2010

Introduction to Mechanical
Design
A study on
Roller and Ball
Bearings

Hasan ERBAY 66784

Sevde Dilruba ŞAHIN 66817
Medine KESKIN 66807

01.01.2010
Index

1. A BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT BEARINGS .................................................................................... 4

2. WHAT ARE TYPES OF THE BEARINGS? ................................................................................. 4

2.1. BALL BEARINGS ................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1. Shielded Ball bearing ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2. Sealed ball bearing .................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.3. Load Carrying Capability ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4.THRUST BALL BEARINGS ............................................................................................................................ 6

2.2. ROLLER BEARINGS ............................................................................................................................. 6

2.2.1. Roller Thrust Bearing ................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2.2. Taper Roller Bearing ................................................................................................................................. 7

3. OTHER BEARING TYPES ............................................................................................................. 7

4. BEARİNG MATERIALS ................................................................................................................. 8

4.1. High/mid carbon alloy steel ...................................................................................................................... 8

4.2. Case hardened (carburizing) steel ........................................................................................................... 8

4.3. Heat resistant bearing steel .................................................................................................................. 8

4.4. Corrosion resistant bearing steel ........................................................................................................ 9

4.5. Induction hardened steel ...................................................................................................................... 9

4.6. Other bearing materials ........................................................................................................................ 9

5. CAGE MATERIALS ......................................................................................................................... 9

6. THE USAGE PLACE FOR BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS ................................................... 9

6.1. The Examples from Industries that are Using Bearings .................................................................. 11

7. COMPARISON OF BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS ............................................................ 11

8. CALCULATIONS FOR BEARINGS............................................................................................ 13

8.1. Bearing Life........................................................................................................................................... 13

8.2. Static Load Rating ................................................................................................................................ 13

8.3. Equivalent Static Bearing Load .......................................................................................................... 14

8.4. Bearing Load Life Relationship .......................................................................................................... 14

8.5. Basic Dynamic Load Rating ................................................................................................................. 15

8.6. Equivalent Dynamic Bearing Load ..................................................................................................... 16

8.7. Variable Loading .................................................................................................................................. 16

8.8. Guidelines on Bearing Life .................................................................................................................. 17

8.9. Adjusted Rating Life............................................................................................................................. 18

8.10. Reliability versus Life ........................................................................................................................ 18

8.11. Life Adjustment Factor for Reliability ............................................................................................. 19

8.12. Constant Reliability Contour ............................................................................................................ 19

8.13. Manufacturers own Life Factors ...................................................................................................... 20

8.14. The steps should be followed when we choose the bearing ......................................................... 21

9. STANDARTS FOR BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS ............................................................ 21

10. PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS .................................................................................................... 23

Exercise – 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 23

Solution - 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 24

Exercise – 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 26

Solution-2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

Exercise – 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 29

Solution - 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 29

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 30
1. A BRIEF HISTORY ABOUT BEARINGS

Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics have been discovered that show large blocks, presumably
used to build monuments for the Pharaohs, being pulled across tree trunks acting as roller
bearings. Later, in the 15th century, Leonardo Da Vinci described and designed a type of ball
bearing, according to the American Bearing Manufacturers Association. The turning point in
the development of the bearing was the industrial revolution, when a variety of types of
bearings were designed to fill different needs.

Ball bearings are one major invention that was done during the industrial revolution which
has galvanized the whole manufacturing and other related industries. Before the ball bearings
were invented a big part of the effort went in making sure that machines were able to take the
load using some primitive load bearing methods. These methods then generated so much heat
and effort went in cooling off the machine as well as in replacing the damaged parts.

2. WHAT ARE TYPES OF THE BEARINGS?

There are many types of bearings, each used for different purposes either singularly or in
combinations. All bearings are very unique in their construction and have special capabilities
to carry loads. These include ball bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust
bearings and tapered roller thrust bearings.

2.1. BALL BEARINGS

Ball bearings, as shown to the left, are the most common type by
far. They are found in everything from skate boards to washing
machines to PC hard drives. These bearings are capable of
taking both radial and thrust loads, and are usually found in
applications where the load is light to medium and is constant in
nature (ie not shock loading). The bearing shown here has the
outer ring cut away revealing the balls and ball retainer.

