Formula Sheet

∞
1
rn =
X
ln n! ≈ n ln n − n (1)
n=0 1−r
µ ¶1/2 √
Z ∞
−αx2 π Z ∞
−αx2 2 π −3/2
e dx = e x dx = α (2)
−∞ α −∞ 2
Distributions
N!
Binomial distribution P (n, N ) = pn q N −n (3)
n!(N − n)!
1 2 2
Gaussian Distribution P (x)dx = √ e−(x−µ) /2σ dx (4)
2πσ
µn −µ
Poisson Distribution P (n) = e µ = Np (5)
n!
Thermodynamics

dW = pdV ∆E = Q − W + µ∆N (6)

1 ∂ ln Ω(E)
β= = S ≡ entropy ≡ kB ln Ω (7)
kB T ∂E
¯
1 ∂S ¯¯
= (8)
T ∂E ¯V
¯

∂Er ∂S Xα
Xα ≡ − = (9)
∂xα ∂xα T
n
X
dQ = T dS = dE + dW − µdN dW = X α dxα (10)
α=1

∆S ≥ 0 For an isolated system (11)

Numbers

TC = TK − 273.15 degrees Celsius (12)

R = (8.3143 ± 0.0012) joules mole−1 deg−1 (13)

kB = (1.38054 ± 0.00018) × 10−16 ergs degree−1 (14)
1 calorie = 4.1840 joules 1 Joule = 107 ergs (15)
molecules
Na = 6.023 × 102 3 (16)
mole
1 atm = 1.01325 × 10 dynes/cm = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
6 2
(17)
 ¯ ¯
dQ ¯¯ ∂S ¯¯
Cy = ¯ =T (18)
dT ¯y ∂T ¯y
¯

Z Tf CV (T 0 ) 0
∆S = S(Tf ) − S(Ti ) = dT For fixed volume (19)
Ti T0
1
²i = k B T Equipartition Theorem (20)
2
Ideal Gas
3
pV = N kB T = νRT c p = cV + R E = N kB T (21)
2
Z0 ζN V 3
Z= = S = kB N [ln
+ ln T + σo ] (22)
N! N! N 2
à !
3 2πmkB 5
σo = σ + 1 = ln 2
+ (23)
2 h 2
cp
pV γ = constant γ= V γ−1 T = constant (24)
cV
Maxwell Relations and Thermodynamic Functions
à ! à ! à ! à !
∂T ∂p ∂T ∂V
= − = (25)
∂V S
∂S V
∂p S
∂S p
à ! à ! à ! à !
∂S ∂p ∂S ∂V
= − = (26)
∂V T
∂T V
∂p T
∂T p

Energy E = E(S, V ) dE = T dS − pdV (27)

Enthalpy H = H(S, p) = E + pV dH = T dS + V dp (28)
Helmholtz Free Energy F = F (T, V ) = E − T S dF = −SdT − pdV (29)
Gibbs Free Energy G = G(T, p) = E − T S + pV dG = −SdT + V dp (30)

à ! à ! à ! à !
∂E ∂H ∂E ∂F
T = = p=− =− (31)
∂S V
∂S p
∂V S
∂V T
à ! à ! à ! à !
∂H ∂G ∂F ∂G
V = = S=− =− (32)
∂p S
∂p T
∂T V
∂T p

dp ∆s
Clausius − Clapeyron Equation = (33)
dT ∆v
Engines and Refrigerators
q2 T2
q1 = w + q 2 ≤ (34)
q1 T1

2
 w q1 − q 2 T1 − T 2
Efficiency : η≡ = <1 ηmax = (35)
q1 q1 T1
Statistical Mechanics
1X
AR e−βER e−βEr
X
A= Z= (36)
Z R r

∂ ln Z 1 ∂ ln Z
E=− S = kB (ln Z + βE) X= (37)
∂β β ∂x
1 ∂ ln Z 1 ∂ ln Z
p= M= (38)
β ∂V β ∂H
2
∂ 2 F ¯¯
¯
2∂ ln Z
F = −kB T ln Z C V = kB β =−T (39)
∂β 2 ∂T 2 ¯V
¯

∂E 0
e−β(Er −µNr )
X
Z= µ=− (40)
r ∂N 0
1 ∂ ln Z ∂
N= E = µN − ln Z (41)
β ∂µ ∂β
1 ∂ ln Z(N ) ∂F
ln Z = −βµN + ln Z µ=− = (42)
β ∂N ∂N
¶3/2
m
µ
2 /2kT
f (~v )d3 rd3 v = n e−mv d3 rd3 v Maxwell velocity distribution (43)
2πkT
1 ∂ ln Z X
ns = − N= ns (44)
β ∂εs s

e−βεs
ns = N P −βεr Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution (45)
re
1
ns = Planck distribution (46)
eβεs −1
1 1
ns = bosons ns =
fermions (47)
eβ(εs −µ) − 1 eβ(εs −µ) + 1
h̄ω 3 dω π 2 (kB T )4
Black Body Radiation : u(ω, T )dω = 2 3 βh̄ω uo (T ) = (48)
π c (e − 1) 15 (h̄c)3
1 π 2 kB4
Petot = cuo = σT 4 σ≡ (49)
4 60 c2 h̄3
¶1/3
2N π2 T
µ
Free Electron Gas : kF = 3π CV = R· (50)
V 2 TF
!2
eθE /T
Ã
θE
Einstein Heat Capacity : CV = 3N kB 2 (51)
T (eθE /T − 1)

3
 ¶3
12π 4 T
µ
Debye Heat Capacity : CV = N kB (52)
5 ΘD
" ¶3/2 #
T 1
µ µ ¶
Bose Einstein Condensation : n1 = N 1 − µ = −kB T ln +1 (53)
TC n1
Spin Systems

µ
~ = gµo S (54)
N
X
Ho = −gµo Sj · Ho (55)
j=1
X
Heisenberg Hamiltonian : H = −2J Si · S j (56)
i>j

If we take Jij = J, then X

H = −2J Si · S j (57)
i>j
X
Ising Model : H = −2J Siz Sjz (58)
i>j