MONDAY, 26 JULY 2010 - MORNING

08:00 - 17:00 McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square

REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION DESK
08:30 - 12:00 Duffy 135
OPENING PLENARY
08:30 - 09:15 WELCOMING ADDRESSES
• Introductions and Overview of the Coastal Zone Canada Calls to Action: Grant Gardner, President, Coastal Zone Canada Association
• Message from the Government of Canada: Senator Michael Duffy, Prince Edward Island member of the Senate of Canada
• Message from the Province of Prince Edward Island: Hon. Neil LeClair, Minister of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development
• Message from First Nations: Chief Brian Francis, Abegweit First Nation
09:15 - 09:30 CZC 2010 SOCIAL NETWORK
• Introduction: Paul Boudreau, ACZISC Secretariat
09:30 - 10:00 YOUTH ON THE COAST 2010
Sarah Bood, Tiffanie Rainville and Alison Shott
A culturally diverse group of young people, aged 16 to 26, participated in the Youth Forum held on July 23-25 in conjunction with CZC 2010.
They learned about coastal issues, shared skills and perspectives, and created a series of video messages and their Call to action for the
CZC 2010 Conference. A Discussion Café on the Youth’s Call to Action will take place from 15:30-17:00 this afternoon.
Moderator: Irene Novaczek, Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island
10:00 - 10:30 NUTRITION BREAK: McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square
10:30 - 12:00 KEYNOTE ADDRESSES
THE CRISIS FACING THE WORLD’S COASTS AND OCEANS: Alanna Mitchell
THE STATE OF CANADA’S COASTS AND OCEANS: David MacDonald
Despite our growing and increasingly integrated approaches to coastal and ocean management, most of the world’s coastal
zones continue to decline in environmental quality. These keynote addresses will provide a global and the Canadian perspective
on the challenges we face in our coastal zones and what needs to be done in the immediate years ahead.
Alanna Mitchell is a journalist and author who writes about science. She is the author of the book “Sea Sick: The Global Ocean in
Crisis” (2009). Ms. Mitchell was awarded the 2010 US Grantham Prize for excellence in environmental journalism.
The Hon. David MacDonald is a former Member of the Parliament of Canada and Ambassador to Ethiopia. He was the first chair of
the House of Commons Environment Committee and he participated in the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. He is organizing
the first Parliamentary Forum on the health and future of the oceans, to be held in Ottawa this fall.
Moderator: Larry Hildebrand, Environment Canada and Coastal Zone Canada Association
12:00 - 13:30 LUNCH: WA Murphy Student Centre, MacMillan Hall

2
MONDAY, 26 JULY 2010 - AFTERNOON
13:30 - 15:00 Duffy 135
PLENARY PANEL AND DISCUSSION
GOVERNING VOICES - THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN CANADA
• Federal Perspective: Faith Scattolon, Regional Director-General, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maritimes Region
• First Nations Perspective: Russ Jones, Project Manager, Marine Planning, Haida Nation
• Provincial / Territorial Perspective: Justin Huston, Coastal Zone Advisor, Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture
• Municipal Perspective: John Charles, Planner, Halifax Regional Municipality
Canada has made substantial, although still insufficient, progress in its efforts to bring more integrated and collaborative approaches
to coastal governance. The panellists, representing the governance spectrum in Canada, will present their views on both the challenges
and the opportunities as we move towards a fully integrated and well managed coastal environment in Canada.
Moderator: Ratana Chuenpagdee, Memorial University and International Ocean Institute-Canada
15:00 - 15:30 NUTRITION BREAK: McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square
15:30 - 17:00 PAPER SESSIONS DISCUSSION CAFÉ PANEL WORKSHOP
Room: Room: Room: Room: Kelley 211 Room: Schurman Room: Duffy 135 Room:
McDougall 328 McDougall 329 McDougall 242 Session theme: Market Square Topic: PARTICIP- McDougall 243
Session theme: Session theme: Session theme: INTEGRATED COASTAL Topic: YOUTH ON ATORY ACTION Topic: TIME FOR A
ECOSYSTEM COASTAL AND OCEAN MARINE RESOURCE AND OCEAN MANAGE- THE COAST RESEARCH: PROVINCIAL /
HEALTH GOVERNANCE MANAGEMENT MENT LAW AND Leads: Scott Bradley ALLOWING COASTAL TERRITORIAL VOICE?
Chair: Tim Webster, Chair: Elizabeth De Chair: Delly Keen, POLICY and Kaley MacDonald, COMMUNITIES, DOES CANADA NEED THE
Applied Geomatics Santo, Dalhousie Fisheries and Oceans Chair: Sue Nichols, Prince Edward Island POLICY-MAKERS AND EQUIVALENT OF THE US
Research Group University Canada University of New Dept of Fisheries, RESEARCHERS TO COASTAL STATES
Brunswick Aquaculture and Rural JOINTLY EXPLORE ORGANIZATION?
15:35 - 15:55 Eutrophication of Towards a coastal area Small-scale fisheries: Canada and St. Pierre Development STRATEGIES TO Convenor: Larry
Prince Edward definition for Nova connecting human and Mique-lon ADAPT TO CLIMATE Hildebrand, Coastal Zone
Island inlets, Gary Scotia, Chris Burbidge, rights, fishing rights and transboundary The Discussion Café CHANGE Canada Association
Bugden, Fisheries Dalhousie University food sovereignty, Tony relations: battles and will follow up on the Moderator: Guy • US Coastal States
and Oceans Canada Charles, St. Mary’s bridges, discussions at Jobbins, International Organization voice,
University Phillip Saunders and the Youth Forum held Development Research Kristen Fletcher,
David VanderZwaag, on July 23-25 in Centre Executive Director
Dalhousie University conjunc-tion with CZC
2010. • US Federal voice, Gary
Due to low adapt-ive Magnuson, National
capacity, Africa is the Oceanic and

3
15:55 - 16:15 Sea lettuce (Ulva) in Finding common Tourism and fisheries: Ecosystemic legal continent most Atmospheric
Prince Edward ground on a term to conflict and regime develop-ment vulnerable to climate Administration (NOAA)
Island, Cynthia facilitate improved complement-arity in in the Gulf of Maine: change, and rapidly • US State voice, John
Crane, Prince manage-ment in a Canada and the efforts and growing and Watkins, Ohio Office of
Edward Island Dept large diverse area of Caribbean, Patrick impediments, Aldo urbanising coastal Coastal Management
of Environment, the earth's surface: the McConney, University of Chircop, Dalhousie communities face
Energy and Forestry coastalshed, Paul West Indies University complex, dynamic and • Provincial voices:
Boudreau, ACZISC diverse threats to David MacEwen, Prince
Secretariat advances in human Edward Island Dept of
develop-ment. This Fisheries and
16:15 - 16:35 Airborne LiDAR At the table: the role of Canada - Spain An evaluation of
panel offers Aquaculture
fluorescence women in Prince collaboration on coastal manage-ment
perspectives on the Justin Huston, Nova
analysis for the Edward Island fisheries sustainable mussel policies in British
climate challenges Scotia Dept of Fisheries
quantification of management, Sarah aquaculture, Ramón Columbia, Haley
faced by African and Aquaculture
water quality Roach-Lewis, Women Filgueira, Dalhousie Haggerstone, Surfrider
coastal communities Nicole Hynes,
characteristics, Tim for Environmental University Foundation
and the opportunities Newfoundland and
Webster, Applied Sustainability
for generating Labrador Dept of
Geomatics Research
solutions through Fisheries and
Group
multi-stakeholder Aquaculture
16:35 - 16:55 Water Education, Setting a new course Integrated Coastal Zone Integrated Coastal and action research.
Monitoring and for coastal Management in Atlantic Ocean Management Note: Workshop
Outreach Program, management in Canada: the case of law and policy in the • The socioecono-mic continues until 17:00.
Prince Edward Canada, Colleen Atlantic herring, Rob European Union and and institu-tional
Island, Samantha Mercer Clarke, Stephenson, Fisheries Canada: comparing basis for climate
Doucette and Tracy Dalhousie University and Oceans Canada and approaches and change adaptation
Brown, Bedeque Bay Dan Lane, University of lessons in complex in Small Island
Environmental Ottawa jurisdictions, Ryan Developing States:
Management O'Leary, Dalhousie the case of Cape
Association University Verde Islands,
Anildo Costa, Sol &
Vento
• La pêche Ouest
africaine au risque
des changements
climatiques : pour
une cohérence dans
les politiques
d’adaptation,
Cheikh Guèye, Enda
Tiers Monde
• Adaptation to sea
level rise and
climate extreme
events: a case study
from Morocco,
Abdellatif Khattabi,

4
 École nationale
forestière
d'ingénieurs
• Participatory
assessment of
socioeconomic
vulnerability to sea
level rise: case
study Gamasa - Ras
El Barr coastal area,
Egypt, Mohamed
Abdrabo, University
of Alexandria
• Questions /
discussion
Note: Panel continues
until 17:00.

