 E ) N 9 ! Goto 1 .. : 64
8 E = N 9 : Goto 2 .. 71
9 r-! ( N x2 j - E x2 j ) : - C .. 82
10 Grnph! e' ( H: E X ) ( A cos ( C X ) + 97
11 ( B + E A ) C : £' : sin ( C X : ) : ) : .. 112
12 Goto: 0 .. : : 115
13 Lbl: 1 .. 118
14H! E + r: : ( E x' - N x' ) - p .. 132
15 H! E - s: ( E x' - : N x' ) - Q .. 146
:
16 Graph! ( B - : A Q ) ( p - Q ) x·' e= ( 161
17 P X ) -: ( B:- A p ) ( p - Q ) 176
18 x·' e= ( Q : X ) : .. 183
·19 Goto: 0 .. 186
20 Lbl 2 .. 189
21 Graph! ( A + ( B + E A ) X ) e= ( !H 204
22 E X ) .. : 208
23 Lbl: 0 : : : : 210
24 : : : : :
25 : : : Total 210 steps
26 : :
27
28 : :
29 • : : :
30 . : : :
31
32
33 : : :
: :
34 : : : :
35 : : :
36 J. !
135 Program for I No -
Graph variation by parameters 7
Key operation Display -
Step
[§]O~ Pro 9 0 -
EPSILON=?
O.1~ 0.1
N=?
1 1.5~ 1.5
x0=?
2.5~ 2.5
v0=?
1~
2 1\ A 1\ f\ A r-;
VVV V V ':::7
[§]O~ . Pro 9 0
EPS I LON=?
O.2~ 0.2
N=?
3 O.2~ 0.2
x0=?
2~ 2
v0=?
O.6~ ~
4
136

program for I No
Graph variation by parameters 7
Step Key. operation Display
[§]O~ Pro 9 0
EPS I LON=?
O.2~ 0.2
5 N=?
O.18~ 0. 18
x0=?
rr=:IJ 2 ~ -2
V0=?
1.5~
6 ~
fl
7
8 137

CAS I 0

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Hysteresis loop I No 8
Descrij:1tion
When a ferromagnetic specimen is sus-
B (Magnetic flux ~ tained in a magnetic field, the specimen be-
density)
( comes magnetized. The B·H relationship can
be represented by a hysteresis curve.
J~"(M~"('''',"(
rrr .: -r
JI) _L- LJ
Soft magnetic substance Ferromagnetic substance
Examj:1le Hysteresis curve of soft magnetic material
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 • Number of data items: 17
H 0.4 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 • Number of data items in the
B 0.5 0.86 1.2 1.32 1.4 1.31 1.22 1.13 1.1 main loop: 12

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 • Within 20 data items.
H 0 -0.3 -0.5 -0.8 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0
B 0.96 0.66 0 -0.53 -0.72 -1.15 -1.33 -1.4
Prej:1aration and oj:1eralion
• Store the program written on the next page.
A Number of data items H 0 V
2l B Number of data items I p W
c in the main loop
Q) J Q X
'E C
0
0 D K R Y
e
0 E L S 2
E
Q) 2(1) 2(20) B
:lE F M T
G F(1)-F(20) H N U 138

I No. 8
Line m~ Program Notes Number
of steps
1 Range!(-) 4 7 4 7 1 c-: 1 15
2 5 5 1 5 5 0 5 .. 27
3 Defm! 2 0 .. : 31
4 .. N 0 SPACE 0 F SPACE: 0 A T A .. ? - 46
5 A .. Lbl 9 .. 51
6 .. M A I N SPACE L 0 0 p .. : 62
7 N : 0 SPACE 0 F SPACE 0 A T A .. ? : B 77
: - :
8 .. 78
9 B > 2 0 =} Goto 9 .. 86
10 1 - C Plot 0 0 .. : 95
:
11 Lbl: 0 .. H = .. ? - F ( C ) .. 109
.. .. :
12 : B = ? - Z ( C ) .. : 120
13 Plot : F ( C ) Z ( C ) Line ~ 133
14 C + 1 - C .. 139
15 C : * A + 1 =} Goto 0 .. : 148
: :
16 A - B + 1 - 0 .. 156
17 Lbl " 1 Plot (-) F ( 0 ) {-) Z ( 0 : ) 171
18 : Line .. 174
19 0 + 1 - 0 .. 180
20 0 * A + 1 =} Goto 1 .. : 189
: :
21 " E N 0 " 194
22
23
24 : Memory 20X8=160
25 :
:
26 Total 354 steps
27
28 :
29 :
30
31
32 :
33
34
35
36 139

