PCI operate at 33 or 66 Mhz, data rate of 133 and 266 mbp, 133 mbps most common.

AGP 1x= 66 mhz clock, data rate 266.67 mbps. AGP has 2x, 4x, and 8x. specification multiply the 66 mhz
to receive increase throughtput . 8x 66 mhz produce effective clock of 533 mhz and 2133.33mbps over
the 4byte channel.

PCIe slot has 22 pin portion. PCIe x1 data rate at 250 mbps, 500 mbps, and 1 gbps. PCI2 1.1 x16 slot is
capable of 4 gbps. It is 16 times higher than x1 slot.

AMR is a 46 pin slot and riser card technology was known as Audio Modem Riser. AMR was being
replaced with CNR.

CNR Communications and Networking Riser. Advantage over AMR is supported network, PnP, and
hardware acceleration .

DIMM= Dual inline memory modules: 168 ,184, 240 pin configuration.

SIMM is an old version of ram. 30 pin, 72 pin

SODIMM= latop’s memory. 144 pin and 72 pin.

L1 catch is built into CPU, L2 is out of CPU. However if L3 exist, L2 will be inside the cpu.

Socket A is socket 462 . Socket T is socket LGA 775.

PGA use ZIF= Zero insertion force to lock cpu in one place.

Intel Itanium use Pin Array cartride (PAC) which use complex mechanism for inserting to motherboard.
Connector that receive PAC use Very Low Insertion Force(VLIF) principle.

Slot 1= Pentium 2, 3, and Celeron.

Socket 1,2,3,6 = 486 and Pentium over drive.

IDE or ATA 1 is limited 528 MB per logical drive.

EIDE( ATA 2 ) is 8 GB per logical drive.

EIDE(ATA-6)= 128 PB.

Keyboard connector = AT, PS/2, and USB. PS/2 mouse are green, purple= keyboard.

CMOS is a chip that keep setting when the computer turn off such as date, time, memory setting, boot
sequence, hard drive config, other. Complementary metaoxide semiconductor(CMOS) memory.

DIP(Dual inline array) is almost same as PGA but rectangle and use in older cpu 1981. No longer use.

Quadcore processor come with 2 duo core dies.

CPU=throttling allows reducing the operating frequency of the CPU during time of less demand.

32bit vs 64 bit processor= 64bit wider bus can process data more per unit of time and hence, and more
work can be performance.

Parity checking is a rudimentary error checking scheme that offers no error correction. Most memory
got 8chip+ 1 chip( for error checking).Each bit store in each chip. Parry checking is error detection.

Double sided memory is trated by a computers as 2 memory module. Mother must have 2 controller to
switch to each memory. Double sided memory allow more memory to be inserted into a computer
using haft physical .

Using high end cpu with single channel memory will bottleneck the system.

Dual channel memory allow two memory to work as a synchronized set with CPU. Double the bandwidth

Asynchronous DRAM technology include Fast Page Mode(FPM), Extended Data Out(EDO), and
Burst(BEDO).

SDRAM shares a common clock signal with a computer system bus clock which provides the common
singal that all local bus components use for .

SRAM:Static Random Access Memory. Doesn’t require refresh singal like DRAM. SRAM access time is 10
ns vs 40 ns DRAM. SRAM is mostly use for catch memory.

DDR- 184 pin, DDR2 is 240 pins.

RIMM-16 bit= must be install in pair.4 slot RIMM must install X2 then X4. However RIMM 32 bit, can be
install 1 each time.

SODIMM 32 bit = 72 to 100 pin. 64bit= 144 pin SDRAM, 200pin DDR/DDR2, 204 pin DDR3.

MicroDIMM is 50% smaller than DIMM. 144 pin and 172 pin.

D-sub= DXn = X is referred to size, N is referred to pin. DE9= 9pin. DB25 is a printer port.

USB support up to 127 device , USB 1.1= 12mbps, or 1.5 MBps. USB 2.0=480 mbps or 60 MBps.

IEEE 1394 =400 mbps. IEEE1394B= 800 mbps full duplex mode. 63 devices. IEEE1394 is max 4.5 meter.
1394 B is 100 meters.

Infrared= 4mbps.

PS/2 is known as mini-DIN 6 connector.

There are 3 type of parallel , Standard parallel 150 KBps max-10 feet and can’t receive data.
Bidirectional parallel ports can send and receive at same time. Enhanced parallel ports(IEEE1284) ability
to send memory addressed as well as data through port( 15 feet max). IEEE 1284 came with two
different implement EPP and ECP.EPP increase throughput from 600KBps to 1.5 MBps ECP(enchanced
capabilities port) is deisnged to transmit data at higher speed 2MBps.

