Department of Computer Engg.

Location-based spatial query processing in

wireless

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
We propose a scalable low-latency approach for processing LBSQs in broadcast
environments. Our approach leverages ad hoc networks to share information among mobile
clients in a peer-to-peer (P2P) manner. The rationale behind our approach is based on the
following observations:
 when a mobile user launches a nearest neighbor (NN) query, in many situations, she
would prefer an approximate result that arrives with a short response time rather than an
accurate result with a long latency.
 P2P approaches can be valuable for applications where the response time is an important
concern. Through mobile cooperative caching of the result sets, query results can be
efficiently shared among mobile clients.
 The results of spatial queries often exhibit spatial locality. For example, if two MHs are
close to each other, the result sets of their spatial queries may overlap significantly.

1 .2 Purpose
User mobility and data exchange through wireless communication give LBSQs some
unique characteristics that traditional spatial query processing in centralize databases does not
address. Novel query processing techniques must be devised to handle these new challenges.

1. Mobile query semantics. In a mobile environment, a typical LBSQ is of the form “find the top-
three nearest hospitals.” The result of the query depends on the location of its requester. Caching
and sharing of query results must take into consideration the location of the query issuer.

2. High workload. The database resides in a centralized server, which typically serves a large
mobile user community through wireless communication. Consequently, bandwidth constraints
and scalability become the two most important design concerns of LBSQ algorithms [2].

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3. Query Promptness and Accuracy. Due to users’ mobility, answers to an LBSQ will lose their
relevancy if there is a long delay in query processing or in communication. For example, answers
to the query “find the top-three nearest hospitals” received after five minutes of high-speed
driving will become meaningless.

1 .3 Scope
The scope of the project is to reduce the latency considerably in answering LBSQs. Our
approach is based on peer-to-peer sharing, which enables us to process queries without delay at a
mobile host by using query results cached in its neighboring mobile peers.

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MH-Mobile Host

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1.4 Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations

LBSQ - Location based special query
MH - Mobile host
P-TO-P- PEER TO PEER

1.5 References
Wikipedia
How Stuff Works
www.gaspricewatch.com.
www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/saferesr/trafdata/...
IEEE Papers

1.6 Overview
This subsection should describe what the rest of the SRS contains and explain how the
document is organized.

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CHAPTER 2
PROJECT PREREQUISITE

2 .1 History (Survey the history for the project under consideration)

Spatial query processing is becoming an integral part of many new applications.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of location-based spatial queries(LBSQs),
which refer to a set of spatial queries that retrieve information based on mobile users’ current
locations[10].User mobility and data exchange through wireless communication give LB-SQs
some unique characteristics that traditional spatial query processing in centralized databases does
not address.

2.2 Comparison of Existing System

• Existing techniques cannot be used effectively in a wireless broadcast environment,
where only sequential data access is supported.
• It may not scale to very large user populations.
• In an existing system to communicate with the server, a client must most likely use a
fee-based cellular-type network to achieve a reasonable operating range.
• Third, users must reveal their current location and send it to the server, which may be
undesirable for privacy reasons

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CHAPTER 3
SRS DOCUMENT
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1 Purpose
It is a user mobility and data exchange through wireless communication gives LBSQs
some unique characteristics that traditional spatial query processing in centralize databases does
not address. Novel query processing techniques must be devised to handle these new challenges.
The primary purpose of the LBSQs is to bring the desired information to the user in least
time. Spatial queries that retrieve information based on mobile user’s current location.
3.1.2 Document Conventions

 Fonts: Ariel Black, Size: 11, for detailed descriptions.

 Fonts: Ariel Black, Size: 11, bold for Protocols used in the system.
 Fonts: Ariel Black, Size: 11, italic for references.
 LBSQ- Location Based Spatial Query Processing
 MH-Mobile Host
 P2P- Peer to Peer

3.1.3 Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions

This document is for developers and testers of this system. It contains the detailed
analysis of the system along with the functional and non functional requirements. It gives the
entire view of the system. It contains overall description of the system, discussing in detail the

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scope, operating environment, and external as well as internal interfaces, functionality of

different operations and security concerns and measures for the system. The flow goes as Overall
Description followed by external interface requirements followed by system features and finally
non functional requirement.