5
MONDAY, 26 JULY 2010 - EVENING
FIELD TRIPS
16:15 BASIN HEAD MARINE PROTECTED AREA AND THE SOURIS WATERSHED PROJECT, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Organizers: Delly Keen and Randy Power, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and
Fred Cheverie, Souris and Area Branch of the PEI Wildlife Federation
Delegates will take a scenic drive to eastern PEI to visit the Basin Head Marine Protected Area (MPA). The Basin Head ecosystem,
designated as an MPA in October 2005, is inhabited by a rich diversity of plants, fish, mammals and birds. Most notable is the
unique form of Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) which has a life cycle and habitat limited to the Basin Head ecosystem. Delegates
will have the opportunity to learn about the MPA and its special strain of Irish moss. Delegates will also learn about a project
involving the enhancement of wildlife habitat and water quality in the Souris River, and the Watershed Evaluation of Best
Management Practices Project, which is evaluating the watershed scale effects of utilizing spring ploughing versus fall ploughing
following the hay crop in a potato-grain-hay rotation system.
17:15 COVEHEAD WATERSHED, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Organizer: Sarah Jane Bell, Southeast Environmental Association
The Friends of Covehead-Brackley Bay Watershed Group will lead delegates through four sites to illustrate examples of effective
highway erosion reduction measures, natural springs, and other stream improvement measures including brush mats, digger log,
rock dams, cleaned springs, hanging culverts, and stream crossings. The trip will conclude with a short presentation of recent
watershed activities and an open discussion. Delegates will be taken through the scenic community of Stanhope, adjacent to
the Stanhope Golf Course.

6
Eutrophication of PEI Inlets

Gary Bugden, DFO Bedford Institute of Oceanography

Cindy Crane, PEI Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry
Dr. Kerry MacQuarrie, UNB Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Yefang Jiang, PEI Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry
Dr. Michael Van Den Heuvel, UPEI, Biology Department
Dr. Herb Vandermeulen, DFO Bedford Institute of Oceanography

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 1

Susceptibility
Landuse
Limited Exchange
Aspect Ratio

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 2

 Typical
well
Land surface
Minimum
casing
Average residence time <4 years depth=12 m
Average residence time=~10 years
Average residence time >10 years Typical well
depth=25 m

Storage=~40 billion m3 on PEI

It equals to 22’ (=7 m) of water on every corner of the Island.

Large volume of storage is another indicator for GW abundance.

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 3

 Groundwater
Stream flow and groundwater contribution in the Wilmot Watershed

Groundwater contribution Stream flow

1.6
Stream flow (m 3/s)

1.2

0.8

0.4
Groundwater contributes to ~ 66% of stream flow
0
ril

ly
ch

ay

ne

.
n.

.
g.

c.
b.

v.
ct
pt
Ju

De
Au
Ja

No
Ap
Fe

Ju
ar

O
Se
M

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 4

Groundwater Nitrate
N
Average Groundwater Nitrate
Concentrations (mg/L)
5 to 10 (10)
3 to 5 (25)
2 to 3 (10)
0 to 2 (5)
*Based on 14555 samples from 2000 to 2005

0 25 50
kilometers

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 5

 Nitrate Loading

5
Nitrate (mg/l)

Dunk River
Cain's Brook
4
Linear (Dunk River)
Linear (Cain's Brook)
3

0
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

20

20
80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

00

02

04

06

08

10
Year

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 6

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 7
Mixed Tides – Spring/Neap
Tracadie Bay July 1998

120

100

80
Water Level

60

40

20

0
1998.07.09 1998.07.11 1998.07.13 1998.07.15 1998.07.17 1998.07.19 1998.07.21 1998.07.23
Time

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 8

Tidal Skew

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 9

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 10
+/- Skew Examples
RUSTICO

250

200

150
Water Level (cm)

100

SUMMERSIDE

250
50

200
0
2006.12.29 2007.01.03 2007.01.08 2007.01.13 2007.01.18 2007.01.23 2007.01.28 2007.02.02 2007.02.07
00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00 00:00
Date
150

Water Level (cm)

100

50

0
2006.12.29 2007.01.03 2007.01.08 2007.01.13 2007.01.18 2007.01.23 2007.01.28 2007.02.02 2007.02.07
0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00
Date

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 11

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 12
July 26 2010 CZC 2010 13
July 26 2010 CZC 2010 14
 (Qo , N0) Estuary (Qf , Ngw)

(Qe , Ne)

Qo is the rate of inflow of oceanic water at nitrogen concentration No

Qf is the rate of inflow of freshwater at nitrogen concentration Ngw
Qe is the rate of outflow of estuarine water at nitrogen concentration Ne

DN ~ L / (Qo + Qf)
Where: DN = Ne - N0 ; L = Qf * Ngw

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 15

Loading Model

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 16

 Estuary
Surface
Water Level Areas
Recorders

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0
2009.09.15 2009.09.20 2009.09.25 2009.09.30 2009.10.05 2009.10.10 2009.10.15 2009.10.20 2009.10.25

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 17

 Delta-N (mg/l)

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40

July 26 2010
BDR

BRA

BRE

BRR

BWR

CAB

CAS

COL

COV

ENM

FLA

FRE

GDR

HBR

IND

KIL

MGR

CZC 2010
MIR

Estuary
MOR

MUR

NLB

NLC

NOR

ORB

PIN

RUS

SPB

SSH

SWR
Anoxia Reported

TRB
Anoxia Not Reported

TRY

WES

WIL

WIN
18
Summary

 Simple Model Exhibits Some Diagnostic

Ability
 First Indications are that a Loading
Reduction of ~50% is Required to
Eliminate Anoxic Events
 Plenty of Room for Improvement in
Calculations
 Geometry
 Euphotic Zone
 However ….

July 26 2010 CZC 2010 19

Coastal Zone Canada Conference 2010

Christopher Burbidge and Lucia M. Fanning

Marine Affairs Program
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
• About 13,300 km of
coastline along the
Bay of Fundy,
Atlantic Ocean and
Gulf of St. Lawrence

• 46 primary
watersheds draining
into coastal waters

• ~70% of population
lives in 360
communities within
the coastal zone
 Renewed efforts to establish a formal coastal management
program in Nova Scotia

 Coastal Management Framework (June 2008):

• “Commitment by the Government of Nova Scotia toward a more
coordinated and strategic approach to coastal management”
• Coordinated by the Provincial Oceans Network (PON)

 Outlines Strategic Activities designed to accelerate action

on coastal management issues
• Coastal Strategy for Nova Scotia:
• “…will provide a road-map and a suite of tools for Nova
Scotians to achieve sustainable coastal development.”
1. Coastal Development
2. Working Waterfronts
3. Public Coastal Access
4. Sea-level Rise and Storm Events
5. Coastal Water Quality
6. Sensitive Ecosystems and Habitats
 Most government coastal policies and management
programs operate within a designated coastal policy
area

 Process of clearly articulating goals and choosing

appropriate boundaries to define the management area
is among the most critical steps in developing a coastal
management program

 In order to address issues effectively and achieve

management targets the management area must include
all relevant components and features of the coastal
system (natural and human)
‘coast’ defined:
 ‘where the land meets the sea’
 ‘the land near a shore’ [Mirriam Webster’s Dictionary]
 Reality:
 Transition
between the
land and ocean
is gradual
 Boundaries of
the coast are
artificial

Nova Scotia Environment

Kay and Alder (2005)
 “Choosing the thresholds, which define the landward and seaward
limits of a coastal area depends to a large extent on why the
definition is needed.” [Kay and Alder 2005]

 “There is no universal set of boundaries for the Coastal Zone—the

boundaries derive from the issues to be confronted and the stated
objectives and purposes of the particular [coastal management]
program.” [Clark, 1997]

 Kay and Alder (2005) describe 4 fours ways such management-

oriented coastal definitions have been established:
1. Fixed distance (e.g. HWM – 2 km inland)
2. Variable distance (e.g. HWM – landward extent of ‘coastal
features’)
3. According to use (e.g. residential development; aquaculture)
4. Hybrid
 Purpose: To inform decision makers about the key considerations
regarding an effective definition of Nova Scotia’s coastal area

 Objectives:
1. Develop an understanding of the essential criteria and potential options available for
defining Nova Scotia’s coastal management area so that it effectively addresses the
priority coastal issues
2. Form a collegial, informal working group of experts from private, public, and civil
society sectors committed to improving coastal management in Nova Scotia

 Participants: 70 coastal experts from across the Maritimes and

Ottawa
Task: Identify the top three most important criteria for defining a coastal area
that would most effectively address each of the six priority coastal issues.