Ball bearings are also called as “Deep grove Ball bearing”

because of their constructional aspects. The balls are made to
run in deep grooves formed in the inner race and outer race of
the bearing. The basic parts of a ball bearing include:
  Inner Race – This is the part that is mounted on the rotating shaft and tends to rotate
the shaft.
 Outer Race – This is the part that is mounted to the housing and is stationary. This also
serves as a means for transferring the loads from the bearing to the housing.
 Rolling Element “Balls” – These are the elements that carry the load distributing it
throughout the raceways. They tend to rotate about the inner race, but not at the speed
the inner race rotates. It is something like the relation between the earth and the moon.
 Cage – This is an important element in the bearing. This acts as a barrier between the
balls preventing them from bumping into each other.

Apart from this the ball bearings are available with certain special constructional features like
shielded bearings and sealed bearings.

2.1.1. Shielded Ball bearing

 The main difference between them is that in the case of a shielded bearing, it shields
the rolling elements from the external dirt and the shield is normally made up of
plastic or special rubber.

2.1.2. Sealed ball bearing

 The sealed ball bearing is one which is completely sealed with lubricant inside. It
prevents the flow of other lubricants into the rolling element area and also prevents the
lubricant inside i.e. grease from getting out of the rolling element area.

2.1.3. Load Carrying Capability

 Ball bearing has a good capability to run at high speeds but average in carrying loads.
They are able to carry only medium loads and hence find use in almost all the
household items such as ceiling fans, Mixes, Grinders, etc.
 Ball bearings are capable of carrying good amount of radial loads but axial loads can
be carried only to an extent. Hence these bearings are not used in applications that
require heavy axial load to be carried.
2.1.4.THRUST BALL BEARINGS

Ball thrust bearings like the one shown to the left are mostly
used for low-speed non precision applications. They cannot
take much radial load and are usually found in lazy susan
turntables and low precision farm equipment.

Single-Direction Thrust Ball Bearings Double-Direction Thrust Ball Bearings

Single-direction thrust ball bearings are composed of washer-like bearing rings with raceway
grooves. The ring attached to the shaft is called the shaft washer (or inner ring) while that
attached to the housing is called the housing washer (or outer ring).

In double-direction thrust ball bearings, there are three rings with the middle one (center ring)
being fixed to the shaft.

2.2. ROLLER BEARINGS

Roller bearings like the one shown to the left are normally used in
heavy duty applications such as conveyer belt rollers, where they must
hold heavy radial loads. In these bearings the roller is a cylinder, so
the contact between the inner and outer race is not a point (like the ball
bearing above) but a line. This spreads the load out over a larger area,
allowing the roller bearing to handle much greater loads than a ball
bearing. However, this type of bearing cannot handle thrust loads to any significant degree. A
variation of this bearing design is called the needle bearing. The needle roller bearing uses
cylindrical rollers like those above but with a very small diameter. This allows the bearing to
fit into tight places such as gear boxes that rotate at higher speeds.

2.2.1. Roller Thrust Bearing

Roller thrust bearings like the one

illustrated to the left can support very large
thrust loads. They are often found in
gearsets like car transmissions between
gear sprockets, and between the housing
and the rotating shafts. The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth; this
can causes a high thrust load that must be supported by this type of bearing.

2.2.2. Taper Roller Bearing

Tapered roller bearings are designed to support large

radial and large thrust loads. These loads can take the
form of constant loads or shock loads. Tapered roller
bearings are used in many car hubs, where they are
usually mounted in pairs facing opposite directions.
This gives them the ability to take thrust loads in both
directions. The cutaway taper roller on the left shows
the specially designed tapered rollers and demonstrates
their angular mounting which gives their dual load
ability.

3. OTHER BEARING TYPES

The above bearing types are some of the most common. There are thousands of other designs,
some standard and some specific applications but all perform the same basic function.
Essentially further types of bearings usually take all or some of the characteristics of the
above bearings and blend them into one design. Through the use of careful material selection
and applying the correct degree of machining precision, a successful bearing solution can
usually be found.

