Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structural Query Language
Uploaded by
Eslam ZidanCopyright
Available Formats
Share this document
Did you find this document useful?
Is this content inappropriate?
Report this DocumentCopyright:
Available Formats
Structural Query Language
Uploaded by
Eslam ZidanCopyright:
Available Formats
Structural query languageلغة االستعالم البنيوية SQL
Relational Data Base لٛاػد اٌب١بٔبث اٌؼالئم١ت أٚزاوً
ّ٠ىٓ رمغ ُ١عجبساد ٌؽخ SQLثبٌشىً اٌزبٌ: ٟ
Statement ٚطف Description
Select اعزشعبع اٌج١بٔبد ِٓ لبعذح اٌج١بٔبد
Insert ٚ DML _ Data manipulation Languageرعشؾ ثٍؽخ ِعبٌغخ اٌج١بٔبد رغزخذَ
Update ٦دخبي طفٛؾ عذ٠ذح أ ٚرؽ١١ش ـ ٟطفٛؾ ِٛعٛدح ٚؽزؾ طفٛؾ ؼ١ش ػشٚس٠خ ِٓ
Delete عذٚي ـ ٟلبعذح اٌج١بٔبد
Create
Alter
ٚ DDL _ Data definition languageرعشؾ ثٍؽخ رعش٠ؿ اٌج١بٔبد (اٌزعبًِ ِع
Drop
اٌىبئٕبد ) ٚرغزخذَ ٌزضج١ذ ٚرؽ١١ش رشو١جبد أ ٚأثٕ١خ اٌج١بٔبد ـ ٟاٌغذٚي ثشىً عبَ
Rename
Truncate
Grant DCL _ Data control languageرعشؾ ثٍؽخ اٌزؾىُ ثبٌج١بٔبد ٚعٓ ؽش٠مٙب ٠زُ
Revoke رؾذ٠ذ اٌغّبؽ١بد ثبٌذخٛي عٍ ٝلبعذح اٌج١بٔبد أ ٚاٌزؽ١١ش ـ ٟثٕ١زٙب
ػببزة االخخ١بز Selectاألظبظ١ت (: )Basic select statement
اٌظ١ؽخ اٌعبِخ :
}Select {*, Column name , ----
From Table name:
Examples : أِثٍت
* 1) 1. SQL> select )1اخز١بس وبـخ ا٤عّذح
2. ; from emp Select all column
2) 1.SQL> Select deptno ,dname ,loc )2اخز١بس ثعغ ا٤عّذح ثؤعّبئٙب
2. ; from emp Selecting specific column
Arithmetic Operators )3اعزخذاَ اٌزعبث١ش اٌؾغبث١خ
3) 1. SQL> select ename,sal,sal+300
2. ;from emp
عذٚي اٌشِٛص اٌؾغبث١خ :
اٌسِص Operator ٚطف Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide
أعجم١خ اٌعٍّ١بد اٌؾغبث١خ ( اٌؼشة -اٌمغّخ – اٌغّع اٌطشػ )
( Using Parenthesesاظخخداَ األلٛاض )ّ٠ :ىٓ اعزخذاَ ا٤لٛاط ٌزؾذ٠ذ أعجم١خ اٌعٍّ١خ اٌؾغبث١خ
ِض 12*(sal+100)=1260 : ً٩رخزٍؿ عٓ ٚ 12*sal+100=160رٌه ثبعزجبس sal =5
اٌمّ١ت NULLأ ٞػدَ اٌٛخو ٛأ ٚابؽٍوت ٘ٚ :ي ٟلّ١يخ ؼ١يش ِٛعيٛدح ٚؼ١يش ِؾيذدح ٚ Unassignedؼ١يش ِعشٚـيخ ٚ Unknownؼ١يش
لبثٍخ ٌ٩عزعّبي ٚاٌزطج١ك ٨ ٟ٘ٚ Inapplicableرشجٗ اٌظفش أ ٚاٌفشاغ ٚأ ٞعٍّ١يخ ؽغيبث١خ عٍي ٝاٌمّ١يخ NULLرٕيزظ اٌمّ١يخ NULL
ٔفغٙب .
Using column aliases )4اظخخداَ أظّبء ِعخؼبزة ٌألػّدة
-اِب أْ ٔغزعًّ ASأٔ ٚىزت ا٨عُ اٌمذٚ ُ٠ا٨عُ اٌغذ٠ذ ِجبششح ثعذٖ ٚثّٕٙ١ب ـشاغ :
4) 1.SQL>select ename As name ,sal salary
2. ;from emp
-أٔ ٚؼع ا٨عُ اٌغذ٠ذ ػّٓ ـٛاطً عٍ٠ٛخ ٚخبطخ ـ ٟاٌٍؽخ اٌعشث١خ وّب : ٍٟ٠
"1.SQL>select ename "name" , sal*12 "annual salary
2. ;from emp
Using Literal Character String )5اعزخذاَ اٌغ٩عً اٌؾشـ١خ اٌجغ١طخ
-1-
ّ٠ىٕٕب دِظ اٌغ٩عً اٌؾشـ١خ ٌؾمٍ ٓ١أ ٚأوضش ٚٚػع ـشاؼبد ثٕٙ١ب ثبعزخذاَ اٌشِض || وّب : ٍٟ٠
"5) 1.SQL>select ename ||' '|| job as "Employee Details
2. ;from emp ٚـ٘ ٟزٖ اٌؾبٌخ ٠غت اعزخذاَ ASؽزّب ً
"1.SQL>select ename || job as "Employees وّب ّ٠ىٕٕب دِظ اٌظفٛؾ ثذ ْٚـشاؼبد
2. ;from emp
Duplicate Rows )6اٌظفٛؾ اٌّضدٚعخ (اٌّىشسح)
عٕذ عشع اٌغذٚي ٠م َٛاٌجشٔبِظ ثعشع وً اٌظفٛؾ ٚاٌظفٛؾ اٌّىشسح ّ٠ىٓ اعزخذاَ عجبسح ٦ Distinctصاٌخ اٌظفٛؾ اٌّىشسح
6) 1.SQL>select Distinct deptno اصاٌخ اٌظفٛؾ اٌّىشسح
2. ;from emp
ٚطف إ١ت اٌددٚي : Displaying Table Structure
ّ٠ىٕٕب ٚطؿ ثٕ١خ اٌغذٚي ثبعزخذاَ اٌعجبسح ِ DESCRIBEع اعُ اٌغذٚي ّ٠ٚىٓ اخزظبس اٌعجبسح ثىزبثخ ٚ DESCاٌز٠ ٞعطٕ١ب ٚطيؿ
SQL> Desc dept ٌٍغذٚي ٛٔ٤ٚاع اٌج١بٔبد ـ ٟاٌؾمٛي ٚاٌم ُ١اٌجبؽٍخ أ ٚاٌفبسؼخ وّب : ٍٟ٠
SOME DATA TYPE اؼغ أٔٛاع اٌب١بٔبث :
) : NUMBER (P,Sإٌٛع اٌعذد ٞؽ١ش Pأوجش ؽٛي سلُ ل ً١اٌفبطٍخ اٌعشش٠خ S ٚأوجشؽٛي سلُ ثعذ اٌفبطٍخ اٌعشش٠خ .
)ٛٔ : VARCAR(Sع ث١بٔبد ؽشـ ٟأ ٚسِض ٞأوجش عذد ٌؾشٚـٗ . S
: DATEث١بٔبد ِٓ إٌٛع ربس٠خ ٠ٚؤخز أوجش لّ١خ ٌٗ . 31/ December /9999
) : CHAR(Sث١بٔبد ٔٛع ؽشـ ٟرؤخز ؽٛي صبثذ . S
SQL*PLUS EDITING COMMANDS أٚاِس اٌخسس٠س فٌ ٟغت اٌــ SQL PLUS
.Iاألِس ٚ APPENDاؼدٖ ٔض (ّ٠ىٓ اخخظبزٖ اسسف ٠ : )Aم٘ َٛزا اِ٤ش ثبػبـخ إٌض اٌ ٝآخش اٌغطش اٌؾيبٌ ٟأ ٚاٌغيطش ا٤خ١يش
ـ ٟعجبسح SQLاٌغبثمخ ثّعٕ ٝآخش ـ ٟؽبٌخ ٚػع عجبسح ٔبلظخ ٚرٕف١ز٘ب ّ٠ىٓ اوّبٌٙب ثعذ اٌزٕف١ز ثبعزخذاَ اِ٤ش . A
.IIاألِس ( CHANGEاخخظبزاً : )Cوّب ٠ C /old text/new text ٍٟ٠مي َٛثزؽ١١يش اٌيٕض OLDاٌي ٝاٌيٕض NEWـي ٟعجيبسح
SQLا٤خ١شح .
.IIIاألِس CHNGE /text/أ٠ : C /text/ ٚؾزؾ إٌض ٙٔ textبئ١بً ِٓ عجبسح SQLا٤خ١شح أ٠ ٞغزجذٌٙب ثفشاغ .
.IVاألِوس CLEAR BUFFERأ ٚاخخظوبزا ٠ : CL BUFFؾيزؾ ويً اٌغيطٛس أ ٚاٌزعٍّ١يبد اٌّٛعيٛدح ػيّٓ اٌؾيبعض أ ٚاٌّظيذ
( اٌـ .) Buffer
.Vاألِس ٠ :DELم َٛثؾزؾ اٌغطش اٌؾبٌ ٟأ ٞاٌغطش ا٤خ١ش ـ ٟعجبسح SQLا٤خ١شح .
.VIاألِس RUNأ٠: R ٚم٘ َٛزا اِ٤ش ثعشع ٚرشؽ ً١عجبسح SQLا٤خ١شح ٚاٌّٛعٛدح ػّٓ اٌّظذ اٌـ . Buffer
SQL*PLUS FILE COMMANDS أٚاِس اٌٍّفبث فٌ ٟغت اٌــ SQL PLUS
.iاألِس SAVE Filenameأ٠ : SAV Filename ٚمي َٛثؾفيع رعٍّ١يخ اٌيـ SQLا٤خ١يشح ػيّٓ اٌٍّيؿ اٌّغيّ ٝل ٚاٌيزّ٠ ٞىيٓ
اعزذعبإٖ ٚرٕف١ز اٌزعٍّ١خ ػّٕٗ ثبعزخذاَ اِ٤ش اٌزبٌ. GET ٟ
.iiاألِس ٠ : GET Filenameم َٛثبعزذعبء رعٍّ١خ اٌـ SQLاٌّخضٔخ ػّٓ اٌٍّؿ إٌظ ٟاٌّزوٛس .
.iiiاألِس START Filenameأ٠ : STA Filename ٚمِ َٛجبشيشح ثزٕف١يز رعٍّ١يخ اٌيـ SQLاٌّخضٔيخ ـي ٟاٌٍّيؿ اٌّيزوٛس ّ٠ٚىيٓ
ا٨عزعبػخ عٕٗ ثبِ٤ش . @filename
.ivاألِس EDITأ ٚاخخظبزا ٠ : EDم َٛثزؾش٠ش آخش رعٍّ١خ SQLػّٓ ِؾشس ٔظٛص اٌّفىيشح عٕيذ٘ب ّ٠ىيٓ اطي٩ؽٙب صيُ ؽف ٙيب
ٚرٕف١ز٘ب ِٓ عذ٠ذ ثبعزخذاَ اِ٤ش . R
.vاألِوس EDIT Filenameأ٠ : ED Filename ٚمي َٛثزؾش٠يش اٌٍّيؿ اٌيز ٞلّٕيب ثؾفيع رعٍّ١يخ SQLػيّٕٗ ِغيجمبً ػيّٓ ِؾيشس
ٔظٛص .
ً
.viاألِس SPOOL Filenameأ ٚاخخظبزا ٠ : SPO Filenameم٘ َٛزا اِ٤ش ثزخضٔ ٓ٠زبئظ ا٨عزفغبس ـٍِ ٟؿ ,ثبػبـخ OFF
اٌي ٝاِ٤يش ـبٔيٗ ٠مي َٛثيبؼ٩ق اٌٍّيؿ ,أِيب ثبػيبـخ OUTـبٔيٗ ٠مي َٛثيبؼ٩ق اٌٍّيؿ ٚاسعيبي إٌزيبئظ اٌي ٝؽبثعيخ إٌ يبَ SPO .
filename|OFFأ. SPO filename|out ٚ
.viiاألِس ٠ EXITم َٛثبٌخشٚط ِٓ ٚاعٙخ اٌـ . SQL*PLUS
-2-
: )Were Clause ( WHERE ػببزة
LIMITING ROWS SELECTED ؾ اٌّخزبسحٛذ اٌظف٠رؾذ
Restrict the rows returned by using the where clause _ Where ش ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحٙ رٟؾ اٌزٛذ اٌظف٠رؾذ
SQL>select Distinct ------- ؽخ اٌعبِخ١اٌظ
From table name
Where conditions ;
SQL>select ename , job , deptno : ِضبي
from emp
Where job= 'clerk' ;
COMPARISON OPERATORS اًِ) اٌّمبزٔتٛش (ػِٛز
Example :
SQL>Select ename , sal , comm ٕٝ اٌّؼMeaning Operator
From emp ٞٚغب٠ Equal to =
Where sal<=comm ; ِٓ أوجشGreater than >
ٞٚغب٠ ٚ أوجش أGreater than or equal to >=
ِٓ ً ألLess than <
ٞٚغب٠ ٚ ألً أLess than or equal to <=
ٞٚغب٠ ٨ Not equal to <>
OTHER ٜاًِ ِمبزٔت أخسٛػ
COMPARISON OPERATORS
Examples : ٕٝ اٌّؼMeaning Operator
ٓ١ّز١ٓ ل١ ثBetween tow values Between…and…
SQL>Select empno , enam , mgr, deptno Match any of a list of values
From emp IN (list)
List ّخ ػّٓ اٌمبئّخ١طبثك ِع وً ل٠
Where ename in ('ford',allen') ; Mach a character pattern
Or Where sal between 1000 and 1500; LIKE
رط اٌؾشؾّٛٔ طبثك٠
Or Where mgr in (7902,7566,7788) ;
ّخ ثبؽٍخ١ ومIs a null value IS NULL
Or Where mgr is null ;
Using The Like Operator LIKE ًِاعزخذاِبد ِعب
Operator ف١طٛاٌخٚ ٕٝ اٌّؼMeaning and Description
(per cent) Represent any sequence of zero or more characters
%
ؽشؾ٨ٚ ٚٔخ ِٓ عذح أؽشؾ أٛ عٍغٍخ ِىٞرّضً أ
(under score) Represent any single characters
_
ذ١ؽٚ ؽشؾٞرّضً أ
Example :
SQL>select ename , hiredate
From emp
Where hiredate like '%81' ;
Or Where ename like '_ A%' ;
-3-
LOGICAL OPERATOTS ت١اٌّؼبِالث إٌّطم
Operator ٕٝاٌّؼMeaning
Returns true if both component condition is true
AND ًؾب١ٓ طؾ١ْ وً ِٓ اٌششؽٛى٠ ؾخ عٕذِب١ّخ طؾ١ذ ل١ع٠
Returns true if either component condition is true
OR ً ؾب١ٓ طؾ١ْ أؽذ اٌششؽٛى٠ ؾخ عٕذِب١ّخ طؾ١ذ ل١ع٠
Returns true if the following condition is false
NOT
ْ اٌعجبسح خبؽئخٛؾخ عٕذِب رى١ّخ طؾ١ذ ل١ع٠
AND true table AND ًِمت ٌٍّؼب١ي اٌسمٚخد
Example : Unknown False True AND
SQL>select * from emp Unknown False True True
Where sal >= 100 False False False False
AND Job='clerk' ; Unknown False Unknown Unknown
OR true table OR ًِمت ٌٍّؼب١ي اٌسمٚخد
Example : Unknown False True OR
SQL>select * from emp True True True True
Where sal >= 100 Unknown False True False
OR Job='clerk' ; Unknown Unknown True Unknown
NOT true table NOT ًِمت ٌٍّؼب١ي اٌسمٚخد
Example : Unknown False True
SQL>select * from emp NOT
Unknown True False
Where Job is NOT in ( 'clerk','manager' );
Rules of Precedence ت اٌّؼبِالث١ٓ أظبم١ٔاٛل
Example : ًِ اٌّعبOperator ت٠ٌٛٚزلُ األ
SQL>select ename,job,sal All comparison operators
From emp 1
د اٌّمبسٔخ٩ِوبـخ ِعب
Where Job = 'salesman' NOT 2
Or Job = 'president'
AND 3
And sal > 1500 ;
OR 4
: ) Order by Clause( Order By ػببزة
Sort rows with the order by clause Order By ؾ ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحٛبس اٌظف١اخز
. Select بس١خز٨ آخش عجبسح اٟ ـOrder By عجبسحٟرؤر
SQL>select ename , job , hiredate : ِضبي
from emp
Order By hiredate ;
ؾ اٌّغزشععخٛس اٌظفٛٙمخ ظ٠ت ؽش١ ثزشرOrder By َ عجبسحٛرم
Order By specifies the order in witch the retrieved rows are displayed .if order by clause not
used the sort order is undefined and the Oracle server may not fetch rows in the same order for
the same query twice .
غيخ١ساويً ثبعيبدح ٔفيظ ٔزَٚ ِخيذَ أٛم٠ ٨ سثّبٚ ش ِؾذدح١ت ؼ١مخ اٌزشر٠ رظجؼ ؽشOrder By ت١ارا ٌُ رغزخذَ عجبسح اٌزشر
. ٓ١ت ِشر١عزفغبس ثٕفظ اٌزشر٨ا
Sorting with descending order :)ٌٟب اشىً حٕبش١ (اٌخسحOrder By ب١ ِغ ػببزة اٌخسحDESC َاظخخدا
ت١ظجؼ اٌزشر٠ Order by ِع عجبسحDESC َثبعزخذاٚ ٞؾ ثشىً رظبعذٛت اٌظف١ ثزشرOrder by َ عجبسحٛب ً رم١اـزشاػ
. ٌٟثشىً رٕبص
The default sort order is ascending . ٞ ثشىً رظبعذٟ٘ خ١ـزشاػ٨ت ا١مخ اٌزشر٠ؽش
-4-
SQL>select ename , job , hiredate : ِثبي
from emp
Order by hiredate DESC ;
Notices :
Numeric values are displayed with the lowest values first وجش٤اٚ وجش٤ّخ صُ ا١خ ثذءاً ثؤلً ل١ُّ اٌشل١ش اٌمٙ ر
Date values are displayed with the earliest values first ً٨ّٚخ أ١خ ؽغت أثىش ل٠اسُٛ اٌز١ش لٙ ر
Character values are displayed in alphabetical order ٞثغذ٤خ ؽغت اٌزغٍغً ا١ُ إٌظ١ش اٌمٙ ر
Null values are displayed last for ascending sequences خ٠جبد اٌزظبعذ١ اٌزشرٟشاً ـ١ُ اٌفبسؼخ أخ١ش اٌمٙ ر
and first for descending sequences خ١ٌجبد اٌزٕبص١ اٌزشرًٟ ـ٨ٚأٚ
Sorting by Multiple columns ّٛ زعب أوثس ِٓ ػٞي ِخؼد ة أٛفك زمٚ ب١اٌخسح
SQL>select ename , deptno , sal : ِثبي
from emp
Order by deptno , sal DESC ;
You can sort by a column that is not in the select list . ي اٌّخزبسحٛد ػّٓ لبئّخ اٌؾمٛعِٛ ش١د ؼّٛـك عٚ ت١ّىٕه اٌزشر٠
The sort limit is the number of columns in the given table .ي اٌّشرتٚي اٌغذٛاـك ٌعذد ؽمِٛ يٛـك عذد ؽمٚ ت١ّىٓ اٌزشر٠
SQL Functions SQL ااغٛح
ًساوً ؽظشاٚ٤ اٌزبثعخSQL خ ِخظظخ ٌٕغخخ اٌـ١ٌاي اٌزبِٚع ُ اٌذ
Most of the functions are specific to Oracle version of SQL .
Two Types of SQL Functions SQL اي اٌـٚ ٟػٛٔ
1-Single – Row Functions ذح اٌظؿ١ؽٚ اثعٛ ر.1
2-Multiple – Row Functions ؾٛاثع ِزعذدح اٌظفٛ ر.2
اؽذح ٌىً طؿٚ غخ١ذ ٔز١رعٚ اؽذ ـمؾٚ اثع ثظؿٛ رعًّ ٘زٖ اٌز: دة اٌظف١زٚ ااغٛ اٌخ.1
1-Single–Row Functions : These functions operate on single row only and return one
result per row.
. ؾٛعخ طفّٛاؽذح ٌىً ِغٚ غخ١ ٔزٟؾ رعطٛعبد ِٓ اٌظفّٛت ِغ١ رشوٟ٘ٚ : فٛااغ ِخؼد ة اٌظفٛ اٌخ.2
2- Multiple – Row Functions :these functions multiplate groups of rows to give one
result per group of rows .
Character Functions ت١اي اٌسسفٚاٌد
1-Case Conversion Functions : ( Lower , Upper , Initcap ) ً اٌؾبٌخ٠ٛاي رؾٚ د.1
2-Character Manipulation Functions :( Concat , Substr ,Length , Instr, Lpad )
ؽشؾ٤اي ِعبٌغخ اٚ د.2
Function دفٌٙ اPurpose
Convert alpha character values to lowercase صًِٛ اٌش٠َٛ ثزؾٛم٠
Lower (دّٛ)اعُ اٌع
شح١ أؽشؾ طؽٌٝؽشؾ ا٤اٚ
Convert alpha character values to uppercase ؽشؾ٤ً ا٠َٛ ثزؾٛم٠
Upper(دّٛ)اعُ اٌع
شح١ أؽشؾ وجٌٝا
Convert alpha character values to uppercase for the first letter
Initcap(دّٛ)اعُ اٌع of each word and all other letters in lowercase ً اٌؾشؾ٠َٛ ثزؾٛم٠
شح١ؽشؾ ِٓ وً وٍّخ طؽ٤خ ا١ثمٚ ش١ ؽشؾ وجٍٝي ِٓ وً وٍّخ عٚ٤ا
-5-
Function Purposeاٌٙدف
٠مConcatenates the first character value to the second character value َٛ
, Expre..اعُ اٌعّٛدConcat(1
ثذِظ اٌزعج١ش ـ ٟاٌعّٛد اٚ٤ي ثغٍغٍخ ٚاؽذح ِع اٌزعج١ش ـ ٟاٌعّٛد اٌضبّٔ٠ٚ ٟىٓ اػبـخ ٔض
) اعُ اٌعّٛد…,2 ِ ٛ٘ٚشادؾ ٌٍشِض || اٌز ٞسإٔ٠بٖ عبثمبً
٠م٘ َٛزا اٌزبثع ثبٌمض اثزذا ًء ِٓ اٌؾشؾ سلُ ٕ٠ٚ 6ز ٟٙثعذ 4ؽشٚؾ ثزعج١ش آخش
)Substr(column,6,4 ) Substr(column,start,countارا ٌُ ٠ؾذد اٌعذد أ ٞاٌمّ١خCount
٠عطٕ١ب ا٤ؽشؾ ثذءاً ِٓ startؽزٙٔ ٝب٠خ اٌىٍّخ
٠ Return the number of character in valueع١ذ عذد أؽشؾ وً لّ١خ ِٓ ل ُ١اٌؾمً
)Length(column اٌّؾذد column
٠م َٛثبٌجؾش عٓ ؽشؾ أ ٚوٍّخ ػّٓ عٍغٍخ أؽشؾ ّ٠ضً columnاعُ اٌؾمً setٚاٌؾشؾ أٚ
ِغّٛعخ ا٤ؽشؾ اٌّشاد اٌجؾش عٕٙب ٠ٚغت أْ رى ْٛث ٓ١ـبطٍز ٓ١عٍ٠ٛز startٚ ٓ١سلُ اٌؾشؾ
)Instr(column,'set',start,n اٌز٠ ٞجذأ ِٕٗ اٌجؾش nٚسلُ اٌزىشاس ٕٔ٤ب لذ ٔم َٛثبٌجؾش عٓ اٌزىشاس اٌضبٔ ٟأ ٚاٌشاثع ٌٍؾشؾ أٚ
اٌىٍّخ
٠م َٛثبػبـخ أؽشؾ أ ٚسِٛص اٌ٠ ٝغبس اٌىٍّخ ّ٠ضً columnاعُ اٌؾمً length ٚؽٛي
)'Lpad(column,length,'set اٌغٍغٍخ اٌؾشـ١خ اٌّطٍٛة ثعذ ا٦ػبـخ setٚاٌؾشؾ أِ ٚغّٛعخ ا٤ؽشؾ اٌّشاد اػبـزٙب
٠م َٛثبػبـخ أؽشؾ أ ٚسِٛص اٌ ٓ١ّ٠ ٝاٌىٍّخ ّ٠ضً columnاعُ اٌؾمً length ٚؽٛي
)'Rpad(column,length,'set اٌغٍغٍخ اٌؾشـ١خ اٌّطٍٛة ثعذ ا٦ػبـخ setٚاٌؾشؾ أِ ٚغّٛعخ ا٤ؽشؾ اٌّشاد اػبـزٙب
ِالزظت ٠ :غت اٌزّ١١ض ث ٓ١ا٤ؽشؾ اٌىج١شح ٚاٌظؽ١شح ػّٓ اٌزٛاثع اٌغبثمخ أ ٞـ ٟؽبٌخ اٌجؾش عٓ ؽشؾ طؽ١ش ـبٕٔب ٔ ٨غذٖ
ارا وبْ ث١ٙئخ ؽشؾ وج١ش .
|| )SQL> select 'the job title for' || Initcap(ename ِثبي : 1
'is' || Lower(Job) As Employee Details
; from emp
)'SQL> select Lpad(ename,10,'F')||Rpad(ename,10,'J ِثبي : 2
As Name
; from emp
)SQL>select ename , Instr(ename,'E',1,1 ِثبي : 1
As Number
; from emp
1ا ٌٝٚ٤رّضً سلُ اٌؾشؾ اٌز٠ ٞجذأ ِٕٗ اٌجؾش ٕ٘ٚب ٠جذأ اٌجؾش ِٓ اٌؾشؾ اٚ٤ي 1 ٚاٌضبٔ١خ رعجش عٓ سلُ اٌزىشاس ٌٍؾشؾ ٠ٚع١ذ اٌزبثع
سلُ ِىبْ رٛػع اٌؾشؾ اٌّطٍٛة أ ٚاٌىٍّخ اٌّطٍٛثخ ٚاٌّٛػٛعخ ػّٓ ـٛاطً عٍ٠ٛخ .
Using The Round Function اظخخداَ اٌت اٌخد٠ٚس (اٌخمس٠ب )
The round function rounds the column expression or value to n decimal places .
رم َٛداٌخ اٌزذ٠ٚش ثزمش٠ت اٌعذد اٌ n ٝـبطٍخ عشش٠خ أ ٚعذد عشش. ٞ
) SQL> select Round ( 45.923 , 2) , Round( 45.923 , -1 ِثبي : 1
; from dual
Round ( 45.923 , 0) = 46 , Round ( 45.923 , 2) = 45.92 , Round ( 45.923 , -1) = 50 ,
Round ( 499.923 , -2) = 500 , Round ( 45.923 , 1) = 45.9
If the second argument is 0 or is missing the value is rounded to zero decimal places . If the
second argument is 2 the value is rounded to two decimal places . If the second argument is -2
the value is rounded to two decimal places to the left .
ارا وبْ اٌّعبًِ اٌضبٌٔ ٟذاٌخ اٌزذ٠ٚش ِغب٠ٚب ً اٌظفش أ ٚؼ١ش ِٛعٛد ٠زُ ؽزؾ ا٤سلبَ اٌعشش٠خ ٠ٚزُ اٌزمش٠ت اٌ ٝأٚي سلُ طؾ١ؼ
ٚارا وبْ اٌّعبًِ اٌضبٌٔ ٟذاٌخ اٌزذ٠ٚش ِغب٠ٚب ً ٌٍعذد ٠ 2زُ رمش٠ت اٌشلُ اٌي ٝأليشة سلّي ٓ١ثعيذ اٌفبطيٍخ ٚـي ٟؽبٌيخ وي ْٛاٌّعبِيً
اٌضبِٔ ٟغب٠ٚب ً ٌـ ٠ -2زُ رمش٠ت اٌشلُ ِٕضٌز ٓ١عشش٠ز ٓ١اٌ ٝاٌ١غبس .