Program for Hysteresis loop I No -
8
Step Key operation Display -
[§J o [ill] Pro 9 0 -
NO. OF DATA?
1
17 [ill] Pro 9 0 -
NO. OF DATA?
17
MAIN LOOP
2 NO. OF DATA?
12 [ill] Pro 9 0
NO. OF DATA?
1 7
MAIN LOOP
3 NO. OF DATA?
1 2
H=?
0.4 [ill]
0.5 [ill]
II
4 140

r-Program for Hysteresis loop I No. 8
f- Key operation Display
Step
f- [ill]
1.0 [ill]
0.86 [ill] 1/
5
Input data in order.
6
[ill] -1.33
don e
H=?
-4
7 B=?
-1 .4
don e
END
B v--
8 (
~ ~
141

~

11

CASIO

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Regression curve \ No. g
i
Description

i Logarithmic regression curve
Regression formula: y=A+Blnx -,:
B n' ~(y 'Inx)- ~Inx' ~y
n ~(Inx)'-(~Inx)'
~y -B· ~Inx II
A
n
ii Exponential regression curve .~
Regression fgrmula: y =A'e'" i
B n~(xlny)- ~x· ~Iny I
n' ~x'_(~x)2
( ~Iny -B· ~x )
A=e
n
iii Power regression curve )
Regression formula: y=A'x'
B n ~ (Inx ·Iny)- ~ Inx . ~ Iny
n' ~(lnx)'_(~lnx)2
A ~Iny -B· ~Inx
n
• See page 144 for an example.
Preparation and operation
• Store the program written on the next page.
A A or In A H ~(Inx)' 0 V ~x
~ B B I P ~y' W n
s C ~In x J Q ~y X x data
c:
0 y data
0 ~In y K R ~xy y
D
e
0 X~ln y L S For selection of I 3 Z
E E
CD
::!: F Y~lnx M T
G ~(In x-In y) N U ~X2

142
.~ I No.
Program
: LA 2
0 C H ..
: .. ....
A iSPACE N E N D ..
1 : SPACE E X E .. g'
Notes Number
of stepS
10
17
31
42
45
53
61
76
91
106
111
116
118
12
25
37
46
53
60
67
72
15
29
36
43
50 D A T

A C
Lbl: 1
X
.. Y
In X
10 In Y
11 In X
12 + H
13 X
14 GoIO:
15 ..

X ..
y ..
+ C C In Y + D D X
+ E E Y In X + F F
X In Y + G G ( In X x'
H ..
Y : DT .... 16 PI !§QE]! I±I COMP:
17 y = : A +: B In X SPACE - ..
18 y'= A : X e' ; B X ) SPACE ..
19 y A X X x' B SPACE SPACE 3 ..
20 1 3- S ..
21 s =} Prog ! ..
22 S 2 =} Prog : 8 ..
23 S =} Prog : 9 ..
24 .. E N D
25 26 P7 i~§QE] I±I

: LA 2
C Q ) W H C x' x·1
Q B C W X-I A ..
In X ....
.... ! A ....
.... : B .... 28 B

29 Graph: A + B

30" A

31 .. B

32

33

34

35

143

36

CAS I 0

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Regression curve \ No 9
Example
Perform exponential regression of the following data:
\ xi \ 2.2\ 5.6 \ 9.5\13.8\18.0 \23.2 29.9\37.8\
\ y i \35.6\28.1\23.0117.9\12.9\10.2 6.2 L 4.0 j
Draw an exponential regression curve, and use the trace (unction to estimate the
value for y when X = 20. Also. obtain the values of A and B of the regression for-
mula.
Range values:
X min : -10 Y min : -10
X max : 50 Y max : 55
X sci : 10 y sci : 10
Pre~aration and o~eration
• Store the program written on the next page.
A H 0 V
~ B I P W
c:
~ C J Q X
0
o D K R y
~
0 E
E L S Z
Q)
~ F M T
G N U 144

I No.