4. BEARİNG MATERIALS
While the contact surfaces of a bearing's raceways and rolling elements are subjected to
repeated heavy stress, they still must maintain high precision and rotational accuracy. To
accomplish this, the raceways and rolling elements must be made of a material that has high
hardness, is resistant to rolling fatigue, is wear resistant, and has good dimensional stability.
The most common cause of fatigue in bearings is the inclusion of non-metallic impurities in
the steel. Non-metallic inclusion includes hard oxides that can cause fatigue crack. Clean steel
with minimal non-metallic inclusion must therefore be used. For bearings requiring especially
high reliability and long life, steels of even higher in purity, such as vacuum melted steel
(VIM, VAR) and electro-slag melted steel (ESR), are used.

4.1. High/mid carbon alloy steel

In general, steel varieties which can be hardened not just on the surface but also deep
hardened by the so-called "through hardening method" are used for the raceways and rolling
elements of bearings. Foremost among these is high carbon chromium bearing steel, which is
widely used. For large type bearings and bearings with large cross sectional dimensions,
induction hardened bearing steel incorporating manganese or molybdenum is used. Also in
use is midcarbon chromium steel incorporating silicone and manganese, which gives it
hardening properties comparable to high carbon chromium steel.

4.2. Case hardened (carburizing) steel

Carburizing hardens the steel from the surface to the proper depth, forming a relatively soft
core. This provides hardness and toughness, making the material suitable for impact loads.

4.3. Heat resistant bearing steel

When bearings made of ordinary high carbon chromium steel which have undergone standard
heat treatment are used at temperatures above 120°C for long durations, unacceptably large
dimensional changes can occur. For this reason, a dimension stabilizing treatment (TS
treatment) has been devised for very high temperature applications. This treatment however
reduces hardness of the material, thereby reducing rolling fatigue life.
4.4. Corrosion resistant bearing steel
For applications requiring high corrosion resistance, stainless steel is used. To achieve this
corrosion resistance a large proportion of the alloying element chrome is added to martensite
stainless steel.

4.5. Induction hardened steel

Besides the use of surface hardening steel, induction hardening is also utilized for bearing
raceway surfaces, and for this purpose mid-carbon steel is used for its lower carbon content
instead of through hardened steel. For induction hardening of the deep layers required for
larger bearings and bearings with large surface dimensions, mid-carbon steel is fortified with
chrome and molybdenum.

4.6. Other bearing materials

For ultra high speed applications and applications requiring very high level corrosion
resistance, ceramic bearing materials such as Si3N4 are also available.

5. Cage materials
Bearing cage materials must have the strength to withstand rotational vibrations and shock
loads. These materials must also have a low friction coefficient, be light weight, and be able
to withstand bearing operation temperatures.

For small and medium sized bearings, pressed cages of cold or hot rolled steel with a low
carbon content of approx. 0.1% are used. However, depending on the application, austenitic
stainless steel is also used.

Machined cages are generally used for large bearings. Carbon steel for machine structures or
high-strength cast brass is frequently used for the cages, but other materials such as
aluminium alloy are also used.

6. THE USAGE PLACE FOR BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS

Today the ball bearing is used in numerous everyday applications. Ball bearings are used for
dental and medical instruments. In dental and medical hand pieces, it is necessary for the
medical hand pieces are made from 440C stainless steel, which allows smooth rotations at fast
speeds. Because of this requirement, dental and medical hand pieces are made from 440C
stainless steel, which allows smooth rotations at fast speeds.
  Hard drive bearings used to be highly spherical, and were said to be the best spherical
manufactured shapes, but this is no longer true, and more and more are being replaced
with fluid bearing
 German ball bearing factories were often a target of allied aerial bombings during
World War II; such was the importance of the ball bearing to the German war
industry.
 In horology, the company Jean Lassale designed a watch movement that used ball
bearings to reduce the thickness of the movement. Using 0.20 mm balls, the Calibre
1200 was only 1.2 mm thick, which still is the thinnest mechanical watch movement.
 Aerospace bearings are used in many applications on commercial, private and military
aircraft including pulleys, gearboxes and jet engine shafts. Materials include M50 tool
steel (AMS6491), Carbon chrome steel (AMS6444), the corosion resistant AMS5930,
440C stainless steel, silicon nitride (ceramic) and titanium carbide-coated 440C.