3.1.4 Product Scope

The system is capable of handling the entire Mobile Host (p to p) based on ad hoc
network. Primary purpose of the project is to reduce the latency considerably in answering
LBSQs. Our approach is based on peer-to-peer sharing, which enables us to process queries
without delay at a mobile host by using Query results cached in its neighboring mobile
peers. Our approach is based on peer-to-peer sharing. When a mobile user launches a nearest
neighbor (NN) query, would prefer an approximate result that arrives with a short response
time rather than an accurate result with a long latency. Query results can be efficiently shared
among mobile clients.

3.1.5 References

Wikipedia
How Stuff Works
www.gaspricewatch.com.
www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/saferesr/trafdata/...
IEEE Papers

3.2. Overall Description

3.2.1 Product Perspective

 LBSQs have certain unique characteristics that the traditional spatial query processing in
centralized databases does not address.
 It has all the basic functionality along with basic security and privacy.
 Characteristics of LBSQs that enable the development of effective sharing methods in
broadcast environments.

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3.2.2 Product Functions

 User should enter the valid query of the desired answer to be searched.
 Mobile host will connect to each other through 3 ways by algorithmic approach.
 After connection the MH (Mobile Host) will send the query to Server Database to get the
corresponding answer of the query. At this stage NN (Nearest Neighbor) algorithm will
be implement.
 If the nodes are not in the range of the questioner then the second algorithm will be
implement that is Share based nearest neighbor (SBNN).
 If there are two nodes which are having the same information of that query then third
algorithm will be implemented which reduces the redundancy.
 Partial result can be extracted by applying these algorithm.

3.2.3 User Classes and Characteristics

Users: Different Users who want to search information on Mobile Technology.

3.2.4 Operating Environment

1. A mobile phone should be GPRS enabled.
2. Should be support J2ME.

3.2.5 Design and Implementation Constraints

1. Time is an important constraint for development.
2. Knowledge and technical know-how is limited.
Tools and databases to be used:
 C #.
 ASP.NET
 Visual studio 2005 and above
 Microsoft SQL Server 2005
 Frontend language C#

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3.2.6 User Documentation

List the user documentation components (such as user manuals, on-line help, and
tutorials) that will be delivered along with the software. Identify any known user documentation
delivery formats or standards.

3.2.7 Assumptions and Dependencies

Dependencies:
 System will require a wireless broadband connection.
 The procedure will be dependent on the installed version of J2ME (on every mobile
phone).
 The speed of the internet will affect the performance.
Assumptions:
 The system must have a well working mobile phones.
 The system must have a properly functional version of J2ME installed.

3.3 External Interface Requirements

3.3.1 User Interfaces

 A GUI, having a bar for queries followed by a GO button.
 GUI also contains a status bar to show the current status of the queries.
 It also has a tool bar containing icons for shortcuts like REFRESH, STOP, HELP,
HISTORY, FORWARD, BACK.
 HELP icon will appear on every screen, error message display.
o Forward Button : When user clicks on the Forward Button the browser displays
the next page if that page resides in.
 Back Button : When user clicks on the Back Button the browser displays the
previous page if that page resides in.

3.3.2 Hardware Interfaces

Processor: Pentium IV and above
Hard disk: Min 20Gb

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Standard : Key board and Mouse

3.3.3 Software Interfaces

Application : Visual studio 2005 and above
Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Tools : Front end language C#
Services Needed : wireless broadcast environment

3.3.4 Communications Interfaces

The no. of mobile hosts.
Wireless broadband environment.
Java based application on mobile like browser.
Privacy assured as user not need to tell their existing location.

3.4 System Features

3.4.1 GO button.
3.4.1.1 Description and Priority
It is a very important feature of this system. It basically starts the connection with wireless when
clicked. It is of high priority and a must for the system.
3.4.1.2 Stimulus/Response Sequences
 When user clicks on GO button, the browser finds the entered URL in the local cache.
 If found it connects to the MH.
 If not found, web browser tries to send GET HTTP command to root DNS server.

3.4.2 System Feature

3.4.2.1 Forward Button
This button provides user with the facility to see next page if it resides in the Mobile
memory.
3.4.2.2 Stimulus/Response Sequences
When user clicks on the forward button the browser checks the entered queries into

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memory, if found displays the content on the screen.

3.4.2.3 Functional requirement
A function that checks the entered query with the previously stored pages and if the
match found, display the contents of that page on the screen.

3.4.3 Backward Button

3.4.3.1 Description and Priority
This button provides user with the facility to see previous page if it resides in the
memory.
3.4.3.2 Stimulus/Response Sequences
When user clicks on the backward button the browser checks the entered query into
memory, if found displays the content on the screen.
3.4.3.3 Functional requirement
A function that checks the entered query with the previously stored pages and if the
match found , display the contents of that page on the screen.