Program

Une [MQ@iI1
P8!~i~: m
w E
B
Grap~ : e: A X
A : . "
B : . "
7
8 P9i~i~: I±l:
( W G
10 B
11 Grap~ : .. A X
12 " A LR 2

9

Notes Number of steps

V D . W

u V x' x"
W x" A ..
•
• 45

D B V

e= B X AI

AI, B AI

- : LR' 2
C D W H C x2 ~ x"
D B c wi £' A ..
X x' : B AI
AI e= A AI •
AI B AI 13 " B
14
15
16
17 • t
18 • •
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36 15

29

37

52

15

29

37

45

52

Total 344 steps

145

Program for 1 No -
Regression curve 9
Step Key operation Display -
[§]O[@ Pro 9 0 -
(Range setting check) Range OK?
- Disp -
1
Set range values.
~ Range
[GJ 10[@ Xmi n :-10
2 50[@ max:50
10[@ Sci: 10
[GJ10[@ Ymin:-10
55[@ max:55
10 sci: 10_
[@ Pro 9 0
[@ Range OK?
After data input is complete, DATA IN -END-
3 press the [gJ key and ex- AC-Prog 1 EXE
ecute the program in Prog 1. X : ?
2.2 []ill DATA IN -END-
35.6[@ AC-Prog 1 EXE
X : ?
4 2.2
Y: ?
35.6
2.2
- Di S P - 146

Program for Regression curve I No 9
Step Key operation Display
[@ DATA IN -END-
AC-Prog 1 EXE
X : ?
2.2
5 Y : ?
35.6
2.2
X : ?
Input data in order.
6
4.0[@ 6.2
29.9
X : ?
37.8
7 Y : ?
4.0
37.8
- Disp -
B
8 147

Program for J No. -
Regression curve 9
Step Key operation Display
em Pro 9 1
~ 1 [ill] Y=A+Bln X -+1
Y=AXe(BX) -+2
Y=AXXxYB -+3
9 1 ~3: ?
2 [ill] \
(Select exponential regres-
sion). ~
10

[§Eiill~ \
11 I~
X=-4.893617021
@J- ~,~~
Move pointer to X=20
12
I X=20. 148

16

Program for

Regression curve

9

Step Key operation Display

~~---------------------~--------~----~--------

\

13

1.86149086 __

. Y=AXe (BX) -+2

Y=AXXxYB -+3

1 ~3: ?

2

[ill]
[ill]
14 I
1
I
I
1 [ill]
i[ill]
15 I
I don e

r----+---------------+II, -;---3-: _, 40 . ~ 8 ~ ~: 7 ;_

I don e

A:

I

i

I B:

[ -0.06162460519

I -Disp-

I---~----------------.----.,--------.---~--

I 1 ~3 : ? [ 2

I don e

II A:

40.68214077

I B:-0.06162460519 i END

40.68214077

149

CAS I 0

PROGRAM SHEET

Program for

Parade diagram

10

Description

One example of a parade diagram application is problem solving in Q C activities. The problem is quantitatively analyzed based on actual data concerning its extent, and the main points demanding attention are determined.

Horizontal axis: Problem classification

(Item 6 in this example) Vertical axis: (Right) Occupation ratio

(Left): Problem extent in each classification

100%

I

Problem frequency

Occupation ratio

Classification (problem areas)