Following the early use of ball bearings in drive shafts, factory engineers found other
applications in the manufacturing arena. Individual parts could be moved easily over ramps
equipped with ball bearings. Motor-driven machines became more efficient as ball bearings
reduced friction between parts. Unlike other types of bearings, ball bearings allow for both
rotary and axial movement, which added versatility to machine design.
One of the most common examples of ball bearings in action is the roller skate. Four wheels
are attached to two axles on the bottom of a boot. A closer inspection of these wheels reveals
a collection of small metal balls which surround the axle. As the skater places his or her full
weight on the wheels, each ball bearing absorbs the load temporarily. As the skater pushes
forward, the ball bearings roll in a track around the axle.
Because the ball bearings are perfectly round and smooth, there is very little friction generated
between them. The ball bearings allow the skater to move in a straight line with little
resistance.
Ball bearings is an integral part of any machinery nowadays but that said choose the right
kind of ball bearings keeping mind the factors like the heat generated and the amount of
pressure that will be generated. Plus each manufacturer has its own.
Common uses of these are in car's wheels, also known as wheel bearings. This would be a
perfect implementation since a car has radial and axial forces from the car moving forward on
a road, and a car moving up and down (from the car's suspension caused by bumps in the
road).
Thrust bearings are used to take on large thrust loads and are used mainly in the car
transmissions and gears.
Bearings are truly a wonder of nature! They make life much easier for almost all human
beings living on this planet. They can be found in the smallest electric motors to the largest
pieces of mining equipment. Bearings operate so efficiently that they are sometimes referred
to as being “anti-friction” devices. Life would be much harder without them. Like most other
highly engineered products, bearings have a very sophisticated and scientific side.

6.1. The Examples from Industries that are Using Bearings

Cranes
Excavators
Offshore industry
Wind Turbines
Solar Energy
Port Equipment
Mining
Tunneling
Robotics
Machine Tools
Medical
Radar
Transport and Handling
Railway Industry

Packaging
Military Industry

7. COMPARISON OF BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS

Rolling-element bearings have the advantage of a good trade-off between cost, size, weight,
carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, and so on. Other bearing designs are often
better on one specific attribute, but worse in most other attributes, although fluid bearings can
sometimes simultaneously outperform on carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction,
rotation rate and sometimes cost. Only plain bearings have as wide use as rolling-element
bearings.
Both ball bearings and roller bearings work by rolling between two surfaces to reduce friction.
The concept is based on the fact that things roll more easily and with less effort than if you
slide them. Imagine attaching a rope to a concrete block and pulling it across a sidewalk. Now
imagine pulling that same block across marbles that have been scattered on the sidewalk. The
block would move much more easily because the marbles have acted as ball bearings.

Ball bearings reduced the damage to the machinery as the load bearing was shifted from the
actual parts to small steel balls encloses in two sleeves which are the outer and the inner
sleeves. These sleeves shield the ball from direct pressure and the pressure is transferred by
the balls from the outer sleeves to the inner sleeve.
The basics behind the roller bearings is the simple principle that easier to roll than to slide
because the two surfaces in contact have a lesser area of contact and that helps in reducing the
friction as opposed to sliding which has larger area in contact and which means that there will
be more friction.
Ball bearings are by far the most common type of bearing and are used in everything from
dishwashers and washing machines to blenders and computer hard drives. They provide the
ability to spin and a small to medium amount of weight-bearing support. Because their design
does not allow large amounts of weight to be supported, they are most commonly used in
household appliances and tools.
Roller bearings are shaped like cylinders and are most commonly used in heavy machinery or
industrial applications. Conveyor belt rollers in factories use this type of bearing because,
unlike the ball bearing, where any weight pushing down on it is focused on one point, weight
is spread out in a line along the surface of the bearing. This allows the roller bearing to handle
much more weight and makes it ideal for heavy-duty applications.
Also there is a figure that shows us differences between rolling bearings and sliding bearings
in the next page.
8. CALCULATIONS for BEARINGS

8.1. Bearing Life

• The bearing life is defined as:

- The number of revolutions or,

- The number of operating hours at a given speed which the bearing is capable of
enduring before the first sign of metal fatigue (flaking, spilling) occurs on one of its rings
or rolling elements.