-6-
Using The TRUNC Function ) اظخخداَ اٌت اٌمطغ (اٌبخس
The TRUNC function truncates the column expression or value to n decimal places .
. خ٠ ـبطٍخ عششٚ ِشرجخ أn ٌَٝ داٌخ اٌمطع ثمطع اٌعذد اٛرم
SQL> select TRUNC ( 45.923 , 2) , TRUNC ( 45.923 , -1 ) : 1 ِثبي
from dual ;
TRUNC ( 45.923) = 45 , TRUNC ( 45.923 , 2) = 45.92 , TRUNC ( 45.923 , -1) = 40 ,
TRUNC ( 499.923 , -2) = 400 , Round ( 45.923 , 1) = 45.9
The TRUNC function works with arguments similar to those of the Round function . If the
second argument is 0 or is missing the value is truncate to zero decimal places . If the second
argument is 2 the value is truncate to two decimal places . If the second argument is -2 the value
is truncate to two decimal places to the left .
دٛعيِٛ يش١ ؼٚب ً اٌظيفش أ٠ٚ ٌذاٌخ اٌمطع ِغيبٟٔد ارا وبْ اٌّعبًِ اٌضب٩ِش ِع اٌّعب٠ٚرعًّ داٌخ اٌمطع رعًّ ٔفظ عًّ داٌخ اٌزذ
ٟـيٚ ٓ ثعيذ اٌفبطيٍخ١ي سلّيٚ أٌٝزُ لطع اٌشلُ ا٠ 2 ب ً ٌٍعذد٠ٚش ِغب٠ٚ ٌذاٌخ اٌزذٟٔارا وبْ اٌّعبًِ اٌضبٚ خ٠سلبَ اٌعشش٤زُ ثزش ا٠
. غبس١ٌ اٌٝٓ ا١ز٠ٓ عشش١زُ اٌمطع ِٕضٌز٠ -2 ب ً ٌـ٠ٚ ِغبْٟٔ اٌّعبًِ اٌضبٛؽبٌخ و
Using The MOD Function )MOD( اٌمعّتٟاظخخداَ اٌت ابل
The MOD function finds the remainder of value1 divided by value2 .
. 2ّخ١ اٌمٍٝ ع1ّخ١ لغّخ اٌمٟغبد ثبل٠ اٌمغّخ ثبَٟ داٌخ ثبلٛرم
SQL> select ename , sal , comm, MOD(sal , comm) : 1 ِثبي
from dual
Where job = 'SALESMAN' ;
Working with Dates )Dates( خ٠ازٛاٌؼًّ ِغ اٌخ
Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format : century , year , month , day , hours ,minutes
, seconds . ٟٔاٛ ص, دلبئك, عبعبد, َٛ٠ , شٙ ش, عٕخ,ْ لش: ٍٟ داخٞخ ثشىً عذد٠اسٛساوً اٌزٚخضْ أ٠
The default date format is DD-MON-YY DD-MON-YY ٛ٘ خ٠ ٌٍزبسٟـزشاػ٨اٌشىً ا
SYSDATE is a function returning current date an d time . ٌٟلذ اٌؾبٌٛاٚ خ٠ذ اٌزبس١ع٠ اعشاءSYSDATE
اؽيذٚ ٟ ؽميً ؽشـيٝ عٍيٞٛؾزي٠ ـيبسغّٟ٘يٚ يٚ عيذٛ٘يٚ عيشاء٦غيخ ٘يزا ا١يبس ٔزٙظ٦ DUAL ّٝغ٠ يَٚ ثبعزخذاَ عذٛعٕم
َ ِٕشييؤ ِييٓ لجييً اٌّغييزخذٛ٘ييٚ ييذح١ؽٚ ّييخ١عييبدح ل٦ يٚغييزخذَ ٘ييزا اٌغييذ٠ X ٟييذح ٘يي١ؽٚ ّييخ١ لٝ عٍييٞٛؾزيي٠ٚ. dummy ُثبعيي
SYSTEM
Valid oracle dates are between January 1.4712 B.C and December 31.9999 A.D
ٚيذ أ٠يبس اعيُ ٌٍؾميً اٌغذ١اخزٚ select رٌيه ثبعيزخذاَ عجيبسحٚ يٚ عيذٞ ِيع أSYSDATE عيشاء٦ اّٚىٕه اعيزخذاَ اٌزيبثع أ٠
SQL> select SYSDATE today from emp ; ُْ اعٚثذ
SQL> select SYSDATE from dual ; ٚأ
Arithmetic With Dates خ٠ازٛ اٌخٍٝت ػ١بث اٌسعبا١ٍّاٌؼ
: خ١ٌبد اٌزب١ٍّرشًّ اٌع
-Add or subtract a number to or from a date for خ٠ٔزبط ربس٦ خ٠ ربسٌٝ اٚ ؽزؾ سلُ ِٓ أٚاػبـخ أ
a resultant date value
-Subtract two dates to find the number of days ّبٕٙ١بَ ث٠٤غبد عذد ا٠٦ ٓ١خ٠ؽشػ ربس
between those dates .
-Add hours to a date by dividing the number of 24 ٍُٝ عذد اٌغبعبد ع١خ ثزمغ٠اػبـخ عبعبد ٌٍزبس
hours by 24
ّىٕه٠ خضْ ثشىً سلُ وّب٠ خ٠ْ اٌزبس٤ اٌطشػٚ خ وبٌغّع١د اٌؾغبث٩ِخ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّعب٠ اٌزبسٍٝخ ع١بد اٌؾغبث١ٍّّىٕه أغبص اٌع٠
. خ٠ اٌزبسٌٝاٚ ِٓ ؽشػ سلُ صبثذٚاػبـخ أ
You can perform calculation using arithmetic operators such as additional and subtraction . You can
add and subtract number constants as well as dates .
You can perform the following operations:
-7-
ت١ٍّاٌؼOperation Resultدت١إٌخ Descriptionطفٌٛا
Date + number Date خ٠ اٌزبسٌٝبَ ا٠اػبـخ عذد أ
Date - number Date خ٠بَ ِٓ اٌزبس٠ؽشػ عذح أ
Date - Date Number of days خ ِٓ آخش٠ؽشػ ربس
Date + number/24 Date خ٠ اٌزبسٌٝاػبـخ عذد ِٓ اٌغبعبد ا
SQL> select ename , (sysdate-hiredate)/ 7 weeks : 1 ِثبي
from emp
Where deptno = 10 ;
ٓ إٌبرظ عٌٟخ اٌؾب٠ٓ اٌزبس١ْ اٌفشق ث٤ 10 ُ اٌمغُ سلٟ اٌعّبي ـٚٓ أ١ظفٌّٛع ا١ّع اٌعًّ ٌغ١عذد أعبثٚ ش ٘زا اٌّضبي أعّبءٙ ٠
. ع١عبث٤غخ ثب١ْ إٌزٛ رى7 ٍٝثبٌمغّخ عٚ َب٠٤خ ثب١ِٕ اٌّذح اٌضٟعط٠ Hiredate ًِعزخذاَ ٌٍعب٨خ ا٠ربسٚ Sysdate اٌزبثع
DATE FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
MONTHS_BETWEEN(D1,D2) D2 ٚ D1 ٓ١خ٠ٓ ربس١ش ثٙش٤عذد ا
ADD_MONTHS(D1,n) D1 خ٠ اٌزبسٌٝش اٙ شn اػبـخ
NEXT_DAY(DATE ,'CH') Date خ٠ ثعذ اٌزبسCH َّٗ اعٛ٠ يٚخ أ٠ٕب ربس١عط٠
LAST_DAY(DATE) سٛش اٌّزوَٙ ِٓ اٌشٛ٠ خ آخش٠ ربسٟعط٠
ِٓ َ أؽذٛ٠ خ ألشة٠ ربسٌٝخ ا٠ت اٌزبس٠َ اٌزبثع ثزمشٛم٠ Day ؽبٌخٟـ
ROUND(DATE , 'DAY' or 'MONTH' خ٠ ربسٌٝخ ا٠ت اٌزبس٠َ ثزمشٛم٠ Month ؽبٌخٟـٚ ٌٟخ اٌؾب٠اٌزبس
or 'YEAR' ) مشة٠ ٗٔ ـبYear ؽبٌخٟ أِب ـٌٟخ اٌؾب٠ش ِٓ اٌزبسٙي شٚألشة أ
ََ ِٓ ألشة عبٛ٠ يٚ ألشة أٌٝخ ا٠اٌزبس
ًَ أؽذ لجٛ٠ خ ألشة٠ ربسٌٝخ ا٠ت اٌزبس٠َ اٌزبثع ثزمشٛم٠ Day ؽبٌخٟـ
TRUNC( DATE , 'DAY' or 'MONTH' خ٠ ربسٌٝخ ا٠ت اٌزبس٠َ ثزمشٛم٠ Month ؽبٌخٟـٚ ٌٟخ اٌؾب٠اٌزبس
or 'YEAR' ) مشة٠ ٗٔ ـبYear ؽبٌخٟ أِب ـٌٟخ اٌؾب٠ش لجً اٌزبسٙي شٚألشة أ
ٌٟخ اٌعبَ اٌؾب٠خ ثذا٠ ربسٌٝخ ا٠اٌزبس
: خ٠ازٛااغ اٌخٛأِثٍت ػٓ اظخخداَ ح
SQL> select empno , hiredate, : 1 ِثبي
Months_between(sysdate,hiredate) Tenure,
Add_months(hiredate,6) Review ,
Next_day(hiredate,'Friday') , Last_day(hiredate)
from emp
Where Months_between(sysdate,hiredate )<200 ;
For all employees employed for fewer than 200 month .display the employee number ,hiredate , number
of months employed , six-month review date , first Friday after hire date ,and last day of the month
when hired .
شٙعذد أشٚ )ؿ١ظٛعزخذاَ (اٌز٨خ ا٠ربسٚ ظؿٌّٛبس سلُ اٙش لُ ثبظٙ ش200 ِٓ ًل٤ ُِٙٓ رُ اعزخذا٠ٓ اٌز١ظفٌّٛع ا١ِّٓ أعً ع
َعزخذا٨ش اَٙ ِٓ شٛ٠ خ آخش٠ربسٚ َعزخذا٨َ عّعخ ثعذ اٛ٠ يٚخ أ٠ربسٚ شٙ أش6 ٗ١ٌؿ ِؼبؾ ا١ظٛخ اٌز٠ ربسٚ َعزخذا٨ا
ROUND('25-JUL-95' , 'MONTH' ) →→→→ 01-AUG-95 : أِثٍت
ROUND('25-JUL-95' , 'YEAR' ) →→→→→ 01-JAN-96
TRUNC('25-JUL-95' , 'MONTH' ) →→→→ 01-JUL-95
TRUNC ('25-JUL-95' , 'YEAR' ) →→→→→ 01-JAN-95
SQL> select empno , hiredate, EMPNO HIREDATE ROUND(HI TRUNC(HI : ِثبي
Round (hiredate , 'MONTH') , ---------- -------------- -------- ------
Trunc ( hiredate , 'MONTH') 82/01/01 82/02/01 82/01/23 7934
from emp
Where hiredate LIKE '%82' ;
Compare the hire dates for all employees who started in 1982 display the employee number ,hire date ,
and month started using the ROUND and TRUNC functions.
-8-
CONVERSION FUNCTIONS ً٠ٛااغ اٌخسٛح
Implicit Datatype Conversion بٔبث١اع اٌبٛٔ ألًّٟٕ اٌؼ٠ٛاٌخس
For assignments the Oracle can automatically convert the following :
: ٟى١ِبرٛرٚ ثشىً أٍٟ٠ ً ِب٠ٛساوً رؾٚع أ١غزط٠ َبٌِّٙٓ أعً ا
FROM TO
ٟ ِؾشـVARCHAR2 or CHAR ُسل NUMBER
ٟ ِؾشـVARCHAR2 or CHAR خ٠ربس DATE
ُسل NUMBER ٟ ِؾشـVARCHAR2
خ٠ربس DATE ٟ ِؾشـVARCHAR2
ّٟ ع٤ ِؾشؾ أِب اٌعشع ا2000 CHAR د ِٓ إٌّؾّٛ ٌعّٟ ع٤أْ اٌعشع اVARCHAR2 ٚ CHAR ٓ١اٌفشق ث
. ِؾشؾ4000 ٌٝظً ا١ ـVARCHAR2 د ِٓ إٌّؾٌّٛع
For expression evaluation the Oracle Server can automatically convert the following :
: ٟى١ِبرٛرٚ ثشىً أٍٟ٠ ً ِب٠ٛساوً رؾٚع أ١غزط٠ ش٠ِٓ أعً عجبسح اٌزمذ
FROM TO
ٟ ِؾشـVARCHAR2 or CHAR ُسل NUMBER
ٟ ِؾشـVARCHAR2 or CHAR خ٠ربس DATE
NOTE: CHAR to NUMBER conversions succeed only if the character string represents a valid number
.
CHAR to DATE conversions succeed only if the character string has the default format DD-MON-YY
ِٓ اٌّؾبسؾّٟٕ اٌؼًٟ اٌزٍمبئ٠ٛزُ اٌزؾ٠ سح أسلبَ وّبْٛ اٌّؾبسؾ ثظٛ ؽبٌخ وٟسلبَ ثٕغبػ ـ٤ اٌٝ ِٓ اٌّؾبسؾ اًٟ اٌزٍمبئ٠ٛزُ اٌزؾ٠
. DD-MON-YY خ٠ ٌٍزبسٟـزشاػ٨ْ ٌغٍغٍخ اٌّؾبسؾ اٌشىً اٛى٠ خ عٕذِب٠ اٌزبسٌٝا
Explicit Datatype Conversion بٔبث١اع اٌبٛٔر أل٠ً اٌظس٠ٛاٌخس
SQL provides three functions to convert a value from one datatype to another :
: ٟ٘ٚ بٔبد١اع اٌجٛٔ٤ ً٠ٛاي رؾٚصخ د٩ صSQL. ٌؽخ اٌـٞٛرؾ
FUNCTIONاٌداٌت Purpose دفٌٙا
Converts number or date value to a VARCHAR2 character string
TO_CHAR(number or date ,'fmt') with format model 'fmt'
'fmt' ًخ ِٓ اٌشى١ عٍغٍخ ِؾشـٌٝخ ا٠اسٛ اٌزٚسلبَ أ٤ً ا٠ٛرؾ
Converts a character string containing digits to a number with the
TO_NUMBER(char , 'fmt' ) optional format model 'fmt'
'fmt' ً سلُ ِٓ اٌشىٌٝ أسلبَ اٞٛ رؾزٟخ اٌز١ً اٌغٍغٍخ اٌّؾشـ٠ٛرؾ
Converts a character string representing a date to a date value
according to the fmt specified ( If fmt is omitted format is DD-
TO_DATE(char , 'fmt' ) MON-YY)
ش١ ( ثؾfmt ًخ ؽغت اٌشى٠ّخ ربس١ لٌٝخ ا٠ رّضً اٌزبسٟخ اٌز١ً اٌغٍغٍخ اٌؾشـ٠ٛرؾ
) DD-MON-YY ٛ٘ٚ ًساوٚ٤ ٟـزشاػ٨ ثبٌشىً اfmt ْ شىً إٌّؾٛى٠
TO_CHAR Function with dates TO_CHAR (date , 'fmt' ) to display date in a specific format .
The format model fmt must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive and separated
From the date value by a comma
. خ ثفبطٍخ٠ٌخ عٓ اٌزبسٛ ِفظٚ ' fmt ' ٓ١ الزجبط ِفشدرِٟز٩ٓ ع١سح ثٛ ِؾظfmt ثخٍٛخ اٌّط٠ؽخ اٌزبس١ْ طٛغت أْ رى٠
SQL> select empno , TO_CHAR( hiredate , 'MM/YY' ) Month_Hired : ِثبي
from emp
Where ename = ' BLAKE ' ;
-9-
Elements of Date Format Model خ٠ذج شىً اٌخبزّٛٔ ػٕبطس
Element Description
YYYY Full year in numbers َسلب٤خ ثب٠وبًِ اٌزبس
YEAR Year spelled out ة ثبٌىٍّبدٛخ ِىز٠اٌزبس
MM Two digit value for month ٓ١ّخ ِٓ سل٠ّخ اٌزبس١ل
MONTH Full name of the month ًِش وبٙاعُ اٌش
DY Three letter abbreviation of the day of the week َٛ١ٌصخ أؽشؾ اخزظبس ِٓ اعُ ا٩ص
DAY Full name of the day ً٩َِ وبٛ١ٌاعُ ا
SCC or CC Century prefixes BC date with ّٕٗخ ػ٠مع اٌزبس٠ ٞاٌمشْ اٌز
Y,YYY Year with a comma in the position ػعٌّٛسلُ اٌعبَ ِع ـبطٍخ ثٕفظ ا
YYY or YY or Y Last three ,two , or one digits of year َ سلُ ِٓ اٌعبٚٓ أ١ّ سلٚ أسلبَ أ3 آخش
SYYYY -1000 ٛ٘ 1000 B.C ًشبسح ِض٦د اٛعٚ سلُ اٌعبَ ِع
IYYY or IYY or Four ,three ,two or one digit year based on the ISO standard .
IY or I ISO بط١اؽذح ٌٍعبَ ِٓ اٌّمٚ خبٔخٚٓ أ١ خبٔزٚس خبٔبد أ٩ صٚأسثع أ
BC or AD ًّّب ٔفظ اٌعٌٙ ٚ خ٠ ثؾغت اٌزبسAD ٚ أBCش اٌّئششٙ ٠ - BC or AD indicator
B.C. or A.D. )لؿ (ٔمبؽِٛبد ر٩ – ٔفظ اٌغبثك ِع عBC or AD indicator with Periods
Q مع٠ ٞ – سلُ اٌشثع ِٓ اٌعبَ اٌزQuarter of year
MON Three letter abbreviation - صخ أؽشؾ اخزظبس٩ش صٙاعُ اٌش
RM Roman mineral month - ِٟٔبٚض اٌش١ِش ثبٌزشٙسلُ اٌش
WW or W Week of year or month – شٙ اٌشٚ اٌغٕخ أٟع ـٛعج٤سلُ ا
DDD or DD or D Day of year ,month , or day - عٛعج٤ اٚش أٙ اٌشٚ اٌغٕخ أَٟ ـٛ١ٌسلُ ا
J د٩١ٌّ لجً ا4713 َي عبٚ٤ْ اٛٔ وب31 بَ ِٕز٠٤عذد ا
Use the formats listed in the following tables to display time information and literals and to
change numerals to spelled numbers
ءةٚ أزلبَ ِمسًٌٝ األػدا ئ٠ٛ حسٚ األزسفٚ لجٌِٛبث اٍٛبز ِؼٙ إلظٌٟي اٌخبٚ اٌددٟ ة فٛخٌّٛاظخخدَ لبئّت األشىبي ا
Element Description
AM or PM Meridian indicator – بسٌِٕٙئشش ِٕزظؿ ا
A.M. or P.M. Meridian indicator with periods - لؿِٛبد ر٩بس ِع عٌِٕٙئشش ِٕزظؿ ا
HH or HH12 or HH24 )24-0( عبعخ24 ٚ) أ12-1( عبعخ12 َٛ١ٌض ا١ِ رشٚ َٛ١ٌ اٟاٌغبعخ ـ
MI ) 59-0( اٌغبعخٟمخ ـ١اٌذل
SS )59-0 ( مخ١ اٌذلٟخ ـ١ٔاٌضب
SSSSS Seconds past midnight - ً١ٌٍ ِٕز ِٕزظؿ أٟاٛعذد اٌض
TH Ordinal number - ( 4TH – 24TH ( ًؽمخ ٌعذد ِب ِض٨
SP Spelled out number ( DDSP for FOUR) – وزبثخ اٌعذد ثشىً ٔضٍٝؽمخ ٌعذد رغجشٖ ع٨
SPTH or THSP Spelled out number (DDSPTH for FOURTH ) ٓ١ٕص٨ٓ ا١خ رغّع ث١ج١ؽمخ رشو٨
Using the TO_CHAR Function with dates خ٠ازٛ ِغ اٌخTo_Char ً٠ٛاظخخداَ حباغ اٌخس
SQL> select ename , : ِثبي
TO_CHAR( hiredate , 'MM/YY' ) Month_Hired
from emp ;
Example : Modify the slide example to display the dates in a format that appears as Seventh of
February 1981 08:00:00 AM .
Seven of February 1981 08:00:00 AM ًش ثبٌشىٙ ١ٌ خ٠ي اٌزبسٛؽ
SQL> select ename ,
TO_CHAR(hiredate , ‗fmDdspth ―of‖ Month yyyy fmHH:MI:SS AM‘ )
From emp ;
- 10 -
TO_CHAR Function with Numbers ِغ األػداTo_Char ً٠ٛاظخخداَ حباغ اٌخس
TO_CHAR(number , ‘fmt’ )
Use these formats with the TO_CHAR function to display a number value as a character:
: خ وؤؽشؾ١ُّ اٌشل١ش اٌمٙ ٌزTO_CHAR خ ِع اٌزبثع١ٌشىبي اٌزب٤اعزخذَ ا
9 Represents a number ُرّضً اٌشل
0 Forces a zero to displayed سٛٙ ٌ اٍٝرغجش اٌظفش ع
$ Places a floating dollar sign س٨ِٚخ اٌذ٩ش عٙ ٠
L Use the floating local currency symbol سِض اٌفبطٍخ اٌعبئّخ
.
Prints a decimal point خ٠طجع اٌفبطٍخ اٌعشش٠
,
Prints a thousand indicator ؾ٨٢طجع ِئشش ا٠
SQL> select TO_CHAR( sal , ‗$99,999 ‗ ) SALARY : ِثبي
FROM emp
Where ename = ‗SCOTT‘ ;
When working with number values such as a character string you should convert those numbers to the
character datatype using the TO_CHAR function which translates a value of NUMBER datatype to
VARCHAR2 datatype . This technique is specially useful with concatenation .
ي ّٔؾٛؾ٠ ٞاٌزٚ TO_CHAR ثبعزخذاَ اٌزبثعٟ إٌّؾ اٌؾشـٌٝسلبَ ا٤ً رٍه ا٠ٛه رؾ١ٍب أؽشؾ عٙٔ أٍٝخ ع١ُّ اٌشل١عٕذ اٌعًّ ِع اٌم
. ًع٩ اٌغٟذح ثشىً خبص ـ١خ ِف١ٕ٘زٖ اٌزمٚ VARCHAR2 ٟ إٌّؾ اٌؾشـٌٝخ ا٠بٔبد اٌعذد١اٌج
TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions
Convert a character string to a number format using the TO_NUMBER function .
TO_NUMBER(char , ‘fmt’) TO_NUMBER خ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزبثع١ّئخ سل١٘ ٌٝخ ا١ً اٌغٍغٍخ اٌؾشـ٠ٛرؾ
Convert a character string to a date format using the TO_DATE function .
TO_DATE(char , ‘fmt’ ) خ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزبثع٠ئخ ربس١٘ ٌٝخ ا١ً اٌغٍغٍخ اٌؾشـ٠ٛرؾ
SQL> select ename , hiredate : ِثبي
FROM emp
Where hiredate = TO_DATE( ‗February 22 ,1981 ‗ ,‘Month dd , YYYY‘) ;
NVL function ت١ٌّت اٌخب١غ اٌم٠ٛحباغ حؼ
Convert null to an actual value خ١م١ّخ ؽم١ لٌٝخ ا١ٌّخ اٌخب١ي اٌمٛؾ٠
Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number.َسلب٤اٚ ؽشؾ٤اٚ خ٠اسٛب اٌزٙغزخذَ ِع٠ ٟبد اٌز١اع اٌّعطٛٔأ
EX: NVL(comm,0) , NVL(hiredate,‘01-JAN-97‘) , NVL(job ,‘No Job Yet‘)
SQL> select ename , sal , comm , (sal*12)+NVL(comm.,0) : ِثبي
FROM emp ;
Note: If any column value in an expression is null the result is null .
. خ١ٌّخ اٌخب١ٕب اٌم٠خ رٕزظ ٌذ١خ ؽغبث١ٍّب عٙ١ٍٕب ع٠أعشٚ خ١ٌد خبّٛ عٞ أّٟخ ـ١ارا وبٔذ اٌم
- 11 -
DECODE function ًبث اشىً ِٕفظ١ٍّئخساء اٌؼٚ اٌّطبامتٚ حباغ اٌبسث
DECODE(Value , if 1 ,then 1, if 2 , then 2 , if 3 , then 3 ,….,else ) َاٌشىً اٌؼب
The DECODE function decodes an expression in a way similar the IF-THEN-ELSE logic used
in various languages . The DECODE function decodes expression after comparing it to each
search value . If the expression is the same as search result is returned .If the default value is
omitted a null value is returned where a search value dose not mach any of the result values .
ٌؽبدٟ رغزعًّ ثشىً ـٟاٌزٚ خ١ إٌّطمIF-THEN-ELSE خ ٌعجبسحٙمخ ِشبث٠خ ثطش٠ ثؾً اٌعجبسح اٌغجشDECODE َ اٌزبثعٛم٠
أِب ارا وبٔذ. ّخ١ذ ل١ع٠ ّخ اٌجؾش١ش ِطبثك ٌم١ُ اٌجؾش ارا وبْ اٌزعج١ّخ ِٓ ل١ب ِع وً لٙخ ثعذ ِمبسٔز٠ؾً اٌزبثع اٌعجبسح اٌغجش٠ . عخِٕٛز
. ُ اٌجؾش١ّخ ِٓ ل١ لّٞخ اٌجؾش ِع أ١ رزطبثك ل٨ رٌه عٕذِبٚ ّخ ـبسؼخ١ ـبسؼخ رعبد لٚـخ أٚخ ِؾز١ٍط٤ّخ ا١اٌم
SQL> select job , sal : ِثبي
DECODE( job, 'ANALYST‘ , sal*1.1 ,
‗CLERK‘ , sal*1.15 ,
‗MANAGER‘ , sal*1.20 ,
sal )
REVISED_SALARY
FROM emp ;
Display the applicable tax rate for each employee in department 30 .
. 30 ُ اٌمغٟظؿ ـِٛ ًئُ ٌى٩ٌّجخ ا٠اعزعشاع ِعذي اٌؼش
SQL> select ename , sal : ِثبي
DECODE(TRUC(sal/1000,0) ,
0 , 0.00 ,
1 , 0.09 ,
2 , 0.20 ,
3 , 0.30 ,
4 , 0.40 ,
5 , 0.42 ,
6 , 0.44 ,
0.45 ) TAX_RATE
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30 ;
NESTING FUNCTIONS SAMPLES ااغ اٌّخداخٍتٛأِثٍت ػٓ اٌخ
SQL> select ename , : 1ِثبي
NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr) , ‗No Manager‘)
From emp
Where mgr Is NULL ;
SQL> select TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(ADD_MONTHS : 2ِثبي
(hiredate , 6 ) , ‗FRIDAY‘ ) ,
‗fmDAY , Month ddth , YYYY)
― Next 6 Month Review ―
From emp
Order By hiredate ;
- 12 -
Displaying data from multiple tables ي ِخؼد ةٚبٔبث ِٓ خدا١ػسع اٌب
-Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one tables using equality and none
quality joins
View data that generally does not meet a join condition by using outer joins .
Join a table to itself
. ٞٚش اٌّزغب١ؼٚ ٞٚي ثبعزخذاَ اٌشثؾ اٌّزغبٚبٔبد ِٓ أوضش ِٓ عذ١ اٌجٌٝي اٛطٌٍٛ SELECT بس١خز٨ وزبثخ عجبسح ا
. خ١اثؾ اٌخبسعٚ عبدح ثششؽ سثؾ ثبعزخذاَ اٌشٟ رٍزم٨ ٟبٔبد اٌز١ عشع اٌج
ٗي ثٕفغٚ سثؾ اٌغذ
Use a join to query data from more than one table يٚبٔبد ِٓ أوضش ِٓ عذ١عزفغبس عٓ اٌج٩ٌ اعزخذاَ اٌشثؾ
SELECT table1.column , table2.column
FROM table1 , table2
WHERE table1.coulumn1 = table2.coulumn2 ;
WHERE لُ ثىزبثخ ششؽ اٌشثؾ ػّٓ عجبسح Write the join condition in the WHERE clause
Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table .
