EYES and EARS

Anatomy and Physiology

Layers:
 SCLERAE/ CORNEA

 CHOROID
• Ciliary Body
• Iris

 RETINA
• Rods
• Cones
 
Anatomy and Physiology
 LENS

 VITREOUS HUMOR

 AQUEOUS HUMOR
• Anterior Chamber
• Posterior Chamber
Anatomy and Physiology
 CONJUNCTIVAE

 LACRIMAL GLAND

 EYE MUSCLES
• Rectus
• Oblique

 CRANIAL NERVES
• CN II, III, IV, VI
Anatomy and Physiology
L Eye OS
R Eye OD
Both Eyes OU
SNELLEN CHART
• Visual acuity
• 20 feet from chart

Nursing Care:
 Covers one eye and uses
other eye
 Read line which appears
most clearly
Wear corrective lenses
SNELLEN CHART
Normal: 20/20
• Numerator →Distance from chart
• Denominator → Distance at which a normal
eye can read

 MYOPIA → Near sightedness

 HYPEROPIA → Far sightedness
Anatomy and Physiology
 EARS
• Hearing
• Equilibrium
Anatomy and Physiology
 EXTERNAL EAR
• Auricle
• Tympanic membrane
 
 MIDDLE EAR
• Ossicles
• Eustachian tube
 
 INNER EAR
• Semilunar canals
• Cochlear
 In hearing, air-borne sound waves funnel down through
the ear canal and strike the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The
vibrations are passed to the small bones of the middle ear
(ossicles), which form a system of interlinked mechanical
levers: First, vibrations pass to the malleus (hammer), which
pushes the incus (anvil), which pushes the stapes (stirrup). The
base of the stapes rocks in and out against the oval window -
this is the entrance for the vibrations. The stapes agitates the
perilymph of the bony labyrinth. At this point, the vibrations
become fluid-borne. The perilymph, in turn, transmits the
vibrations to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth and,
thence, to the hair cells of the organ of Corti. It is the movement
of these hair cells which convert the vibrations into nerve
impulses. The round window dissipates the pressure
generated by the fluid vibrations, thus serves as the release
valve: It can push out or expand as needed.  The nerve
impulses travel over the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex of
the brain, which interprets the impulses as sound. 
WEBER TEST- The Weber test is a quick screening
test for hearing. It can detect unilateral (one-sided)
conductive hearing loss and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The test

is named after Ernst Heinrich Weber

Normal:
Sound heard equally
 CONDUCTIVE:

→ Louder
 SENSORINEURAL:

→ Opposite
In the Weber test a tuning fork (either 256 or 512 Hz) is struck and the
stem of the fork is placed on the top of the patient's skull - equal
distance from the patient's ears, in the middle of the forehead - equal
distance from the patient's ears or above the upper lip over the teeth.
The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder.
 RINNE TEST- The Rinne test is a hearing test. It compares perception
of sounds, as transmitted by air or by bone conduction through the
mastoid. Thus, one can quickly suspect conductive hearing loss.
A Rinne test should always be accompanied by a Weber test to also detect
sensorineural hearing loss and thus confirm the nature of hearing loss.
The Rinne test was named after German otologist Heinrich Adolf Rinne

Normal:
Sound heard in front of pinna

Findings:
(+) Rinne test → Normal
(-) Rinne test → Conductive
The Rinne test is performed by placing a vibrating tuning fork (512
or 256 Hz) initially on the mastoid process until sound is no longer
heard, the fork is then immediately placed just outside the ear.
Normally, the sound is audible at the ear.