Category Criteria
Watershed
Natural Processes
Natural Environment
Physical Features
Biological Features
Socioeconomic
Settlement Patterns
Human Environment Legally-Derived Rights
Cultural
Human Uses
Jurisdictional Boundaries
Administrative Features Arbitrarily-Set Boundaries
Constructed Boundaries
Results:
1. Natural Processes - 24%
2. Settlement Patterns– 17%
3. Jurisdictional Boundaries –
10%
3. Physical Features – 10%
 Arbitrarilly-Set Constructed Biological
Boundaries Natural
Boundaries Features Physical
5% Processes
1% 2% Features
7%
7%
Jurisdictional
Boundaries
3% Watershed
1%

Results: Human Uses

1. Socioeconomic - 28% 21%
2. Human Uses – 21%
3. Settlement Patterns – 13% Socioeconomic
28%
Legally-Derived
Rights Cultural
4% 8% Settlement
Patterns
13%
Results:
1. Human Uses - 20%
2. Settlement Patterns– 16%
3. Physical Features– 12%
Results:
1. Settlement Patterns - 25%
2. Physical Features – 23%
3. Natural Processes – 17%
 Physical
Jurisdictional
Features
Boundaries
1%
1% Biological
Features
Legally- Human Uses 9%
Derived Rights 17% Natural
Results: 1% Processes
14%
1. Watershed - 28% Cultural
2. Settlement Patterns – 22% 1%

3. Human Uses – 17% Settlement

Patterns
Watershed
22%
28%

Socioeconomic
6%
 Legally-Derived Jurisdictional
Rights Boundaries
1% 3%

Cultural
1% Human
Uses Biological
Settlement
8% Features
Patterns
10% 23%

Results:
1. Natural Processes- 26% Socioeconomic
5%
2. Biological Features – 23% Physical
3. Physical Features– 14% Watershed Features
9% 14%

Natural
Processes
26%
 Frequency Distribution of Top Three Criteria
160

140

120

100
Votes Cast

80

60

40

20

0
 Task: Provide options and advice on the geographic extent of the designated
area for the government’s Coastal Strategy in order to effectively address each
of the priority coastal issues.

P. Hinch and L. Fanning, 2008

 The definition used by the State of Queensland in
Australia was recommended as providing guidance for
Nova Scotia:
Landward Boundary: “all areas to the landward side of coastal waters
in which there are physical features, ecological or natural processes or
human activities that affect or potentially affect the coast and coastal
resources”
 Variable, flexible
 Effectively no landward limit to which the state can apply its coastal area
policy in pursuit of its goals and objectives

Seaward Boundary: “3 nautical miles seaward from the low water

mark.”
 Very concise – outer limit of State’s jurisdiction
 What about 12 nm, the limit of Canada’s territorial sea?
 The concept of a Zone of Interest and Zone of Influence
for each coastal issues was identified as a potentially useful
framework in delineating the area to be managed.

• Zone of Interest: the area of the coast where the problem is

manifested
• Zone of Influence: the area of the coast where the problem
originates or potential solutions can be found

 Vary in size depending on the issue and local conditions

 There is no universal definition for the coast
 Boundaries of Nova Scotia’s coastal management area
should extend as far inland and as far seaward as required
to effectively address the six priority coastal issues
 Coastal Strategy should include either:
1. A flexible, open definition of the coast similar to the one used in
Queensland;
OR
2. A clear, concise definition of the area that encompasses the ‘zone of
impact’ for each of the six issues;
AND a clause stating that, if required, the Government can
undertake management actions and collaborate with other
organizations outside this designated area in order to achieve its
goals and objectives
 Workshop provided the Government with expert advice
and recommendations for defining the province’s coastal
management area

 2009 State of Nova Scotia’s Coast Report includes a

description of the potential Zones of Interest/Zones of
Influence for each of the coastal issues

 Demonstrated the value of bringing experts and

stakeholders from a variety of backgrounds and sectors
together to promote dialogue and collaboration around
coastal issues and to provide the Government with advice
on how coastal issues can be addressed most effectively
Lucia M. Fanning and Christopher D. Burbidge, “Towards a Coastal Area
Definition for Nova Scotia” Ocean Yearbook 24: 239-267 (2010).

References
1. J.R. Clark, “Coastal zone management for the new century,” Ocean & Coastal Management
37, no. 2 (1997), quote on 195.
2. J.R. Clark, Coastal Zone Management Handbook, (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press LLC,
1996), pp. 373–74
3. R. Kay and J. Alder, Coastal Planning and Management, 2d ed. (New York: Taylor & Francis,
2005), pp. 2–4.
4. J. Sorensen, “National and International Efforts at Integrated Coastal Management:
Definitions, Achievements and Lessons,” Coastal Management 25, no. 1 (1997): 3–41
5. Nova Scotia Environment, “What is a watershed?”, Available here:
http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/water.strategy/resources.asp
6. State of Queensland, “State Coastal Management Plan”, (2002).
Small-Scale Fisheries: Connecting
Human Rights, Fishing Rights
and Food Sovereignty

Sherry Pictou
Bear River First Nation
Tony Charles
Saint Mary’s University
 Small-Scale Fisherfolk
 …are also called: artisanal, subsistence, coastal, inshore
 …operate close to shore, dependent on local multi-species resources
 …work in a fishery integral to the coastal community & households
 …are linked with other human activities on the coast
 …are located around the world (but small-scale fishing in one
country, e.g. Canada, may be seen as large-scale in another).
 1. Human Rights & Fishing Rights

The word “rights” arises in two

very different ways in fisheries:
 human, social and economic
rights that can be affected by
fishery management.
 rights defining who can go
fishing, who can be involved
in managing the fishery.
 “A Rights-Based Approach…”
FAO (2007) “A rights-based approach, in defining and allocating
rights to fish, would also address the broader human rights of
fishers to an adequate livelihood and would therefore include
poverty-reduction criteria as a key component of decisions over
equitable allocation of rights… and the protection of small-scale
fishworkers’ access to resources”
 Human Rights Approach to Fisheries
 “recognizes that development efforts in fisheries should contribute
to securing the freedom, well-being and dignity of all fisher people
everywhere.” (World Forum of Fisher People, and International
Collective in Support of Fishworkers).
 Kearney’s (2007) five ‘fishing rights’ (from Universal Declaration):
 The right to fish for food;
 The right to fish for livelihood;
 The right to healthy households,
communities and cultures;
 The right to live and work in a
healthy ecosystem that will support
future generations of fishers;
 The right to participate in the
decisions affecting fishing.
 Human Rights in Fisheries
“Bangkok Statement” by Civil Society at the Global Conference on Small-Scale Fisheries
(2008) expands on a human-rights based approach:
 Rights of fishing communities and indigenous people to their cultural identities,
dignity and traditional rights, and to recognition of their knowledge systems;
 Rights of access of small-scale and indigenous fishing communities to territories,
lands and waters on which they have traditionally depended;
 Rights of fishing communities to use, restore, protect and manage local ecosystems;
 Right of communities to participate in management decision-making;
 Rights of women to participate fully in all aspects of small-scale fisheries;
 Rights of fishing communities to basic services such as safe drinking water,
education, sanitation, health and treatment services;
 Rights of all categories of workers in the fisheries, to social security and safe and
decent working and living conditions; and
 Rights of fishing communities to information in appropriate accessible forms.
 Fishing Rights
 Fishing rights can take many
forms…
 Management rights specify who is
involved in decision-making…
 Who holds fishing rights, and how
those rights are handled, makes a
critical difference to community
wellbeing, poverty alleviation,
socioeconomic success, resilience.
 Fishing rights must connect with
social, economic, human rights.
 Implementing Fishing Rights
 Fishing rights must mesh with
human realities and management
institutions, to boost sustainability.
 Imposing inappropriate fishing
rights can cause inequity, raise
conflict, lose community resilience.
 Territorial use rights (TURFs) and
community-based rights often fit
well with small-scale fisheries.
 Rights that have developed
naturally over time, if considered
sustainable and suitable by local
fisherfolk, should be reinforced
and supported….
 2. Food Sovereignty and Fisheries

 The concept of food sovereignty

was developed by Via Campesina,
brought to public debate during the
World Food Summit in 1996
 has become a major issue of the
international agricultural debate,
even in the United Nations bodies.
It was the main theme of the NGO
forum held in parallel to the FAO
World Food Summit of June 2002.
 Why Food Sovereignty & Fish?