• The rating life, L10, of a group of identical bearings is defined as the life that 90
percent of them will at least achieve before the failure criterion develops.
• The median life is the 50th percentile life of a group of bearings corresponding to
between 4 and 5 times the L10 life.

8.2. Static Load Rating

• The basic static load rating C0 is used in calculations when the bearings are to rotate
at very slow speeds (n < 10 r/min),
• Perform very slow oscillating movements,
 • Be stationary under load for certain extended periods.

• Verification of the static bearing loads is performed checking the static safety factor of
the application, which is defined as:

C0
Where: s0 
P0

C0 = basic static load rating, kN

P0 = equivalent static bearing load, kN

s0 = static safety factor

8.3. Equivalent Static Bearing Load

The equivalent static radial load does the same damage as the combined radial and
thrust loads together.
P0  X 0 Pr  Y0 Pa

8.4. Bearing Load Life Relationship

• Typical bearing load-life log-log curve:
 • This function can be expressed as
p
L2  P1 
 
L1  P2 
With p = 3 for ball bearings, p = 10/3 for roller bearings.

8.5. Basic Dynamic Load Rating

• The basic dynamic load rating is that load which will cause 10% of a sample of
bearings to fail at or before 1 million revolutions and the others 90% to survive.
1
 L n60 
p

or C  P h 6 
C  PL
1

 10 
p

 The Basic Rating Life is:

p p
C  106  C 
L10    L10h   
P or 60n  P 
Where :

L10 = basic rating life (at 90 % reliability), millions of revolutions

L10h = basic rating life (at 90 % reliability), operating hours

C = basic dynamic load rating, kN

P = equivalent dynamic bearing load, kN

n = rotational speed, r/min

8.6. Equivalent Dynamic Bearing Load

P  Xas
A rotation factor V is defined Vr =Y1i Pa when the inner ring rotates and V = 1.2 when the
iVP

outer ring rotates.

8.7. Variable Loading

• For a piecewise constant loading in a cyclic pattern:

Where:

Pe,i = equivalent radial load for the it event

ni = speed of the it event

Ti = time period of the it event

• Using the linear damage theory the equivalent constant load is:

 j 1

 p
  Ti ni Pe ,i  
p

 
P   i 1 j

  Ti ni 
 i 1 
8.8. Guidelines on Bearing Life
8.9. Adjusted Rating Life

• Recent experimental and analytical results indicate much longer fatigue life under
ideal conditions than predicted by basic life calculations.
• ABMA revised life equation:
p
C 
Lna  a1a2 a3   or Lna  a1a2 a3 L10
P

• Where:

Lna = adjusted rating life, millions of revolutions

a1 = life adjustment factor for reliability.

a2 = life adjustment factor for material.

a3 = life adjustment factor for operating conditions.

8.10. Reliability versus Life

• The reliability given by the three-parameter Weibull distribution is:

  x  x b 
R  exp   0
 
    x0  

Where R = reliability

x = life measure dimensionless variety, L/L10

x0 = guaranteed, or “minimum”, value of the variety

θ = characteristic parameter corresponding to the 63.2121 percentile value of

the variety

b = shape parameter that controls the skewness

• The cumulative distribution function is:

•   x  x bearings
The reliability of a group of N independent  
b
with identical reliability R is:
F  1  R  1  exp   0
 
    x0  
RN  R N
8.11. Life Adjustment Factor for Reliability

• In the manufacturer’s catalogs, reliability is estimated using this

  L 1.5 
R  exp    
  4.48L10  
2

giving a life adjustment factor a1 = L/L10 equal to: a1 

L  100  3
 4.48 ln 
L10  R 
that can be presented in a table, like this one:

8.12. Constant Reliability Contour

• A – Catalog rating C10 at x = L/L10 = 1

 • B – Load C10 at R = RD
• D – Design load PD and life xD = LD/L10 with the desired reliability RD

8.13. Manufacturers own Life Factors

• SKF revised life equation: L  a a L

na 1 SKF 10

Where aSKF is the life adjustment factor for lubricant film thickness, for loading
relative to fatigue load limit (infinite life) and for contamination. This replaces a2a3 in
estimating fatigue life in operating conditions from severe to ideal.