Create a parade diagram using
the data on the right. Problem areas Frequency
A 105
B 65
C 35
D 20
E 15
Others 10 Preparation and operation
• Store the program written on the next page.
A Input data H a V
Zl B I P W n
c
C1> X Count of data
'E C J Q
0
0 D K R y
e-
0 E L S Display count Z Sum of data
E
C1> Z(1)-Z(6)
:::E F M T
G N u
150 I No. 10
liie !MQ@[IJ Program Notes Number
otsteps
1 p0 iSHIFTlMoo8 [X] -: SD2i
2 scr : :Mel : Defmi 6 .. : 7
3 Awlgei 0 6 1 0 5 0 0 5 0 22
4 .. 23
5 Lbl: 1 ..: : : 26
6 .. D A : T A : .. ? - A .. 36
7 X A i DT .. : 41
8 X + 1 - X X s 5 ~ i GotD i 1 .. 54
9 Rangei W W -r- 1 0 .. 66
10 Gmph i .... 68
11 Plot : 0 0 .. : : : 73
12 1 - S .. • • • 77
13 Lbl: 2 .. 80
14 Z [ S ) + z - z .. 89
15 Plot : S : Z Line : .. 96
16 S + 1 - S S s 6 ~ : GotD: .2 .. 109
17 Graph :, W:, • .. 111
18 : • • •
19 ~emory 6X8=48
20
21 Total 159 steps
22
23 :
24
25 :
26
27
28 :
29
30
31
32
33 :
34 :
35 • •
36 : : 151

Program for Parade diagram I No 10
Step Key operation Display
[§]O[@ Pro 9 0
DATA?
1
105[@ Pro 9 0
DATA?
105
DATA?
2
65[@ Pro 9 0
DATA?
105
DATA?
3 65
DATA?
Input data in order.
4 152

Program for I No.
Parade diagram 10
Step Key operation Display
10[@ f
(Bar graph display)
5 Il-l I I ,
I
I
I
[@
(Parade diagram display) ~//~~-
6
/ nr

7
8
I
I
I 153

REFERENCE MATERIAL

• Error messages

Message Meaning i Countermeasure
Syn CDComputation formula CDUse ~ or [2J to display
ERROR contains an error. the point where the error
CZ)Formula in a program was generated and cor-
contains an error. rect it.
CZ)Use ~ or [2J to display
the point where the error
I was generated, press
[ill and then correct the
I program in the WRT
mode.
Ma I CDComputation result ex- CDCZ)@
ERROR ceeds computation range. Check the input numeric
I CZ)Computation is per- value and correct it.
formed outside the input When using memories,
range of a function. check that the numeric
@lIlogical operation (divi- values stored in memor-
sion by zero, etc.) ies are correct.
Go CDNo corresponding Lbl n CDCorrectly input a Lbl n to
ERROR to Goto n. correspond to the Goto
CZ)No program stored in n, or delete the Goto n if
program area P n which not required.
corresponds to Prog n. CZ)Store a program in prog-
ram area P n to cortes-
I pond to Prog n, or delete
the Prog n if not required .
Ne • Nesting of subroutines by • Ensure that Prog n is not
ERROR Prog n exceeds 10 used to return from sub-
levels. routines to main routine.
If used, delete any un-
necessary Prog n .
• Trace the subroutine
jump destinations and
ensure that no jumps are
made back to the origin-
al program area. Ensure
that returns are made
correctly. 155

Stk • Execution of computa- • Simplify the formulas to
ERROR tions that exceed the keep stacks within 8
capacity of the stack for levels for the numeric
numeric values or stack values and 20 levels for
for computations. the computations.
• Divide the formula into
two or more parts.
Mem • Attempt to use a memory • Expand memories using
ERROR such as Z[5] when no ~D(Defm).
memory has been ex- • Use memories within the
panded. current number of
memories.
Arg Incorrect argument speci- Correct the argument.
ERROR fication for a command that • Sci n, Fix n: n= natural
requires an argument. number from 0 through 9.
• Goto n, Lbl n, Prog n: n
= natural number from 0
through 9.
• Defm n: n = natural
number between 0 to the
number of remaining
steps. 10gx,lnx 10'

.fX

x2

xy

lI..fX (x'/Y) Pol (x, y) Rec (T, 0)

O<x <10'00 -10,oo<x<100 o ~ x <10"Xl

Ixl < 1050

Ixl < 1 0100, X =1=0 Ixl<10'oo

o ~ x ~ 69 (x is an integer.) When X<O, y is a natural number. x=O-+y>O

x~ 0, y =1=0

Ixl < 10'00, Iyl < 10'00 However, ~ X2+y2 < 10'00 ITI <10'00, 101 ~ 9X109 degree

101 ~ 5X10':n: rad 101 < 10'Ogra

Binary number

sexagesimal seconds exceed a total of 11 digits, the higher (degrees, minutes) values will be given priority, and displayed in 11 digits.

