Are devices that regulates the flow of

fluids by opening, closing, and or partially

obstructing passageways (usually pipes).
Valves have a wide variety of uses in the
distribution of water, oil, gas, and even
hazardous substances in power and industrial
sector, sewerage systems, and even in our
very own houses.
Valves are classified according to their
usage and are the following:

1. Isolation/ Stop Valves

2. Flow Regulation
3. Back Flow Prevention
4. Pressure Regulation
5. Pressure Relief Valves/ Safety Valves
1. ISOLATION/ STOP VALVE:

The isolation of the downstream system from the

upstream system by the use of an isolation /stop
valve is a critically important function..The prime
requirements of this valve are “TIGHT SHUT
OFF” when closed and “MINIMUM
RESTRICTION” to flow when opened.

Valves used for this function include gate valves,

globe valves, ball valves, plug valves, butterfly
valves, diaphragm valves,angle valves, and
pinch valves.
 TYPES OF
ISOLATION/ STOP
VALVES:
GATE VALVES:
Are valves
that are used
intermittently
requiring
straight flow
and minimum
flow restriction.
 As the name implies, its main working
mechanism (sealing mechanism) resembles
that of a “gate which is wedge-shaped”.
 Such types of valves are not used for
throttling as the wedge-shaped gate is prone to
stress which could hamper its operation.
Are probably the most
common type of valve
and although called a
“GLOBE”, its positive
identification is done
internally as there are
other valve types that
are also globular in
appearance.
 A double ported
globe type of
SEALING
MECHANISM valve….
INTAKE DISCHARGE

SEALING
MECHANISM
 Such valves are
used for “FREQUENT
OPERATION
(throttling) ” as there
is less stress imparted
on the closing
mechanism.
 With its flow
pattern in the form of a
letter “S”, it results
into “PRESSURE
DROP” between the
two (or three) sections
of the pipe.
 Such valves
provide a “FASTER
SHUT-OFF or FASTER
OPENING” unlike in
the case of gate
valves…..
ANGLE VALVES:

Is a form of GLOBE
VALVE since most of its
internal mechanism
could be found in a
typical globe valve.
 It is used in
instances with “SPACE
CONSTRAINTS”…

This is made
possible as flow is
diverted at a right
angle.
 Since the divertion of fluid is at
right angles, a “LARGER PRESSURE
DROP TRANSLATES (fluid friction is
high)”.
 As a type
of GLOBE VALVE, it
too could also be
used for throttling
since its internal
mechanism is not
that much prone to
stress.
BUTTERFLY VALVES:

A quick-acting
throttle type of valve
that has a circular
disc in a resilient
seat used in a wide
variety of chemicals.
FULLY OPEN – plate/ disc is parallel with the
pipe axis.

FULLY CLOSED – plate/ disc is perpendicular

with the pipe axis.
Quick acting in
that a quarter of a turn
permits a fully open or
fully closed disc.
 They can be used
effectively in areas where
space is limited and light
in weight.
Large butterfly valves
operate through a gearing
arrangement to operate
the valve itself.
 Since there is not
much obstruction in the
passageway, there is
minimal pressure drop
(fluid friction is at a
low).
BALL VALVES:
Another type of
throttling valve and as
the name implies, its
internal working
mechanism is in the
form of a “BALL”
punctured at the
middle.
 Can be used for throttling purposes
according to the design of its internal
mechanism.
There is minimal pressure drop between
the intake and discharge sides of the pipe.
 Like butterfly
valves, ball valves
are also quick
acting…
A 900 turn fully
opens or fully
closes the “ball”.
PLUG VALVES:
Have cylindrical tapered “plugs” that has one
or more passageways where fluid is to pass
through when the valve is opened. By
design, they are simple and economical.
 A Three (3) way plug
valve.
Dischar
Source ge A
Two(2) discharge
points with a
particular source.
Discharg
eB
PINCH VALVES:
Are types of valves that
are ideal in conveying
“COLLOIDAL
SOLUTIONS” and
“SLURRIES” as there are
no internal mechanism/
obstructions that can
block or slow down the
flow.
A pinch valve has an
elastomeric sleeve
that is eventually
sandwiched by two
rectractable portions
as the handle is
actuated to close the
valve.
As the valve is opened,
the pressure is
released where again
the retractable parts
move in the opposite
direction.
DIAPHRAGM VALVES:
Uses a diaphragm as the
closing device and
usually is used to isolate
or block flow.
Since the membrane
material chemically
degrades,
diaphragm valves are
used under the
conditions of low
pressure and a limited
temperature operating
range.
 Better at handling
at handling viscous
fluids, thick slurries, and
fluids containing solids.