• FAG revised life equation: Lnm  a1aDIN L10

• Where aDIN is the adjustment factor for operating conditions and takes account of the
bearing load, the lubrication condition (type and viscosity of the lubricant, additives,
speed, bearing size), the fatigue limit of the material, the type of bearing, the
environmental conditions (contamination of the lubricant).
8.14. The steps should be followed when we choose the bearing

9. STANDARTS for BALL and ROLLER BEARINGS

10. Problems & Solutions

Exercise – 1
The second shaft on a parallel-shaft 25-hp foundry crane speed reducer contains a helical
gear with a pitch diameter of 8.08 in. Helical gears transmit components of force in the
tangential, radial, and axial directions. The components of the gear force transmitted to the
second shaft are shown in the figure below. The bearing reactions at C and D, assuming
simple-supports, are also shown. A ball bearing is to be selected for location C to accept the
thrust, and a cylindrical roller bearing is to be utilized at location D. The life goal of the speed
reducer is 10 kh, with a reliability factor for the ensemble of all four bearings (both shafts) to
equal or exceed 0.96 for the Weibull parameters. The application factor is to be 1.2.
(a) Select the roller bearing for location D.
(b) Select the ball bearing (angular contact) for location C, assuming the inner ring rotates
Solution - 1
The torque transmitted is T = 595(4.04) = 2404 lbf · in. The speed at the rated horsepower is
63 025𝐻 63 025(25)
𝒏𝑫 = = = 655.4 rev/min
𝑇 2404
Where
𝑻𝒏
𝑯=
H = power, hp, T = torque, lbf · in, n = shaft
𝟔𝟑 𝟎𝟐𝟓
speed, rev/min
The radial load at D is 106.62 + 297.52 = 316.00 𝑙𝑏𝑓
The radial load at C is 356.62 + 297.52 = 464.4 𝑙𝑏𝑓
4
The individual bearing reliabilities, if equal, must be at least 0.96 = 0.98985 ≅ 0.99.
The dimensionless design life for both bearings is
𝐿 60𝐿𝐷 𝑛𝐷 60 10000 655.4
𝑥𝐷 = = = = 393.2
𝐿10 60𝐿𝑅 𝑛𝑅 106

(a) Application factor of 1.2, and a = 10/3 for the roller bearing at D. the catalog rating
should be equal to or greater than

𝑎 𝑥𝐷
𝐶10 = 𝑎𝑓 𝐹𝐷 𝑏
𝑥0 + 𝜃 − 𝑥0 1 − 𝑅𝐷
10
3 393.2
= 1.2 316 1.483
= 3591𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 16.0 𝑘𝑁
0.02 + 4.439 1 − 0.99

The absence of a thrust component makes the selection procedure simple. We choose a
02-25 mm series, or a 03-25 mm series cylindrical roller bearing from the table.
(b) The ball bearing at C involves a thrust component. This selection procedure requires
an iterative procedure. Assuming 𝑭𝒂 /(𝑽𝑭𝒓 ) > 𝒆,
1. Choose Y2 from Table (Equivalent Radial Load Factors for Ball Bearings).
2. Find C10.
3. Tentatively identify a suitable bearing from Table, note C0.
4. Using Fa/C0 enter Table (Equivalent Radial Load Factors for Ball Bearings) to obtain
a new value of Y2.
5. Find C10.
6. If the same bearing is obtained, stop.
7. If not, take next bearing and go to step 4.
As a first approximation, take the middle entry from Table (Equivalent Radial Load
Factors for Ball Bearings)
 X2 = 0.56, Y2 = 1.63.
From the equation as in below, with V =1,

344
= 0.56 + 1.63 1(464.4) = 1.77 𝐹𝑒 = 1.77𝑉𝐹𝑟 = 1.77 1 464.4=822 lbf or 3.66 kN

From equation as in below (11–7), with a = 3,

1
3
393.2
𝐶10 = 1.2 3.66 1 = 53.4 𝑘𝑁
0.02+4.439 1−0.99 1.483
From Table 11–2, angular-contact bearing 02-60 mm has C10 = 55.9 kN, C0 is 35.5 kN
Step 4 becomes, with Fa in kN,
𝐹𝑎 344(4.45)10 −3
= = 0.0431 Which makes e from Table approximately 0.24.
𝐶0 35.5
Now Fa/ [V Fr] = 344/ [(1)464.4] = 0.74, which is greater than 0.24, so we find Y2 by
interpolation:

From the equation as in below

𝐹𝑒 344
= 0.56 + 1.84 = 1.92
𝑉𝐹𝑟 464.4
𝐹𝑒 = 1.92𝑉𝐹𝑟 = 1.92 1 464.4 = 892 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑜𝑟 3.97 𝑘𝑁
The prior calculation for C10 changes only in Fe, so
3.97
𝐶10 = 53.4 = 57.9 𝑘𝑁
3.66
From Table, an angular contact bearing 02-65 mm has C10 = 63.7 kN and C0 of 41.5 kN.
Again,
 𝐹𝑎 344(4.45)10−3
= = 0.0369
𝐶0 41.5
Making e approximately 0.23. Now from before, Fa/ (V Fr) = 0.74, which is greater than
0.23. We find Y2 again by interpolation:

𝐹𝑒 344
= 0.56 + 1.90 = 1.967
𝑉𝐹𝑟 464.4

𝐹𝑒 = 1.967𝑉𝐹𝑟 = 1.967 1 464.4 = 913.5 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑜𝑓 4.065 𝑘𝑁

The prior calculation for C10 changes only in Fe, so

4.07
𝐶10 = 53.4 = 59.4 𝑘𝑁
3.66
From Table an angular-contact 02-65 mm is still selected, so the iteration is complete.

Exercise – 2
The shaft depicted in below carries a helical gear with a tangential force of 3980 N, a
separating force of 1770 N, and a thrust force of 1690 N at the pitch cylinder with directions
shown. The pitch diameter of the gear is 200 mm. The shaft runs at a speed of 1050 rev/min,
and the span (effective spread) between the direct-mount bearings is 150 mm. The design life
is to be 5000 h and an application factor of 1 is appropriate. The lubricant will be ISO VG 68
(68 cSt at 40◦C) oil with an estimated operating temperature of 55◦C. If the reliability of the
bearing set is to be 0.99, select suitable single-row tapered-roller Timken bearings.
Solution-2
The reactions in the xy plane from the figure are
1770(50) 169000
𝑅𝑦𝐴 = + = 1716.7 = 1717 𝑁
150 150
1770(100) 169000
𝑅𝑦𝐵 = − = 53.3 𝑁
150 150
The radial loads Fr A and Fr B are the vector additions of RyA and RzA, and RyB and
RzB, respectively:
2 2 1/2
𝐹𝑟𝐴 = (𝑅𝑧𝐴 + 𝑅𝑦𝐴 ) = (13272 + 17172 )1/2 = 2170 𝑁
2 2 1/2
𝐹𝑟𝐵 = (𝑅𝑧𝐵 + 𝑅𝑦𝐵 ) = (26532 + 53.3)1/2 = 2654 𝑁
Trial 1: We will use KA = KB = 1.5 to start. From Table, noting that m = +1 for direct
mounting and Fae to the right is positive, we write

0.47𝐹𝑟𝐴 0.47𝐹𝑟𝐵
<? > − 𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑒
𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝐵

0.47𝐹𝑟𝐴 0.47(2654)
<? > − +1 (−1690) 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 680 < 2522
1.5 1.5
We use the upper set of equations in to find the thrust loads:
 0.47𝐹𝑟𝐵 0.47(2654)
𝐹𝑎𝐴 = − 𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑒 = − (+1)(−1690) = 2522 𝑁
𝐾𝐵 1.5

0.47𝐹𝑟𝐵 0.47(2654)
𝐹𝑎𝐵 = = = 832 𝑁
𝐾𝐵 1.5

The dynamic equivalent loads PA and PB are

PA = 0.4FrA + KAFaA = 0.4(2170) + 1.5(2522) = 4651 N

PB = FrB = 2654 N

From the figure 1050 rev/min at 55◦C, fT = 1.31, fv = 1.01.