3.4.4 Refresh Button

3.4.4.1 Description and Priority
This button provides user with the facility to reload the page if any discrepancies occur in
connections.
3.4.4.2 Stimulus/Response Sequences
When user clicks on the refresh button the browser stops the rendering process.
It reconnects to the same query and reloads the contents again.
3.4.4.3 Functional requirement
A function that stop rendering the contents, and reconnects to the same query and render
the contents again.

3.4.5 History Button

3.4.5.1 Description and Priority
This button provides user with the facility to view the log of the pages previously visited.

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3.4.5.2 Stimulus/Response Sequences

When user clicks on the history button the browser access the files where history of the
pages is stored.
It displays the list of visited pages along with the day, date and time of the page visited.
3.4.5.3 Functional Requirements
 Requires a data structures of file type to store the list of the pages visited.
 Requires a display function to display the list of pages visited along with day, date
and time of the visit.
3.4.5.4 Functional Requirements
System should reply to every query that is fired. In case system doesn’t get what the query
is about it will give a error. Partial result will be given as soon as possible. System should search
for nearest neighbor for the answer to make itself more effective. Redundancy will be minimized
by the system.
3.5 Other Nonfunctional Requirements

3.5.1 Performance Requirements

1. The response time of the system should be very low.

2. The system should be able to answer as many queries as possible without getting hang.
3. Fast retrieval of information.

3.5.2 Safety Requirements

1. System should be protected using an antivirus.

2. Regular backups will be taken.
3. Database server should be updated after every query.

3.5.3 Security Requirements

1. Privacy of Location of the user will be secured

2. Database will be secured by using services like dataware housing

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3.5.4 Software Quality Attributes

Flexibility: The system should be flexible as it is a wireless based environment

Correctness: Answer of the query should be based on the location of the enquirer and should be
correct as per demanded.
Portability: The system can run on any mobile having a gprs connection.
Availability: Everybody can easily log on to the system and communicate with the system.
Maintainability: data must be updated after every query fired on the system

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESIGN SPECIFICATION
4.1 Introduction
Our approach is based on peer-to-peer sharing, which enables us to process queries
without delay at a mobile host by using query results cached in its neighboring mobile peers. We
demonstrate the feasibility of our approach through a probabilistic analysis, and we illustrate the
appeal of our technique through extensive simulation results.

4.2 Data design

Why data structures are important, and their effect on the performance of an algorithm.
To determine a data structure's effect on performance, we'll need to examine how the various
operations performed by a data structure can be rigorously analyzed. Finally, we'll turn our
attention to two similar data structures present in the .NET Framework: the Array and the List.
Chances are you've used these data structures in past projects.
The Queue and Stack. Like the List, both the Queue and Stack store a collection of data and are
data structures available in the .NET Framework Base Class Library.
A graph is a collection of nodes, with a set of edges connecting the various nodes. For example,

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a map can be visualized as a graph, with cities as nodes and the highways between them as edged
between the nodes. Many real-world problems can be abstractly defined in terms of graphs,
thereby making graphs an often-used data structure.

4.2.1 Internal software data structure

Array, Lists.
4.2.2 Global data structure
Class, Struct.
4.2.3 Temporary data structure
Union,Enum.

4.3 Architectural and component-level design

4.3.1 Program Structure

Use Case

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Broad cast the query

<<includes>>

Identify the nearest neighboring

nodes

<<includes>>

Compute the nearest path to reach

source from each node
Class Diagram node

BPSQ_Main
Search for point of interest in <<includes>>
+ String node_name
verified nodes Return the point of interest
Node +int node_number
+String query
+node_list()
+Find_neighbor()
<<includes>> <<extends>>
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unverified region Compute the retrieval time
Department of Computer Engg. Location-based spatial query processing in
Path_finder POI_Finder
wireless
+String path +String node_name
+String node_name +int POI
+CalculatePath() +Search_POI()
4.3.1.1 Architecture diagram / UML Diagrams
+ identifyNode() +CalculateTime()
+return_POI()
Activity Diagram +Find_node()

Broadcast the query

Identify the nearest neighboring nodes

Compute the nearest path to reach source node from every node

Search for point of interest Return the point of interest

Compute retrieval time

If not

Compute nearest neighbor of verified nodes

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4.3.2 Description for Component

4.3.2.1 Component n interface description.
4.3.2.2 Component n processing detail

Master_page. Default.aspx
aspx

Find_nodes.asp Path_finder Search_poi.asp Poi_node.aspx

x x
.aspx

node.aspx

4.4 Software Interface Description

We are using Visual Studio 2008 and MS SQL Server 2005 with .NET framework 3.5 which provides
advanced and simple user interface for development.