. يٚ أوضش ِٓ عذٟد ـٛعِٛ ٚش أٙ ٠ ً ػّٕٗ ارا وبْ اٌؾمٜٛي اٌّؾزٚغجك اعُ اٌؾمً اعُ اٌغذ٠ ْغت أ٠
Types of Joins اع اٌساؾٛٔأ
There are two main types of join conditions: : د اٌشثؾ٨بْ ِٓ ؽب١غ١عبْ سئٛٔ ٕ٘بن
- Equijoins . . ٞٚ اٌشثؾ اٌّزغب-
- Non-equijoins . . ٞٚش ِزغب١ اٌشثؾ اٌؽ-
Additional join methods include the following : : ٍٟ٠ خ ِب١ػبـ٦رزؼّٓ ؽشق اٌشثؾ ا
+ Outer joins . . ٟ اٌشثؾ اٌخبسع+
+ Self joins . . ٟ اٌشثؾ اٌزار+
+ Set operators . . د٩عخ اٌّشؽّٛ ِغ+
: Equijoins or Inner Joins ) ٍٟ (اٌداخٞٚاٌساؾ اٌّخعب
. ٓ١ٌٚ اٌغذ٩خ ِٓ و٠ٚي اٌّزمبثٍخ ِزغبٛ اٌؾمُٟ ـ١ْ اٌمٛش رى١ٓ ثؾ١ٓ اٌّشرجط١ٌٚٓ اٌغذ١لً ث٤ اٍْٝ ٕ٘بن ؽمً ِشزشن عٛى٠ ْغت أ٠
. ٞٛٔاٌضبٚ ٟعبع٤شىً رزّخ ٌٍّفزبػ ا٠ ع ِٓ اٌشثؾٌٕٛ٘زا ا
EMP DEPT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO ------- -------------- ---------
------ ---------- ---------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7369 SMITH 20 20 RESEARCH DALLAS
7499 ALLEN 30 30 SALES CHICAGO
7521 WARD 30 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
7566 JONES 20
7654 MARTIN 30
7698 BLAKE 30
7782 CLARK 10
7788 SCOTT 20
7839 KING 10
7844 TURNER 30 Primary Key
7876 ADAMS 20
Foreign Key
- 13 -
Retrieving records with Equijoins ٞٚاظخسخبع اٌعدالث ِغ اٌساؾ اٌّخعب
SQL> select emp , empno , emp.ename , emp.deptno , : ِثبي
Dept.deptno , dept.loc ,
From emp , dept
Where emp.deptno=dept.deptno ;
The Where clause specifies how the tables are to be joined .
AND ًِت ابظخخداَ اٌّؼب١زبالث اسث ئػبف Additional search conditions Using the AND operator
In addition to the join , you may have criteria for your WHERE clause .
. WHERE ش ِٓ أعً عجبسح١٠ ثعغ اٌّعبٌٝ اٌشثؾ لذ رؾزبط اٌٝػبـخ ا٦ثب
SQL> select empno , ename , emp.deptno , loc : ِثبي
FROM emp , dept
WHERE emp.deptno = dept.deptno
AND INITCAP(ename) = ‗king‘ ;
Using Table Aliases يٚاظخخداَ األظّبء اٌّعخؼبزة ٌٍددا
Simplify queries by using table aliases . يٚعّبء اٌّغزعبسح ٌٍغذا٤ِبد ثبعزخذاَ ا٩عزع٨ؾ ا١رجغ
You can use table aliases instead of table names . Just as a column aliases gives a column another name
.a table aliases give a table another name . Table aliases help to keep SQL code smaller , therefore using
less memory.
عّبء اٌّغزعبسح٤ رغبعذ ا. عّذح٤ اٚي أٛعّبء اٌّغزعبسح ٌٍؾم٤ي رّبِب ً ِضً اًٚ ِٓ اعُ اٌغذ٨ي ثذّٚىٕه اعزخذاَ اعُ ِغزعبس ٌٍغذ٠
. ًغزعًّ راوشح أل٠ ٞاٌزٚ أطؽشSQL د اٌـٛ ععً وٟي ـٌٍٚغذا
SQL> select emp.empno , emp.ename , emp.deptno , : ِثبي
Dept.deptno , dept.loc
FROM emp , dept
WHERE emp.deptno = dept.deptno ;
: ٌٟظجؼ اٌّضبي اٌغبثك ثبٌشىً اٌزب٠ يٚ اٌغذاٍٝعّبء اٌّغزعبسح ع٤ك ا١ثؽذ رطج
SQL> select e.empno , e.ename , e.deptno , : ِثبي
d.deptno , d.loc
FROM emp e , dept d
WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno ;
Join more than two tables ٓ١ٌٚاٌساؾ ألوثس ِٓ خد
SQL> select c.name , i.itemid , i.itemotot , o.total , : ِثبي
FROM customer c , ord o , item i
WHERE c.custid = o.custid
AND o.ordid = i.ordid
AND c.name = ‗TKP SPORT SHOP‘ ;
: ٌٟي ثبٌشىً اٌزبٚش اٌغذا١ؽ
CUSTOMER ORD ITEM
NAME CUSTID CUSTID ORDID ORDID ITEMID
---------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -----------
JOCKSPORTS 100 101 610 610 3
THE SPORT SHOP 101 102 611 611 1
VOLLYRITE 102 104 612 612 1
JUST TENNIS 103 106 601 611 1
K+T SPORTS 105 102 602 601 1
SHAPE UP 106 106 605 602 1
: Non-Equijoins ٞٚس ِخعب١اٌساؾ اٌغ
- 14 -
يٚ أوضش ِٓ اٌغذٚ ؽمً أٚ يٚ٤ي اٚ أوضش ِٓ اٌغذٚٓ ؽمً أ١لخ ِب ث٩عذ عٛ٠ ٌٓىٚ ٓ١ٌٚ ِٓ اٌغذٞٚ أوضش ِزغبٚد ؽمً أٛعٚ شزشؽ٠ ٨
. احٚغذ ِغب١ٌ لخ٩ ٘زٖ اٌعٚ ٟٔاٌضب
The relationship between tables is obtained using an operator other than equal (= ) .
Retrieving records with Non-Equijoins ٞٚس ِخعب١اظخسخبع اٌعدالث ِغ اٌساؾ اٌغ
ٓ١ٍاٌؾمٚ EMP يٚ ِٓ اٌغذSAL ًٓ اٌؾم١لخ ث٩عذ عٛرٚ SALGRADE ٟٔاٌضبٚ EMP يٚ٤ٓ ا١ٌٕٚب عذ٠ ٌذٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟـ
. HISAL ٚ LOSAL ٓ١ّز١ٓ اٌم١ رمع ثSAL ً اٌؾمّٟخ ـ١ لٞ أْ أٟ٘ٚ HISALٚ LOSAL
SQL> select e.ename , e.sal , s.grade , : ِثبي
From emp e , salgrade s
Where e.sal
Between s.losat and s.hisat ;
: Outer joins ٟاٌساؾ اٌخبزخ
You use an Outer join to also see rows that does not usually meet the join condition .
Outer join operator is the plus sign ( + ) .
رٌه اٌّضبي اٌمبدَ ارا اعزخذِٕب اٌشثؾٍٝوّضبي عٚ رؾمك ششؽ اٌشثؾ٨ بٙٔ٤ شٙ ر٨ ٟؾ اٌزٛبس اٌظفٙظ٦ ٟغزخذَ اٌشثؾ اٌخبسع٠
يٚ ِٓ اٌغذDEPTNO ُ سلُ اٌمغٜٚزغب٠ ش١ ثؾEMPٚ DEPT ٓ١ٌُٚ ِٓ اٌغذِٙألغبٚ ٓ١ظفٌّٛأسدٔب ِعشـخ أعّبء اٚ ٞٚاٌّزغب
دٛعٚ َرٌه ٌعذٚ َ٩عزع٨غخ ا١ ٔزٟٕب ـ٠شاْ ٌذٙ ٠ ٨ ّٗسلٚ OPERATIONS بد١ٍّ ٔغذ أْ لغُ اٌعٟٔي ِع سلُ اٌمغُ ِٓ اٌضبٚ٤ا
س سلُ اٌمغُ ٔغزخذَ اٌشثؾٛٙ ؽبٌخ أسدٔب ظٟـٚ دٛعِٛ ش١ ؼEMPٓ١ظفٌّٛي اٚ عذٟ سلُ اٌمغُ ـٌٟثبٌزبٚ ُ رٌه اٌمغْٟ ـٍّٛع٠ أشخبص
: ٍٟ٠ ) وّب+ ( ًِغزخذَ اٌّعب٠ ٞاٌزٚ ٟاٌخبسع
SQL> select e.ename , e.deptno , d.dname , ٞٚ ثبعزخذاَ اٌشثؾ اٌّزغب: ِثبي
From emp e , dept d
WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno ;
SQL> select e.ename , d.deptno , d.dname : ٍٟ٠ ظجؼ وّب٠ ٟ ثبعزخذاَ اٌشثؾ اٌخبسعٚ : ِثبي
From emp e , dept d
WHERE e.deptno(+) = d.deptno
ORDER BY e.deptno ;
: )Join the table to itself( Self joins ٟاٌساؾ اٌراح
ً ثٕفغٗ ثبٌشىEMP يٚه سثؾ اٌغذ١ٍي عٚظؿ ِٓ اٌغذِٛ ًش و٠غبد اعُ ِذ٠٦ ً٩ي ثٕفغٗ ـّضٚ سثؾ اٌغذٌٝبْ ا١ؽ٤ ثعغ اٟرؾزبط ـ
: EMP ٗي ٔفغٚ أعّبء ِغزعبسح ٌٍغذMANAGER , WORKER ش١ ؽٌٟاٌزب
SQL> select worker.ename||‘ works for ‗||manager.ename
From emp worker , emp manager EMPNO ENAME MGR
Where worker.mgr = manager.empno ; ------ ---------- ----------
7369 SMITH 7902
WORKER.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||MANAGER.ENAME 7499 ALLEN 7698
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 7521 WARD 7698
SMITH works for FORD 7566 JONES 7839
ALLEN works for BLAKE 7654 MARTIN 7698
WARD works for BLAKE 7698 BLAKE 7839
JONES works for KING 7782 CLARK 7839
MARTIN works for BLAKE 7788 SCOTT 7566
BLAKE works for KING 7839 KING
CLARK works for KING 7844 TURNER 7698
SCOTT works for JONES 7876 ADAMS 7788
TURNER works for BLAKE
ADAMS works for SCOTT
JAMES works for BLAKE
Aggregating Data Using Group Functions: عخّّٛخ اٌّغ١اثع لٛبٔبد ثبعزخذاَ ر١ً اٌج١رؾظ
Group functions: Unlike single-row functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group .
These sets may be the whole table or the table split into groups.
ٌٓىٚ عخّٛاؽذح ٌىً ِغٚ غخ١ ٔزٟؾ ٌزعطٛعبد ِٓ اٌظفّٛ ِغٍٝ رئصش عٟ٘ٚ ذح اٌظؿ١ؽٚ اثعٛ رشجٗ اٌز٨ : ػتّّٛت اٌّد١ااغ لٛح
. عبدّٛ ِغٌٝي ِمغُ اٚ اٌغذًٚ أ٩ِي وبْٚ اٌغذٛعبد ِّىٓ رىّٛ٘زٖ اٌّغ
Types of Group Functions ػتّّٛت اٌّد١ااغ لٛأّٔبؽ ِٓ ح
- 15 -
Function Description
Average value of n ignoring null values
AVG( [DISTICT|ALL] n )
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١َ ثزغبً٘ اٌمٛم٠ٚ ّخ١ لnعؾ ٌـّٛخ اٌّز١ل
Number of rows where expr evaluates to something other than
null ( Count all selected rows using * , including duplicates and
rows with nulls )
COUNT( * [DISTICT|ALL] expr )
َ (اعزخذnull ّخ اٌفبسؼخ١شح ٌٍم٠ُ ِؽب١ ؽبي وبٔذ اٌمٟؾ ـٛذ ٘زا اٌزبثع عذد اٌظف١ع٠
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١اٌمٚ ؾ اٌّىشسحٛ اٌظفٌٝؾ اػبـخ اٛذ عذد وً اٌظف١ع١ٌ * ِع اٌزبثع
) NULL
Maximum value of expr , ignoring null values .
MAX( [DISTICT|ALL] expr )
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١زغبً٘ اٌم٠ٚ expr ُ١ّخ ِٓ ل١أوجش ل
Minimum value of expr , ignoring null values
MIN( [DISTICT|ALL] expr )
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١زغبً٘ اٌم٠ٚ expr ُ١ّخ ِٓ ل١أطؽش ل
Standard deviation of n ignoring null values
STDDEV( [DISTICT|ALL] x )
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١زغبً٘ اٌم٠ ّخ١ لn ٌـٞبس١ٔؾشاؾ اٌّع٨ا
Sum values of n , ignoring null values
SUM( [DISTICT|ALL] n )
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١زغبً٘ اٌم٠ٚ ّخ١ لn عِّٛغ
Variance of n , ignoring null values
VARIANCE( [DISTICT|ALL] x )
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١زغبً٘ اٌم٠ٚ ّخ١ لn ٓ ٌـ٠اٌزجب
Distinct makes the function consider only nonduplicate values ; ALL makes it consider every value
including duplicates . The default is ALL and therefore does not need to be specified .
The datatypes for the arguments may be CHAR, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, DATE where exp is
listed.
All group functions except COUNT( * ) ignore null values .To substitute a value for null values . use
the NVL function .
The Oracle Server implicitly sorts the result set in ascending order when using a GROUP BY clause.
To override this default ordering. DESC can be used in the ORDER BY clause.
بٙ١ّخ ثّب ـ١عزجبس وً ل٨ٓ ا١ؤخز ثع٠ غعً اٌزبثع١ ـALL أِب. ش ِىشسح ـمؾ١ُ اٌؽ١عزجبس اٌم٨ٓ ا١ؤخز ثع٠ غعً اٌزبثع٠ Distinct ِش٤ا
.ٌٗدخب٦ ٌزٌه ٌغذ ثؾبعخٚ ٟ عجبسح عٓ أِش اـزشاػALL . ُ اٌّىشسح١اٌم
. exprش١رٌه ؽغت اٌزعجٚ CHAR , VARCHAR2 , NUMBER , DATE ٌٟ ِٓ اٌزبْٞ أّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ بٔبد١أّٔبؽ اٌج
ه اعزخذاَ ربثع١ٍُ اٌفبسؼخ ع١َ ثبعزجذاي اٌمٛ رمٌٟىٚ null ُ اٌفبسؼخ١ رزغبً٘ اٌمCOUNT( * ) عخ ِب عذاّّٛخ اٌّغ١اثع لٛع ر١ّع
. NVL عزجذاي٨ا
ٝؽزٚ ORDER BY ت١َ ثبعزخذاَ عجبسح اٌزشرٛ عٕذِب رمٞعخ إٌزبئظ ثشىً رظبعذّٛت ِغ١ ثزشرّٟٕساوً ثشىً ػٚد أَٚ ِضٛم٠
. ORDER BY ت١ ِع عجبسح اٌزشرDESC ِش٤ه ثبعزخذاَ ا١ٍ عٟـزشاػ٨ت ا١ش ّٔؾ اٌزشر١١َ ثزؽٛرم
SAMPLES : : أِضٍخ
SQL> select AVG(sal), MAX(SAL), MIN(sal), MAX(sal) : ِثبي
From emp
WHERE job LIKE 'SALES%' ;
SQL> select MIN(ename), MAX(ename) : ِثبي
From emp ;
ْٛى٠ اٌّضبي اٌغبثكٟ وّب ـٞثغذ٤ت ا١غخ ؽغت اٌزشر١ْ إٌزٛخ رى١بٔبد اٌؾشـ١ ِع اٌجMIN ٚ MAX ٓ١ثبعزخذاَ اٌزبثع
: ٍٟ٠ إٌبرظ وّب
MIN(ENAME) MAX(ENAME(
------- --------- ----------
ADAMS WARD
SQL> select MIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate) : ِثبي
From emp ;
SQL> select COUNT( * ) : ِثبي
From emp
WHERE deptno = 30 ;
SQL> select COUNT( comm ) : ِثبي
- 16 -
From emp
WHERE deptno = 30 ;
SQL> select COUNT( deptno ) : ِثبي
From emp ;
SQL> select COUNT(DISTINCT( deptno) ) : ِثبي
From emp ;
Group functions ignore null values in the column. رزغبً٘ اٌظفش٨ ّٓخ اٌفبسؼخ ٌى١عخ اٌمّّٛخ اٌّغ١اثع لٛرزغبً٘ ر
SQL> select AVG ( comm. ) COMM دّٛ ٌٍعٟعؾ اٌؾغبثّٛخ اٌّز١ل: ِثبي
From emp ;
The NVL function forces group functions to include null values.
. ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبّٟخ اٌفبسؼخ وّب ـ١ؿ ثؤْ رزؼّٓ اٌم١ٕاثع اٌزظٛ رNVL غجش اٌزبثع٠
SQL> select AVG ( NVL (comm. )) ٞٚ ثبعزخذاَ اٌشثؾ اٌّزغب: ِثبي
From emp ;
Creating Groups of DATA: GROUP BY Clause
: GROUP BY غ١ّبٔبث ابظخخداَ ػببزة اٌخد١ػبث اّٛئٔشبء ِد
You can use the GROUP BY clause to divide the rows in a table into groups. You can then use the
group functions to return summary information for each group.
ًعيخ ٌزؾظيّٛاثيع اٌّغّٛىٕيه عٕيذ٘ب اعيزخذاَ ر٠ . عبدّٛ ِغٌٝي اٚؾ ػّٓ اٌغذُٛ اٌظف١ ٌزمغGROUP BY ّىٕه اعزخذاَ عجبسح٠
. عخِّٛبد عٓ وً ِغٍٛطخ ِع٩ خٍٝع
You must include the columns in the GROUP BY clause.
You cannot use the column alias in the GROUP BY clause.
. بٙعّبء اٌّغزعبسح ِع٤ّىٕه اعزخذاَ ا٠ ٨ وّبGROUP BY عجبسحٟعّذح ـ٤ٓ ا١ّغت رؼ٠
All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.
GROUP غت أْ رزوش ػّٓ عجبسح٠ اثع اٌغبثمخٛب اٌزٙ١ٍ ٌُ رطجك عٟاٌزٚ SELECT بس١خز٨ لبئّخ عجبسح اٟسح ـٛعّذح اٌّزو٤ع ا١ّع
: ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟ وّب ـBY
SQL> select deptno , AVG ( sal ) DEPTNO AVG(SAL) : ِثبي
From emp ---------- --------------
GROUP BY deptno ; 10 2916.66667
20 2175
30 1566.66667
The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list .
. SELECT عجبسحٟسح ـٛعّذح اٌّزو٤داً ػّٓ لبئّخ اٛعِٛ GROUP BY عجبسحٟس ـٛد اٌّزوّْٛ اٌعٛى٠ ْ أٞسٚظ ِٓ اٌؼش١ٌ
SQL> select AVG ( sal ) : ِثبي
AVG(SAL)
From emp
--------------
GROUP BY deptno ; 2916.66667
2175
1566.66667
You can use the group function in the ORDER BY clause.
. GROUP BY خ ػّٓ عجبسح١اثع اٌزظفّٛىٕه اعزخذاَ ر٠
SQL> select deptno, AVG ( sal ) : ِثبي
DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
From emp ---------- --------------
GROUP BY deptno 30 1566.66667
ORDER BY AVG(SAL) ; 20 2175
10 2916.66667
Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns
: ِغ أػّدة ِخؼد ةGROUP BY اظخخداَ ػببزة
- 17 -
You can return summary results for groups and subgroups by listing more than one GROUP BY column
You can determine the default sort order of the results by the order of columns in the GROUP BY clause
. GROUP BY د ػّٓ عجبسحّٛخ ثبدخبي أوضش ِٓ ع٠ٛٔعبد اٌضبّٛاٌّغٚ عبدّٛ ٍِخض عٓ اٌّغٍٝي عّٛىٕه اٌؾظ٠
. GROUP BY عّذح ػّٓ عجبسح٤ت ا١خ ٌٍٕزبئظ ثزشر١ـزشاػ٨ت ا١مخ اٌزشر٠ش ؽش١١َ ثزؽّٛىٕه أْ رم٠ وّب
SQL> select deptno, job, SUM ( sal ) : ِثبي
DEPTNO JOB SUM (SAL(
From emp ---------- --------- -------------
GROUP BY deptno, job ; 10 CLERK 1300
10 MANAGER 2450
10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 6000
20 CLERK 1900
20 MANAGER 2975
30 CLERK 950
30 MANAGER 2850
30 SALESMAN 5600
- 18 -
Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP
BY clause.
ٕزظ خطؤ٠ ٨اٚ GROUP BY داً ػّٓ عجبسحٛعِٛ ْٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ ع١ّظ ربثع رغ١ٌٚ SELECT ش ػّٓ لبئّخ عجبسح١ رعجٚد أّٛ عٞأ
: ٌٟظجؼ ِضً اٌّضبي اٌزب١ٌ ٗؾ١ه رظؾ١ٍْ عٛى٠ٚ
DEPTNO COUNT (ENAME)
SQL> select deptno, COUNT ( ename ) ------------ ------- : ِثبي
From emp 10 3
GROUP BY deptno ; 20 5
30 6
You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.
You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
. HAVING ب عجبسحًٕٙ ع٨ٌىٕه رغزخذَ ثذٚ عبدّٛذ اٌّغ١١ ِٓ أعً رمWHERE ظ ثبِىبٔه اعزخذاَ عجبسح١ٌ
اثعٛ ِع رٟب رؤصٙٔ أٞعخ أّٛاثع ِغٛز ر١غخ رٕف١ب ِشرجطخ ثٕزٙٔ ِع اٌفشق أWHERE ّخ١ٍب ً ٌعًّ رعًٙ ِشبث٩ّ عHAVING ّخ١ٍرعًّ رع
: ٍٟ٠ وّبGROUP BY عجبسحٚ عخّٛاٌّغ
SQL> select deptno, AVG ( sal ) : ِثبي
From emp DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
---------- -------
GROUP BY deptno
10 2916.66667
HAVING AVG (sal) > 2000 ; 20 2175
Excluding Group Results: HAVING Clause
:ػبث ِٓ إٌخبئحّٛ الظخثٕبء ِدHAVING اظخخداَ ػببزة
You use the HAVING clause to specify which groups are to be displayed. Therefore you further restrict
the groups on the basis of aggregate information.
ِييبدٍٛعييبد ػييّٓ ِعٌّٛييزٌه ِييٓ اٌّغزؾغييٓ ؽظييش اٌّغٚ بس٘ييبٙييذ اظ٠ ٔشٟعييبد اٌزييّٛض اٌّغ١ ٌزخظييHAVING رغييزخذَ عجييبسح
. ع١ّاٌزغ
SQL> select deptno, MAX ( sal ) DEPTNO MAX(SAL) : ِثبي
From emp ---------- -------
GROUP BY deptno 10 5000
20 3000
HAVING MAX (sal) > 2000 ;
30 2850
You can use the GROUP BY clause without using a group function in the SELECT list.
If you restrict rows based on the result of a group function. You must have a GROUP BY clause as well
as the HAVING clause.
. SELECT ع ػّٓ عجبسح١ّْ اعزخذاَ ربثع رغٚ ثذGROUP BY ثبِىبٔه اعزخذاَ عجبسح
. HAVING عجبسحٌٝػبـخ ا٦ ثبGROUP BY َه أْ رغزخذ١ٍع ع١ّغخ ربثع اٌزغ١ؾ ػّٓ ٔزٛذ اٌظف١١ذ رم٠ارا وٕذ رش
SQL> select deptno, AVG ( sal ) : ِثبي
DEPTNO AVG(SAL(
From emp
-------- --------------
GROUP BY deptno 10 2916.66667
HAVING MAX (sal) > 2900 ; 20 2175
SQL> select job, SUM ( sal ) PAYROLL : ِثبي
JOB PAYROLL
From emp
---------- ---------
- 19 - SALESMAN 5600
ANALYST 6000
MANAGER 8275
WHERE job not like 'sales%'
GROUP BY job
HAVING SUM (sal) > 5000
ORDER BY SUM(sal) ;
Nesting Group Functions ػتّّٛت اٌّد١ااغ لٛحداخً ح
SQL> select MAX(AVG ( sal ) ) MAX(AVG(SAL(( : ِثبي
From emp -------------------
GROUP BY deptno ; 2916.66667
- 20 -
Subqueries ت١االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئ
Select select_list ؽخ اٌعبِخ١اٌظ
From table
Where expr operator
(select select_list
From table ) ;
The subquery (inner query ) executes once before the main query .
The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query).
.ٟغ١عزفغبس اٌشئ٨ً لجً ا٨ٕٚفز أ٠ ) ٍٟ (اٌذاخٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ ا
.ٟ اٌخبسعٚ أٟغ١عزفغبس اٌشئ٨ ِٓ لجً اٍٟ اٌذاخٚ أٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨غخ ا١ رغزخذَ ٔز
A subquery is a SELECT statement that is embedded in a clause of another SELECT statement. You can
build powerful statements out of simple ones by using subqueries. They can be very useful when you
need to select rows from a table with a condition that depends on the data in the table itself.
َطخ ثبعيزخذا١ّىٕيه ثٕيبء عجيبساد ـعبٌيخ خيبسط عجيبساد ثغي٠ .ٜ أخيشSELECT ِؽٍفخ ثعجيبسحSELECT عجبسحٛ٘ ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ا
.ٗبٔبد اٌزبثع ٔفغ١ ثٍٝعزّذ ع٠ ي ِع ششؽٚؾ ِٓ عذٛبس طف١ذ اخز٠ذح عذاً عٕذِب رش١ْ ِفٛرى.خ١عزفغبساد اٌغضئ٨ا
SQL> Select ename : ِثبي
From emp ENAME
WHERE sal > 2975 --------
( SELECT sal SCOTT
From emp KING
WHERE empno = 7566 ) ; FORD
Guidelines for Using Subqueries ت١ئزشب اث ػبِت الظخخداَ االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئ
Enclose subqueries in parentheses.
Place subqueries on the right slide of the comparison operator.
Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery.
Use single-row operators with single-row subquery.
Use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries.
. اطٛخ ػّٓ أل١ِبد اٌغضئ٩عزع٨ػع اٛلُ ث
.د اٌّمبسٔخ٩ِ ِٓ ِعبّٕٝ١ٌخ اٙ اٌغٟخ ـ١ِبد اٌغضئ٩عزع٨ػع اٛلُ ث
.ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ اٌٝ اORDER BY رمُ ثبػبـخ عجبسح٨
.ذ اٌظؿ١ؽٚ َٟ اٌغضئ٩عزع٨ذح اٌظؿ ِع ا١ؽٚ د٩ِاعزخذَ اٌّعب
.ؾٛخ ِزعذدح اٌظف١ِبد اٌغضئ٩عزع٨ؾ ِع اٛد ِزعذدح اٌظف٩ِاعزخذَ اٌّعب
Types of subqueries خ١عزفغبساد اٌغضئ٨أّٔبؽ ا
Single-row subquery: query that return only one row from the inner SELECT statement.
Multiple-row subquery: query that return more than one row from the inner SELECT statement.
Multiple -column subquery: query that return more than one column from the inner SELECT statement.
. خ١ٍ اٌذاخSELECT اؽذ ـمؾ ِٓ عجبسحٚ ذ طؿ١ع٠ اعزفغبسٛ٘ : ذ اٌظؿ١ؽٌٛ اٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ا
. خ١ٍ اٌذاخSELECT ذ أوضش ِٓ طؿ ِٓ عجبسح١ع٠ اعزفغبسٛ٘ : ؾٛ ِزعذد اٌظفٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ا
. خ١ٍ اٌذاخSELECT اعزفغبس أوضش ِٓ طؿ ِٓ عجبسحٛ٘ : عّذح٤ ِزعذد اٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ا
Single-row subqueries: ذ اٌظؿ١ؽٚ ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ا
ٕٝ اٌّؼMeaning Operator Use single-row comparison operators
ٞٚغب٠ Equal to =
ِٓ أوجشGreater than >
ٞٚغب٠ ٚ أوجش أGreater than or equal to >=
ِٓ ً ألLess than <
ٞٚغب٠ ٚ ألً أLess than or equal to <=
ٞٚغب٠ ٨ Not equal to <>
- 21 -
7369 ُظؿ سلٌُّٛ عًّ اٍّٙطبثك ع٠ ٓ٠ٓ اٌز١ظفٌّٛ لُ ثعشع ا: ِثبي
SQL> Select ename, job
From emp ENAME JOB
WHERE job = CLERK ------- ----------
(select job SMITH CLERK
From emp ADAMS CLERK
WHERE empno = 7369 ) ; JAMES CLERK
MILLER CLERK
7876 ُظؿ سلٌّٛ سارت اُٞٚ رغبٙارجٚ سٚ 7369 ُظؿ سلٌُّٛ عًّ اٍّٙطبثك ع٠ ٓ٠ٓ اٌز١ظفٌّٛ لُ ثعشع ا: : ِثبي
SQL> Select ename, job
From emp
WHERE job = CLERK
(select job
From emp ENAME JOB
WHERE empno = 7369 ) --- ------- ----------
AND SAL > MILLER CLERK
1100
(select sal
From emp
WHERE empno = 7876 ) ;
Using Group Functions in a subquery ٟغ ػّٓ االظخفعبز اٌدصئ١ّااغ اٌخدٛاظخخداَ ح
: ِثبي
SQL> Select ename, job, sal
From emp ENAME JOB SAL
WHERE sal = 800 ---------- ---------- ---------
(select MIN(sal) SMITH CLERK 800
FROM emp );
HAVING clause with subqueries ٟ ِغ االظخفعبز اٌدصئHAVING اظخخداَ ػببزة
The Oracle Server executes subqueries first.