 Hunger
 Local Livelihoods/Food (displacement)
 Food Sovereignty linkages
 Mi’kmaq Bear River First Nation
(Marshall Case) and Video “In the Same
Boat (In Defense of our Treaties)”
 Aboriginal Food Fishery
 “Food Security, Food Self-Sufficiency,
and Ethical Fisheries Management”
(Neis, Jones, and Ommer).
 Local, National, International (Bear
River First Nation, Canada, World)
 Indigenous and Canadians (Exploited
within Exploiter Country: North America)
 Small Livelihoods (Food) not protected
 Indigenous Rights commodified (Canada
refuses to sign the UN Declaration)
 “Imposition of Development on the
Developed and Developing”
 Globalized Capitalism (Sebastjan Leban:
Revolutionary Critical Pedagogy)
 Market Globalization, Ecological Disasters
 Declaration of the Forum for Food
Sovereignty, Nyéléni 2007
Declaration of Forum for Food
Sovereignty, Nyéléni 2007:

 Food sovereignty is the right of

peoples to healthy & culturally
appropriate food produced
through ecologically sound and
sustainable methods, and their
right to define their own food
and agriculture systems…

 Food sovereignty prioritises

local and national economies
and markets…
…and subsequent Bangkok Statement
on Small-Scale Fisheries Civil Society
Workshop, Bangkok, Oct. 2008
 People’s Food Sovereignty: Civil Society Forum
parallel to World Summit on Food Security 2009

• No direct link with the FAO

• Final Declaration (Watershed?)
• Poor countries need the development,
economic and policy tools required to
boost their agricultural production and
productivity…
• (www.fao.org/wsfs/world-summit/en/)
 Conclusion:
Fisheries, Development & Politics
 Governments in developing countries express support for small-
scale fisherfolk, but their policies are not always compatible.
 The situation in Canada: Government opposes special support for
small-scale fishers, and opposes international support too.
 New approach: shift away from ‘fisheries department’ handling all
issues of small-scale fisheries to one that places coastal fisheries in
the context of coastal communities, livelihoods, human rights…
 Professor Phillip Saunders
Marine & Environmental law Institute
Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie University

Professor David L. VanderZwaag

Canada Research Chair in Ocean Law and Governance
Marine & Environmental Law Institute
Dalhousie University

Coastal Zone Canada – 2010

July 26, 2010

This study was carried out with funding from the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada
1. Continuing Battles?
History and context of dispute(s)

• Early history
– Cabot – 1497 (Trinity
Islands)
– “Discovery” in 1520 by
Faguendes: “Isles of Eleven
Thousand Virgins”
– Jacques Cartier – claimed in
1536, but known to French
fishermen well before
– Settlements 1604 (failed)
– Unpopulated by 1713 when
British took possession
• Treaty of Paris of 1763
– Returned to France as “shelter for
French fishermen”
– Not to settle or fortify
• Montague invasion of 1778
– Due in part to fishing dispute
– Burned buildings, expelled inhabitants
• Treaty of Paris of 1783
– Removal of restrictions
– Disputes, invasions continued
• Treaty of Amiens 1802 & Treaty of
Paris of 1816
– French possession confirmed
– Fishing rights protected
 Moving ahead…
• 1972 Agreement on Mutual Fishing Relations
– Closure of Gulf of St. Lawrence & phasing out of
foreign fishing
– Agreement allowed metropolitan vessels to 1986;
preserved SPM registered vessels’ rights in Gulf
– In event of extension of zones – preserved right of
French nationals to fish in Cdn waters – subject to
quotas
• Included a territorial sea boundary between
Nfld/Labrador and SPM
• Followed by Relevé des Conclusions: not
implemented (cooperative management)
• 1977 – Extension of
jurisdiction by
Canada and France
• Overlap of shelf
claims now applied
to water/fisheries as
well
– Preceded by 1976
agreement (not
public)
– Access to fishery in
disputed areas by
both parties
– Moratorium on drilling
under permits

McDorman (1991, ASIL)

• 1981– 1976 interim • Continuing tensions over
agreement expired quotas, allocations in
disputed areas (3PS zone)
• 1983 – French seismic
vessel in area (protested) • Quotas in Canadian
waters under 1972
• 1984 – Further Agreement – 1986 expiry
agreement: allowing of 1980 agreement to set
presence in disputed long-term quotas
zone; access to fishery • La Bretagne Arbitration
without enforcement of (1986) – allowed for Cdn
national laws on other unilateral quotas based on
side conservation
• Failure to agree on new
quotas in1986 negotiations
• 1987 – tentative agreement on
arrangements to set quotas
• Deterioration in relationship:
– Canadian port closures
– Reciprocal arrests of vessels, denial of rights
under 1972 Agreement
– Generally obnoxious behaviour
• 1988 – Agreement on quotas, and to send
boundary to arbitration (trade-off)
 1992 Boundary Arbitration – Canada-France

• Single maritime
boundary
– To limits of
overlapping 200
n.m. zones
– Territorial sea
boundary 1972
remains
• Both parties opted
for extensive
claims
Evans (1994 ICLQ)
 1992 Decision

• High points
– Dominance of geographical
framework
– Two sectors – west of
islands, and south
– Proportionality
• South: “Frontal projection”
seaward, based on
coastal frontage of islands
• West: to avoid
encroachment, cut-off of
Nfld. Coasts – extension
beyond territorial sea but
only to further 12 n.m.
• To northeast end of
corridor – 12 n.m.
 Fallout
• The high point of “equity” in maritime boundary
decisions?
• Inevitable complexity of management
The more one party controls 3PS & St. Pierre Bank,
the “less complex future fisheries management of
cod and other fish resources would be.”
If divided, would be “extremely difficult in the absence
of a common management strategy between Canada
and France.”
(Day – 1991)
Unfinished business: Outer shelf delimitation?
2009 - French Preliminary Submission to CLCS

• Indicative
submission only
• Uses 350 M outer
limit
• No information on
method or
rationale of
“leapfrog”
• France not bound
to this position
Source: Schofield & Townsend-Gault 2010
 Summary & Conclusions
• Always about resources – fish then oil – at
heart of disputes between the parties.
– SPM a minor territory otherwise
• Relationship was never only conflict –
though it dominated at times.
– Attempts at cooperation repeated
• Parties resorted to multiple modes of
dispute resolution
– From “looting & pillaging” to diplomacy,
mediation, formal & informal agreements,
adjudication
• Successive “resolutions” of conflicts
always something short of a real solution
– Fixes based on jurisdiction – over resource or
territory – would fall apart as management
issues re-surfaced
– Active cooperation for management based on
sustainable principles was lacking – and
problems remained
 Since the 1992 Maritime Boundary Arbitration Decision, Canada and France (on behalf
of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon) have sought to enhance transboundary cooperation
through three main agreement bridges

● Agreement Relating to the Development of Regional Cooperation Between the

Canadian Atlantic Provinces and St. Pierre and Miquelon (1994)

+ Pledged to enhance cooperation in various areas including:

- Scientific studies of the marine environment
- Possible joint activities in the field of aquaculture
- Promotion of tourism
- Improvement of sea and air links
- Development of trade
- Suppression of illicit traffic (drugs)
- Development of cultural exchanges
- Development of cooperation in communications, especially radio and TV broadcasting
- Encouragement of sports cooperation
- Promotion of education and teaching exchanges
- Furtherance of cooperation of the medical fields
- Enhancement of cooperation in agriculture
+ Parties agreed to create a Joint Cooperation Commission

- To oversee implementation of the Agreement

- To develop and approve cooperation strengthening projects
- To establish working groups to focus on specific areas of cooperation
- To meet once a year

+ Regional Joint Cooperation Commission has been active since first meeting in May
1996

- Mainly in projects/studies relating to enhancing economic and trade relations

- Yearly MOUs have been forged since 2008 to flesh out administrative details with the
Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency being the Canadian “lead”
- 2009-2010 MOU for the Improvement of Regional Cooperation tasks six
subcommittees with developing concrete work plans
* Economic / trade relations
* Aquaculture / agriculture / environment
* Security
* Health
* Society / culture / education
* Tourism
+ The Agreement left cooperation in fisheries relations to be further defined in a Procès-
Verbal

http://www.maxximvacations.com/media/images/destinations/SaintPierreEtMiquelon.jpg
● Procès-Verbal on Mutual Fishing Relations (1994)

+ Parties agreed to establish an Advisory Committee

- Composed of competent fisheries management authorities from each Party

- Tasked to meet at least once a year
- Mandated to recommend to the Parties
* Annual Total Allowable Catch (TAC) levels for the stocks listed in Annex I
* Conservation and management measures applicable to those stocks
- Required to look after implementation of monitoring and control provisions set out in
Article VI of the Procès-Verbal
- Mandated to produce a report after each meeting
+ Parties pledged scientific cooperation in support of coordinated management of shared
fish stocks (Listed an Annex I) in NAFO Sub-division 3 Ps
- Assessing the state of fish stocks and the extent of commercial and recreational
fishing
- Exchanging data on fishing activities involving the stocks on an annual basis
- Welcoming scientists aboard each other’s research vessels and permitting entry of
research vessels from the other party in Canadian and French maritime areas of 3 Ps
- Establishing a scientific working group to review respective scientific stock
assessments
* Required to meet at least once a year
* Mandated to produce a report after each meeting to be submitted to the Advisory
Committee