4.4.1 User interface design

4.4.1.1 Description of the user interface
We are creating graphical interface in .NET using tools provided by .NET framework like
Forms, buttons, Login controls, validators etc.

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CHAPTER 5
PROJECT PLAN AND RISK ANALYSIS

 5.1 Project task set

The waterfall model derives its name due to the cascading effect from one phase to the
other as is illustrated in Figure1.1. In this model each phase well defined starting and ending
point, with identifiable deliveries to the next phase.

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5.2 Functional decomposition

Functional decomposition refers broadly to the process of resolving
a functional relationship into its constituent parts in such a way that the original function can be
reconstructed (i.e., recomposed) from those parts by function composition. In general, this
process of decomposition is undertaken either for the purpose of gaining insight into the identity
of the constituent components (which may reflect individual physical processes of interest, for
example), or for the purpose of obtaining a compressed representation of the global function, a

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task which is feasible only when the constituent processes possess a certain level
of modularity (i.e., independence or non-interaction).

5.3 Software sizing

A function point is a unit of measurement to express the amount of business
functionality an information system provides to a user. The cost (in dollars or hours) of a single
unit is calculated from past projects. Function points are the units of measure used by the IFPUG
Functional Size Measurement Method. The IFPUG FSM Method is an ISO recognized software
metric to size an information system based on the functionality that is perceived by the user of
the information system, independent of the technology used to implement the information
system. The IFPUG FSM Method (ISO/IEC 20926 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING - FUNCTION
POINT COUNTING PRACTICES MANUAL) is one of five currently recognized ISO standards
for functionally sizing software.

5.4 Timeline chart

A project timeline chart is presented. This may include a time line for the entire project or
for each staff member.

Project breakdown
1) Effort estimate table
Task Effort Deliverables Milestones
weeks
Analysis of existing systems & compare 4 weeks
with proposed one
Literature survey 1 week

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Designing & planning 1+2 weeks

o System flow 1 weeks
o Designing modules & it’s 2 week Modules
deliverables design document
Implementation 9 weeks Primary system
Testing 3 weeks Test Reports formal
Documentation 1 weeks Complete project formal
report

2) Phase Description / Work breakdown :

Phase Task Description

Phase 1 Analysis Analyze all the information on the selected topic
Phase 2 Literature survey Collect raw data and elaborate on literature surveys.
Phase 3 Design Assign the module and design the process flow
control.
Phase 4 Implementation Implement the code for all the modules and integrate
all the modules.
Phase 5 Testing Test the code and overall process weather the process
works properly.
Phase 6 Documentation Prepare the document for this project with conclusion.

Phase Task Name

Phase 1 Analysis Ashish Agarwal Anand Vachhani
Phase 2 Literature survey Nitin Aggarwal Manoj Patel
Phase 3 Design Anand Vachhani Manoj Patel
Phase 4 Implementation Anand Vachhani Nitin Aggarwal Manoj Patel
Phase 5 Testing Ashish Agarwal Nitin Aggarwal
Phase 6 Documentation Ashish Agarwal Manoj Patel

3) Project plan / work breakdown:

NOV/10

DEC/10

JAN/11
SEP/10

OCT/10

Date
Phase

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Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

Phase 6

5.5 Risk Analysis

Risk Analysis is one of the important concepts in Software Product/Project Life Cycle.
Risk analysis is broadly defined to include risk assessment, risk characterization, risk
communication, risk management, and policy relating to risk. Risk Assessment is also called as
Security risk analysis.

5.6 Test Plan
A test plan documents the strategy that will be used to verify and ensure that a product or
system meets its design specifications and other requirements. A test plan is usually prepared by
or with significant input from Test Engineers. Depending on the product and the responsibility of
the organization to which the test plan applies, a test plan may include one or more of the
following:
There are two test plans :
1.Automated Testing
2.Manual Testing
Automated Testing:-

 Design Verification or Compliance test - to be performed during the development or

approval stages of the product, typically on a small sample of units.

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 Manufacturing or Production test - to be performed during preparation or assembly of

the product in an ongoing manner for purposes of performance verification and quality
control.
 Acceptance or Commissioning test - to be performed at the time of delivery or installation
of the product.
 Service and Repair test - to be performed as required over the service life of the product.
 Regression test - to be performed on an existing operational product, to verify that
existing functionality didn't get broken when other aspects of the environment are changed
(e.g., upgrading the platform on which an existing application runs).