The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query.
.ً٨ٚخ أ١ٍ اٌذاخٚخ أ١عزفغبساد اٌغضئ٨ساوً ثبٔغبص اٚد أَٚ ِضٛم٠
.)ٟ (اٌخبسعٟغ١عزفغبس اٌشئ٩ٌ اٌزبثعخHAVING عجبسحٌٝساوً إٌزبئظ اٚد أٚذ ِض١ع٠
: ِثبي
SQL> Select deptno, MIN( sal)
From emp DEPTNO MIN(SAL(
GROUP BY deptno ---------- --------
HAVING MIN(sal) > 800 1300 10
(select MIN(sal) 950 30
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 20 );
Find the job with the lowest average salary : لً ِعذي سارت٤ اـكٌّٛعذ اٌعًّ اٚ أ: ِثبي
SQL> Select job, AVG( sal)
From emp JOB AVG(SAL)
GROUP BY job 1037.5 -------- --------
HAVING AVG(sal) = CLERK 1037.5
(select MIN(AVG(sal))
FROM emp
GROUP BY job );
- 22 -
عزفغبس٨ أْ اٟٕع٠ ؾ ٘زاٛ ِزعذد اٌظفٟذ اٌظؿ ِع اعزفغبس عضئ١ؽٚ ًِ إٔٔب اعزخذِٕب ِعبٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟ اٌخطؤ ـ: ِثبي خبؽئ
SQL> Select empno, ename : ذ أوضش ِٓ طؿ١ع٠ ؾٛ عٍٟاٌذاخ
From emp
WHERE sal =(select MIN(sal) FROM emp ERROR
GROUP BY deptno ); خطؤ
Multiple-Row Subqueries )د أوثس ِٓ طف١ حؼٟف (اٌخٛت ِخؼد ة اٌظف١االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئ
ٕٝ اٌّؼMeaning Operator
Equal to any member in the list
IN
ّخ ػّٓ اٌمبئٕخ١ لٞ٤ ٍٚ ِغب
Compare value to each value returned by the subquery
ANY
ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ُ اٌّعبدح ِٓ لجً ا١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ لّٞخ ِع أ١مبسْ اٌم٠
Compare value to every value returned by the subquery
ALL
ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ّخ ِعبدح ِٓ لجً ا١ّخ ِع وً ل١مبسْ اٌم٠
Use Multiple-row comparison operators ؾٛد اٌّمبسٔخ ِزعذدح اٌظف٩ِلُ ثبعزخذاَ ِعب
Subqueries that return more than one row are called Multiple-row subqueries. You use a multiple-row
operator instead of single row operator. With a multiple-row subquery. The multiple-row operator
expects one or more value.
ٝػيبـخ اٌي٦ؾ ثبٛد ِزعيذدح اٌظيف٩ِ رغزخذَ اٌّعب.ؾٛعزفغبساد ِزعذدح اٌظف٨ذ أوضش ِٓ طؿ ثب١ رعٟخ اٌز١عزفغبساد اٌغضئ٨ اّٝرغ
. أوضشّٚخ أ١لع لٛؾ رزٛد ِزعذدح اٌظف٩ِ اٌّعب.ؾٛعزفغبساد ِزعذدح اٌظ٨ذح اٌظؿ ِع ا١ؽٚ د٩ِاٌّعب
. ؽذحٍٝغخ ع١ذ وً ٔز١ع٠ٚ ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ُ اٌّعبدح ِٓ ا١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً لIN ًَِ اٌّعبٛم٠
Using IN operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries فٛت ِخؼد ة اٌظف١ ِغ االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئIN ًِاظخخداَ اٌّؼب
ؽذحٍٝغخ ع١ذ وً ٔز١ع٠ٚ ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ُ اٌّعبدح ِٓ ا١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً لIN ًَِ اٌّعبٛم٠
:ُ وً لغٟ ألً سارت ـٍٝؾظً ع٠ ٞعذ اٌعبًِ اٌزٚ أ: ِثبي
SQL> Select ename, sal, deptno
From emp ENAME SAL DEPTNO
WHERE sal IN (800, 950, 1300) ---------- ----- ----------
(select MIN (sal) SMITH 800 20
FROM emp JAMES 950 30
GROUP BY deptno ); MILLER 1300 10
Using ANY operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries فٛت ِخؼد ة اٌظف١ ِغ االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئANY ًِاظخخداَ اٌّؼب
ؽذحٍٝغخ ع١ذ وً ٔز١ع٠ٚ ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ُ اٌّعبدح ِٓ ا١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً لANY ًَِ اٌّعبٛم٠
SQL> Select empno, ename, job : ِثبي
From emp
WHERE sal < ANY (800, 950, 1300, 1100)
(select sal
FROM emp EMPNO ENAME JOB
WHERE job = 'CLERK' ) ----------- ---------- ------------
7521 WARD SALESMAN
AND job <> 'clerk' ;
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN
Using ALL operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries فٛت ِخؼد ة اٌظف١ ِغ االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئALL ًِاظخخداَ اٌّؼب
. ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ُ اٌّعبدح ِٓ ا١ ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً اٌمALL ًَِ اٌّعبٛم٠
ُارت ٌىً لغُٚ أوجش ِٓ ِعذي اٌشٙارجْٚ سٛٓ رى٠ٓ اٌز١ظفٌٍّٛ ٍّٗ عٚ ّٗاعٚ ظؿٌّٛ لُ ثعشع سلُ ا: ِثبي
SQL> Select empno, ename, job
From emp (1566.6667, 2175, 2916.6667)
WHERE sal > ALL
(select AVG( sal)
FROM emp EMPNO ENAME JOB
GROUP BY deptno ); --------- ---------- -------
7566 JONES MANAGER
7788 SCOTT ANALYST
7839 KING PRESIDENT
7902 FORD ANALYST
- 23 -
ّخ١ذ إٌزبئظ اٌّطبثمخ ٌىً ل١ع٠ٚ ُ اٌّعبدح١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً لٟغ١عزفغبس اٌشئ٨َ اٛم٠ IN ًِ ِع اٌّعب: ٓ اٌّؼبِالث١اٌفسق ا
ُ اٌّعبدح١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً لٟغ١عزفغبس اٌشئ٨َ اٛم١ ـANY ًِ أِب ِع اٌّعبٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ذ٘ب ا١ع٠ ُٟ اٌمبئّخ اٌز١ِٓ ل
ٟغ١عزفغبس اٌشئ٨َ اٛم١ ـALL ًِ أِب ِع اٌّعبٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ذ٘ب ا١ع٠ ُٟ اٌز١ّخ ِٓ اٌم١ذ إٌزبئظ ثشىً ِٕفظً ٌىً ل١ع٠ٚ ؽذحٍٝع
. ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ذ٘ب ا١ع٠ ُٟ اٌز١ع اٌم١ّ عٍٝ رؾمك اٌششؽ عٟذ إٌزبئظ اٌز١ع٠ٚ ُ اٌّعبدح ِغزّعخ١ثبٌّمبسٔخ ِع وً اٌم
Multiple-Column Subqueries ت ِخؼد ة األػّدة١االظخفعبزاث اٌدصئ
So far you have written single-row subqueries and multiple-row subqueries where only one column was
compared in the WHERE clause or HAVING clause of the SELECT statement. If you want to compare
two or more columns. You must write a compare WHERE clause using logical operators. Multiple-
column subqueries enable you to combine duplicate WHERE conditions into a single WHERE clause.
ّٓميبسْ ػي٠ اؽيذٚ دٛيب عّيٙ١ْ ـٛىي٠ ٟاٌزيٚ ؾٛيخ ِزعيذدح اٌظيف١اعزفغبساد عضئٚ ذح اٌظؿ١ؽٚ خ١ٌمذ لّذ عبثمب ً ثىزبثخ اعزفغبساد عضئ
يه وزبثيخ عجيبسح١ٍ أوضيش عٚٓ أ٠دٛيذ ِمبسٔيخ عّي٠ ارا وٕيذ رش. SELECT اٌزبثعخ ٌعجيبسحHAVING ػّٓ عجبسحٚ أWHERE عجبسح
ّٓؽ ِزعيذدح ػيٚعّذح ِٓ ػُ شش٤خ ِزعذدح ا١عزفغبساد اٌغضئ٨ رّىٕه ا.خ١د إٌّطم٩ِ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّعبWHERE اٌّمبسٔخ اٌخبطخ ثـ
.اؽذحٚ WHERE عجبسح
Example: Display the order number, product number and quantity of any item in which the product
number and quantity match both the product number and quantity of an item in order 605.
ّ٘يب) ٌيشلُ إٌّيزظ٩ٓ (و١ٍيخ ِّيبص١ّاٌىٚ يٗ سليُ إٌّيزظ١ْ ـٛىي٠ يخ ٌىيً عٕظيش١ّاٌىٚ سليُ إٌّيزظٚ يت١ ثعشع سلُ اٌزشرٌَٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٛم٠
. 605 ت١ اٌزشرٚاـمخ ٌٍعٕظش رٌّٛخ ا١ّاٌىٚ
SQL> Select ordid, prodid, qty : ِثبي
From item ORDID PRODID QTY
WHERE (prodid, qty ) IN ----------- ---------- ---------
617 100861 100
(select prodid, qty
617 100870 500
FROM item
616 102130 10
WHERE ordid = 605 )
AND ordid <> 605 ;
.605 ُت سل١دح ػّٓ اٌزشرٛعٌّٛخ ا١ّاٌىٚ ٔفظ سلُ إٌّزظٍٝ عٞٛت آخش رؾز١س عٕبطش ثزشر٩عذ صٛ أٔٗ رٟٕع٠ ٘زا
Column Comparisons دِّٛمبسٔبد اٌع
: ً اٌشىْٟ وّب ـٛ رىٟ اٌزٚ اٌّضبي اٌغبثكٟ ) وّب ـPAIRWISE( طٚخ ٌٍض١ ؽبٌزٕب ٘زٖ اٌّمبسٔخ اٌزوٟعبْ ِٓ اٌّمبسٔخ ـٛٔ عذٛ٠
Nonpairwise Pairwise
PRODID QTY PRODID QTY
---------- --------- ---------- ---------
100863 100 100863 100
100861 100 100861 100
102130 10 102130 10
100890 5 100890 5
100870 500 100870 500
101860 50 101860 50
- 24 -
: ٌٟاٌّضبي اٌزبٚ اٌشىً اٌغبثكٟ )وّب ـNONPAIRWISE ( طٚخ ٌٍض١ش رو١ اٌّمبسٔخ اٌؽّٝخ رغ١ٔاٌّمبسٔخ اٌضبٚ
Example: Display the order number, product number and quantity of any item in which the product
number and quantity match any product number and any quantity of an item in order 605.
يخ١ّ وٞ سليُ ِٕيزظ أٞ٤ ٓ١ٍيخ ِّيبص١ّاٌىٚ يٗ سليُ إٌّيزظ١ْ ـٛىي٠ خ ٌىً عٕظش١ّاٌىٚ سلُ إٌّزظٚ ت١ ثعشع سلُ اٌزشرٌَٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٛم٠
. 605 ت١ اٌزشرٚاـمخ ٌٍعٕظش رِٛ
SQL> Select ordid, prodid, qty : ِثبي
From item ORDID PRODID QTY
WHERE Prodid IN (select prodid ----------- ---------- ---------
FROM item 609 100870 5
WHERE ordid = 605 ) 616 100861 10
616 102130 10
AND qty IN (select qty
621 100861 10
FROM item 618 100870 10
WHERE ordid = 605 ) 618 100861 50
AND ordid <> 605 ; 616 100870 50
ييخ١ّ وٞ أٚ سلييُ ِٕييزظ أٞ٤ ٓ١ٍييت آخييش ِّييبص١ عٕظييش ثزشر16 عييذٛ٠ ٗ أٔييٟعٕيي٠ ٘ييزا 617 100861 100
.605 ُت سل١دح ػّٓ اٌزشرٛعِٛ 619 102130 100
615 100870 100
617 100860 100
621 100870 100
617 102130 100
Null Values in a Subquery ٟ االظخفعبز اٌدصئُٟ اٌفبزغت ف١اٌم
Return Nulls in the Resulting Set of a Subquery ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ذ٘ب ا١ع٠ ٟعخ إٌزبئظ اٌزُّٛ اٌفبسؼخ ػّٓ ِغ١اعبدح اٌم
SQL> Select employee.ename : ِثبي
From emp employee No rows selected
WHERE employee.empno NOT IN
(select manager.mgr
FROM emp manager );
رٌهٟاٌغجت ـٚ NULL ّخ ـبسؼخ١ لٟ٘ ٍٟ اٌذاخٚ أٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ذ٘ب ا١ع٠ ُٟ اٌز١ْ أؽذ اٌم٤ رٌهٚ طؿٞذ اٌّضبي اٌغبثك أ١ع٠ ٨
ًِ رغزخذَ ِعب٨ ُ ـبسؼخ١ٕزظ ل٠ لذٟ اعزفغبس عضئٌٞزٌه ِع أٚ. NULL ّخ ـبسؼخ١ٕب ل١ّخ اٌفبسؼخ رعط١غخ ِمبسٔخ ِع اٌم١ ٔزٞأْ أ
ٟ= وّب ـANY ىبـئ٠ ًِْ ٘زا اٌّعب٤ ْ ٕ٘بن ِشىٍخٛى٠ ٌٓ IN ًِ ٌىٓ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّعبٚ !=ALL ىبـئ٠ ٗٔ٤ NOT IN اٌّمبسٔخ
:ٌٟاٌّضبي اٌزب
SQL> Select employee.ename ENAME : ِثبي
---------
From emp employee JONES
WHERE employee.empno IN BLAKE
(select manager.mgr CLARK
FROM emp manager ); SCOTT
KING
FORD
Using a Subquery in the FROM Clause FROM ػّٓ ػببزةٟاظخخداَ االظخفعبز اٌدصئ
SQL> Select a.ename, a.sal ,a.deptno , b.salavg : ِثبي
From emp a ,( SELECT deptno , avg(sal) salavg
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno ) b
WHERE a.demptno = b.deptno
AND a.sal > b.salavg ; ENAME SAL DEPTNO SALAVG
---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10 2916.66667
FORD 3000 20 2175
SCOTT 3000 20 2175
JONES 2975 20 2175
ALLEN 1600 30 1566.66667
BLAKE 2850 30 1566.66667
- 25 -
ت١ٍس اٌخفبػ٠ اٌخمبزInteractive Reports
) الث اإلادايٍٛت (ِخس٠الث اٌبدٛ اٌّخسSubstitution Variables
Use SQL*Plus substitution variables to temporarily store values.
.ُ١ٓ اٌّإلج ٌٍم٠ً ِٓ أخً اٌخخص٠الث اٌخبدٛحعخخدَ ِخس
Single ampersand (&). اٌؼالِت
Double ampersand (&&).ختٚ اٌؼالِت اٌّص
DEFINE and ACCEPT commands. اِسٚاأل
Pass variable values between SQL statements.
SQL ٓ ػببزاث اٌـ١الث اُٛ اٌّخس١س ل٠حّس
Dynamically alter headers and footers. )ت١ٍاِش اٌعفٌٛٙي (اٛ٠اٌرٚ )ضٚٓ(اٌسؤ٠ٚ ٌٍؼٕبٟى١ِٕب٠س اٌد١١اٌخغ
Using the & substitution variable & ً٠ي اٌبدٛاظخخداَ اٌّخس
Use the variable prefixed with an ampersand (&) to prompt the user for a value.
. ّخ١دخبي اٌم٦ َح اٌّغزخذَٛ ثذعٛم١ٌ رٌهٚ ٗز٠ ثذاِٟخ & ـ٩ػع اٌعٚ ً ِع٠ي اٌجذٛلُ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّزؾ
Notation Description
Indicates a variable in a SQL statement; if the variable does not exist.
SQL*Plus prompts the user for a value (SQL*Plus discards a new variable
&user_variable once it is used )
ٍٝ ثؾش اٌّغزخذَ عSQL ًَٛ رم٩ي ِذخٛىٓ اٌّزؾ٠ ٌُ ارا. SQL عجبسحٟي ـٛ اٌّزؾٍٝذي ع٠
اؽذحٚ ب ِشحِّٙخ اٌّذخٍخ عٕذ اعزخذا١عزؽٕبء عٓ اٌم٨ ثبSQL َٛي ( رمّٛخ اٌّزؾ١ادخبي ل
SQL> Select empno, ename ,sal , deptno : ِثبي
From emp Enter value for employee_num : 7367
WHERE empno = &employee_num;
EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPTNO
---------- ---------- -------- ----------
7369 SMITH 800 20
. 7367 ٓى١ٌٚ ٓ١ظفٌَّٛ ثبدخبي أؽذ أسلبَ اًٛ ٔم٠ي اٌجذّٛخ اٌّزؾ١طبٌجٕب ثبدخبي ل٠ ش١ْ اٌخشط ثبٌشىً اٌغبثك ؽٛى٠ٚ
Using the SET VERIFY Command ً أِس اٌخسمك١حفؼٚ َاظخخدا
Toggling the display of the text of a command before and after SQL*Plus replaces substitution variables
with values.
.بّٙ١د اٌجذي ثم٨ًٛ ِزؾ٠ ثزجذSQL َٛثعذ أْ رمٚ ًِش لج٤ عشع إٌض اٌخبص ثبٍٝذ ع١ِش ثبٌزؤو٤َ ٘زا اٛم٠
SQL> SET VERIFY ON : ِثبي
SQL> Select empno, ename ,sal , deptno Enter value for employee_num : 7367
From emp old 3: where empno = &emplyee_num
WHERE empno = &employee_num; new 3: where empno = 7369
EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPTNO
---------- ---------- -------- ----------
7369 SMITH 800 20
ذ ٔىزت١عخ اٌزؤوّٛمبؾ ِغ٠ذ ا٠عٕذِب ٔشٚ .ش١١ّزٗ ثعذ اٌزؽ١لٚ ش١١ي لجً اٌزؽٛش عٓ اعُ اٌّزؾ٠ِش ثبعطبء رمش٤َ ٘زا اٛم٠ آخشٕٝثّع
. SET VERIFY OFF ّخ١ٍاٌزع
- 26 -
Character and Data Values with Substitution Variables ٍت٠الث اٌبدٛبٔبث ِغ اٌّخس١ُ اٌب١لٚ اٌّسبزف
Use single quotation marks for data and character values.
.)خ (اٌّؾبسؾ١ُ اٌؾشـ١اٌمٚ بٔبد١خ ِع اٌج٠ٍٛاطً عٛلُ ثبعزخذاَ ـ
SQL> Select ename , deptno, sal*12 : ِثبي
From emp Enter value for job_title: ANALYST
WHERE job = '&job_title' ;
ENAME DEPTNO SAL*12
---------- ---------- ----------
SCOTT 20 36000
FORD 20 36000
Specifying Column Names, Expressions, and Text at Runtime
ر١ػغ اٌخٕفٚ ٟص ِخخبزة فٛٔظٚ , س ِخخبزة١ حؼبا, أظّبء أػّدة ِخخبزة
Use substitution variables to supplement the following:
: ٍٟ٠ عزىّبي ِب٨ د اٌجذي٨ٛلُ ثبعزخذاَ ِزؾ
WHERE condition
ORDER BY clause
Column expression.
Table name
Entire select statement
. ربِخSELECT عجبسحٚ يٚ اعُ اٌغذٚ دّٛش اٌع١ رعجٚ ORDER BY عجبسحٚ WHERE ششؽ
Not only can you use the substitution variables in the where clause of a SQL statement. But also these
variables can be used to substitute column names, expressions, or text.
ٚ عّذح٤عزجذاي أعّبء ا٨ َد رغزخذ٨ٌٛىٓ ٘زٖ اٌّزؾٚ SQL اٌخبطخ ثعجبسحWHERE د اٌجذي ـمؾ ػّٓ عجبسح٨ٛ رغزخذَ ِزؾ٨
.إٌضٚ ش١اٌزعبث
SQL> Select empno, &column_name : ِثبي
From emp Enter value for column_name: job
WHERE &condition ; Enter value for condition: deptno = 10
EMPNO JOB
----------- ---------
7782 MANAGER
7839 PRESIDENT
7934 CLERK
SQL> Select empno, ename, job, &column_name : ِثبي
From emp
WHERE &condition Enter value for column_name: sal
ORDER BY &order_column ; Enter value for condition: sal>=3000
Enter value for order_column: ename
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL
------ ---------- --------- -------
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000
- 27 -
Using the && substitution variable && ً٠ي اٌبدٛاظخخداَ اٌّخس
Use the double-ampersand (&&) if you want to reuse the variable value without prompting the user each
time.
. وً ِشحٟغ اٌّغزخذَ ـ٩ْ اثٚي ثذّٛخ اٌّزؾ١ ؽبٌخ أسدد اعبدح اعزخذاَ لًٟ ـ٠ي اٌجذٛعخ (&&) ِع اٌّزؾِٚخ اٌّضد٩لُ ثبعزخذاَ اٌع
SQL> Select empno, ename, job, &&column_name : ِثبي
From emp
ORDER BY & column_name ; Enter value for column_name: deptno
EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO
------ ---------- ----------
7782 CLARK 10
7839 KING 10
7934 MILLER 10
7369 SMITH 20
7876 ADAMS 20
7902 FORD 20
……
14 rows selected
ز١ي رٕفّٚخ اٌّذخٍخ ػّٕٗ ِٓ أ١ً ثؾفع اٌم٠ي اٌجذَٛ اٌّزؾٛم٠ ٘زٖ اٌؾبٌخٟـ
Defining User Variables َالث خبطت ابٌّعخخدٛف ِخس٠حؼس
Command األِس طفٌٛ اDescription
Creates a CHAR datatype user variable and assigns a
DEFINE variable - value
value to it. ٌٗ ّخ١ذ ل٠رؾذٚ َ خبص ثب ٌّغزخذٟي ؽشـٛأشبء ِزؾ
Display the variable, its value, and its datatype
DEFINE variable
ٗبٔبر١ع ثٛٔٚ ّٗز١لٚ يٛعشع اٌّزؾ
Display all user variables with value and datatype
DEFINE
بٙاعٛٔأٚ بّٙ١د اٌّغزخذَ ِع ل٨ٛع ِزؾ١ّعشع ع
Reads the line of user input and store it in a variable
ACCEPT (see syntax on next slide )
يٕٛٗ ػّٓ اٌّزؾ٠رخضٚ َلشاءح اٌغطش اٌّذخً ِٓ اٌّغزخذ
DEFINEاألِس The DEFINECommand
Variables remains defined until you either: : ٓ٠ِش٤َ ثؤؽذ اٛ رمٝ ِعشـخ ؽزٝد رجم٨ٛاٌّزؾ
-Use the UNDEFINE command to clear it. . بٙ ٌّغؾUNDEFINE ِش٤ اعزخذاَ ا-
- Exit SQL*Plus. . SQL*Plus ئخ١ط ِٓ ثٚ اٌخش-
To define variables for every session modify your login.sql file so that the variables are created at startup.
.ع٩ل٦ب ً عٕذ ا١د رٍمبئ٨ٌٛذ اٌّزؾٛ عٕذ٘ب رزLogin.sql ً اٌٍّؿ٠ي لُ ثزعذٛب اٌذخٙ١ذ ـ٠ وً ِشح رشٟد ِعشـخ ـ٨ٛ اٌّزؾٌٝزجم
Create a variable to hold the department name ؾًّ اعُ اٌشمخ٠ يٛ أشبء ِزؾ: ِثبي
SQL> DEFINE deptname = sales
SQL> DEFINE deptname
DEFINE DEPTNAME = "sales" (CHAR)
- 28 -
Use the variable as you would any other variable ي آخشٛ ِزؾٞي وؤٛ لُ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّزؾ: ِثبي
SQL> Select *
FROM dept DEPTNO DNAME LOC
Where dname = UPPER( '&deptname') ; ------- -------------- -------
30 SALES CHICAGO
To erase the variable you use the UNDEFINE command UNDEFINE ِش٤ اصاٌزٗ ٔغزخذَ اٚي أٛ اٌّزؾٌّٛؾ
SQL> UNDEFINE deptname
SQL> DEFINE deptname Symbol deptname is UNDEFINED
ACCEPTاألِس The ACCEPT Command
ACCEPT variable [datatype] [FORMAT format] :َاٌشىً اٌؼب
[PROMPT text] [HIDE]
variable is the name of the variable that stores a value (If it does not exist SQL*Plus creates it )
) ً ب١ ثبٔشبئٗ رٍمبئSQL*Plus َّٛخ ( ارا ٌُ رمُ ثبٔشبئٗ رم١ٓ اٌم٠َ ثزخضٛم٠ ٞي اٌزٛ اعُ اٌّزؾvariable
datatype is NUMBER, CHAR, or DATE (CHAR has a maximum length limit of 240 bytes. DATE
checks against a format model, and the datatype is CHAR)
ٗي١ٍؤخز اٌشيىً اٌّطجيك ع٠ خ٠اٌزبسٚ ,ذ٠ ثب240 ّٟ ي أعٛخ رؤخز ؽ١بٔبد اٌؾشـ١خ ( اٌج٠ ربسٚخ أ١ ؽشـٚخ أ٠بٔبد عذد١ع اٌجٛٔ datatype
) خ١بٔبرٗ ؽشـ١ع ثٛٔٚ format ّٓػ
FOR[MAT] format specifies the format model—for example, A10 or 9.999
PROMPT text displays the text before the user can enter the value.
.بٌّٙخ لجً ادخب١َ ثبخجبس اٌّغزخذَ ثبدخبي اٌمٛم٠ ٞ عشع إٌض اٌزPROMPT text
HIDE suppresses what the user enters--- for example, a password.
.سًٚ اٌّضبي ٌىٍّخ اٌّش١ عجٍٝغزخذَ ع٠ َّخ اٌّذخٍخ ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذ١َ ثبخفبء اٌمٛم٠ HIDE
ACCEPT: Read user input and store it in a variable.
Creates a customized prompt when accepting user input.
Explicitly defines a NUMBER or DATE datatype variable.
Hides user input for security reasons.
.يٛ اٌّزؾٟب ـٕٙ٠َ ثزخضٛم٠ ُب اٌّغزخذَ صٍٙذخ٠ ّٟخ اٌز١ِش ثمشاءح اٌم٤َ ٘زا اٛم٠
.دخبي٦خ ا١ٍّخ ِٓ أعً اخجبس اٌّغزخذَ ثع٠بس١ػع عجبسح اخزٌٛ َغزخذ٠
.خ٠ ربسٚي اْ وبْ سلُ أٛبٔبد اٌّزؾ١ع ثٌٕٛ ؼ٠ذ اٌظش٠غزخذَ ٌٍزؾذ٠
.)خ٠ اٌغشٍٝخ (ٌٍؾفبظ ع١ِٕعجبة أ٤ َُ اٌّذخٍخ ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذ١خفبء اٌم٦ َغزخذ٠ ٚ
: ِثبي
SQL>ACCEPT dept PROMPT ' Provide the department name : '
Select *
Provide the department name : Sales
From dept
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
WHERE dname = UPPER( '&dept') ; ------- -------------- -------
30 SALES CHICAGO
- 29 -
Customizing the SQL*Plus Environment اي اٍطٛ١ئت االض و١ض ا١حخظ
SET system_variable value :َاٌشىً اٌؼب
system_variable is a variable that controls one aspect of the session environment .
value is a value for the system variable .