+ Parties set out a sharing arrangement for fish stocks in 3 Ps

- Annual shares of TACs listed in Annex I
- Annual TACs to be agreed upon by the Parties taking into account any
recommendations from the Advisory Committee
+ Parties agreed to a joint licensing scheme
- Each Party required to provide the other Party a list of fishing vessels authorized to
fish in the maritime areas of 3 Ps under its jurisdiction and interested in fishing in the
other Party’s jurisdiction
- List to be provided at least 60 days before the beginning of the period during which
such licenses shall be valid
- Each Party required to issue free of charge fishing licenses to the vessels of the other
Party appearing on the list (and only to those vessels)
- For the “Core Area” of Iceland scallops, each Party may authorize a maximum of 3
vessels flying its flag to fish simultaneously in the zone
+ Parties also agreed to a sharing arrangement for fish stocks listed in Annex II which
France would be allowed to fish in Canadian maritime areas outside 3 Ps
- TACs to be set by Canada
- TAC shares in Annex II as follow:
+ Parties provided for Canadian fishing of French shares for cod
- 70% of French shares for cod in 3 Ps and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (NAFO
Divisions 4RS, 3Pn and 4TVn) to be fished by Canadian vessels holding fishing
licenses for the stocks concerned
- 70% fishing share subject two conditions
* All catches of the 70% French shares must be landed in Saint-Pierre and
Miquelon for processing
* An Agreement must be concluded before September 1 of each year between the
Canadian enterprise or enterprises operating the fishing vessels and the French
enterprise(s) processing the fish in Saint Pierre and Miquelon

+ Parties agreed to monitoring and enforcement measures

- Enforcement of fishing offences the sole responsibility of the Party in whose maritime
areas the offending vessel is operating (coastal state enforcement)
- Each Party allowed to place an observer on a fishing vessel of the other Party
operating in 3 Ps in either the maritime areas under its jurisdiction or the maritime
areas under the jurisdiction of the other Party
* Each Party to bear the expense of placing observers on board vessels of the
other Party
* Vessel owners to cover room and board for observers
- Observer coverage not applicable to artisinal fishing vessels of less than 10.6 meters
in over all length
+ Parties briefly covered aquaculture
- Agreed to take the steps necessary to avoid the introduction or transfer in 3 Ps of
pathogens, vectors of disease or parasites from aquaculture
- Agreed to consult before proceeding with the introduction or transfer in 3 Ps of any
genetically modified species or species variety not already there

+ Parties provided for possible future extension of cooperative fisheries management

- To shared stocks in 3 Ps not listed in Annex I
- To shared stocks situated in NAFO sub-division 4 Vs
• Agreement Relating to the Exploration and Exploitation of Transboundary
Hydrocarbon Fields (2005) (not yet in force)

Among other things the Agreement:

+ Promises to provide for sharing of information/data from drilling of exploration wells in

territorial seas or EEZs within 10 nautical miles of the maritime boundary

+ Promises to provide for negotiation of Exploitation Agreements in case of

transboundary hydrocarbon field discoveries

+ Promises to provide for Unitization Agreements requiring mineral title holders pertaining
to a single transboundary field to cooperate in various ways including operating the
field as a single unit

+ Pledges the Parties to conclude further agreements relating to joint marine pollution
contingency planning and search and rescue
• Fisheries bilateral fisheries arrangements appear to be lagging behind principled
ocean governance developments

+ Lacking in transparency and public participation

- Reports of the scientific working group and of the Advisory Committee on fisheries are
not publicly available
- Advisory Committee meetings largely restricted to governmental officials with
occasional industry participation
- Industry consultations do occur over proposed conservation measures for Annex I
listed fish stocks. Each Party agrees to invite representation of the other Party’s
fishing industry to attend any public consultations
- No indication of any NGO or other group involvements

+ No mention of the precautionary approach

- It appears management decisions for one of the most important commercial
species, 3Ps cod, have not been precautionary, e.g.
* Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s 2009 Stock Assessment for 3Ps Cod
> Admitted population biomass and abundance could not be estimated from
existing information
> Suggested a TAC of 10,000t as the minimum necessary to stop the current
decline in offshore biomass
> Nevertheless the TAC for 3Ps cod for 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 was set at
11,500t
+ No mention of the ecosystem approach
- Fixation is on a limited number of commercial fish stocks
- No explicit need to consider fishing impacts on marine biodiversity

• A further range of bridging initiatives should be considered, e.g.

+ Amending the fisheries agreement in line with recent modernization trends within
regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs)
+ Developing a joint policy statement on ocean management objectives and principles
+ Considering a network of marine protected areas
+ Committing to make meeting documents publicly available

• A fuller “principled critique” sketched in this presentation will be published later this
year in Dawn A. Russell and David L. VanderZwaag (eds.), Recasting Transboundary
Fisheries Management Arrangements in Light of Sustainability Principles: Canadian
and International Perspectives (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff)
Sea lettuce (Ulva sp.) in
Prince Edward Island
Or “Everything you ever wanted to know about
sea lettuce in PEI but were afraid to ask!”

Cindy Crane, Surface Water Biologist

PEI Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry
Watershed Management Section

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Outline

Description
PEI Department of Environment, Energy
 and Forestry

 Distribution
 Growth Requirements
 Impacts of Excessive
Growth
 Examples of Sea Lettuce
Problems in the World
 Fixing the Sea Lettuce
Problem

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Description - What is Sea Lettuce?

 Sea lettuce (Ulva sp.) is a green

algae
 It is formed by two layers of cells
which form broad flat thalus (hence
its name)
 Can get very large 30 cm wide to 75
cm long
 Can grow attached by a single loose
holdfast (plate like group of cells at
the base) or as free floating in the
water column
 Tends to form mats
 Can reproduce sexually or asexually
(spores/fragmentation)
 Other similar mat forming marine
green algae
 Enteromorpha
Source: Wikipedia
 Gracillaria
 Cladophora

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Sea Lettuce - Description
 Sea lettuce is known for its
ability for fast growth (2X in 2
days) and its high capacity to
use nutrients especially
nitrogen!
 Abundant growth is common
PEI Department of Environment, Energy
in waters with high nutrient
and Forestry inputs or loads
 When growth is very abundant
or uncontrolled large masses
can form (floating mats, green
tides)
 Often considered an indicator
of nutrient enriched waters
PEI Department of Environment, Energy
and Forestry

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Sea Lettuce - Growth & Distribution

Sea lettuce is found in

Courtesy of Francois Plante, DFO
 www.ifremer.fr

virtually every corner of

the world
 Examples
 Qindao, China
 Brittany France
 Venice, Italy
Source Source: www.dailymail.co.uk
 Lamèque, New
Brunswick Source : WoRMS – www.marinespecies.org

Source Novotney: www.coe.nev/environmentpresentations/VENICE.pdf

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Sea Lettuce – Growth Habit
 PEI Conditions
 Growth period is from April to October
 Persists as small thali or bits of thali
during the non growing season (winter) Courtesy Katie MacInnis
but not always (2010)
 Growth begins rapidly in the spring – thali
can grow to full size in just a few weeks.
May be associated with light and
temperature.
 Bottom attached beds can be up to 0.5 m
high and cover 100% of bottom even in
deep (3 m) water
 As the growth continues it detaches from
the bottom and forms free floating mats
 Once mat thickness reaches a certain
amount it reduces light and what is
underneath dies back – starts a chain
reaction. Falls to bottom and rots.
 Reductions in nutrient and or low
dissolved oxygen (at night) may also be
triggers for die off PEI Department of Environment, Energy
 Rotting process uses up large amounts of and Forestry
oxygen out of the water – hypoxia/anoxia
occur. Sometimes a complete turn over
(anoxic event)

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Sea Lettuce - Description

 Sea lettuce is not an invasive species. It has always

been found here but in more reasonable amounts.
 What kept it in check?
 Low nutrients
 Grazing by marine life (snails, invertebrates, some fish)
 Low light (although it has ways to cope with this!)
 Low temperature (winter)
 Zoospore production
 In PEI problems with sea lettuce accumulation were
being noticed as early as the1980’s.

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Why Does Sea Lettuce Grow So Well in PEI?
 Our estuaries and bays are naturally productive areas
– we’ve made them more productive by adding
nutrients to them. And those nutrients are still
increasing.
 Our estuaries and bays are relatively shallow so they
have plenty of area for sea lettuce to grow – they are
warm and have lots of light.
 Climate change may mean more growth as our winters get milder
and summers warmer earlier (longer growing season).
 Small tides (especially on the North Shore) mean low
natural flushing rates
 The shape of some systems may increase turnover
time.