Ixl <1050, Iyl <1050, Inl <10'°0

Octal number

• Input range of functions (general principles)

Hexadecimal number Dectmal+

Function name Input range
sinx, cosx, tanx Ixl ~ 9X109 degree
Ixl ~ 5X10':n: rad
Ixl <10'Ogra
sin-'x, cos:» Ixl~1
tan ",» Ixl<10'oo
e' -10'00< x ~ 230. 2585092
sinhx, coshx Ixl ~ 230. 2585092
tanhx Ixl <10'00
slnh ",» Ixl <5X1099
cosh-'x , 1 ~ x<5X1099
tanh ",» Ixl<1 Statistical com-

putation

(Positive) 111111111111111 ~ x ~ 0 (Negative) 1111111111111111 ~ x ~ 1000000000000000

(Positive) 17777777777 ~ x ~ 0

(Negative) 37777777777 ~ x ~ 20000000000 (Positive) 7 FFFFFFF ~ x ~ 0

(Negative) FFFFFFFF ~ x ~ 80000000

Ixl ~ 9999999.999. If degrees,minutes and

• As a rule, the accuracy of a result is ± 1 at the 10th digit.

• Errors may be cumulative with such internal continuous computations with the functions, x", X'ly, xl, 'I./X, and accuracy is sometimes affected.

• In tanx, Ixl=l=90·X(2n+1), Ixl=l=" hradX(2n+1), Ixl=l=100 gra (2n+1), (n is an integer.)

• With sinh x and tanh x, when x = 0, errors are cumulative and accuracy is affected.

156

157

SPECIFICATIONS

Model: fx-7000GA I Computations I Basic computation functions:

Built-in functions:

Statistical computation functions:

Memories:

Computation range:

Rounding:

158

I Programs I

Number of steps: 422 maximum

Jump function:

Negative numbers, exponents, parenthetical addition/subtraction/multiplication/division(with priority sequence judgement function-true algebraic logic).

Trigonometric/inverse trigonometric functions (units of angular measurement: degrees, radians, grads), hyperbolic/inverse hyperbolic functions, logarithmic/exponential functions, reciprocals, factorials, square roots, cube roots, powers, roots, squares, decimal-sexagesimal conversions, binary-octal-hexadecimal conversions/computations, coordinate transformations, 'TC, random nurnbers.: absolute values, integers, fractions.

Standard deviation-number of data, sum, sum of squares, mean, standard deviation (two types). Linear regression-number of data, sum of x, sum of y, sum of squares of y, sum of squares of x, mean of x, mean of y, standard deviation of x (two types), standard deviation of y (two types), constant term, regression coefficient, correlation coefficient, estimated value of x, estimated value of y.

26 standard (78 maximum)

±1 X1O-99~±9.999999999X1099 and O.

Internal operation uses 13-digit mantissa.

Performed according to the specified number of slqnlficant digits or the number of specified decimal places.

Subroutines:

Number of stored programs:

Check function:

I Graph function I Built-in function graphs:

Graph commands:

Graphs:

I Common section I Power supply:

Power consumption:

Battery life:

Auto power off:

Ambient temperature range:

Dimensions:

Weight:

Unconditional jump (Goto), 10 maximum Conditional jump (=, ~, >, <, ~, ~) Count jumps (Isz, Dsz)

9 levels

10 maximum (PO to P9)

Program checking, debugging, deletion, addition, etc.

(20 types) sin, cos, tan, sin". coso" tan", sinh, cosh, tanh, sinh". cosh", tanh", log, In, 10r, e ', x', F', 3..j, z "

Graph, Range, Plot, Trace, Factor, Line, X-Y, I n stant factor

User generated functions, statistical graphs (bar graphs, line graphs, normal distribution curves, regression lines)

Three lithium batteries (CR2032) 0.04W

Approximately 100 hours on type CR2032. Power is automatically switched off approximately 6 minutes after last operation.

0°C-40°C(32°F-104°F)

14mmH X 83.5mmW X 167mmD (9h6"H X 31/4"W X 65/8"0)

152g (5.4oz) including batteries

159