.خ١ٌئخ اٌغٍغخ اٌؾب١اؽذ ِٓ ِ ب٘ش ثٚ شٙ ّزؾىُ ث٠ يٛ ِزؾsystem_variable
.َي إٌ بّٛخ ِزؾ١ل Value
. خ١ٌّىٕه اٌزؾىُ ثبعذاداد اٌغٍغخ اٌؾب٠ SET ثبعزخذاَ أِش
. SHOW عذاداد ثبعزخذاَ أِش اٌزؤوذ٦ّىٓ اٌزؤوذ ِٓ ا٠
.بٙػبعٚأٚ َد إٌ ب٨ٛخ وبـخ ِزؾ٠ ٌشإSHOW ALL ِش٤ّىٕه اعزخذاَ ا٠
SQL> SET ECHO ON : ِثبي
SQL> SHOW ECHO echo ON
ي عٓ اٌزىشاسٚ ِغئEcho ش١ؽ
SET Command Variables SET )د٠ً (اٌخسد١الث أِس اٌخفؼِٛخس
The underscore values indicate default values خ١ـزشاػ٨ُ ا١ع رؾذ اٌمٛػِٛ يٚ اٌغذٟ ـٍٟاٌخؾ اٌغف
SET Variable and Value طفٌٛ اDescription
ARRAYSIZE {20|n} Set the database data fetch size بٔبد١بٔبد اٌّغزخشعخ ِٓ لبعذح اٌج١ذ ؽغُ اٌج٠رؾذ
Sets text to be printed between columns ( The default is single space)
CLOSEP { |text}
) ذ١ؽٚ ـشاغٟـزشاػ٨عّذح ( ا٤ٓ ا١ذ ؽجبعزٗ ث٠ ٔشٞػجؾ إٌض اٌز
Display a number of records returned by a query when the query selects
FEED[BACK]{6 |n |OFF|ON} at least n records. Example ( 13 rows selected.)َ٩عزع٨غخ ا١خ ٔز٠بٙٔ ٟـ
ٝٔ عغً وؾذ أدn بس١َ ثبخز٩عزع٨َ اٛم٠ َ عٕذِب٩عزع٨د اٌّعبدح ِٓ ا٩عشع عذد اٌغغ٠
HEA[DING] {OFF|ON} َ٩عزع٨غخ ا١ ٔزٟعّذح ـ٤اخفبء أعّبء اٚ بسٙي عٓ اظِٚغئ
يٚبس اٌغذّٙىٓ اظ٠ ثزٌهٚ ؽشؾn ٝ ٌىً عطش ؽزّٟ ع٤ؽشؾ ا٤ذ عذد ا٠رؾذٚ ػجؾ
LIN[ESIZE] {80| n }
SET LIN 100 : ً٩ش ِض١عّذح وج٤ عذد اٍٚخ أ٠ٛد ؽ٩ً ارا وبٔذ اٌغغ٩ِوب
LONG {80| n } LONG ٍخ٠ٛبٔبد اٌط١ُ اٌج١ ٌعشع لّٟ ع٤ي اٛذ اٌط٠رؾذ
ذ عذد٠ّىٓ رؾذ٠ وً طفؾخ ِٓ طفؾبد اٌخشط ثزٌهٟ ـّٟ ع٤عطش ا٤ذ عذد ا٠رؾذ
PAGES[IZE] {24| n }
يٚي ثذي ِٓ عذٚ عذاٌٝء إٌبرظ اّٞىٓ رغض٠ ٕٞخ ٌىً عضء ِٓ اٌخشط أ١ؾ ِعٛطف
Allow you to control scrolling of your terminal ( You must press
PAU[SE] {OFF|ON| text}
[Return] after seeing each pause) ٍٟه اٌطشؾ اٌغف٠رّىٕه ِٓ اٌزؾىُ ثزؾش
Determines whether output is displayed on screen
TERM[OUT] {OFF|ON}
اٌشبشخٍٝش عّٙب ارا وبْ اٌخشط لذ ظ١ؾذد ـ٠
ECHO {OFF|ON} ي عٓ اٌزىشاسِٚغئ
The login.sql file contains standard set and other SQL*Plus commands that are implemented at login.
You can modify login.sql to contain additional set commands .
. يٛ رٕفز عٕذ اٌذخٟاٌزٚ SQL*Plus ِٓ ٜاِش أخشٚ أٌٝػبـخ ا٦خ ثب١بع١اِش اٌمٚ٤ اlogin.sql اٌٍّؿٞٛؾز٠
.خ١اِش اػبـٚ أٞٛؾ١ٌ login.sql يًٛ ٍِؿ اٌذخ٠بَ ثزعذ١ثبِىبٔه اٌم
SQL*Plus Format Commands SQL*Plus اٌـٟاِس اٌشىً فٚأ
Command طفٌٛ اDescription
COL[UMN] [column option] Control column formats خ١ٌ اٌفمشح اٌزبٟبس وّب ـ١د ثبػبـخ خّّٛبد اٌع١ّاٌزؾىُ ثزظ
Specifies a header to appear at the top of each page
TTI[TLE] [text|OFF|ON]
وً طفؾخٍٝ أعٟش ـٙ ٠ ْإٛض ع١رخظ
Specifies a footer to appear at the bottom of each page of the report
BTI[TLE] [text|OFF|ON]
أعفً وً طفؾخٟش ـٙ ٠ ٍٟض ٘بِش عف١رخظ
Suppresses duplicate value and sections rows of data with line feeds
BRE[AK] [ON report element]
ؾ ثغطش ـبسغِٛمبؽع ِٓ اٌظفٚ ُ اٌّؼبعفخ١اخفبء اٌمٚ ؽّظ
- 30 -
SQL>TTI "Students Table" : ٍٟ٠ ْ عبثك وّبٚب ِجبششح ثذٙر٩ِاِش ِع ِعبٚ٤رىزت ٘زٖ ا
SQL>BTI "END Report"
The COLUMN Command ّٛاِس اٌؼٚأ
Controls display of a column دّٛمخ عشع اٌع٠رؾىّبد ثطش
COL[UMN] [{column|alias} [option]]
COLUMN Command Options دّٛبساد أِش اٌع١ي خٚعذ
Option بز١اٌخ طفٌٛ اDescription
CLE[AR] COL ename CLE :د ِضبيّٛ اعذاد ٌشىً اٌعِٞغؼ أ
FOR[MAT] format دّٛبٔبد اٌع١مخ عشع ث٠ش ؽش١١رؽ
HEA[DING] text COL ename HEA employee :د) ِضبيّٛد (سأط اٌعّٛاْ اٌعٕٛمخ عشع ع٠ش ؽش١١رؽ
ٖرغب٦ٓ ؽغت ا١ّ١ٌ اٚعؾ أٌٛ اٚغبس أ١ٌ اْٟ ـٛى٠ بٔبد١ظ اٌج١ٌٚ )د (اٌشأطّٛغعً اعُ اٌع٠
JUS[TIFY] {align}
COL job JUS CENTER: ِضبي
NOPRI[NT] COL sal NOPRI : ش ِضبي٠اخفبء أعّذح ػّٓ اٌزمش
NUL[L] text COL comm NUL 0 : ُ اٌفبسؼخ ِضبي١ش ِىبْ اٌم٠ اٌزمشٟب ـّٙخ ٌزعجئز١بس ل١اخز
PRI[NT] COL sal PRI : ِضبيٟد اٌّخفّٛبس اٌعٙاظ
TRU[NCATED] ي ِٓ اٌعشعٚ٤خ اٌغطش ا٠بٙٔ َٟ ثمطع اٌغٍغٍخ ـٛم٠
WRA[PPED] )س ٍِزفخٛ (اٌغطٌٟ اٌغطش اٌزبٌٝخ اٌغٍغٍخ ا٠بٙٔ اٌزفبؾ
: أِثٍت
SQL>COLUMN ename HEADING 'Employee|Name' FORMAT A15 : عّذح٥ٌ ) ٓ٠ٚط (عٕبٚأشبء سإ
SQL>COLUMN sal JUSTIFY LEFT FORMAT $99,990.00
SQL>COLUMN mgr FORMAT 999999999 NULL 'No manager'
SQL>SELECT ename, mgr , sal FROM emp ; : ٍٟ٠ ظجؼ ٔبرظ ِب٠ عٕذ٘بٚ
Employee
Name MGR SAL ّٛ ّٔبذج ٌشىً اٌؼCOLUMN Format Models
--------------- ------------ ---------------- Element Description Example Result
SMITH 7902 $800.00 ّخ١َ ثبعذاداٌعشع ؽغت لٛم٠
An N/A N/A
ALLEN 7698 $1,600.00 A15 اٌّضبي اٌغبثكٟ وّب ـn
WARD 7698 $1,250.00 9 ؼ١ألشة عذد طؾ 999999 1234
JONES 7839 $2,975.00 0 ٞ اعجبسٞغبس٠ ؼع طفش٠ 099999 01234
MARTIN 7698 $1,250.00 $ $ س٨ِٚخ د٩ع $9999 $1234
BLAKE 7839 $2,850.00 L ٓى٠ ّبِٙ خ١ٍسِض ٌٍعٍّخ اٌّؾ L9999 L1234
CLARK 7839 $2,450.00
SCOTT 7566 $3,000.00 . خ٠اٌفبطٍخ اٌعشش 9999.99 1234.00
KING No manager $5,000.00 , ؾ٨٢ـبطٍخ ا 9.999 1,234
TURNER 7698 $1,500.00
ADAMS 7788 $1,100.00
JAMES 7698 $950.00
FORD 7566 $3,000.00
MILLER 7782 $1,300.00
- 31 -
: أِثٍت
Display the current setting for the ENAME column ENAME دّٛخ ٌٍع١ٌعذاداد اٌؾب٦ عشع ا
SQL>COLUMN ename
COLUMN ename ON
HEADING 'Employee'
FORMAT A15
Display the current setting for all columns عّذح٤خ ٌىبـخ ا١ٌعذاداد اٌؾب٦ عشع ا
SQL>COLUMN
Clear setting for the ENAME column ENAME دّٛخ ٌٍع١ٌعذاداد اٌؾب٦ ِغؼ ا
SQL>COLUMN ename CLEAR
Clear setting for all columns عّذح٤خ ٌىبـخ ا١ٌعذاداد اٌؾب٦ ِغؼ ا
SQL> CLEAR COLUMN
SQL> CLE COL ًً اخزظبساٚأ
Suppresses duplicate value ُ اٌّؼبعفخ١ اخفبء اٌم
SQL>BREAK ON ename ON job
To section out rows at break value ش٠د اٌزمش٩ٓ عغ١ؾ ـبسؼخ ثٛػع طفٚ ٚؾ أٛلزطبع طف٨
SQL>BREAK ON ename SKIP4 ON job SKIP2
Clear all BREAK setting BREAK ّخ اٌــ١ٍ ِغؼ وً اعذاداد رع
SQL>CLEAR BREAK
Set the report header ش٠اْ ٌٍزمشٕٛػع عٚ
SQL>TTITLE 'Salary|Report'
Set the report footer ش٠ ٌٍزمشٍٟػع ٘بِش عفٚ
SQL>BTITLE ' Confidential '
Creating a Script File to Run a Report س٠ً اٌخمس١حشغٚ ٌسفعٟئٔشبء ٍِف ٔظ
A. Create the SQL SELECT statement at the SQL prompt. Ensure that the data required for the
report is accurate before you save the statement to a file and apply formatting commands. Ensure
that the relevant ORDER BY clause is included if you intend to use breaks.
B. Save the SELECT statement to a script file.
C. Edit the script file to enter the SQL*Plus commands.
D. Add the required formatting commands before the SELECT statement. Be certain not to place
SQL*Plus commands within the SELECT statement.
E. Verify that the SELECT statement is followed by a run character. Either a semicolon ( ; ) or a
slash ( / ).
F. Add the format-clearing SQL*Plus commands after the run character. As an alternative, you can
call a reset file that contains all the format-clearing commands.
G. Save the script file with your changes.
H. In SQL*Plus, run the scripting file by entering START filename or @filename. This command is
required to read and execute the script file.
اِشًٚ أ١رفعٚ ٍِؿٌّٝخ ا١ٍمخ لجً ؽفع اٌزع١ش دل٠ثخ ٌٍزمشٍٛبٔبد اٌّط١ رؤوذ أْ اٌج.SQL ٓ ػّٓ ٍِمSQL لُ ثبٔشبء عجبسح.A
. BREAK اِش اٌىغشٚ اعزخذاَ إٔٞٛ ِٕبعجخ ارا وٕذ رORDER BY د عجبسحٛعٚ ِٓ رؤوذ. مبد١اٌزٕغ
.ٟب ػّٓ ٍِؿ ٔظٙ لّذ ثبٔشبئٟ اٌزSELECT ّخ١ٍ لُ ثؾفع رع.B
. SQL*Plus اِشٚدخبي أ٦ ٟش اٌٍّؿ إٌظ٠ لُ ثزؾش.C
. SELECT ػّٓ عجبسحSQL*Plus اِشٚػع أٚ َاصمب ً ِٓ عذٚ ٓ و. SELECT مبد لجً عجبسح١اِش اٌزٕغٚ لُ ثبػبـخ أ.D
.) / ( ً اٌخؾ اٌّبئً ثبٌشىٚؽخ ( ; ) أٛبً ِٓ اٌفبطٍخ إٌّم٠ أٛ٘ٚ ً١عخ ثشِض رشؽٛ ِزجSELECT رؾمك ِٓ أْ عجبسح.E
ٞ اٌزreset بد١ـزشاػ٦ّىٕه اعزذعبء ٍِؿ اعبدح ا٠ ٗٔش أ١بساد ؼ١ وؤؽذ اٌخ,ً١ك ثعذ سِض اٌزشؽ١اِش ِغؼ اٌزٕغٚ لُ ثبػبـخ أ.F
. ك١اِش ِغؼ اٌزٕغٚ وبـخ أٍٝسٖ عٚ ثذٞٛؾز٠
.شاد١١ ِع اٌزؽٟ اؽفع اٌٍّؿ إٌظ.G
ً
ِش٤@ ٘زا اfilename اخزظبساٚ ِع اعُ اٌٍّؿ أSTART ِش٤ ثبعزخذاَ اًٟ اٌٍّؿ إٌظ١ لُ ثزشؽSQL*Plus ّٓ ػ.H
.ٟز اٌٍّؿ إٌظ١رٕفٚ ة ٌمشاءحٍِٛط
- 32 -
ٓ٠ْ ِٓ عطشٛش ِى٠اْ ٌٍزمشٕٛػع عٛ لُ ث$3000 ِٓ ًظؿ سارجٗ ألِٛ ًسارت وٚ اطٚ ًّع اٌعٛٔ شٙ ٠ ش٠ لُ ثبٔشبء رمش: ِثبي
ْٛى٠ Job Category ُ ثبعJob دّٛاْ آخش ٌٍعٕٛػع عٛ لُ ثConfidential أعفً اٌظفؾخ أوزتٚ عؾٚ ٟـٚ Employee Report
ُ ثبعSal د اٌشارتّٛاْ آخش ٌعٕٛػع عٛصُ لُ ث. Employee ُ ثبعEname دّٛاْ آخش ٌٍعٕٛػع عٛ صُ لُ ث. ٓ٠ عطشٌِٝب ً اِٛمغ
: $2,500.0 ً اٌشىٌٝمٗ ا١لُ ثزٕغٚ Salary
ٟ اٌٍّف إٌظScript File
SET PAGESIZE 37
SET LINESIZE 60
SET FEEDBACK OFF
TTITLE 'Employee|Report'
BTITLE 'Confidential'
BREAK ON job
COLUMN job HEADING 'Job|Category' FORMAT A15
COLUMN ename HEADING 'Employee' FORMAT A15
COLUMN sal HEADING 'Salary' FORMAT $99,999.99
REM ** Insert SELECT statement
SELECT job, ename, sal س٠اٌخمس
FROM emp Fri Oct 12 page 1
WHERE sal < 3000 Employee
ORDER BY job, ename Report
/
SET FEEDBACK ON Job
REM clear all formatting commands Category Employee Salary
--------------- --------------- --------------
CLERK ADAMS $1,100.00
JAMES $950.00
MILLER $1,300.00
SMITH $800.00
MANAGER BLAKE $2,850.00
CLARK $2,450.00
JONES $2,975.00
SALESMAN ALLEN $1,600.00
MARTIN $1,250.00
TURNER $1,500.00
WARD $1,250.00
Confidential
Data Manipulation Language
- 33 -
بٔبث١ٌغت ِؼبٌدت اٌب
Data manipulation language (DML) is a core part of SQL . When you want to add, update, or delete
data in the database, you execute a DML statement .
A collection of DML statements that from a logical unit of work is called a transaction .
ؽزؾًٚ أ٠ رعذٚذ اػبـخ أ٠ عٕذِب رشSQL ِٓ ٌؽخ اـٞ ِشوضٚ أٟغ١ رعزجش عضء سئDML ًب اخزظبساٌٙ شِض٠ٚ بٔبد١ٌؽخ ِعبٌغخ اٌج
. DML ه أغبص عجبسح١ٍبٔبد ع١بٔبد ِٓ لبعذح اٌج١ث
.)خ٠ طفمخ (ِعبٍِخ رغبسٚ اعشاء أّٝخ ِٓ اٌعًّ رغ١ؽذح ِٕطمٚ ِٓ DML عخ عجبساد ٌؽخِّٛغ
ًْ ِئٌفيبٛىي٠ عيشاء سثّيب٦ ) ٘يزا اٞىبد (اٌغيبس١ ؽغبة اٌشٌٝدع اًٌّٛ ِجٍػ ِٓ اٌؾغبة ا٠ٛء ثٕه ثزؾ٩ًّ اٌّضبي ارا لبَ أؽذ ع١ عجٍٝع
ْغيت أ٠ . ًي٠ٛيً ػيّٓ عيغً اٌزؾ٠ٛيخ اٌزؾ١ًٍّ ع١رغيغٚ ٞيبدح اٌؾغيبة اٌغيبس٠صٚ دعٛ أميبص اٌؾغيبة اٌّي. بد ِٕفظٍخ١ٍّس ع٩ِٓ ص
ء ِيب أؽيذ ٘يزٖ اٌعجيبسادٟارا أعيبق شيٚ . ؼ١اصْ طيؾٛ ريٟ اٌؾغيبثبد ـيٝؾيبـع عٍي١ٌ SQL يع عجيبساد١ّساويً أغيبص عٚؼّٓ ِخذَ أ٠
. بد١ٍّ اٌعٟ رٕغض ثبل٨ ْغت أ٠ ً٠ٛخ اٌزؾ١ٍّاٌخبطخ ثع
The INSERT statement INSERT ػببزة اإل خبي
Add new rows to a table by using the INSERT statement INSERT َذح ثبعزخذا٠ؾ عذٛادخبي طف
INSERT INTO table [ (column [, column….])] :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
Values (value [, value….]) ;
table is the name of table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
column is the name of the column in the table to populate دخبي٧ٌ يٚد ػّٓ اٌغذّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌعcolumn
value is the corresponding value for the column دّّٛخ إٌّبظشح ٌٍع١ رعجش عٓ اٌمvalue
: ٍٟ٠ د اّب١ه اٌخم١ٍد ػ٠ ػٕد ئ خبي طف خد: ئزشب اث
. ْ اعزضٕبءٚد ثذُّٛ ٌىً ع١ لٍٝ عٞٛؾز٠ ش١ذ ثؾ٠أدخً اٌظؿ اٌغذ
. يٚ اٌغذٟعّذح ـ٥ٌ ٟـزشاػ٨ت ا١ُ اٌّذخٍخ ؽغت اٌزشر١ت اٌم١لُ ثزشر
. عّذح٤ت ا١طبثك رشر٠ ْغت أ٠ ُ١ت اٌم١ ٌىٓ رشرٞبس١ي ثشىً اخزٚ اٌغذٟعّذح ـ٤ت أعّبء ا١ثبِىبٔه رشر
. ِبد الزجبط) ِفشدح٩خ (ع٠ٍٛاطً عٛخ ثف٠اسٛاٌزٚ خ١بٔبد اٌؾشـ١اـمخ ٌٍجٌُّٛ ا١لُ ثبؽبؽخ اٌم
SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc) : ِثبي
VALUES ( 50, 'DEVELOPMENT' , 'DETRIOT' ) ;
1 row created.
Inserting Special Value ااغُٛ خبطت ابظخخداَ اٌخ١ئ خبي ل
SQL> INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, : ِثبي
Sal, comm, deptno)
VALUES ( 7196, 'GREEN' , 'SALESMAN', 7782, SYSDATE,
2000, NULL, 10 ) ; 1 row created.
hiredate ً ػّٓ اٌؾمٌٟخ اٌؾب٠ّخ اٌزبس١ اٌّضبي اٌغبثك ثبدساط لٟ ـSYSDATE َ اٌزبثعٛم٠
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp : ٌٍخسمك ٔؼغ
WHERE empno = 7196 ;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
------ ---------- --------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------- ----------
7196 GREEN SALESMAN 7782 13/06/04 2000 10
- 34 -
Inserting Special Date Value ااغٛخ ابظخخداَ اٌخ٠ُ خبطت ٌٍخبز١ئ خبي ل
SQL> INSERT INTO emp : ِثبي
VALUES ( 2296, 'ARMANO' , 'SALESMAN', 7782,
TO_DATE( 'FEB 3, 97' , 'MON DD, YY' ) , 1300, NULL, 10 ) ; 1 row created.
. INSERT دخبي٦ّخ ا١ٍخ ػّٓ رع٠اسٛاثع اٌزّٛىٕٕب اعزخذاَ ر٠ ٌٟثبٌزبٚ
Creating a Script with Customized Prompts ِغ ئ خبي خبصٟئٔشبء ٍِف ٔظ
ٟ اٌٍّف إٌظScript File
ACCEPT department_id PROMPT 'Please enter the department number : '
ACCEPT department_name PROMPT 'Please enter the department name : '
ACCEPT location PROMPT 'Please enter the location : '
INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc)
VALUES ( &department_id , '&department_name', '&location' ) ;
. يٚب ػّٓ اٌغذٌَٙ ثبدخبٛم٠ ُخش ص٢ اٍٛاؽذ رٚ د٨ُٛ اٌّزؾ١طٍت ِٕب ادخبي ل٠ ً ٘زا اٌٍّؿ١عٕذ رشؽ
Please enter the department number : 90
Please enter the department name : PAYROL
Please enter the location : HOUSTON
1 row created.
The UPDATE statement UPDATE ػببزة اإل خبي
Modify existing rows with the UODATE statement UPDATE َدح ثبعزخذاٛعِٛ ؾًٛ طف٠رعذ
UPDATE table :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
SET column = value [ , column = value, …..]
[WHERE condition ] ;
table is the name of table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
column is the name of the column in the table to populate دخبي٧ٌ يٚد ػّٓ اٌغذّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌعcolumn
value is the corresponding value for the column دّّٛخ إٌّبظشح ٌٍع١ رعجش عٓ اٌمvalue
condition identifies the rows to be updated بٍٙ٠زُ رعذ١ عٟؾ اٌزٛٓ اٌظف١ع٠ ششؽCondition
Specific row or rows are modified when you specify the WHERE clause.
. WHERE ك عٕذ اعزخذاَ عجبسح١ؾ ِؾذدح ثشىً دلٛ عذح طفٚاؽذ أٚ ً طؿ٠زُ رعذ٠
SQL> UPDATE emp : ِثبي
SET deptno = 20
WHERE empno = 7782 ; 1 row updated.
All rows in the table are modified if you omit the WHERE clause.
. WHERE ي عٕذ ؽزؾ عجبسحٚؾ ػّٓ اٌغذًٛ وً اٌظف٠زُ رعذ٠
SQL> UPDATE emp : ِثبي
SET deptno = 20 ; 14 rows updated.
- 35 -
Updating with Multiple-Column Subquery ِخؼد األػّدةٟث ابظخخداَ اظخفعبز خصئ٠اٌخسد
empno= 7499 ُظؿ سلٌٍّٛ خ٠ْٚ ِغبٛ ٌزىempno=7698 ُظؿ سلٌٍّٛ deptno سلُ اٌشمخٚ job ظؿٌّٛش عًّ ا٠ رؾذ: ِثبي
SQL> UPDATE emp
SET ( job, deptno ) =
( SELECT job, deptno 1 row updated.
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7944 )
WHERE empno = 7698 ;
Multiple-column subqueries can be implemented in he SET clause of an UPDATE statement.
. UPDATE ّخ١ٍ اٌزبثعخ ٌزعSTE ٕفز ػّٓ عجبسح٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ عّذح٤عزفغبس اٌّزعذد ا٨ا
Updating Rows Based on Another Table ٟٔي ثبٚ خدٍٝف إبء ػٛث طف٠حسد
SQL> UPDATE employee : ِثبي
SET deptno = ( SELECT deptno 20
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7788 )
2 rows updated.
WHERE job = ( SELECT job ANALYST
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7788 ) ;
Updating Rows Integrity Constraint Error ًِد اٌخىب١خطأ لٚ فٛث اٌظف٠حسد
SQL> UPDATE emp : ِثبي
SET deptno = 55
UPDATE emp
WHERE deptno = 10 ;
*
ERROR at line 1:
دٛعِٛ ش١ ؼ55 ُسلُ اٌمغ ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.FK_DEPTNO)
violated – parent key not found
دٛعِٛ ش١ ؼٟغ١) ِفزبػ اٌعٕظش اٌشئ...( ًِذ اٌزىب١بن لٙرُ أز
The DELETE statement DELETE ػببزة اٌسرف
Remove existing rows from a table by using the DELETE statement )DELETE َدح ثبعزخذاٛعِٛ ؾٛ(ؽزؾ طف
DELETE [FROM] table :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
[WHERE condition ] ;
table is the name of table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
condition identifies the rows to be deleted بٙزُ ؽزـ١ عٟؾ اٌزٛٓ اٌظف١ع٠ ششؽCondition
Specific rows are deleted when you specify the WHERE clause.
. WHERE ك عٕذ اعزخذاَ عجبسح١ؾ ِؾذدح ثشىً دلٛزُ ؽزؾ طف٠
SQL> DELETE FROM dept : ِثبي
1 row deleted.
WHERE dname = 'DEVELOPMENT' ;
All rows in the table are deleted if you omit the WHERE clause.
. WHERE ي عٕذ ؽزؾ عجبسحٚؾ ػّٓ اٌغذٛزُ ؽزؾ وً اٌظف٠
SQL> DELETE FROM dept ; : ِثبي
4 rows deleted.
- 36 -
SQL> DELETE FROM emp : ِثبي
WHERE hiredate > TO_DATE ( '01.01.97' , 'DD.MM.YY' ) ;
1 row deleted.
January 1. 1997 ا ثعذٚٓ ثذأ٠ٓ اٌز١ظفٌَّٛ ثؾزؾ وً اٛم٠
Deleting Rows Based on Another Table ٟٔي ثبٚ خدٍٝف إبء ػٛزرف طف
SQL> DELETE FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 30
( SELECT deptno 6 rows deleted.
FROM dept
WHERE dname = 'SALES' ) ;
Deleting Rows Integrity Constraint Error ًِد اٌخىب١خطأ لٚ فٛزرف طف
SQL> DELETE FROM dept : ِثبي
WHERE deptno = 10 ;
DELETE FROM dept
*
ٟ ِفزبػ أعبعٍٝ عٞٛؾز٠ ّٞىٕه ؽزؾ اٌظؿ اٌز٠ ٨ ERROR at line 1:
. ي آخشٚ عذٟ ـٞٛٔغزخذَ وّفزبػ صب٠ ORA-02292: integrity constraint (SCOTT.FK_DEPTNO)
violated – child record found
ٟ عغً عٕظش ـشعٍٝس عٛ) رُ اٌعض...( ًِذ اٌزىب١بن لٙرُ أز
Database Transactions بٔبث١ئخساءاث لبػدة اٌب
Consist of one of the following statements: :خ١ٌزؤٌؿ ِٓ أؽذ اٌعجبساد اٌزب٠
DML (Data Manipulation Language )statements that make up one consistent change to the data.