Its design flaw is

that since it has long
diaphragm movements, it
has a short life span and
necessitates need for
Straight Through Type
maintenance.

Elastomers are normally used for such

diaphragm material.
 Such diaphragm
type valve provides
tight shut-off with
low operating force.
Has a short
diaphragm movement
thus has a longer span
Weir Flow Type
of life with minimal
maintenance.
Much better at throttling flow but has
very low flowrates involved.
2. FLOW REGULATION VALVE:

Many applications require the flow of the fluid be

regulated (throttled). This is achieved by
introducing resistance to flow, or by bypassing
flow or by changing the direction of the flow.
Manually operated valves of this kind indicates
the direct proportionality of the flow with respect
to the handwheel position.

Valve types for this function include globe,

needle, ball, butterfly with the globe and needle
valves giving optimum performance.
 TYPES OF
FLOW REGULATION
VALVES:
NEEDLE VALVES:

Another GLOBE VALVE TYPE and

as the name implies has its principal
mechanism in the form of a needle.
 They are usually
located at the end of every
process cycle combined
with delicate gauges where
small delicate pressure are
required.
They protect
delicate equipments from
sudden surges of fluid
under high pressure.
3. BACK FLOW PREVENTION VALVE:

In some circumstances it is important to prevent

reversed fluid flow as it could cause damage to
the prime mover of fluid which are the “PUMPS/
FANS”.
Such valves are automatic in operation and that
it does not necessitate any external mechanical
means for its operation. They operate due to
fluid flow and by gravity.

Two main valve types are available for this

function lift check valves or swing check valves.
CHECK VALVE:
Also called
“ONE-WAY VALVE” in
that it allows fluid to
flow through it in only
one direction.
Such type of
valves is automatic in
operation and is
actuated by fluid flow.
SPRING LOADED
LIFT CHECK
VALVES:
Uses a spring to
move the disc/ seat
upon the flow of fluids.

The spring is
calibrated to the
pressure of incoming
fluid.
SWING TYPE CHECK VALVE:
Has its disc that actually
swings upon the flow of fluid.
When used in vertical
lines the flow should be
upwards only.
FOOT VALVES:

Normally used in water

pipe applications, such type of
valves are used to help non-
priming pumps to lessens their
work in pumping out water.

They are normally located

in the suction side of the pipe
(vertical) and eventually traps
water from going back into the
water table.
4. PRESSURE REGULATING VALVE:

Certain processes require a constant

pressure supply of gas and these may come
from a wide range of gas supply…
Such valve uses a adjustable spring to eventually
reduce the pressure from high to low..
Pressure regulating valves which finds of great
use in the industrial and power plant sector could
also be found in our homes as in attachments to
our LPG tanks and in shops/ hospitals that uses
oxygen and gaseous fuel tanks.
5. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES/
SAFETY VALVES
A very important valve for safety is the pressure
relief valve.
This valve is used in applications where excessive
pressure in the system can cause damage or failure
or can introduce a safety risk. Uncontrolled
excessive pressures can result in disastrous
accidents e.g. when potentially explosive gases are
being controlled.
Relief valves are mainly spring loaded but they can
also be gravity operated and other more specialised
designs are available.
WHAT ARE VALVE ACTUATORS?

Valves employed in the industrial

field employ such means to actually
operate the valve itself.
1. Manual Actuators
2. Diaphragm Actuators
3. Electrical Actuators
4. Piston Actuators
5. Rack and Pinion Actuators
Manual actuators are operated manually
and usually are in the form of a rotating
wheel/ handle which can be located in
various positions.
Diaphragm
actuators are
pneumatically
driven and
mainly employs
the use of
springs in its
mechanical
system.
Electric actuators
uses an electric
motor to power a
mechanical
system that
features a
system of gears
for its actuation.
Piston actuators uses
a mechanical
system employing
the use of pistons
that are
pneumatically
driven
Has its mechanical
system featuring a
rack and pinion that
is driven by an
electric motor.
Such actuators are
compact in size.
A typical schematic diagram of a control
valve (not manually controlled).
 TYPE OF SERVICE/ CONDITION:

GLOBE VALVE Yes No Yes No

GATE VALVE No No No No
BUTTERFLY VALVE Yes Yes Yes No
BALL VALVE Yes Yes Yes No
NEEDLE VALVE Yes No No No
ANGLE VALVE Yes No No No
PINCH VALVE Yes No Yes No
DIAPHRAGM VALVE Yes No No No
PLUG VALVE Yes Yes Yes No
CHECK VALVE No Yes Yes Yes