A complex system may have a high level test plan to address the overall requirements and
supporting test plans to address the design details of subsystems and components.

Test plan document formats can be as varied as the products and organizations to which they
apply. There are three major elements that should be described in the test plan: Test Coverage,
Test Methods, and Test Responsibilities. These are also used in a formal test strategy.

Test coverage in the test plan states what requirements will be verified during what stages of the
product life. Test Coverage is derived from design specifications and other requirements, such as
safety standards or regulatory codes, where each requirement or specification of the design
ideally will have one or more corresponding means of verification. Test coverage for different
product life stages may overlap, but will not necessarily be exactly the same for all stages. For
example, some requirements may be verified during Design Verification test, but not repeated
during Acceptance test. Test coverage also feeds back into the design process, since the product
may have to be designed to allow test access.

Test methods in the test plan state how test coverage will be implemented. Test methods may be
determined by standards, regulatory agencies, or contractual agreement, or may have to be
created new. Test methods also specify test equipment to be used in the performance of the tests
and establish pass/fail criteria. Test methods used to verify hardware design requirements can
range from very simple steps, such as visual inspection, to elaborate test procedures that are
documented separately.

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Test responsibilities include what organizations will perform the test methods and at each stage
of the product life. This allows test organizations to plan, acquire or develop test equipment and
other resources necessary to implement the test methods for which they are responsible. Test
responsibilities also includes, what data will be collected, and how that data will be stored and
reported (often referred to as "deliverables"). One outcome of a successful test plan should be a
record or report of the verification of all design specifications and requirements as agreed upon
by all parties.

Manual Testing:
It checks the testing operation like :
GO button : working properly (Yes) or (No)
REFRESH :working (yes) or (No)
STOP : working (yes) or (No)
FORWARD : (yes) or (No)
BACKWORD : working (yes) or (No)

Non-Functional Requirements
Run-Time Usability Describes the ease with which the system can be
learned or used.
Requirements
A typical usability requirement might state:
1) Understandability
 The interface elements should be easy to
understand e.g. menus.
 Ambiguous naming should be avoided.
2) Learnability
 The user documentation and help should be
complete
 The help should be context sensitive and
explain how to achieve common tasks

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 The system should be easy to learn

 The system should allow users to install and

operate it with little or no training.
3) Operability
 The interface actions and elements should be
consistent
 Error messages should explain how to recover
from the error
 Actions which cannot be undone should ask for
confirmation
 The system be customizable to meet specific
user needs
 There should be standard short-cut keys for
different functionalities. E.g. ctrl+s to save a
file.
 The functionalities should be easy to navigate.
4) Attractiveness
 The screen layout and color should be
appealing.
5) Attractiveness
 The screen layout and color should be
appealing.

Supportability Refers to the software’s ability to be easily modified or

maintained to accommodate typical usage or change
scenarios.

 The system should provide user manual for

guiding the user in using the system.

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 The system should provide online help for any

user queries or problems.
Security Security refers to the ability to prevent and/or forbid
access to the system by unauthorized parties.

 Windows authentication is used for user

authentication
Development- Composeability Application components must be developed
Time
Requirements  more productive and obtain faster results
 Build dynamic Windows based solutions
 Communicate and collaborate more effectively
within your software teams
 Ensure quality early and often throughout the
development process

Reusability Application components must be developed

 more productive and obtain faster results

 Build dynamic Windows based solutions
 Communicate and collaborate more effectively
within your software teams
 Ensure quality early and often throughout the
development process

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REFERENCE

Location-Based Spatial Query Processing in

Wireless Broadcast Environments
Wei-Shinn Ku, Member, IEEE, Roger Zimmermann, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Haixun Wang, Member, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 7, NO. 6, JUNE 2008
[1] S. Acharya, R. Alonso, M.J. Franklin, and S.B. Zdonik, “Broadcast
Disks: Data Management for Asymmetric Communications
Environments,” Proc. ACM SIGMOD ’95, pp. 199-210, 1995.
[2] D. Barbara´ , “Mobile Computing and Databases: A Survey,”
IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 108-117,
Jan./Feb. 1999.
[3] N. Beckmann, H.-P. Kriegel, R. Schneider, and B. Seeger, “The
R*-Tree: An Efficient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles,” Proc. ACM
SIGMOD ’90, pp. 322-331, 1990.

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