ؽذحٛ وٞاؽذح أٚ ٔخٕٛ١ساوً وىٚد أٚب ِضٍِٙعب٠ ٟ اٌزٞبٔبد أ١ اٌجٍٝاؽذ عٚ ش١١َ ثزؽٛ رمٟ اٌزDML عذد ِٓ عجبسادٞأ
.ًّاؽذ ِٓ اٌعٚ خ رشىً عضء١ِٕطم
One DDL (Data Definition Language) statement. اؽذحٚ ّخ١ٍرع
One DCL (Data Control Language) statement. اؽذحٚ ّخ١ٍرع
ً٠ذ عٕذ اوزشبؾ أخطبء أصٕبء اٌزعذ١٘زا ِفٚ عذَ اٌؾفعًٚ أ٠ّىٕه ؽفع ٘زا اٌزعذ٠ ش٠ اٌزؾذٚػبـخ أ٦بد ثب١ً لبعذح اٌّعط٠عٕذ رعذ
. ٌٍزشاععRollback ٚ ٌٍؾفعCommit اِشٚ٤ اٌزشاعع رىزجبْ ثبًٚ أ٠ذ اٌزعذ١خ رضج١ٍّ عٚ
. ز١ لبثٍخ ٌٍزٕفSQL ي عجبسحٚبٔبد عٕذِب رٕفز أ١ رجذأ اعشاءاد لبعذح اٌج
: ٍٟ٠ ِّبٞس أٚ ِع ؽذٟٙرٕزٚ
. COMMIT or ROLLBACK اِشٚ٤ ِٓ اٞز أ١ ارا رُ رٕف.1
. Auto Commit ٟى١ِبرٛرٚ٤ رعذ ثّضبثخ اٌؾفع اٟاٌزٚ DDL or DCL ّبد١ٍ ِٓ رعٞز أ١ ارا رُ رٕف.2
. ً ب١َ ثبٌؾفع رٍمبئٛم٠ ٞاٌزٚ User Exits َط اٌّغزخذٚ خش.3
. َ ـشً إٌ بٚبس إٌ بَ أ١ٙٔ ا.4
. ٌٟعشاء اٌزب٦ ثجذء اٟى١ِبرٛرٚخ ثشىً أ١ٌ اٌزبSQL َ عجبسحٛعشاءاد رم٦ اٚبد أ١ٍّ أؽذ اٌعٟٙعٕذِب رٕز
.عشاء٦بء اٙٔب ً ثب١َّٕ ػٛب رمٌٙٔزٌه ـبٚ ٟ ثبٌؾفع اٌزٍمبئDDL or DCL ّبد١ٍَ رعٛرمٚ وّب
- 37 -
Advantages of COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements
ROLLBACK ٚ COMMIT ٟصاث ػببزح١ِ
Ensure data consistency بٔبد١ رؼّٓ صجبد اٌج
Preview data changes before making changes permanent ُب ثشىً دائٙز١شاد لجً رضج١١ رغّؼ ثّشاععخ اٌزؽ
Group logically related operations خ١بد إٌّطم١ٍّع اٌع١َّ ثزغٛ رم
Controlling Transactions ت اٌخسىُ ابإلخساءاث١ٍّػ
Transaction
INSERT UPDATE INSERT DELETE
Savepoint A Savepoint B
COMMIT ROLLBACK to Savepoint B
B ٔمطخ اٌؾفع اٌّغّبحٌٝاٌزشاعع ا
ROLLBACK to Savepoint A
A ٔمطخ اٌؾفع اٌّغّبحٌٝاٌزشاعع ا
ROLLBACK
اٌؾزؾٚ ش٠اٌزؾذٚ دخبي٦ّبد ا١ٍاٌزشاعع عٓ وً اٌزع
Statement طفٌٛ اDescription
Ends the current transaction by making all pending data changes permanent
COMMIT
) شاد١١دائّخ) ؽفع اٌزؽٚ بٔبد صبثزخ١شاد اٌّزعٍمخ ثبٌج١١ ثغعً وً اٌزؽٌٟعشاء اٌؾب٦بء اٙٔا
Marks a savepoint within the current transaction
SAVEPOINT name
ٌٟعشاء اٌؾب٦ي ا٩ذ ٔمطخ ؽفع خ٠رؾذ
ROLLBACK ends the current transaction by discarding all pending data changes
ROLLBACK [TO :ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT name discards the savepoint and all subsequent changes
SAVEPOINT name] بٔبد١شح اٌّزعٍمخ ثبٌج١خ٤شاد ا١١ ثبٌؽبء وبـخ اٌزؽٌٟعشاء اٌؾب٦اٌزشاعع عٓ ا
ؽمخ٩ٌشاد ا١١وبـخ اٌزؽٚ رغبً٘ ٔمطخ اٌؾفعٍٝ ٔمطخ اٌؾفع رعًّ عٌٝاٌزشاعع ا
: ٍٟ٠ ِّبٞس أٚ ِع ؽذAutomatic commit ٟى١ِبرٛرٚ٤ؾذس اٌؾفع ا٠
. DDL ّخ١ٍز رع١ رٕف.1
. DCL ّخ١ٍز رع١ رٕف.2
ROLLBACK ٚ أCOMMIT ز١ْ رٕفٚ ثذSQL*Plus ئخ١ ِٓ ثٞط ثشىً عبدٚ اٌخش.3
ٖ ٘زٟـٚ َبس إٌ ب١ٙٔ ثبٚ أSQL*Plus ٌٍـٟع١ش ؽج١بء اٌؽٙٔ٦ ثبAutomatic rollback ٟى١ِبرٛرٚ٤ؾذس اٌزشاعع ا٠ وّب
.يِٚخ اٌغذا٩ عٍٝ ِع اٌّؾبـ خ عCOMMIT آخش ٔمطخ ؽفعٌٝساوً ثبٌزشاعع اٚد أَٚ ِضٛم٠ اٌؾبٌخ
ON or OFF ٍٗ١ عذَ رفعٍٚٗ أ١رفعٚ SET ّىٓ اعزخذاِٗ ِع٠ٚ DML ّبد١ٍ ِٓ رعٛ٘ AUTOCOMMIT ِش٤ اْ ا: ِالزظت
. OFF ػعٌٛ اٍٝب ع١ْ اـزشاػٛى٠ٚ ٍٗ١ ؽبٌخ رفعٟ ـROLLBACK خ اٌزشاعع١ٍّز ع١ّىٕه عٕذ٘ب رٕف٠ ٨ ٌٓىٚ
SQL> SET AUTOCOMMIT ON
DML ِغزخذَ آخش ِشب٘ذح ٔزبئظ عجبسحٞع أ١غزط٠ ٨ COMMIT or ROLLBACK اٌزشاععٚذ أ١ اٌزضجٟز١ٍّك أؽذ ع١لجً رطج
.ش٘ب١١ع ِغزخذَ آخش رؽ١غزط٠ ٨ ش١بٔبد ِمفٍخ ثؾ١ْ اٌجٛرىٚ ٌٟاٌّغزخذِخ ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذَ اٌؾب
ْشاد وّب أ١١ اٌزؽٚٓ ِشب٘ذح إٌزبئظ أ٠خش٢ٓ ا١ِع اٌّغزخذ١غزط٠ COMMIT or ROLLBACK اٌزشاععٚذ أ١خ اٌزضج١ٍّأِب ثعذ ع
. ٝ رّؾSavepoints ع ٔمبؽ اٌؾفع١ّع
- 38 -
Committing Data بٔبث١ اٌبٍٝساث ػ١١ج اٌخغ١حثب
SQL> UPDATE emp بٔبد١ اٌجٍٝشاد ع١١ اؽذاس رؽ: 1ِثبي
SET deptno = 10
WHERE deptno = 7782 ; 1 row updated .
SQL> COMMIT ; بٔبد١ اٌجٍٝشاد ع١١ج اٌزؽ١حثب
Commit complete
SQL> INSERT INTO dept (deptno, dname, loc ) بٔبد١ اٌجٍٝشاد ع١١ اؽذاس رؽ: 2ِثبي
VALUES (50, 'ADVERTISING', 'MIAMI' ) ; 1 row created .
SQL> UPDATE emp بٔبد١ اٌجٍٝشاد ع١١ اؽذاس رؽ: 2ِثبي
SET deptno = 10
WHERE deptno = 7782 ; 1 row updated .
SQL> COMMIT ; بٔبد١ اٌجٍٝشاد ع١١ج اٌزؽ١حثب
Commit complete
SQL> DELETE FROM emp ; يٚبٔبد عذ١ ؽزؾ ث: 3ِثبي
14 row deleted.
SQL> ROLLBACK ; اٌخساخغ ػٓ اٌسرف
Rollback complete
Rolling Back Changes to a Marker ٔمطت ِؼٍّتٝساث زخ١١اٌخساخغ ػٓ اٌخغ
Create a marker in a current transaction by using the SAVEPOINT statement.
Roll back to that marker by using the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT statement.
If you create a second savepoint with the same name as an earlier savepoint, the erlier savepoint is deleted
. SAVEPOINT ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحٌٟعشاء اٌؾب٦ اٚخ أ١ٌِخ ػّٓ اٌغٍغخ اٌؾب٩ أشبء ٔمطخ ع
. ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT رٍه إٌمطخ ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحٝ اٌزشاعع ٌٍخٍؿ ؽز
. ٝ رٍؽٌٝٚ٤ ـبْ اٌٝٚ٤ ثٕفظ اعُ اٜ ارا لّذ ثبٔشبء ٔمطخ ؽفع أخش
: ِثبي
SQL> UPDATE …
SQL> SAVEPOINT update_done ;
Savepoint created .
SQL> INSERT …
SQL> ROLLBACK TO update_done ;
Rollback complete .
: Writer وزبثخٚ أReader بٔبد اِب لشاءح١ اٌجٌٝي اٛطٚ ٟز١ٍَّ اٌّغزخذَ ثعٛم٠
(SELECT statement) or ( INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statement )
: ٍٟ٠ س ِبٚرٌه ٌؾذٚ بٔبد١صبثزخ ٌٍجٚ ) Read Consistency )اـمخٛ ٘زٖ اٌؾبٌخ ٌمشاءح ِزٟرؾزبط ـ
بٔبد١ لبعذح اٌجٟلذ ـٌٛىزت ثٕفظ ا٠ ٞاٌزٚ مشأ٠ ٞبٔبد ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذَ اٌز١رؼّٓ لشاءح صبثزخ ٌٍج
. ش١١س اٌزؽٛ ؽْٟ ـٛ رىٟبٔبد اٌز١ء اٌجٜ اٌّغزخذَ اٌمبسٜش٠ ٨
.مخ ِزّبعىخ٠ذ ثطشٙبٔبد أز١ لبعذح اٌجٍٝ رؾذس عٟشاد اٌز١١ أْ اٌزؽWriter َؼّٓ اٌّغزخذ٠
.Writer رؾذس ِٓ لجً ِغزخذَ آخشٟشاد اٌز١ رزعبسع ِع اٌزؽٚ رزمبؽع أ٨ اؽذٚ Writer ً رؾذس ِٓ لجٟشاد اٌز١١اٌزؽ
- 39 -
The purpose of read consistency is to ensure that each user sees data as it existed at the last
commit, before a DML operation started.
رٌه لجً ثذءٚ بٌٙ ذ١دح عٕذ آخش رضجٛعِٛ ٟ٘ بٔبد وّب١ اٌجٜش٠ َ ػّبْ أْ وً ِغزخذٛ٘ اـمخٛخ اٌمشاءح اٌّز١ٍّذؾ ِٓ عٌٙ ا
.DML بد ٌؽخ اٌــ١ٍّخ ِٓ ع١ٍّ عٞأ
- 40 -
Data Definition Language
)بٔبث (اٌخؼبًِ ِغ اٌىبئٕبث١ف اٌب٠ٌغت حؼس
بٔبث١ أغساع لبػدة اٌبٚبء أ١ أش- Database Objects
Object اٌغسع طفٌٛ اDescription
Basic unit of storage; composed of rows and columns
Table يٚاٌدد
أعّذحٚ ؾٛبٔبد ِئٌفخ ِٓ طف١خ ٌٍج١عبع٤ٓ ا٠ؽذح اٌزخضٚ
Logically represents subsets of data from one or more table
View زٛإٌّظ
أوضشٚي أٚبٔبد ِٓ عذ١ اٌجٟس ) ثشىً ِٕطمٛ رّضً ( رظٞٛٔاعشاء صب
Sequence ًاٌّعٍع ) ً ) اٌّعٍعٟعبع٤ُ اٌّفزبػ ا١ٌذ لٛ رGenerates primary key values
Index سضٙاٌف عزفغبساد٨ٓ أداء ثعغ ا١َ ثزؾغٛم٠ Improve the performance of some queries
Synonym اٌّسا ف بء١ش٥ٌ ٍخ٠ اعطبء أعّبء ثذGive alternative names to objects
Naming Conventions (Rules) ت١ّٓ) اٌخع١ٔاٛاططالزبث (ل
Name database tables and columns according to the standard rules for naming any Oracle database object:
: ٍٟ٠ ساوً وّبٚخ أؼشاع أ١ّخ خبطخ ثزغ١بع١ٓ ل١ٔاٛعّذح خبػعخ ٌم٤اٚ يٚاٌغذاٚ بٔبد١خ لبعذح اٌج١ّرغ
Must begin with a letter and can be 1 – 30 characters long.
.ٝ ِؾشؾ وؾذ ألظ30 ٌٝ ا1 ِٓ يٛثطٚ ًعّذح ثّؾبسؾ ؽظشا٤اٚ يٚغت أْ رجذأ أعّبء اٌغذا٠
Must contain only A-Z , a – z , 0 – 9 , _ (underscore), $ , and # .خ١ٌص اٌزبِٛ ـمؾ اٌشٞٛغت أْ رؾ٠
Must not duplicate the name of another object owned by the same user.
. ًْ اعُ اٌؽشع اٌزبثع ٌٕفظ اٌّغزخذَ ِىشساٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ ٨
Must not be an Oracle Server reserved word. ًساوٚد أٚصح ٌّضْٛ أؽذ اٌىٍّبد اٌّؾغٛ رى٨ ْغت أ٠
The CREATE TABLE statement CREATE TABLE يٚػببزة ئٔشبء خد
بِٕٙ ًبٔبد ٌى١اع اٌجٛٔأٚ عّذح٤أعّبء اٚ يٚغت أْ رخظض اعُ ٌٍغذ٠ٚ ٓ٠ِغبؽخ ٌٍزخضٚ يٚبص أشبء عذ١ه اِز٠ْ ٌذٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ خ٠ثذا
: دّٛبط وً ع١لٚ
CREATE TABLE [ schema .] table :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
( column datatype [DEFAULT expr][ , … ] ) ;
schema is the same as the owner's name رعجش عٓ ٔفظ اعُ اٌّبٌهschema
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
DEFAULT expr specifies a default value if a value is omitted in the INSERT statement
INSERT ّخ لذ ؽزـذ ِٓ عجبسح١خ ارا وبٔذ ٘زٖ اٌم١ّخ اـزشاػ١ض ل١ رخظDEFAULT expr
column is the name of the column دّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌعcolumn
datatype is the column's datatype and length ّٟ ع٤ب اٌٙٛؽٚ بٔبد١ع اٌجٛٔ ذ٠ رؾذDatatype
: ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟدخبي وّب ـ٦خ ا١ٍّد أصٕبء عّٛخ ٌٍع١ّخ اـزشاػ١ض ل١ّىٓ رخظ٠
……. Hiredate DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE , ……..
. SQL اثع اٌــٛ رٚش أ١ اٌزعبثٚخ أ١ّخ اٌؾشـ١ اٌمٟ٘ خ١ٔٛٔ اٌمبٌٚخ أُٛ اٌّمج١اٌم
. عّذح اٌضائفخ٤ اٚ أٜ أعّبء أعّذح أخشٟ٘ ٌخٛش ِمج١ اٌؽٚخ أ١ٔٛٔش لب١ُ اٌؽ١اٌم
.دّٛبٔبد اٌع١ع ثٌٕٛ ًْ ِّبصٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ خ١ـزشاػ٨ّخ ا١بٔبد اٌم١ع ثٛٔ
SQL> CREATE TABLE dept : ِثبي
( deptno NUMBER(2),
dname VARCHAR2(14), Table created
loc VARCHAR2(13) ) ;
Tables in the Oracle Database ًزاوٚ أٚ ِصٟي فٚاٌددا
ِبدٍٛ ِعٞٛرؾٚ َظخ ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذٛاٌّؾفٚ ي إٌّشؤحٚعخ ِٓ اٌغذاّٛ ِغٟ٘ٚ : ) User Tables ( َي اٌّعخخدٚ خدا.1
.) User Information ( َاٌّغزخذ
ٟاٌزٚ ًساوٚظخ ِٓ لجً ِخذَ أٛاٌّؾفٚ ي إٌّشؤحٚعخ ِٓ اٌغذاّٛ ِغٟ٘ٚ : ) Data Dictionary ( بث١ض اٌّؼطِٛ لب.2
.) Database Information ( بٔبد١ِبد عٓ اٌجٍٛ ِعٞٛرؾز
- 41 -
There are four categories of data dictionary views : each category has a distinct prefix witch reflects
their intended use .
: يٚة وّب اٌغذٍٛعزخذاَ اٌّط٦اػؾخ رعىظ اٚ وً طٕؿ ٌٗ ثبدئخ: بٔبد١ظ اٌج١ِإٛ٘بن أسثعخ ِٓ أطٕبؾ ِٕبظش ل
Prefix اٌبب ئت طفٌٛ اDescription
USER_ Contains objects owned by the user َب اٌّغزخذٍّٙى٠ ٟؼشاع اٌز٤ اٞٛؾز٠
ALL_ َوخ ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذٌٍّّٛؼشاع ا٤ اٌٝػبـخ ا٦ب ثبٌٙ يٛطٌٛق اٛ ِٕؼ اٌّغزخذَ ؽمٟؼشاع اٌز٥ٌ يٛطٌٛع ا١غزط٠
DBA_ بٔبد١ ؼشع ػّٓ لبعذح اٌجٞ أٌٝي اٛطٌٛ اٚي أٛبص ٌٍذخ١ِز٦ اٟعط٠
V$_ DBA ب ً ـمؾ ٌـ١ ِزبػ ِجذئٛ٘ٚ ً اٌمفٚ بٔبد١د لبعذح اٌجٚن ِضٍٛعشع ع٠
Querying the Data Dictionary بث١ض اٌّؼطِٛاالظخؼالَ ػٓ لب
- Describe tables owned by the user َوخ ٌٍّغزخذٌٍّّٛي اٚطؿ اٌغذاٚ -
SQL> SELECT *
FROM user_tables ;
- View distinct object types owned by the user ْ رىشاسٚؼشاع اٌزبثعخ ٌٍّغزخذَ ثذ٤اع اٛٔبس أٙ اظ-
OBJECT_TYPE
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT object_type -----------
FROM user_objects ; FUNCTION
INDEX
PROCEDURE
SEQUENCE
TABLE
- View tables, views, synonyms, sequences owned by the user .
َد اٌزبثعخ ٌٍّغزخذ٩اٌّزغٍغٚ اٌّشادـبدٚ ش١إٌّبظٚ يٚبس اٌغذاٙ اظ-
SQL> SELECT *
FROM user_catalog ;
The USER_CATALOG has a synonym called
CAT. You can use this synonym instead of TABLE_NAME TABLE_TYPE
USER_CATALOG in SQL statement. ------------------------------ ----------
BONUS TABLE
SQL> SELECT * DEPT TABLE
FROM CAT ; EMP TABLE
ً
ٓ ِييييييي٨ ثييييييذCAT عييييييُ اٌّييييييشادؾ٨ّىييييييٓ اعييييييزخذاَ ا٠ MICROSOFTDTPROPERTIES TABLE
. USER_CATALOG MICROSOFTSEQDTPROPERTIES SEQUENCE
SALGRADE TABLE
- 42 -
DATATYPES ًزاوٚ أٟبٔبث اٌّخبزت ف١اع اٌبٛٔأ
Datatype عٌٕٛا طفٌٛ اDescription
ًل٤ اٍٝع1 اؽذٚ ٓ ؽشؾ١ي اٌغٍغٍخ ثٛ ؽsize ْٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ يٛش اٌط١ ِزؽٟي ؽشـٛبٔبد ِزؾ١ع اٌجٛٔ
VARCHAR2(size)
وضش٤ اٍٝ ِؾشؾ ع4000ٚ
2000ٚ ًل٤ اٍٝع1 اؽذٚ ٓ ؽشؾ١ي اٌغٍغٍخ ثٛ ؽsize ْٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ يٛ صبثذ اٌطٟي ؽشـٛبٔبد ِزؾ١ع اٌجٛٔ
CHAR(size)
وضش٤ اٍِٝؾشؾ ع
ُي ٌشلٛ أوجش ؽSٚ خ٠ي ٌشلُ لجً اٌفبطٍخ اٌعششٛأوجش ؽP ش١ ؽS بط١اٌّمٚ P ي ٌٗ اٌذلخٛش اٌط١ ِزؽٟي ؽشـِٛزؾ
NUMBER(p , s)
127 ٓ١ثٚ -84ٓ١ُ ث١ؤخز ِغبي اٌم١ ـS أِب38 ٌٝ ا1 ٓ١ُ ث١ ِغبي اٌمp ؤخز٠ ٓ١ّ١ٌخ اٙخ ِٓ ع٠ثعذ اٌفبطٍخ اٌعشش
DATE December 31.9999A.D. ٓ١ثٚ January 1. 4712B.C. ٓ١لذ ثٚٚ خ٠بٔبد ربس١ع اٌجٛٔ
LONG ذ٠غب ثب١ ع2 ٝ ؽزٌٝظً ؽغّٗ ا٠ ؤخز٠ بٔبد١ي ِٓ اٌجٛش اٌط١ ِزؽّٟٔؾ ؽشـ
CLOB ذ٠غب ثب١ ع4 ٝ ؽزٌٝظً ؽغّٗ ا٠ ٟي ؽشـِٛزؾ
ROW ٝ وؾذ ألظ2000 ّٝىٓ ععٍٗ ؽز٠size ي ِؾذدٛؤخز ؽ٠ ٟي صٕبئِٛزؾ
LONG ROW ذ٠غب ثب١ ع2 ٝظً ؽغّٗ ؽز٠ يٛش اٌط١ ِزؽٟي صٕبئِٛزؾ
BLOB ذ٠غب ثب١ ع4 ٝب ؽزّٙظً ؽغ٠ خ١بٔبد صٕبئ١ث
BFILE ذ٠غب ثب١ ع4 ٝب ؽزّٙظً ؽغ٠ ٟخ رخضْ ػّٓ ٍِؿ خبسع١بٔبد صٕبئ١ث
Create a Table by Using a Subquery ٟي ابظخخداَ االظخفعبز اٌدصئٚئٔشبء خد
SQL> CREATE TABLE dept30 :ِثبي
2 AS
3 SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 ANNSAL, hiredate
Table created
4 FROM emp
5 WHERE deptno = 30 ;
SQL> DESCRIBE dept30 Name Null? Type
------------ ----------------- --------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
ANNSAL NUMBER
HIREDATE DATE
The ALTER TABLE statement ALTER TABLE يًٚ خد٠ػببزة حؼد
Use the ALTER TABLE statement to: Add a new column, modify an existing column, and define a
default value for the new column.
.ذ٠د عذّٛخ ٌٍع١ّخ اـزشاػ١ذ ل٠ رؾذٚد أٛعِٛ دًّٛ ع٠ رعذٚذ أ٠د عذّٛػبـخ ع٦ ALTER TABLE ّخ١ٍرغزخذَ رع
ALTER TABLE table :1غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
ADD ( column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[ , column datatype]…. ) ;
ALTER TABLE table :2غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
MODIFY ( column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[ , column datatype]…. ) ;
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
DEFAULT expr specifies a default value for a new column ذ٠د اٌغذّٛخ ٌٍع١ّخ اـزشاػ١ض ل١رخظ
column is the name of the column دّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌعcolumn
datatype is the datatype and length of the new column ذ٠د اٌغذّٛب ٌٍعٌٙٛؽٚ بٔبد١ع اٌجٛٔ ذ٠ رؾذDatatype
- 43 -
Adding a Column ّٛئػبفت ػ
You use the ADD clause to add columns ػبـخ أعّذح٦ ADD ٔغزخذَ عجبسح
SQL> ALTER TABLE dept30 Table altered. :ِثبي
2 ADD ( job VARCHAR2(9)) ;
: ٍٟ٠ ي وّبٚخ اٌغذ٠بٙٔ ٟذ ـ٠د اٌغذّٛظجؼ اٌع٠
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM dept30 ; EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL HIREDATE JOB
---- -------- ---------- ---------- ------
7499 ALLEN 19200 20/02/81
7521 WARD 15000 22/02/81
7654 MARTIN 15000 28/09/81
7844 TURNER 18000 08/09/81
7900 JAMES 11400 03/12/81
Modifying a Column ًّٛ ػ٠حؼد
You can change a column's datatype, size, and default value.
خ١ـزشاػ٨ّخ ا١اٌمٚ ُ اٌؾغٚ دّٛبٔبد اٌع١ع ثٛٔ ش١١ثبِىبٔه رؽ
ALTER TABLE ّخ١ٍ ِع رعMODIFY د رغزخذَ عجبسحًّٛ ع٠ٌزعذ
SQL> ALTER TABLE dept30 :ِثبي
2 MODIFY ( ename VARCHAR2(15)) ; Table altered.
.خ٠بٔبد عذد١ ثٍٝخ ع٠ٚعّذح اٌؾب٤ دلخ اٚش عشع أ١١ّىٕه رؽ٠
.)ؾ (ـبسغٛ طفٞي أٚ اٌغذٞٛؾ٠ ٌُ اراٚ أNULL ُ ـبسؼخ ـمؾ١ لٍٝد عّٛ اٌعٜٛد ارا اؽزّّٛىٓ أمبص عشع اٌع٠
.NULL ُ ـبسؼخ١د لّٛ اٌعٜٛبٔبد ارا اؽز١ع اٌجٛٔ ش١١ّىٓ رؽ٠
ٌُ اراٚ أNULL ُ ـبسؼخ١ لٍٝد عّٛ اٌعٜٛ ثبٌعىظ ارا اؽزٚ أVARCHAR2 عٌٕٛ اٌٝ اCHAR بٔبد١ع اٌجٛٔ ً٠ّٛىٓ رؾ٠
. size ُش اٌؾغ١١َ ثزؽٛرم
Dropping a Table DROP TABLE يٚػببزة ئظمبؽ ( زرف) خد
- All data and structure in the table is deleted. .ٝي عزّؾٚ اٌغذٟ ـٕٝ اٌجٚ بٔبد١ع اٌج١ّ ع-
- Any pending transactions are committed. .بٙز١زُ رضج١ٔز بس ع٨ذ ا١ اعشاءاد لٞ أ-
- All indexes are dropped .بسط عزؾزؾٙع اٌف١ّ ع-
- You cannot roll back this statement. .ّخ١ٍّىٓ اٌزشاعع عٓ ٘زٖ اٌزع٠ ٨ -
- Any views and synonyms will remains but are invalid. .ب رعزجش ثبؽٍخٕٙاٌّشادـبد ٌىٚ ش١ إٌّبظٝ رجم-
DROP TABLE table ; :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
SQL> DROP TABLE dept30; Table dropped. :ِثبي
Changing the name of an Object RENAME َت غسع ابظخخدا١ّئػب ة حع
. RENAME ّخ١ٍز رع١ه رٕف١ٍ ِشادؾ عٚ ِزغٍغٍخ أٚس أٛ ِٕ ٚي أٚش اعُ عذ١١ٌزؽ
RENAME old_name TO new_name ; :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
SQL> RENAME dept TO department; Table renamed. :ِثبي
Truncating a Table TRUNCATE ّت١ٍي ابظخخداَ حؼٚاخس اٌدد
ٓ اٌّغيزخذِخ ٌيزٌه٠ عيٓ ِغيبؽخ اٌزخيضٟاٌزخٍيٚ يٚد ِٓ اٌغيذ٩ اٌغغٚؾ أٛ ثؾزؾ وبـخ اٌظفTRUNCATE TABLE ّخ١ٍَ رعٛرم
ّىٕيه ؽييزؾ٠ وّيبTRUNCATE ّيخ١ٍـيخ ثبعيزخذاَ اٌزعٚؾ اٌّؾزٛ اٌزشاعيع عيٓ اٌظيفٚؾ أّٛىٕيه اعيزعبدح اٌظيف٠ ٨ ٗي وّيب أٔيٚاٌغيذ
: DELETE ّخ١ٍب ً ثبعزخذاَ رع٠بس١ؾ اخزٛطف
TRUNCATE TABLE table ; :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
- 44 -
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE department ; Table truncated. :ِثبي
Adding Comments to a table COMMENT َي ابظخخداٚك ٌٍدد١ٍئػبفت حؼ
. COMMENT ّخ١ٍد ثبعزخذاَ اٌزعّٛ اٌعٚي أٚمبد ٌٍغذ١ٍّىٕه اػبـخ رع٠
COMMENT TO TABLE table|column table.column :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
IS 'text' ;
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
column is the name of the column in a table يٚ اٌغذٟد ـّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ عcolumn
text is the text of the comment ك١ٍ رعجش عٓ ٔض اٌزعtext
SQL> COMMENT ON TABLE emp :ِثبي
IS 'Employee Information' ; Comment craeated.