Parallel cable= DB-25 and Centronics-36

If printer use parallel , it will be mini-Centronic .

Serial interfaces= USB, Standard serial , and FireWire.

Standard serial is maximum of 57 kbps transfer rate and 50 feet long.

USB length limit is 5 meter. 4type interface A- standard mini B, Type B-Alternate mini B.

Harddrive contain platter, on platter there is track. Inside track , there is sector. Most hard drive today
contain more than 63 tracks. A cylinder is the number of tracks that can be found on single platter.

CD-Rom drive x1 speed rate at 150 kBps and so on x2 x4 x7

DVD-Rom drive x1 rate at 600 KBps.

Blue Ray x1 rate at 4.5MBps.

MMC is similar to SD . MMC is thinner and doesn’t contain any lock.

SD= 32 mm by 24 mm. mini-SD is 21.5 by 20 mm. micro SD is 15mm by 11 mm.

Floppy cable connector is called Berge

AT system connector are P8 and P9. Only AT and baby AT motherboard use this type of connector.

ATX12V P4(4pin) delievery two 12 v power .

EPS12V use 8 pin version of ATX P4 called processor connector that double P4 function with four +12V
and 4 ground

SATA power connection are 15 pin.

CRT monitor quality is determine by dot pitch and resolution

Dot pitch is the measurement between the same spot in two vertically adjacent dot trios.

Two type of LCD are passive matrix and active matrix screen.

The lighting behind the LCD is called backlight.

Active matrix consume a lot of power to power all transistor . 179 Degree view angle.

Passive matrix got 2 row of transistor top and side. It use X-Y as power.

DLP is one of projector technology.

Dagaussing = replace magnetic field too close to monitor may result dmg the monitor.

First adapter for pc was Monochrome. Display black and white 720x350 res. HGC(Hercules graphic card)
able to display graphic and text with same res as monochrome.

CGA(color graphic adaptor) was first display to display color. 320 by 200

EGA(Enh graphic adaptor) was an improvement for CGA. 640 x350.

VGA support 640x480, 640x350, 320x200

SVGA= support 800x600 and support 1024x758 with 256 colors.

XGA (Extended Graphic Array) support 1024x768 and 256 color at 800x600.

QXGA=2048x1536

UXGA=1600x1200

WUXGA=1920x1200.

Native resolution is a fix resolution for a monitor.

S-video is a 7-pin mini din. It combine 2 chroma singal into 1.

Component video use 3 wire to send R G B for better image.

Composite combine luma and chroma into one.

PCMCIA 5.o increase the bus width to 32 bit and the bus speed from 8 mhz to 33 mhz. 133MBps.

Type I are 3.3 mm thick . commonly used for memory cards

Type II are 5mm thick are commonly use for modem and lan adapter.

Type IIII slot is 10.5 mm. it used for pc card hard disk.

ExpressCard is compatible to transfer 2.5time faster than Card Bus which is 2.5 Gbps. It used 26 blade
instead < Card bus 68 pin.

Express card/34 is only 34 mm wide.

Expresscard/54 is 54 mm wwide.

There are many type of batteries: NiCd(Cadmium) , Li0Ion, NiMH(nickel0metal hydride) and Li-poly.
Most popular battery is Li-Ion.

NiCd lost 10% of their capacity shortly after charging and another 10 % of each month they are left
unused.
Li-Ion last longer if you fully charge them and discharge them.

APM(Advanced Power Management) was replaced by ACPI.

ACPI has two feature : first is give ability to the OS to config power management which was not available
on APM. Second , it gives that feature available on laptop to be on desktop.

Global states: G0= working normally

G1= Sleeping mode is divide into S1-S4. More S indiciate high power saving.

S1=computer shutdown but powers till provide to cpu and ram

S2= use less power than S1 because processor state is power down.

S3= Standby. Computer only power to RAM to keep all applications stay when computer
back from S3

S4=Hibernation. Computer no longer power to RAM and all information on RAM is saved
to Hard drive. If there is power loss, he/she still continue work on his application. However it takes long
time to get application working after back from S4.

G2: Computer shutdown without taking cord out.

G3: if power lost occurs, computer go to G3 which computer can be safety disassembled.

Processor State:C0= operation state. C1: Halt processor can return to action instantly. C2=processor is
still available for software and application but take long time to run if request is made. C3:Sleep mode:
processor cache flushed , it will take a few second for processor to be available.

Device States: D0- Operate state, D1-D2=intermediate power state. D3: Off, device power down.