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

The Cause - Freshwater Nutrient Trends

9
Dunk River
8 Wilmot River
Morell River
7 Bear River
Montague River
6 Valleyfield River
Nitrate (mg/l)

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Date (Year)

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Freshwater Nutrient Loading
 Nutrient loading is important not just concentration.
 Loading is a function of both concentration and flow
 Some estuaries have water quality problems at
lower loads than others
 Recently estimated nitrate-n loads
 Wilmot River 672 kg/day
 West River 500 kg/day
 Montague/Valleyfield 540 kg/day
 Mill River 520 kg/day
 Souris River 131 kg/day
 Trout/Stanley 252 kg/day

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Impacts of Sea Lettuce Mats

 Nutrients retained within the PEI Department of Environment, Energy

and Forestry
system
 Loss of some aquatic
organisms
 Invertebrates

 Eelgrass

 Other sea weed

 Depletion of dissolved
oxygen in the water as all
that sea lettuce rots
 Enrichment of sediments
“black mayonnaise”
 Smothering of shellfish

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Lamèque Bay - New Brunswick

Courtesy of Francois Plante, DFO

•Nutrient source was a point
source – fish plant effluent
•Lots of sea lettuce growth and
hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg)
odours
• Some human health concerns
due to odors – air quality was an
Issue! Some homes had to be
vacated.
•Nutrients and high organic
content of effluent identified as
the cause of the bloom

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Lamèque Bay - Remedial Action and
Solution
 Issues with sea lettuce in the bay addressed
in two ways
 Reduction of nutrients and other improvements to
quality of effluents entering the bay
 Removal of sea lettuce from the shoreline and
ocean

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Removal - Algae Harvesting on the Shore in Lamèque Bay

Courtesy of Francois Plante, DFO

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Algae Harvesting at Sea

Courtesy of Francois Plante, DFO

Courtesy of Francois Plante, DFO

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

Results from Lamèque Bay

 Overall improvement in air quality

 Improvement in sediment condition from
anoxic/hypoxic (low in oxygen) to oxic (oxygenated)

 The improvements likely due to both the change in

in effluent quality and the sea lettuce removal – not
sure how much could be attributed to each one
 Recommendation made to continue with sea lettuce
removal in the bay

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

So How Can We Address Sea Lettuce?

 What Will Not Work

 Dredging – since sea lettuce can grow in deep water this would likely not solve the issue we
would just have more nutrient rich water – temperature would not likely be impacted enough
to make a difference. In fact could make the issue worse if we increase turnover time.
 Removal of causeways/bridges/sand bars/sills - an improvement could only be achieved if
these structures are causing a restriction of the tides in the system. And sometimes even if
present these measures cannot take you all the way to a resolution.

 Temporary Measures
 Harvest of sea lettuce
 Will reduce the amount of biomass in the system – hopefully to the point where, nuisance factor, odors
and dissolved oxygen are less of an issue With no additional effort the biomass will grow back –
sometimes very quickly
 Considerations
 Cost
 What to do with all that sea lettuce?

 The Ultimate Solution

 Nutrient load reduction
 The only way to solve the problem of excess growth of green algae such as sea lettuce is to reduce the
amount of nutrients entering the system (e.g. Venice Lagoon)

Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th

 Earth and Man
… The earth does not belong to
man
Man belongs to the earth.
All things are connected
Like the blood that unites one
family.

Man did not weave the web of

life
He is merely a strand in it.

Whatever he does to the web

He does to himself.

Author unknown

Sea Lettuce (Ulva sp.) in Prince Edward Island

QUESTIONS?
Coastal Zone Canada - 2010 - July 26th
 P. McConney A. Charles
University of the West Indies Saint Mary’s University
Cave Hill Campus Halifax N.S.
Barbados Canada
Canada-Caribbean connections
 Trade (rum and cod)
 Movement of people
 Coastal communities
 Small-scale fisheries
 Maritime tourism
 Climate (change!)
 Academic affinity
 Coastal management
 Fisheries governance
2
Caribbean coastal fisheries, tourism

3
Canadian coastal fisheries & tourism

4
Coastal fisheries: Canada & Caribbean
Canada
 Mixed small-scale/industrial
 Also aboriginal, recreational
 West: Salmon, herring, cod
 East: Lobster, crab, shrimp
 Traps, nets, hook & line, etc.
 Wide variety of vessel sizes,
but largest (‘offshore’) mostly
gone since cod collapse…
 Significant shipbuilding
Caribbean
 Mostly small-scale/artisanal
 Men harvest, women market
 Coastal pelagics and reef fish
 Variety of species marketed
 Fish traps, nets, hook & line
 Outboard engine powered
 Vessels 6-12 metres inshore
 Traditional wooden boats
 Beach haul-out for repair
5
Tourism: Canada & Caribbean
Canada
 Scenery & culture attractions
 Ocean swimming? Yes in PEI
 Mostly relatively small-scale,
cf. Barbados, Cancun, etc.
 Complementary to fishery, as
sectors and within households
 Little connection to MPAs
 Some cruise ship tourism
 Surfing, shipwreck diving
Caribbean
 Sun, sea, sand mass tourism
 Variety of types of enterprise
 Demanding of coastal space
 Increasing use of MPAs too
 More cruise ship tourism
 Reef snorkeling, diving, boats
 Sport, recreational fishing
 Some fresh local seafood use
 Increasing fish fry operations
6
Aspects of conflict: Fisheries vs. Tourism
Canada
 Fish to local tourism market
versus traditional markets
 Potential neglect of fisheries as
tourism sector expands
 Limited wharf/mooring space
 West: sport fishing tourism
versus commercial fisheries
 West: pleasure boating versus
traditional fishing locations
Caribbean
 Occasional clash of cultures
 Patterns of capital ownership
 Inequities of economic power
 Competition for scarce space
 Marginalisation of fisheries
 Incompatible use of resources
 Unsustainable ‘worst’ practices
 Irreversible habitat impacts
 Fishing livelihoods threatened
 Competition of seafood import
7
Complementarity : Fisheries & Tourism
Canada Caribbean
 Possible economic integration
 Supplementary livelihoods
 Recreational fishing potential
 Seafood marketing for tourism
 Cultural attraction of fisheries
 Planned sharing of space use
 Fishery byproducts to tourism
 Environmental stewardship
 ‘Live’ environmental education

8
 Tourism Fishing
HUMAN
SYSTEM

Shipping Agriculture
CARIBBEAN
INTEGRATED
COASTAL
MANAGEMENT
Reef fish Coral reef

COASTAL
RESOURCE
Mangrove SYSTEM Seagrass

9
Fisheries and tourism:
Linked governance and institutions
 Ecosystem approach to fisheries
 Integrated coastal management
 Marine/coastal spatial planning
 Sustainable livelihoods analysis
 Community-based management
 National level co-management
 Network fishery-tourism groups
 Sustainable tourism/eco-tourism
 Enabling policy for organisation
 Adaptive capacity development
10
Summary / Conclusions
 In comparing tourism and fisheries between Atlantic
Canada and the Caribbean, it is notable that tourism
tends to be smaller-scale in Canada (scenery/culture)
vs. Caribbean (sun & sand resorts), while the fisheries
tend to be larger-scale in Canada than the Caribbean.
 Thus tourism and coastal fisheries have a reasonable
level of synergy between them in the Atlantic Canada
context, but more clear conflicts in the Caribbean.
 In seeking to resolve conflict and/or increase synergy,
and for multi-sectoral integrated management (plus
spatial planning, ecosystem approach), there is scope
for more attention to fishery/tourism interactions in
the studied contexts and beyond…
11
Travel sponsorship for P. McConney was provided by the
International Development Research Centre of Canada

Research support for A. Charles was provided by the

Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada

12
Airborne LiDAR fluorescence for the quantification
of water quality characteristics

Stephanie Rogers, Tim Webster, Nelson

O’Driscoll, Bill Livingstone

Coastal Zone Canada – PEI: July 26, 2010

 Introduction
 Project Goal:
 To investigate the potential of airborne laser-
induced fluorescence (LIF) as a tool for real-
time environmental assessment of
watershed quality

 Background
 Previously used in marine environments to
detect for oils and other pollutants

2
 How fluorescence lidar works

 Transmitter
 Fluorescence
 Receiver
 Signal
Processor

3 http://las.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/images/airboen.gif
 Fluorescence response depends
on
 Frequency of
electromagnetic
energy
 Molecular
composition of
sample
 Spectral
composition of (Vorobiev, 2006)

response signal
4
 Study areas

FLS was flown in August 2008

to detect for dissolved organic
matter (DOM) using an excitation
wavelength of 308 nm

5
 Objectives
 Use 2008 fluorescence data to:
 Determine/fix geographic positioning errors
 Lacked Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
 Consumer grade code GPS only
 Compare fluorescence LiDAR system (FLS)
DOM data to ground sample data
 Grab samples collected for DOC and DOM
 Spatial analysis
 Statistical analysis

6
 Geometric error corrections
South Mountain Lakes: BEFORE South Mountain Lakes: AFTER

Trout Lake Trout Lake

Zwicker Lake Zwicker Lake

7
 FLS swath bias ~ 60% variance

Flight direction

8
 Grab sample analysis

 DOC
 Accounts for 40-60%
of all DOM
 Shimadzu TOC
analyzer
 Filtered in lab
 DOM
 Spectral
Fluorescence
Signature (SFS)
analysis
 Instant Screener IS55
9
 DOC results - Annapolis

>6.10

10
 Grab sample analysis
 SFS results
 Produced a 2D matrix of excitation/emission
wavelengths and gives a DOM reading in parts per
million (ppm)
 Excited in the 240 to 260 nm range

A Spectral
fluorescence
library was used
to
calculate DOM in
mg/L
Trout Lake
10.22 mg/L

11
 FLS Results

12
13
14
 RAMAN scattering is a
measure of the inverse of
water clarity (i.e. High Raman
equals clear water, low Raman
equals turbid water)