Estimate 𝑅𝐷 𝑎𝑠 099 = 0.995 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑕 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔.

For bearing A, the catalog entry C10 should equal or exceed

3
10
5000 1050 60
𝐶10 = 1 4651 2 = 11.446 𝑁
4.48 1.32 1 – 0.995 3 90 10 6

From the figure, tentatively select type TS 15100 cone and 15245 cup, which will work: KA =
1.67, C10 = 12 100 N.

For bearing B, the catalog entry C10 should equal or exceed

3
10
5000 1050 60
𝐶10 = 1 2654 2 = 6543 𝑁
4.48 1.32 1 – 0.995 3 90 10 6

Tentatively select the bearing identical to bearing A, which will work: KB = 1.67,

C10 = 12 100 N.

Trial 2: Use KA = KB = 1.67 from tentative bearing selection. The sense of the previous
inequality 680 < 2521 is still the same, so the same equations apply:
0.47𝐹𝑟𝐵 0.47(2654)
𝐹𝑎𝐴 = − 𝑚𝐹𝑎𝑒 = − (+1)(−1690) = 2437 𝑁
𝐾𝐵 1.67

0.47𝐹𝑟𝐵 0.47(2654)
𝐹𝑎𝐵 = = = 747 𝑁
𝐾𝐵 1.67

PA = 0.4FrA + KAFaA = 0.4(2170) + 1.67(2437) = 4938 N

PB = FrB = 2654 N

For bearing A, the corrected catalog entry C10 should equal or exceed
 3
10
5000 1050 60
𝐶10 = 1 4938 2 = 12174 𝑁
4.48 1.32 1 – 0.995 3 90 10 6

Although this catalog entry exceeds slightly the tentative selection for bearing A, we will keep
it since the reliability of bearing B exceeds 0.995. In the next section we will quantitatively
show that the combined reliability of bearing A and B will exceed the reliability goal of 0.99.

For bearing B, PB = FrB = 2654 N

3
10
5000 1050 60
𝐶10 = 1 2654 2 = 6543 𝑁
4.48 1.32 1 – 0.995 3 90 10 6

Select cone and cup 15100 and 15245, respectively, for both bearing A and B.

The computational effort can be simplified only after this is understood, and not until then.

Exercise – 3
A certain application requires ball bearing with an inner ring rotating with a design life of
30000 h, at the speed of 300 rev/min. The radial load is 1.898 kN and application factor is 1.2,
the reliability goal is 90%.
(a) Find the multiple xD and the catalog C10 with which enter a bearing table.
(b) Chose 02-series deep-grove ball bearing and the estimated in use R=?

Solution - 3
(a) Lh = 30000 hours.
L (in revolution) = 3104 ∗ 60 ∗ 300 = 540 ∗ 10 6 revolutions.
𝐿 540(106 )
𝑥𝐷 = = = 540 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐿10 106
𝐹𝐷(𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ) = 𝑓𝑠 ∗ 𝐹𝑅 = 1.2 ∗ 1.898 = 2.2776 𝑘𝑁
1/𝑝
𝐶10 = 𝐹𝐷 ∗ 𝑥𝐷 = 2.2776 ∗ 5401/3 = 18.547 𝑘𝑁 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
From the table, for 02-30 mm series, C10 =19.5 kN.

𝐶10 𝑝 19.5 3
(b) 𝑥𝐷 = = = 627.6
𝐹𝐷 2.2776

𝐿𝑛𝑎 540
𝐿𝑛𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑥𝐷 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎1= = = 0.860
𝑋𝐷 627.6
Now, let’s estimate the reliability in use:
2
𝐿𝑛𝑎 100 3
𝑎1 = = 4.48 𝑙𝑛 𝑅 100
𝐿10 𝑅= = 91.91
0.860 1.5
100 𝑒 4.48
𝑅= 𝑎 1 1.5
𝑒 4.48

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.pt
 http://www.utm.edu/departments/engin/lemaster/
 http://www.fag.com/content.fag.de/en/index.jsp
 Shigley, J.E., Mischke, C.R., Budynas, R.C., Mechanical Engineering Design
 Hamrock, B.J., Jacobson, B., Schmid, S. R., Fundamentals of Machine Elements
 IPM course lecture notes.