Comments can be viewed through the data dictionary views:
: ٍٟ٠ بد ثبعزخذاَ ِب١ط اٌّعطِٛي ِٕبظش لب٩ك خ١ٍش اٌزعٙ ٠
ALL_COL_COMMENTS
USER_COL_COMMENTS
ALL_TAB_COMMENTS
USER_TAB_COMMENTS
SQL> SELECT * ك اٌغبثك ٔغذ١ٍ ثعذ ادساط اٌزع:ِثبي
FROM user_tab_comments ;
TABLE_NAME TABLE_TYPE COMMENTS
------------------------------ ----------- -------- --------------
BONUS TABLE
DEPT TABLE
EMP TABLE Employee Information
MICROSOFTDTPROPERTIES TABLE
SALGRADE TABLE
- 45 -
ٛ١اٌم-Constraints
What Are Constraints ? ٛ١ اٌمٟ٘ ِب
- Constraints enforce rules at the table level. . يٚ اٌغذٜٛ ِغزٍٝٓ ع١ٔاٛد ثفشع اٌمٛ١َ اٌمٛ رم-
- Constraints prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies.
.بد١ي ارا وبْ ٕ٘بن رجعٚد رّٕع اٌؾزؾ ِٓ اٌغذٛ١ اٌم-
The following constraint types are valid in Oracle ًاوٚ أٟ اٌّخبزت فٛ١اع اٌمٛٔ أٌٟي اٌخبٚٓ اٌدد١ب٠
Constraint د١اٌم طفٌٛ اDescription
Specifies that this column may not contain a null values
NOT NULL
ُ ـبسؼخ١ذ ل١زا اٌمٙذ ث١د اٌّمّٛ اٌعٞٛؾ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ ٨
UNIQUE Specifies a column or combination of columns whose values must be unique for all rows in the table
د٠اٌّفخبذ اٌفس يٚ اٌغذٟؾ ـٛع اٌظف١ّذح ِٓ أعً ع١ؽٚ بّٙ١ْ لٛ رىٟعخ أعّذح اٌزّٛ ِغٚد أّٛت ِٓ ع١ عجبسح عٓ رشوٛ٘
PRIMARY KEY Uniquely identifies each row of the table
ٟاٌّفخبذ األظبظ ضاد اٌخبطخ١ٌّ ثعغ اٟذ ٌىٕٗ أعط٠ؼ اٌفش١ أؽذ اٌّفبرٛ٘ٚ يٚذ وً طؿ ِٓ اٌغذ٠عشؾ ثشىً ـش٠
FOREIGN KEY Establishes and enforces a foreign key relationship between the column and a column of the referenced table
)ب٠ ( اٌغسٟاٌّفخبذ اٌخبزخ ي اٌّشععٚد ِٓ اٌغذّٛعٚ ٌٟد اٌؾبّٛٓ اٌع١ ثٞٛٔلخ ِفزبػ صب٩ عٍٝئوذ ع٠ ٚ ئعظ٠
CHECK Specifies a condition that must be true
د اإلخخببز١ل ً ؾب١ٔٗ طؾٛة وٛعٛطؿ اٌششؽ ثٛ٠
Defining Constraints ٛ١ف اٌم٠حؼس
CREATE TABLE [schema.] table :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[ column_constraint] , ….
[ table_constraint ][ ,….]) ;
schema is the same as the owner's name رعجش عٓ ٔفظ اعُ اٌّبٌهschema
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
DEFAULT expr specifies a default value if a value is omitted in the INSERT statement
INSERT ّخ لذ ؽزـذ ِٓ عجبسح١خ ارا وبٔذ ٘زٖ اٌم١ّخ اـزشاػ١ض ل١ رخظDEFAULT expr
column is the name of the column دّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌعcolumn
datatype is the column's datatype and length ّٟ ع٤ب اٌٙٛؽٚ بٔبد١ع اٌجٛٔ ذ٠ رؾذDatatype
Column constraint is an integrity constraint as part of the column definition
. دّٛؿ اٌع٠ذ وغضء ِٓ رعش١عجش عٓ وّبي اٌم٠ دّٛذ اٌع١ لcolumn constraint
Table constraint is an integrity constraint as part of the table definition
. يٚؿ اٌغذ٠ذ وغضء ِٓ رعش١عجش عٓ وّبي اٌم٠ يٚذ اٌغذ١ لtable constraint
SQL> CREATE TABLE emp ( : ِثبي
empno NUMBER(4),
ename VARCHAR2(10), Table created
……….
deptno NUMBER(7 , 2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT emp_empno_pk PRIMARY KEY (EMPNO) ) ;
. ٗي ثعذ أشبئٚ اٌغذٌٝد اٛ١ّىٕٕب اػبـخ اٌم٠ ٗٔ أ٨ي اٚلذ أشبء اٌغذٚ ٔفظٟد ـٛ١َ ثبٔشبء اٌمٛ عبدح ٔم
: يٚ اٌغذِٜٛغزٚ دّٛ اٌعٜٛٓ ِغز١٠ٛ ِغزٍٝد عٛ١ رٕشؤ اٌم
Column [COMSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type َْ اٌشىً اٌعبٛى٠ : ّٛ اٌؼٜٛ ِعخٍٝػ
Column , ….. َْ اٌشىً اٌعبٛى٠ : يٚ اٌددٜٛ ِعخٍٝػ
[COMSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type
(column , …..) ,
- 46 -
The NOT NULL Constraint NOT NULL د١اٌم
Defined at the column level دّٛ اٌعٜٛ ِغزٍٝعشؾ ع٠ ٛ٘ٚ
SQL> CREATE TABLE emp ( : ِثبي
empno NUMBER(4),
ename VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR2(9),
mgr NUMBER(4),
hiredate DATE,
sal NUMBER(7 , 2),
comm NUMBER(7 , 2),
deptno NUMBER(7 , 2) NOT NULL ) ;
: ٍٟ٠ ّخ اٌغبثمخ وّب١ًٍ اٌزع٠رٌه ثزعذٚ ذ١ذ عٕذ أشبء اٌم١ض اعُ ٌٍم١ّىٕه رخظ٠ وّب
……. deptno NUMBER(7 , 2)
CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_nn NOT NULL ….
ّخٌّٙ ٘زٖ اٌٝٛز٠ ًساوٚارا ٌُ ٔفعً ـبْ أٚ اٌغبثكٟثبٌؾمً وّب ـٚ يٚلخ ثبٌغذ٩ب عٌٙ ْٛى٠ ْفؼً أ٠ٚ د أعّبءٛ١ّىٕٕب اعطبء اٌم٠
. ذ أعّبء خبطخ١ٌٛثز
The UNIQUE KEY Constraint د٠د اٌّفخبذ اٌفس١ل
Defined at either the column level or the table level يٚ اٌغذٜٛ ِغزٚد أّٛ اٌعٜٛ ِٓ ِغزٞ ٍّ أٍٝعشؾ ع٠ ٛ٘ٚ
NOT ذ١ارا وبْ اٌمٚ يٚ اٌغذٟ ؽغت وً عطش ـٚذ١ؽٚ ّخ ٘زا اٌّفزبػ١ْ لٛش رى١ عذح أعّذح ثؾٚد أّٛت ِٓ ع١ عجبسح عٓ رشوٛ٘ ٚ
. اٌفبسؼخNULL ّخ١ اٌمٞٛؾ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ دّٛد ـبْ اٌعّٛ ٘زا اٌعٍٝش ِعشؾ ع١ ؼNULL
SQL> CREATE TABLE dept ( : ِثبي
deotno NUMBER(2),
dname VARCHAR2(14) ,
loc VARCHAR2(13),
CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk UNIQUE (dname) ) ;
Note : The Oracle Server enforces the UNIQUE KEY constraint by implicitly creating a unique index
on the unique key.
.ذ٠ اٌّفزبػ اٌفشٍٝبً ع١ّٕذ ػ١ؽٚ شطٙذ ثبٔشبء ـ١ؽٌٛذ اٌّفزبػ ا١ساوً لٚد إٔٚفز ِض٠ : ؽ خ٩ِ
The PRIMARY KEY Constraint ٟد اٌّفخبذ األظبظ١ل
Defined at either the column level or the table level يٚ اٌغذٜٛ ِغزٚد أّٛ اٌعٜٛ ِٓ ِغزٞ ٍّ أٍٝعشؾ ع٠ ٛ٘ٚ
٨ ٚ يٚ اٌغذٟاؽذ ـٚ ٟؿ ِفزبػ أعبع٠ّىٓ رعش٠ٚ ضاد اٌخبطخ١ٌّ ٌىٕٕب لّٕب ثبعطبئٗ ثعغ اٚ ذح٠ؼ اٌفش١ عجبسح عٓ أؽذ اٌّفبرٛ٘ ٚ
. NULL ّخ١اء اٌمّٛىٕٗ اؽز٠
. يٚ عذٍٝذ ع١ً ِٓ ل٨د ثذّٛ عٍٝذ ع١اعطخ لٛاؽذ ثٚ دّٛٔب ً ِٓ عٛذ ارا وبْ ِى٠ ـشٚ أٟؿ اٌّفزبػ وّفزبػ أعبع٠ّىٕٕب رعش٠
SQL> CREATE TABLE dept ( : ِثبي
deotno NUMBER(2),
dname VARCHAR2(14) ,
loc VARCHAR2(13),
CONSTRAINT dept_dname_uk UNIQUE (dname)
CONSTRAINT dept_deptno_pk PRIMARY KEY (deptno) ) ;
ٟعبع٤د اٌّفزبػ اّٛ ِٓ أعً عٟذ ثشىً رٍمبئ١ؽٚ شطٕٙشؤ ـ٠
- 47 -
The FRREIGN KEY Constraint ) ب٠ ( اٌغسٟد اٌّفخبذ اٌخبزخ١ل
Defined at either the column level or the table level يٚ اٌغذٜٛ ِغزٚد أّٛ اٌعٜٛ ِٓ ِغزٍّٞ أٍٝعشؾ ع٠ ٛ٘ٚ
. ي آخشٚ ٌغذٟعبع٤ اٌّفزبػ اٟدح ـٛعِٛ بّٙ١عخ أعّذح لّٛت ِٓ ِغ١ عجبسح عٓ رشوٛ٘ ٚ
SQL> CREATE TABLE emp ( : ِثبي
empno NUMBER(4),
ename VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR2(9),
mgr NUMBER(4),
hiredate DATE,
sal NUMBER(7 , 2),
comm NUMBER(7 , 2),
deptno NUMBER(7 , 2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT emp_deptno_fk FOREIGN KEY (deptno) REFERENCES dept (deptno) ) ;
اٌّضيبي اٌغيبثكٟ وّيب ـيREFERENCES ّيخ اٌّشاعيع١ٍي آخش ثبعزخذاَ رعٚ عذٟ ـٚي أٚ ٔفظ اٌغذٟ ـٟعبع٤ع ٌٍّفزبػ اّٛىٓ اٌشع٠
عجيبسح عيٓ ِفزيبػٛ ٘يٞاٌيزٚ deptno دٛ اٌعّيٌٝشعع ا٠ emp يٚ اٌغذٟ ـٟ عجبسح عٓ ِفزبػ خبسعٛ٘ ٞاٌزٚ deptno ًش أْ اٌؾم١ؽ
يٚعطش اٌّشرجطخ ثيٗ ِيٓ اٌغيذ٤ ؽزؾ اٞسٚة ـبٔٗ ِٓ اٌؼش٤ي اٚذ ؽزؾ أعطش ِٓ اٌغذ٠ عٕذِب رشٌٟثبٌزبٚ dept يٚ اٌغذٟ ـٟأعبع
ٝساويً عٍيٚ رغجيش أٟاٌزيٚ REFERENCESّيخ١ٍ رعٝ رؼيبؾ اٌيٟاٌزٚ ON DELETE CASCADE ّخ١ٍرٌه ثبعزخذاَ اٌزعٚ ة٤ا
.) ٟعبع٤ة ( ا٤ي اٚثٓ عٕذِب رؾزؾ أعطش ِٓ اٌغذ٨ي اٚعطش اٌّشرجطخ ِٓ اٌغذ٤ؽزؾ ا
FOREIGN KEY Constraint Keywords
Identifies the table and column in the parent table
REFERENCES
ة٤ي اٚد اٌّشعع ِٓ اٌغذّٛاٌعٚ يٚرؾذد اٌغذ
Allows deletion in the parent table and deletion of the dependent rows in the child table
ON DELETE CASCADE ة٤ي اٚـخ ِٓ اٌغذٚؾ اٌّؾزٛاٌّشرجطخ ِع اٌظفٚ ٓث٨ي اٚؾ ِٓ اٌغذَٛ ثؾزؾ اٌظفٛرم
The CHECK Constraint د االخخببز١ل
Defines a condition that each row must satisfy ؾٛغت أْ رؾممٗ وبـخ اٌظف٠ ٞؾذد اٌششؽ اٌز٠ ٛ٘ٚ
Expressions that are not allowed: : بٙػ ثّٛش ِغ١ش اٌؽ١اٌزعبث
: ًخ ِض١م١ش ؽم١عّذح اٌؽ٤ اٍٝد عٛ١ّىٕه اعزخذاَ ٘زٖ اٌم٠ ٨
References to CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, and ROWNUM pseudo columns
Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, and USERENV functions.: خ١ٌاثع اٌزبٛاعزذعبء اٌز
Queries that refer to other values in other rows.ٜؾ أخشٛ طفٟ ـُٜ أخش١ لٌٝش ا١ رشٟعزفغبساد اٌز٨ا
SQL> CREATE TABLE dept ( : ِثبي
deotno NUMBER(2),
dname VARCHAR2(14) ,
loc VARCHAR2(13),
CONSTRAINT emp_dname_ck CHECK (deptno BETWEEN 10 and 99) )
;
- 48 -
Adding a Constraint د١ئػبفت ل
- Add or drop, but not modify a constraint ً٠ّىٓ اٌزعذ٠ ٨ ٌٓىٚ ذ١ ؽزؾ لّٚىٓ اػبـخ أ٠ -
- Enable or disable constraints دٛ١ٓ اٌم١ اٌؽبء رّىٚٓ أ١ رّى-
- Add a NOT NULL constraint by using the MODIFY clause.
MODIFY ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحNOT NULL ذ١ّىٓ اػبـخ اٌم٠ -
ALTER TABLE table ؽخ اٌعبِخ١اٌظ
ADD [CONSTRAINT constraint ] type (column) ;
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
constraint is the name of the constraint ذ١ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌمconstraint
type is the constraint type ذ١ع اٌمٛٔ ٓ رعجش عtype
column is the name of the column ذ١د اٌّزؤصش ثبٌمّٛ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌعcolumn
SQL> ALTER TABLE emp : ِثبي
ADD CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk
FOREIGN KEY (mgr) REFERENCES emp (empno); Table altered.
Dropping a Constraint د١بء) لٙٔئظمبؽ (ئ
- Remove the manager constraint from the EMP table EMP يٚد اٌّذساء ِٓ عذّٛذ ع١ ؽزؾ ل-
SQL> ALTER TABLE emp : ِثبي
Table altered.
DROP CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk ;
َ ثبعزخذاDeptno دّٛ اٌعٛ٘ٚ EMP يٚ اٌّشرجؾ ثٗ ِٓ عذٟذ اٌّفزبػ اٌخبسع١اعمبؽ لٚ Dept يٚ ِٓ عذٟعبع٤ذ اٌّفزبػ ا١ ؽزؾ ل-
اٌّضيبيٟة وّيب ـي٤ي اٚؾ ِيٓ اٌغيذٚيذ اٌّؾيز١اٌّشرجطيخ ِيع اٌمٚ ثٕيبء٤ي اٚد ِيٓ اٌغيذاٛي١َ ثبعيمبؽ اٌمٛ رمٟ اٌزٚ CASCADE ّخ١ٍاٌزع
: ٌٟاٌزب
SQL> ALTER TABLE dept : ِثبي
Table altered.
DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE ;
Disabling Constraints ٛ١ٓ اٌم١ئٌغبء حّى
- Execute the DISABLE clause of the ALTER TABLE statement to deactivate an integrity constraint.
.ذ١ ٌزجطً عًّ اٌمALTER TABLE ِع عجبسحDISABLE ز عجبسح١زُ رٕف٠
- Apply the CASCADE option to disable dependent integrity constraints.
.ة٤ي اٚذ اٌغذ١د اٌّشرجطخ ِع لٛ١ ٌزجطً عًّ اٌمCASCADE بس١ً خ١زُ رفع٠
ALTER TABLE table غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
DISABLE CONSTRAINT constraint [CASCADE] ;
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
constraint is the name of the constraint ذ١ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌمconstraint
SQL> ALTER TABLE emp : ِثبي
DISABLE CONSTRAINT emp_empno_pk CASCADE ;
Table altered.
- 49 -
Enabling Constraints ٛ١ٓ اٌم١حّى
- Execute the ENABLE clause of the ALTER TABLE statement to activate an integrity constraint.
.ذ١ً عًّ اٌم١ ٌزفعALTER TABLE ِع عجبسحENABLE ز عجبسح١زُ رٕف٠
- A UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY index is automatically created if you enable a UNIQUE KEY or
PRIMARY KEY constraint .
.ٓ٠ذ١ٓ اٌم٠ ِٓ ٘زًٞ أ١ب ً عٕذ رفع١ذ رٍمبئ٠اٌّفزبػ اٌفشٚ ٟغ١شط اٌّفزبػ اٌشئٙزُ أشبء ـ٠
ALTER TABLE table غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
ENABLE CONSTRAINT constraint ;
table is the name of the table يٚ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌغذtable
constraint is the name of the constraint ذ١ رعجش عٓ اعُ اٌمconstraint
SQL> ALTER TABLE emp : ِثبي
ENABLE CONSTRAINT emp_empno_pk ;
Table altered.
Viewing Constraints ٛ١ػسع اٌم
Query the USER_CONSTRAINTS table to view all constraint definitions and names.
:ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟ وّب ـUSER_CONSTRAINTS دٛ١ي اٌمٚ عذٍٝغت اعشاء اعزفغبس ع٠ دٛ١ؿ اٌم٠ رعبسٚ بس وبـخ أعّبءٙظ٦
SQL> SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type, search_condition : ِثبي
FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE table_name = 'EMP' ;
CONSTRAINT_NAME C SEARCH_CONDITION
------------------------------ ----- -------------------------------
EMP_MGR_FK R
PK_EMP P
FK_DEPTNO R
SYS_C00674 ًب أعّبء ِضٙساوً ثبعطبئَٚ أٛم٠ يٚ اعُ ِٓ لجً ِبٌه اٌغذٝ ٌُ رعطٟد اٌزٛ١ اٌم: ؽ خ٩ِ
اٌؾشؾٚ عجش عٓ اٌّشعع٠ R اٌؾشؾٚ PRIMARY KEY ذ١عجش عٓ اٌم٠ P اٌؾشؾٚ CHECK ذ١عجش عٓ اٌم٠ C ؽشؾ٥ٌ ثبٌٕغجخ
. UNIQUE key ذ١عجش عٓ اٌم٠ U
Viewing the Columns Associated with Constraints ٛ١ػسع األػّدة ِسافمت ٌٍم
SQL> SELECT constraint_name, column_name : ِثبي
FROM user_cons_columns
WHERE table_name = 'EMP' ; CONSTRAINT_NAME COLUMN_NAME
----------------------------- -----------
FK_DEPTNO DEPTNO
PK_EMP EMPNO
- 50 -
(س)اٌّشب٘د١ إٌّبظ-Views
What Is a View ? زٛ إٌّظٛ٘ ِب
You can present logical subsets or combinations of data by creating views of tables. A view is a logical
table based on a table or another view. A view contains no data of its own but is like a window through
witch data from tables can be viewed or changed. The tables on witch a view is based are called based
tables. The view is stored as a SELECT statement in the data dictionary.
ٍٝ عٟٕ ِجٟي ِٕطمٚس عجبسح عٓ عذٛ ٌّٕ ا.يٚش ٌٍغذا١بٔبد ثبٔشبء ِٕبظ١ ِشوجخ ِٓ اٌجٚخ أ١عخ ِٕطمُّٛ ِغ٠ رمذٚبسأٙثبِىبٔه اظ
ٚب أّٙىٓ عشػ٠ يٚبٔبد عذا١ب ثٌٙ٩ش ِٓ خٙ ٠ عجبسح عٓ ٔبـزحٛ٘ أّبٚ ٗبٔبد خبطخ ث١ ثٞٛؾ٠ ٨ سٛ ٌّٕ ا.س آخشٛ ِٕ ٚي أٚعذ
ّٓ ػSELECT بس١خز٦شجٗ عجبسح ا٠ ًس ثشىٛ ٌّٕخضْ ا٠ .ي اٌمبعذحٚ اٌغذاٝس رّغٛ ٌّٕب اٙ أعبعٍٝ عٟٕ ثٟي اٌزٚ اٌغذا.ش٘ب١١رؽ
.بٔبد١ط اٌجِٛلب
.سٛ ٌّٕ رشىً لبعذح اٟي اٌزٚ سثؾ اٌغذاٌٝ اٜ أدٞخفبء إٌّطك اٌز٦ مخ٠ ؽشٛ٘ : سٛ ٌّٕا
Why use View ? س١ٌّبذا حعخخدَ إٌّبظ
- To restrict database access. . بٔبد١ اٌجٌٝي اٛ اٌذخٚي أٛطٌٛخ ا١ٍّذ ع١١ ٌزم-
- To make a complex queries easy. . ِبد اٌّعمذح أثغؾ٩عزع٦ ٌغعً ا-
- To allow data in independence. . بٔبد١ي اٌج٩ اٌغّبػ ثبعزم-
- To present different views of the same data. . بٔبد١ ِشب٘ذ ِخزٍفخ ٌٕفظ اٌجٚش أ١ُ ِٕبظ٠ ٌزمذ-
Simple Views and Complex Views س اٌّؼمدة١إٌّبظٚ طت١س اٌبع١ٓ إٌّبظ١ِمبزٔت ا
Feature صة١ٌّا Simple Views Complex Views
Number of tables يٚعذد اٌغذا One One or more
Contain functions اثعٛ رٍٝ عٞٛؾز٠ NO Yes
Contain groups of data بٔبد١عبد ِٓ اٌجّٛ ِغٍٝ عٞٛؾز٠ NO Yes
DML through view بٔبد١ّبد ٌؽخ اٌزعبًِ ِع اٌج١ٍ رعٞٛؾز٠ YES Not always
Creating a View زٛئٔشبء ِٕظ
.سٛ ٌّٕ أصٕبء أشبء اٟ وغضء أعبعٟس اعزفغبس عضئٛ ٌّٕ اٞٛؾ٠
. ِعمذحSELECT ت عجبسح١ رشوٞٛؾ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ ا
.ORDER BY عجبسحٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ اٞٛؾ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ ٨
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ FORCE|NOFORCE ] VIEW view :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
[(alias [ , alias] …) ]
AS subquery
[ WITH CHECK OPTIN [ CONSTRAINT constraint ] ]
[ WITH READ ONLY ]
OR REPLACE re-creates the view if it already exists. .ً٩س ارا وبْ لذ أٔشؤ لجٛ ٌّٕاعبدح أشبء ا
FORCE creates the view regardless of whether or not the base tables exist
.س ِٕشؤحٛ ٌّٕ لبعذح اٚخ أ١عبع٤ي اْٚ اٌغذاٛس ثؽغ إٌ ش عٓ وٛ ٌّٕأشبء ا
NOFORCE creates the view only if the base tables exist
.ٟـزشاػ٦ اٛ٘ٚ س لذ رُ أشبإ٘بٛ ٌّٕ لبعذح اٚخ أ١عبع٤ي اٚس ـمؾ ارا وبٔذ اٌغذاٛ ٌّٕأشبء ا
view is the name of the view. سٛ ٌّٕ اعُ اview
alias specifies names for the expressions selected by the view‘s query.
.سٛ ٌّٕش اٌّخزبسح ِٓ لجً اعزفغبس ا١رؾذد أعّبء ِغزعبسح ٌٍزعبث
subquery is a complete SELECT statement . وبٍِخselect ّخ١ٍ رعSubquery
WITH CHECK OPTION specifies that only rows accessible to the view can be inserted or updated .
.بٍٙ٠ رعذٚب أٌّٙىٓ ـمؾ ادخب٠ ٟاٌزٚ سٛ ٌّٕؾ اٌّزظٍخ ثبٛٓ اٌظف١رع
constraint is the name assigned to the CHECK OPTION constraint .
CHECK OPTION بس١خز٦ذ ا١عُ اٌّخظض ٌم٨ا
- 51 -
WITH READ ONLY ensures that no DML operations can be performed on this view .
.سٛ ٌّٕ ٘زا اٟ ـDML خ١ٍّ عٞرؼّٓ عذَ أغبص أ
SQL> CREATE VIEW empvu10 : ِثبي
AS SELECT empno, ename, job
FROM emp View created.
WHERE deptno = 10 ;
SQL> DESCRIBE empvu10 س اٌغبثكٛ ٌّٕطؿ اٚ : حباغ اٌّثبي اٌعباك
Name Null? Type
------------ ------------------ --------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
The subquery that defines a view can contain complex SELECT syntax, including joins, groups,
and subqueries.
ع١ّب د اٌزغ١ٍّ عٚ اثؾٚ ِشوجخ رؼُ اٌشSELECT عجبسحٍٝس عٛ ٌّٕعشؾ ا٠ ٞ اٌزٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ اٞٛؾ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠
. خ١اعزفغبساد عضئٚ
The subquery that defines the view cannot contain an ORDER BY clause. The ORDER BY
clause is specified when you retrieve data from the view .
ORDER BY ْ عجبسح٤ . ORDER BY عجبسحٍٝس عٛ ٌّٕعشؾ ا٠ ٞ اٌزٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨ اٞٛؾ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ ٨
.سٛ ٌّٕبٔبد ِٓ ا١خ اعزشعبع اٌج١ٍِّخظظخ ٌع
If you do not specify a constraint name for a view created with the CHECK OPTION, the system
will assign a default name in the format SYS_Cn .
. SYS_Cn َؤخز اٌشىً اٌعب٠ ٟذ اعُ اـزشاػ٠َ إٌ بَ ثزؾذٛم٠ سٛ ٌٍّٕ ذ إٌّشؤ١ض اعُ ٌٍم١ ارا ٌُ رمُ ثزخظ
You can use the OR REPLACE option to change the definition of the view without dropping and
re-creating it .
. OR REPLACE ّخ١ٍرٌه ثبعزخذاَ اٌزعٚ ٖ اعبدح أشبءْٚ ؽزـٗ أٚس ثذٛ ٌّٕؿ ا٠ش رعش١١ّىٕه رؽ٠
ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟ وّب ـ:) ٍٟ ( اٌداخٟ ػّٓ االظخفعبز اٌدصئColumn Aliases ز ابظخخداَ أظّبء ِعخؼبزة ٌألػّدةٛئٔشبء ِٕظ
SQL> CREATE VIEW salvu30 : ِثبي
AS SELECT empno EMPLOYEE_NUMBER , ename NAME ,
sal SALARY
FROM emp View created.
WHERE deptno = 30 ;
Retrieving Data from the View : : زٛبٔبث ِٓ إٌّظ١اظخؼب ة اٌب
SQL> SELECT * EMPLOYEE_NUMBER NAME SALARY
FROM salvu30 ; ------------------------------- ---------- ------------
7499 ALLEN 1600
7521 WARD 1250
7654 MARTIN 1250
………….
- 52 -
Modifying a View زًٛ إٌّظ٠حؼد
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW ّخ١ٍس ثبعزخذاَ رعٛ ًٌّٕ ا٠ّىٓ رعذ٠
: ٍٟ٠ د وّبّٛاػبـخ اعُ ِغزعبس ٌىً عٚ EMPVU10 ّٝاٌّغٚ س اٌغبثكٛ ًٌّٕ ا٠َ ثزعذٛ ٔمٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟـ
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW empvu10 : ِثبي
( employee_number , employee_name , job_title )
AS SELECT empno , ename , job
FROM emp
View created.