15
 Spatial Analysis
FLS DOM pattern & DOC grab 400
m

Min, max,
mean and SD
of FLS DOM
compared to
grab DOC
and DOM values

16
 10
15
20
25
30
35

0
5

17
ANN1
ANN2
ANN3
ANN4
ANN5

Basin
ANN6
ANN8
ANN9
ANN10
ANN11
ANN12
ANN13
ANN14
ANN15
ANN16

River
ANN17

DOC (mg/L)
ANN18
ANN19
ANN20
ANN21
SMTTROUT1
SMTZWICKER2
DUNK1

SFS DOM (ppm)

DUNK2
DUNK3
DUNK4

Dunk
DUNK5
DUNK6
SOURIS7
SOURIS8
SOURIS9
SOURIS10
SOURIS11
FLS DOM (au's_mean)
All Sites: DOC, FLS DOM and SFS DOM

SOURIS12
Souris

SOURIS13
SOURIS14
SOURIS15
TROUT16
TROUT17
TROUT18
TROUT19
TROUT20
Trout

TROUT21
TROUT22
TROUT23
 Annapolis: DOC vs. FLS DOM
Basin River
50
45
40
35
FLS DOM (au's)

30
R² = 0.54
25
20
15
10
5 R² = 0.54

0
0 2 4 6 8
DOC (mg/L)
18
 PEI: DOC vs. FLS DOM
Dunk Souris Trout
Linear (Dunk) Linear (Souris) Linear (Trout)
7

6
Souris R² = 0.17
5
FLS DOM (au's)

4
Dunk R² = 0.10
3
Trout R² = 0.01
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DOC (mg/L)
19
 PEI: DOC vs. SFS DOM
Dunk Souris Trout
Linear (Dunk) Linear (Souris) Linear (Trout)
4.5
4
3.5
SFS DOM (mg/L)

3
Trout R² = 0.30
2.5
Dunk R² = 0.01
2
1.5 Souris R² = 0.78
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DOC (mg/L)
20
 PEI: FLS
Dunk
DOM
Souris
vs. SFS DOM
Trout
Linear (Souris) Linear (Souris) Linear (Trout)

5
FLS DOM (au's)

4 Souris R² = 0.78

3 Dunk R² = 0.50

1
Trout R² = 0.01
0
0 1 2 3 4
SFS DOM (mg/L)
21
22
23
 Conclusions
 FLS can be used to predict DOM values
 Not as useful for predicting DOC

 FLS not suitable for all environments

 Should be used in larger water bodies

 Variance within swath

 IMU and survey grade GPS improves mapping potential
 Preliminary investigations have shown major geographic
improvements in 2009 data

 Can be used as a tool for overall watershed

assessment quality
24
 Acknowledgements: Cynthia Crane
(PEI Gov’t), Mike Brylinisky (Acadia-
ACER), ACOAA-AIF funding

Questions??

25
Exploring
Women’s Roles
in the
PEI Fishery

Sara Roach Lewis (Women for Environmental

Sustainability)
 Women for
Environmental
Sustainability (WES)
• Committed to the sustainability & conservation
of the fishing industry on PEI
• Formed around the herring line dispute
(2000 – 2005) to defend herring stocks by
pushing seiners out of shallow water / the Gulf
Trouble at the wharf…again
Collaboration = success
Mixed success
• Collaborative effort was successful but long term
partnerships were not developed
• Midwater trawlers

“They changed the face of the fishery in

Eastern Kings – a lot of fishers recognize
and support that – and a lot of guys don’t”
 The Research Partnership
• Social Economy and Sustainability Research
Network has been together since Sept 2005
• A network of community organizations and
academics, doing collaborative research to
serve community needs
• Goal: to bring attention to the social
economy, and strengthen SE organisations
(social service, industry associations, co-
ops, community groups etc)
Institute of Island Studies
• Bridge between UPEI
& community
• Promote progressive
public policy
• Facilitate research
about PEI
• Encourage global
island studies
Why do Research on Women in
Fisheries?
• Sara Roach Lewis (WES) & Irene
Novaczek (IIS) asked to present on
women in fisheries for conference in 2005
• Discovered lack of available data at
provincial level
• Started to think about absence of women
at management tables too
• Q: would fisheries be healthier if women
were more active in management?
Bringing women to the table…or
not
“We respected the rules, which meant that
at most meetings, we didn’t have a voice
at the table and were only welcome as
observers. When we were asked to
participate, we did. And in the end, our
role and participation in the management
of the herring fishery was not respected or
documented. And when we were no
longer useful, we were no longer invited.”
Fisheries Co-management in
Canada – the new idea
• Oceans Act 1997 : a new framework for
integrated ocean and coastal management
• New interest in participatory research,
fishers’ ecological knowledge, consultation
and collaboration
• What will it mean for power relations in
fisheries management and decision-
making? Who should be “at the table”?
 Who should be “at the table”?
Making choices
- serving whose interests?
• National/provincial governments
• Fishery sector associations
• Fishing & processing corporations
• Coastal communities
• Personal/family enterprises
•Future fishers, fish stocks, the marine
environment
 Based on other research around
the world:
• For decision-making for sustainability - a
community goal - you need more than core
license holders involved.
• Women and youth working in fishing
enterprises will have valuable input for
decisions that affect their livelihoods.
• The wider community that depends on
fisheries also has a role to play, in supporting
local fisheries and protecting the marine
environment.
Research questions
• What are the past and current roles women
play in PEI fisheries?
• How are they involved in fisheries
management?
• How are female fishers perceived by
fishermen and other community members?
• What benefits could be gained by having
women at the management table?
• What are the barriers and opportunities for
women’s involvement in management?
Research process
• Background literature search; WES case
study
• Interviews with male and female fishers &
staff of fishers’ organizations (20), other
community members (7), fisheries staff (9)
• Compile and analyze these data in light of
what is going on in the fishery
• Prepare a report; recommend actions; take it
to the community
What we Heard:
“This is a do or die reality”
• Lobster is all
that’s left?
• Falling prices,
rising costs

“If the lobster

fishery fails,
the state of the
fishery will be
failure”
Everything is connected

• Land & Sea

• Connections between
species
• Fisheries and rural
communities
“It’s part of our culture; it’s
part of who we are”
Power and
Politics

• Fishers
perceptions vs DFO
perceptions

“getting political response and political

attention” = “playing a big role in fisheries
management”
Data for decision-making

• SCIENCE vs “true
science”
• Local values
• Collaborative data
collection
“They never acknowledged the
people with the knowledge
because they were
uneducated and what would
they know”
Great uncertainty

“People are very

afraid of doing
things when they
are not convinced it
will help the fishery,
but in the short
term they are pretty
sure it will harm
their livelihood”
Women’s Roles in Island Fisheries

“There was a time when it was unheard of to

have women out on the water fishing”
Captains, corks, co-owners, shore
crew, accountants, caregivers,
cooks….
“The impact that
women have on the
fishery is completely
under-rated”

“I have four jobs!”

 Women in the
PEIFA

“Women aren’t asked to

play any significant
role in any meeting of
fishermen”
“I’d love to be able to
sit on a board of
something to do with
fishing, but I was
never asked”
Women in Fisheries
Departments

“We’ve got a different

breed coming in”

“There was a resistance”

Barriers to women’s involvement

• It’s a man’s world

• Home and community responsibilities
• The noisy table
• The high price of entry
• Need for dialogue around co-
management
 Balancing Male and Female Roles

“The best management •Knowledge &

will come from a mix”
Education
•Experience
•Connections
•Analytical abilities
•Negotiating styles
•Values
Balancing Male and Female Roles

Women bring
• Fresh perspectives
• Different forms of knowledge
• Listening abilities
• Long term view
• Community focus
• Maternal instincts
Recommendations

• Increase awareness of women in fisheries

• Open up discussion at all levels
• The Prince Edward Island Fishermen’s
Association (PEIFA) should adopt a
membership policy that recognizes all
active members of the fishing enterprise.
Recommendations

• The DFO should collect and publish data

on male and female involvement in
fisheries (for example how many men and
women hold core and commercial
licenses)
Embracing the need for change

Change must be made thoughtfully.

Legitimate leadership, trust and cooperation
is essential. So is inclusion.

We need all hands on deck!

It’s more than just a job
COLLABORATIVE PROJECT CANADA - SPAIN: ESSMA PROJECT

Ecological Sustainability of Suspended Mussel Aquaculture

María José Fernández Reiriz, Uxío Labarta, Ramón Filgueira

Peter Cranford, Shawn Robinson

Jon Grant, Ramón Filgueira

Coastal Zone Canada 2010 – Prince Edward Island

ESSMA: OBJECTIVES

- Provide scientific knowledge

- Establish a set of sustainability indicators
- Generate Carrying Capacity (CC) models
- Study the ecological implications of the culture
- Manage aquaculture activity based on the ecosystem (EBM)
- Optimize production while maintaining ecological integrity
- Explore these tasks at two different spatial scales:
- Local scale
- Bay scale

Ría de Ares-Betanzos
St. Ann´s Harbour
Bay of Fundy
 Outline: ESSMA Components

ESSMA.C1: Sustainability Indicators.

ESSMA.C2: Local scale modelling.

ESSMA.C3: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture

ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity.

St. Ann´s Harbour

Ecological Models as Operational Tools for EBM

ESSMA.C1: Sustainability Indicators.

Objective: Determine the magnitude and the spatial and temporal

extent of phytoplankton depletion in intensively cultured bays and
recommend ecological indicators and sustainability thresholds.

Filtration implies retention of food particles

Reduction of food level at local scale
Limitation on mussel growth?
Mussel biomass, water flow and
phytoplankton growth

Evaluate
potential
depletion
ESSMA.C1: Sustainability Indicators.
Food depletion: ACROBAT - High resolution 3D mapping

Lindsay Brager. Wednesday at 13:45 in Room McDougall 243

Compare chlorophyll concentration in the lease with far field and at the
same time study the natural variation of chlorophyll content.

EBM as “decision making based on alteration on ecosystem

functioning within the bounds of natural variation” (Grant and
Filgueira, in press)
ESSMA.C2: Local scale modelling.

Objective: Determine the local effects of cultured bivalve biomass on

phytoplankton concentration and the effect of food depletion on
mussel growth and mussel production at local scale using a
mathematical model.

Food depletion at the local scale can exert a

direct effect on bivalve growth

External Factors: Internal Factors:

- water flow - biomass
- phytoplankton growth - culture unit size
- biomass distribution inside the
culture unit

Manage phytoplankton depletion

at local scale
 ESSMA.C2: Local scale modelling.

Zooplankton Mussels

Boundary Conditions

Spatial Connections
PNZ model + M & S
Seston Phytoplankton
Mussel ecophysiology: (detrital
Scope For Growth (SFG) matter)
Nutrients

High spatial resolution Depletion

grid at local scale Water Flow Regulation
Phyto growth

Different scenarios: biomass

location
to optimize the growth Meters
ESSMA.C3: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

Objective: Evaluate the potential of the ecological engineering concept

of IMTA.

IMTA
Based on a natural recycling
concept where the by-products
from mussel culture become
inputs for another species within
the same culture system,
helping to achieve a balance
between commercial
production and environmental
sustainability
CIMTAN (Canadian Integrated Multi-
Trophic Aquaculture Network)

Lindsay Brager. Wednesday at 13:45 in Room McDougall 243

ESSMA.C3: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)

Food
Mussel
Faeces = Organic wastes

Organic matter directed towards benthic food webs

IMTA hypothesis
Can this organic matter be a food source for other species?

Detailed knowledge of trophic webs

Stable Isotopes
Biochemical composition
ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Objective: Develop bay-scale carrying capacity models for optimizing

spatial arrangement of aquaculture sites and determining the standing
stock biomass to optimize sustainable mussel culture using a
phytoplankton depletion criterion.

Meters Kilometers
Component 2 St. Ann’s Harbour

Spatial arrangement of different leases

Optimal biomass in each lease
ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Establish a CC criterion How many mussels can we grow?

Maximize aquaculture production

Minimize negative impact on ecosystem

“alteration on ecosystem functioning within the bounds of natural

variation” (Grant and Filgueira, in press)

One tool which allows us to answer this question is MODELLING

Zooplankton Mussels
Ecological
Boundary Conditions

Spatial Connections
Model
Seston Phytoplankton
PNZ model + M & S (detrital
matter)
Nutrients
Mussel ecophysiology: SFG
ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Bay scale modelling requires Physical – Biogeochemical coupling

Filgueira et al. in
review
ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Ecological Models as Operational Tools for EBM. Lysefjord.

Mussel culture in a
pristine area

Explore the effects of different managing strategies on the environment

ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Low nutrients level in the upper layer (0 – 10 m)

High nutrients level in the bottom layer (deeper than 15 m)

Pumping water?

Chlorophyll vertical distribution (mg m-3)

ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Questions?

1.- Which is the

best location for
the pump?

2.- Which is the

optimal mussel
biomass
according to
CC?

Filgueira et al accepted
&
Filgueira et al. in review
ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Standardized chlorophyll level

0

Scenario 1 Scenario 2
5

Scenario 3 Scenario 4 10

Mussel density
95 mg m-3
wet weight

190

Operational tools for ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Ecological Models as Operational Tools for EBM. Tracadie Bay.

Mussel culture in a
intensely cultured
area

Explore the effects of different boundary conditions on mussel production

ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Boundary Time series (chla, seston…) outside the

model domain that force the system
Conditions
Huge incidence in mussel performance

Different estimations of CC

Important for management policies

Objective

Explore the carrying capacity according to a Precautionary Principle

ESSMA.C4: Bay scale modelling. Carrying Capacity (CC).

Ratio chla in different points / chla Boundary ≈ Index of Depletion

1998 1999

Boundary Inner part Boundary Inner part

- Higher depletion in 1999 -> less

suitable for growing mussels

-To obtain the same values both years

40% biomass reduction in 1999

- The datasets highlight the importance of

the inter-annual variability

Filgueira & Grant 2009

 Ecological Sustainability of Suspended Mussel Aquaculture

The overall objective of the

ESSMA project is to generate
knowledge of near- and far-
field bivalve environmental
effects and methods for
estimating and optimizing
suspended bivalve production.
This will contribute to the
development of effective
ecosystem-based
management tools and
strategies that will promote the
sustainability of the bivalve
aquaculture industry.
Ecological Sustainability of Suspended Mussel Aquaculture

Thank you!
 Integrated coastal zone
management in Atlantic Canada:
The case of Atlantic herring
Rob Stephenson – DFO St. Andrews
Biological Station and University of New
Brunswick

Dan Lane – Telfer School of Management,

University of Ottawa and Chair OMRN
 Management is evolving rapidly…

Fisheries Aqua Energy Transp Others

Cumulative impacts
More complex plans
Conservation

Market certification
- Productivity

- Biodiversity

- Habitat

Economic

Social/cultural

…Integrated management
Case study… 4WX Atlantic herring
4WX herring fishery – mgmt history
• 1966 – government sponsored conference
to expand plant and fleet capacity
• 1970 – limited entry for purse seiners
• 1972 – ICNAF imposes national quotas
• 1972 – first management advisory
committee
• 1976 – Atl Herring Fisherman’s Marketing
Cooperative
• 1983 – ITQs and fleet reduction program
 Appreciation of Sub-stock structure
47 New
Brunswick

46
U.S.A. Canada

45 Nova Scotia

44

43

S.W. Nova Scotia

42
Coastal Nova Scotia
Offshore Scotian Shelf
41 Georges Bank
Coastal Gulf of Maine

40
73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59
Expanded set of conservation objectives
Industry participation in science and management
1984 to present - Collaboration in
an evolving management regime
• Increasingly complex and restrictive management
• Industry restructuring under ITQ system
– Market failure, quota reduction, fewer vessels
• Changing governance: Industry participation in
management (‘co-management’) and in science
(sampling and surveys)
– ‘survey, assess, fish’ protocol
• More objectives: Productivity of herring plus attention to
biodiversity (preserving herring population structure) and
attention to cumulative effects (herring plus other
fisheries; herring as ‘forage’ for other species, etc)
 FRCC Report on herring…
• Vision for sustainability that includes
ecological, social, economic and
institutional objectives
• Renewal of IFMPs to include a decision-
making process that is ‘participatory,
transparent and accountable’
• Implementation of an Ecosystem
Approach to Fisheries
 SWNB MARINE RESOURCES
PLANNING INITIATIVE
Phase II
March 25, 2009
The Preferred Future of the Bay” –
Towards a Community Based Plan
for the Management of Marine Activities
and Space in Southwest New Brunswick Bay of Fundy
0 20 40

km
Saint John

Summary

Activities/Uses
The Planning Area
 Major recommendations
• A more diverse set of objectives
reflecting ‘Community Values’
• An open and transparent, participatory,
process
• Applied to all activities (existing and
proposed)
• Proposed a ‘Council’ as the forum
PRIORITY AREAS
 State of coastal/marine resource
management?
• Considerable recent evolution
– Managing activities using ecosystem
approach
• Insufficient consideration of cumulative effects
• Lack of integration (and definition!) of
conservation, social, economic and institutional
goals
• No structure for consideration of tradeoffs
among objectives…no structure for Integrated
Management
 Integrated management?
• Diverse, common objectives
– Higher standards of EAM and PA
• Applied to all activities
– Cumulative effects
• Appropriate governance structure
– Issues can be articulated, compared and used
as basis for rational decisions
– Participatory process and appropriate
jurisdiction
 Integrated Management needs to evolve …

Umbrella plans for Ecoregions/management areas

Consideration of cumulative impacts

Nested plans for Managed activities
Fisheries Aqua Energy Transp Others

Conservation
Common Objectives

- Productivity

- Biodiversity

- Habitat

Economic

Social/cultural