WHERE deptno = 10 ;
Column aliases in the CREATE VIEW clause are listed in the same order as the columns in the
subquery.
.ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨عّذح ػّٓ ا٤ت ا١ ثٕفظ رشرCREATE VIEW عجبسحٟعّبء اٌّغزعشح ـ٤ رشرت ا
Creating a Complex View ز ِسوبٛئٔشبء ِٕظ
Create a complex view that contains group functions to display values from tow tables.
:ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟٓ وّب ـ١ٌٚبٔبد ِٓ عذ١ع ٌعشع اٌج١ّاثع رغٛ رٞٛؾ٠ س ِشوتٛ ِٕ أشبء
SQL> CREATE VIEW dept_sum_vu : ِثبي
( name , minsal , maxsal , avgsal )
AS SELECT d.dname , MIN(e.sal) , MAX(e.sal) , AVG(e.sal)
FROM emp e , dept d
WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno
GROUP BY d.dname ; View created.
dept_sum_vu زٛبٔبث ِٓ إٌّظ١اظخسخبع اٌب
SQL> SELECT * NAME MINSAL MAXSAL AVGSAL
FROM dept_sum_vu ; ---------- --------- ---------- --------------
ACCOUNTING 1300 5000 2916.66667
RESEARCH 800 3000 2175
SALES 950 2850 1566.66667
Rules for Performing DML Operations On a View زٛ إٌّظٍٝ ػDML ّبث١ٍك حؼ١اػد حطبٛل
You can perform DML operations on simple views.
.طخ١ش اٌجغ١ إٌّبظٍٝبٔبد ) ع١ ( ٌؽخ ِعبٌغخ اٌجDML ّبد١ٍك رع١ّىٕه رطج٠
You cannot remove a row if the view contains the following:
ٍّ أٍٝ عٜٛس ارا اؽزٛ عطش ِٓ اٌغطٚ طؿ أّٞىٕه ؽزؾ أ٠ ٨
:ٍٟ٠ ِّبٞ
o Group functions . ع١ّاثع رغٛر
o A GROUP BY clause. ت١عجبسح اٌزشر
o The DISTINCT keyword .ّخ اٌخبطخ ثبٌؽبء اٌزىشاس١ٍاٌزع
You cannot modify data in a view if it contains:
ٍّ د أٛس ارا اؽزٛ ِٕ ًبٔبد داخ١ً اٌج٠ّىٓ رعذ٠ ٨
: ٍٟ٠ ِّبٞ
o Any of the conditions mentioned in the previous slide. اٌغبثكٟسح ـٛؽ اٌّزوٚ ِٓ اٌششٞأ
o Columns defined by expressions. ش١أعّذح ِعشـخ ثزعبث
o The ROWNIM pseudocolumn.
You cannot add data:
o The view contains any of the conditions mentioned above or in the previous slide .
. ؽمخ٩ٌ اٚؽ اٌغبثمخ أٚ ِٓ اٌششٞس أٛ ٌّٕ اٜٛ ارا اؽزo
o There are NOT NULL columns in the base tables that are not selected by the view.
.عّذح٤بس ٘زٖ ا١زُ اخز٠ ٌُٚ سٛ ٌّٕ رشىً لبعذح اٟي اٌزٚ اٌغذاْٟ ـبسؼخ ـٛ رى٨ ْشزشؽ أ٠ ارا وبٔذ ٕ٘بٌه أعّذحo
- 53 -
Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Clause بز اٌخسمك١اظخخداَ ػببزة خ
WITH CHECK OPTION س ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحٛ ٌّٕس ػّٓ ِغبي اٛ ٌّٕ اٍٝ اٌّطجمخ عDML ّخ اٌــ١ٍّىٕه أْ رؼّٓ ثمبء رع٠
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW empvu20 : ِثبي
AS SELECT *
FROM emp View created.
WHERE deptno = 20
WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT empvu20_ck ;
WITH بس اٌزؾمك١ذ خ١ لٍٝ عٜزعذ٠ ٗٔ٤ سٛ ٌّٕ عطش ػّٓ اٞ أٟ ـdeptno ُش سلُ اٌمغ١١ٌخ ٌزؽٚ ِؾبٞ عزفشً أ
. سعبٌخ خطؤٍٝس اٌغبثك ـبٕٔب ٔؾظً عٛ ًٌّٕ ا٠ٌخ رعذٚ ارا لّٕب ثّؾبٌٟثبٌزبٚ CHECK OPTION
SQL> UPDATE empvu20 : ِثبي
SET deptno = 10
WHERE empno = 7788 ;
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA-01402: view WITH CHECK OPTION where-clause violation
Denying DML Operations DML بث اٌـ١ٍّزفغ ػ
.سٛ ٌّٕؿ ا٠ رعشٌٝ اWITH READ ONLY بس١ عٕذ اػبـخ اٌخDML خ١ٍّ عٞس أّٚىٕه ِٕع ؽذ٠
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW empvu10 : ِثبي
( employee_number , employee_name , job_title )
AS SELECT empno , ename , job
FROM emp
View created.
WHERE deptno = 10
WITH READ ONLY ;
:غخ سعبٌخ خطؤ١ْ إٌزٛس عزىٛ ًٌّٕ ٌؾزؾ عطش ِٓ ا٩ٌخ ِضٚ ِؾبٞ إٔٔب لّٕب ثؤٌٛ
SQL> DELETE FROM empvu10 : ِثبي
WHERE employee_number = 7782 ;
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA-01752: Cannot delete from view without exactly one key-preserved table
Removing a View زٛزرف (ئظمبؽ) إٌّظ
Remove a view without losing data because a view is based on underling tables on the database.
.بٔبد١ لبعذح اٌجٟي ربثعخ ـٚ أعبط عذاٍٝ عٟٕس ِجٛ ٌّْٕ ا٤ رٌهٚ بٔبد١ْ ـمذاْ اٌجٚس ثذٛ ٌّٕ ؽزؾ ا
DROP VIEW view ; :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
view is the name of the view. سٛ ٌّٕ اعُ اview
SQL> DROP VIEW empvu10 ; : ِثبي
View dropped.
- 54 -
ً اٌّعٍع-Sequence
سضٙ اٌف-Index
اٌّسا ف-Synonym
What Is a Sequence ? ً اٌّعٍعٛ٘ ِب
Automatically generates unique numbers.
Is a sharable object.
Is typically used to create a primary key value.
Replaces application code.
Speeds up the efficiency of accessing sequence values when cached in memory.
. ذح٠ أعذاداً ـشٌٌٟذ ثشىً آٛ٠
. ؼشع لبثً ٌٍّشبسوخٛ٘
. ٟعبع٤ُ اٌّفزبػ ا١ذ ل١ٌٛ ٌزٟرعّٛٔ ًغزخذَ ثشى٠
.ك١غزجذي سِض اٌزطج٠
. اٌزاوشحٟخجؤ٘ب ـ٠ ُ اٌغٍغٍخ عٕذِب١ي لٛخ دخ١ٌع ـعب٠َ ثزغشٛرم
The CREATE SEQUENCE Statement ًػببزة ئٔشبء ِعٍع
: ٟذ أسلبَ ِزغٍغٍخ ثشىً رٍمبئ١ٌَٛ ثزُٛ ِزغٍغٍخ رم١ؿ ل٠رعش
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
[ INCREMENT BY n ]
[ START WITH n ]
[ { MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE } ]
[ { MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE } ]
[ { CYCLE | NOCYCLE } ]
[ { CACHE n | NOCACHE } ] ;
sequence is the name of the sequence generator ًٌذ اٌّغٍغِٛ ُ رعجش عٓ اعsequence
ٖ ؽبٌخ اّ٘بي ٘زٟـٚ ؾخ١ْ اٌغٍغٍخ عجبسح عٓ أسلبَ طؾٛ ؽبي وٟسلبَ اٌغٍغٍخ ـ٤ٓ ا١ رؾذد اٌفبطً ثINCREMENT BY n
. 1 ذ ثّمذاس٠اٌعجبسح ـبْ اٌغٍغٍخ رزضا
1 ُ ؽبٌخ اّ٘بي ٘زٖ اٌعجبسح ـبْ اٌغٍغٍخ رجذأ ثبٌشلٟـٚ )خ اٌغٍغٍخ٠ اٌغٍغٍخ (ثذاٟذٖ ـ١ٌٛزُ ر٠ ُي سلٚؾذد أ٠ START WITH n
. ٌذٖ اٌغٍغٍخٛ رّٚىٓ أ٠ ُ رؾذد أوجش سلMAXVALUE n
.ٌٟت اٌزٕبص١ ٌٍزشر-1 ٞٚرغبٚ ٞت اٌزظبعذ١ ٌٍزشر10^27 ٞٚ رغبٟ٘ٚ بٙ١ٌي اٛطٌّٛخ ِّىٓ ا١ رؾذد أوجش لNOMAXVALUE
. اٌغٍغٍخٟ رؾذد أطؽش سلُ ـMINVALUE n
ت١(– ٌٍزشر10^27) ٞٚرغبٚ ٞت اٌزظبعذ١ ٌٍزشر1 ٞٚ رغبٟ٘ٚ بٙ١ٌي اٛطٌّٛخ ِّىٓ ا١ رؾذد أطؽش لNOMAXVALUE
.ٌٟاٌزٕبص
اٌّخظضٝٔد٤ اٚ أٍٝع٤اْ ثٍؽذ اٌؾذ اٚ ُٝ اٌّزغٍغٍخ ؽز١ذ اٌم١ٌّٛب ارا اٌغٍغٍخ عزغزّش ثز١ رؾذد ـCYCLE | NOCYCLE
. ٟـزشاػ٨بس ا١ اٌخٛ٘ٚ NOCYCLE لؿ عٕذ رٌه اٌؾذٛ أْ رزٚب أٌٙ
ًاوٚد أَٚ ِضٛم٠ٚ اٌزاوشحٟب ـٙػعٚٚ ًب ِغجمبٙظ١ساوً ثزخظٚد أَٚ ِضٛم٠ ُٟ اٌز١ رؾذد عذد اٌمCACHE n | NOCACHE
. ّخ١ ل20 ض ِغجك ٌـ١ب ثزخظ١اـزشاػ
CYCLE بس١ً اٌخ١ رمُ ثزفع٨ٚ DEPT يٚ اٌغذٟ ـٟعبع٤ ٌزغزخذَ ِٓ أعً اٌّفزبػ اDEPT_DEPTNO ُ أشبء عٍغٍخ ثبع: ِثبي
SQL> CREATE SEQUENCE dept_deptno
INCREMENT BY 1
START WITH 91
MAXVALUE 100
NOCACHE Sequence created.
NOCYCLE ;
Confirming Sequences ًاٌخثبج ِٓ اٌّعٍع
- 55 -
: ٍٟ٠ وّبUSER_SEQUENCES د٩بٔبد اٌّغٍغ١ط ثِٛي لبُٚ اٌّغٍغً ػّٓ عذ١ّىٕه اٌزؾمك ِٓ ل٠
SQL> SELECT sequence_name , min_value , max_value , increment_by , last_number
FROM user_sequences ;
ؽك اٌّزبػ٩ٌعشع سلُ اٌّغٍغً ا٠ last_number دّٛش أْ اٌع١ثؾ
SEQUENCE_NAME MIN_VALUE MAX_VALUE INCREMENT_BY LAST_NUMBER
-------------------------- ----------------- ------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------
DEPT_DEPTNO 1 100 1 91
NEXTVAL and CURRVAL Pseudocolumns األػّدة اٌصائفت
NEXTVAL returns the next available sequence value.
ثبٌٕغجخٝٗ ؽز١ٌع اٛب اٌشعٙ١زُ ـ٠ وً ِشحّٟخ اٌّغٍغً ـ١ذ ل١ع٠ ؽك ) وّب٩ٌ (اٌّٟخ اٌّغٍغً اٌّزبػ اٌزب١ذ ل١ع٠ NEXTVAL
. ٓ١ٓ ِخزٍف١ٌِّغزخذ
CURRVAL obtains the current sequence value. ٌّٟخ اٌّغٍغً اٌؾب١ لٍٝؾظً ع٠
Rules for using NEXTVAL and CURRVAL CURRVAL ٚ NEXTVAL َٓ اظخخدا١ٔاٛل
: ٍٟ٠ ػّٓ ِبCURRVAL ٚ NEXTVAL َّىٕه اظخخدا٠
. ٟعزفغبس اٌغضئ٨غذ عضء ِٓ ا١ٌ ٟاٌزٚ SELECT ػّٓ لبئّخ عجبسح-
. INSERT ّخ١ٍ رعٟ ـSELECT ػّٓ لبئّخ عجبسح-
. INSERT ّخ١ٍ اٌزبثعخ ٌزعVALUES ػّٓ عجبسح-
. UPDATE ّخ١ٍ اٌزبثعخ ٌزعSET ػّٓ عجبسح-
: ٍٟ٠ ػّٓ ِبCURRVAL ٚ NEXTVAL َّىٕه اظخخدا٠ ال
. VIEW سٛ ٌّٕ اٌخبطخ ثبSELECT ػّٓ لبئّخ عجبسح-
. DISTINCT خ١ ِع اٌىٍّخ اٌّفزبؽSELECT ػّٓ عجبسح-
.ORDER BY , HAVING , GROUP BY ّبد١ٍ ِع اٌزعSELECT ػّٓ عجبسح-
. UPDATE ٚ أDELETE ٚ أSELECT ّبد١ٍ داخً رعٟ ػّٓ اعزفغبس عضئ-
. ALTER TABLE ٚ أCREATE TABLE ّٟز١ٍ ػّٓ رعDEFAULT exp خ١ـزشاػ٨ّخ ا١ ػّٓ اٌم-
Using a Sequence ًاظخخداَ اٌّعٍع
: ٍٟ٠ لغبَ وّب٤ي اٚ" ػّٓ عذMARKETING" ٛ٘ ذ٠َ ثبدخبي اعُ لغُ عذٛعٕم
SQL> INSERT INTO dept ( deptno , dname , loc ) : ِثبي
VALUES ( dept_deptno.NEXTVAL ,
' MARKETING ' , ' SAN DIEGO ' ) ; 1 row created.
ي اٌفبسغٚرٌه ػّٓ اٌغذٚ CURRVAL َرٌه ثبعزخذاٚ NEXTVAL اعطخٛ ثdeptno ًّخ اٌّؼبـخ ػّٓ اٌؾم١بس اٌمٙاظ
: DUAL
CURRVAL
SQL> SELECT dept_deptno. CURRVAL --------------
FROM dual ; 91
START WITH 91 ّخ١ٍ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزع48 اٌّضبي طفؾخّٟخ ثذء ـ١ وم91 ّخ١ػعٕب اٌمٚ إٔٔب لذٛ٘ اٌغجتٚ
: ٍٟ٠ وّبdept يٚ ثبعزعشاع اٌغذٚأ
SQL> SELECT *
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
FROM dept
------------ ----------- -------
WHERE dname = ' MARKETING ' ;
91 MARKETING SAN DIEGO
. ُ١ رٍه اٌمٌٝي اٛطٌٛع ا٠غّؼ ثزغش٠ اٌزاوشحُٟ اٌّغٍغً ـ١ػع لٚ ْ اo
: ٍٟ٠ ِّبُٞ اٌّغٍغً ارا ؽذس أ١اد) ػّٓ لٛ رؾذس اٌضؽشاد (اٌفغo
- 56 -
. Rollback خ رشاعع١ٍّس عٚ ؽذ
. َبس إٌ ب١ٙٔ ا
.ي آخشٚ ؽبٌخ اعزخذاَ اٌّغٍغً ػّٓ عذٟ ـ
. UER_SEQUENCES يَٚ عٓ عذ٩عزع٨ ثبNOCACH اٌّزبػ ارا رُ أشبإٖ ِعٌّٟىٓ عشع اٌّغٍغً اٌزب٠ o
Modifying a Sequence ًً اٌّعٍع٠حؼد
Change the increment value , maximum value , minimum value , cycle option , or cache option .
. Cache بس اٌزاوشح١ خٚ ّٜخ اٌظؽش١اٌمٚ ّٝ ّخ اٌع١ اٌمٚ ًُ اٌّغٍغ١ٓ ل١بدح ث٠ّخ ـبسق اٌض١ً ل٠ رعذ
ALTER SEQUENCE sequence غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
[ INCREMENT BY n ]
[ { MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE } ]
[ { MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE } ]
[ { CYCLE | NOCYCLE } ]
[ { CACHE n | NOCACHE } ] ;
: ّٝ ّخ اٌع١ً اٌم٠رٌه ثزعذٚ DEPT_DEPTNO ًّٝ اٌّغٍغً اٌّغ٠ رعذ: ِثبي
SQL> ALTER SEQUENCE dept_deptno
INCREMENT BY 1
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE Sequence altered.
NOCYCLE ;
ذح٠ أٔٗ ـمؾ أسلبَ اٌّغٍغً اٌغذٌٝػبـخ ا٦خ ثب١ٍّزٖ اٌعٌٙ ض١ اٌزشخٚبص أ١ِز٨غت أْ رٍّه ا٠ ًً اٌّغٍغ٠خ رعذ١ٍَّ ثعٛ رمٝ ؽز
ه١ٍ عSTART WITH ّخ اٌجذء١ش ل١١ رؽٞذح أ٠ّخ عذ١ً وّب أٔٗ ِٓ أعً ثذء اٌّغٍغً ثم٠ رزؤصش ثبٌزعذٟ اٌزٟ٘ خ١ٍ اٌّغزمجٚأ
. دحٛعٌّٛ اٞخ أ١ٌّخ اٌؾب١ْ أطؽش ِٓ اٌمٛ رىّٝ ّخ ع١ػع لٚ ً٠ّىٕه أصٕبء اٌزعذ٠ ٨ ٗٔؽزؾ اٌّغٍغً صُ اعبدح أشبإٖ وّب أ
: يٚدح ثبٌغذٛعِٛ 91 ّخ١ّخ أطؽش ِٓ آخش ل١ ثمّٝ ّخ اٌع١ً اٌم٠رٌه ثزعذٚ DEPT_DEPTNO ًّٝ اٌّغٍغً اٌّغ٠ رعذ: ِثبي
SQL> ALTER SEQUENCE dept_deptno
INCREMENT BY 1 ALTER SEQUENCE dept_deptno
MAXVALUE 90 *
NOCACHE ERROR at line 1:
NOCYCLE ; ORA-04009: MAXVALUE cannot be made to be less
than the current value
Removing a Sequence ًزرف ( ئشاٌت ) اٌّعٍع
: DROP ّخ١ٍ ثبعزخذاَ رعdata dictionary بٔبد١ط اٌجِّٛىٓ اصاٌخ اٌّغٍغً ِٓ لب٠
DROP SEQUENCE sequence غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
: DEPT_DEPTNO ّٝ ؽزؾ اٌّغٍغً اٌّغ: ِثبي
SQL> DROP SEQUENCE dept_deptno ;
Sequence dropped.
سضٙ اٌف-Index
What Is a Index ? سضٙ اٌفٛ٘ ِب
- 57 -
Is a schema object .
Is used by the Oracle Server to speed up the retrieval of rows by using a pointer .
Can reduce disk I/O by using rapid path access method to locate the data quickly .
Is independent of the table it indexes .
Is used and maintained automatically by the Oracle Server .
عجبسح عٓ ؼشع ِخطؾ .
٠ غزخذَ ِٓ لجً ِضٚد أٚساوً ٌ١غشع عٍّ١خ اعزشعبع اٌظفٛؾ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّئشش .
ّ٠ ىٕٗ رظؽ١ش اٌمشص ـ ٟعٍّ١خ ا٦دخبي ٚا٦خشاط ثبعزخذاَ ؽش٠ك اٌٛطٛي اٌغش٠ع ٌزؾذ٠ذ ِىبْ اٌج١بٔبد ثغشعخ .
٠ غزخذَ ٠ٚؾفع آٌ١ب ً ِٓ لجً خبدَ أٚساوً .
و١ف حٕشأ اٌفٙبزض :
ٕ٠ شؤ اٌفٙشط اٌفش٠ذ ثشىً أٚرِٛبر١ى ٟعٕذِب ٔؼع أؽذ اٌمٛ١د UNIQUEأ PRIMARY KEY ٚػّٓ رعش٠ؿ اٌغذٚي .
أ٠ ٚذ٠ٚب ً ثؾ١ش ّ٠ىٓ ٌٍّغزخذِ ٓ١أشبء ـٙبسط ؼ١ش ـش٠ذح عٍ ٝا٤عّذح ٌزغشع ِٓ ٚلذ عٍّ١خ اٌٛطٛي اٌ ٝاٌظفٛؾ .
ٔم َٛثبخز١بس اٌفٙشط عٍ ٝأٔٗ اِب عّٛد ٠ؾ ٞٛل ُ١ؼ١ش ِىشسح ٠ٚغّ ٝثبٌفش٠ذ ِٓٚاٌّّىٓ أْ ٠ ٨ى ْٛاٌّفزبػ ا٤عبعٌٍ ٟغذٚي أ ٚعّٛد
٠ؾ ٞٛلِ ُ١ىشسح ٠ٚغّ ٝاٌفٙشط اٌؽ١ش ـش٠ذ ٛ٘ ٚعّٛد ٠غزخذَ ثشىً وج١ش ػّٓ رعٍّ١خ WHEREأ٠ ٞزُ اٌؾظٛي عٍ ٝاٌظفٛؾ
عٓ ؽش٠مٗ ٚاٌفٙشط ـ ٟثٕ١خ ِضً اٌجٕ١خ اٌشغش٠خ .
Create Index ئٔشبء فٙسض
ّ٠ىٓ أشبء ـٙشط عٍ ٝعّٛد أ ٚأوضش :
CREATE INDEX index اٌظ١غت اٌؼبِت:
; ) … ] ON table ( column [ , column
index is the name of the index. indexاعُ اٌفٙشط
table is the name of the table. tableاعُ اٌغذٚي
column is the name of the column in the table to be indexed. columnاعُ اٌعّٛد اٌّفٙشط ـ ٟاٌغذٚي
ِثبي :لُ ثزؾغ ٓ١عشعخ اعزع َ٩اٌٛطٛي اٌ ٝعّٛد ِٓ ENAMEاٌغذٚي : EMP
SQL> CREATE INDEX emp_ename_idx
ON ; )emp(ename Index created .
When to Create an Index ِخٔ ٝم َٛاأشبء اٌفٙبزض
ٔغزخذَ اٌفٙشط عٍ ٝاٌعّٛد اٌز٠ ٞغزخذَ ثشىً وج١ش ػّٓ عجبسح WHEREأ ٚـ ٟششؽ اٌشثؾ . Join condition .1
عٍ ٝاٌعّٛد اٌز٠ ٞؾِ ٞٛغبي ٚاعع ِٓ اٌم.ُ١ .2
عٍ ٝاٌعّٛد اٌز٠ ٞؾ ٞٛعذد وج١ش ِٓ اٌم ُ١اٌفبسؼخ. .3
عٍ ٝعّٛد ٓ٠أ ٚأوضش ٠غزخذِبْ ثشىً وج١ش ػّٓ عجبسح WHEREأ ٚـ ٟششؽ اٌشثؾ . Join condition .4
عٍ ٝاٌغذٚي اٌىج١ش ( اٌؼخُ ) ٚاٌّطجك عٍ ٗ١اعزفغبساد ٠زٛلع أْ رع١ذ ألً ِٓ 2اٌ ِٓ % 4 ٝاعّبٌ ٟاٌظفٛؾ . .5
When Not to Create an Index ِخ ٝال ٔم َٛاأشبء اٌفٙبزض
اٌغذٚي اٌظؽ١ش . .1
عٍ ٝأعّذح ٨رغزخذَ ـ ٟاٌؽبٌت وششؽ ػّٓ ا٨عزفغبس . .2
أؼٍت ا٨عزفغبساد اٌّزٛلع أْ رع١ذ أوضش ِٓ 2اٌ ِٓ % 4 ٝاعّبٌ ٟاٌظفٛؾ . .3
اٌغذٚي اٌز٠ ٞزُ رؾذ٠ضٗ وض١شاً . .4
Confirming Indexes اٌخأود ِٓ اٌفٙبزض (اٌخثبج)
اْ ِٕ ٛس لبِٛط اٌج١بٔبد اٌّغّ٠ USER_INDEXES ٝؾز ٞٛاعُ اٌفٙشط وّب ٠ؾ ٞٛطفخ وٚ ٗٔٛؽ١ذاً أUNIQUE or ٨ ٚ
NONUNIQUEوّب أْ إٌّ ٛس ٠ USER_IND_COLUMNSؾز ٞٛاعُ اٌفٙشط ٚاعُ اٌغذٚي ٚاعُ اٌعّٛد وّب : ٍٟ٠
- 58 -
SQL> SELECT ic.index_name , ic.column_name , : ِثبي
Ic. column_position col_pos , ix.uniqueness
FROM user_indexes ix , user_ind_columns ic
WHERE ic.index_name = ix.index_name
AND ic.table_name = ' EMP ' ;
INDEX_NAME COLUMN_NAME COL_POS UNIQUENESS
-------------------- ----------------------- ------------- -------------------
PK_EMP EMPNO 1 UNIQUE
EMP_ENAME_IDX ENAME 1 NONUNIQUE
Removing an Index سضٙزرف ( ئظمبؽ ) ف
: DROP ّخ١ٍ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزعData dictionary بٔبد١ط اٌجِٛشط ِٓ لبٙزُ ؽزؾ اٌف٠
DROP INDEX index غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
: DEPT_DEPTNO ّٝ ؽزؾ اٌّغٍغً اٌّغ: ِثبي
SQL> DROP INDEX emp_ename_idx ;
Index dropped.
. DROP ANY INDEX بص١ِز٨ه ا٠ْ ٌذٛى٠ ْ أٚشط أْٙ اٌّبٌه ٌٍفٛغت أْ رى٠ شطَٙ ثبعمبؽ اٌفٛ رمٝؽز
اٌّسا ف- Synonym
What Is a Synonym ? اٌّسا فٛ٘ ِب
Simplify access to objects by creating a synonym (another name for an object) .
- 59 -
Refer to a table owned by another user.
Shorten lengthy object names.
.) اعُ آخش ٌٍؽشعٛ٘ٚ( ؿ٠ؼشاع ثبٔشبء اٌشد٤ اٌٝي اٛطٌٛخ ا١ٍّؾ ع١ّىٕه رجغ٠
.ن ِٓ لجً ِغزخذَ آخشٍِّٛ يٚ عذٌٝش ا١ش٠
.ؼشاع٤اي أعّبء اٛش أؽ١َ ثزمظٛم٠
.ذ١س ثعٛ ِٕ ٚي أٚ عذٚ أٍٟس ِؾٛ ِٕ ٚي أٚعُ عذ٨ ؿ٠َ ثبٔشبء سدٛم٠
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym :غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
FOR object ;
PUBLIC create a synonym accessible to all user . ؿ٠ٓ ٌٍشد١ِي وبـخ اٌّغزخذٛطٚ خ١ٔبس اِىب١فعً ٘زا اٌخ٠ PUBLIC
synonym is the name of the synonym to be created. ؿ٠ اعُ اٌشدsynonym
object identifies the object for which the synonym is created.
.ٌٗ ؿ٠ذ أشبء سد٠ ٔشٞ اعُ اٌؽشع اٌزobject
:dept_sum_vu ّٝس اٌّغٛ ٌٍّٕ لُ ثبٔشبء اعُ ِمظش: ِثبي
Create a shortened name for the DEPT_SUM_VU view.
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM d_sum Synonym created.
FOR dept_sum_vu ;
Drop a Synonym زرف ( ئظمبؽ ) ِسا ف
: DROP ّخ١ٍ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزعData dictionary بٔبد١ط اٌجِٛزُ ؽزؾ اٌّشادؾ ِٓ لب٠
DROP SYNONYM synonym غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
: d_sum ّٝ ؽزؾ اٌّشادؾ اٌّغ: ِثبي
SQL> DROP SYNONYM d_sum ;
Synonym dropped.
The DBA can create public synonym accessible to all user.
. PUBLIC ّخ١ٍٓ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزع١ِؿ عبَ ِزبػ ٌىبـخ اٌّغزخذ٠بٔبد أشبء سد١ش لبعذح اٌج٠ّىٓ ٌّذ٠
: Alice َ اٌزبثع ٌٍّغزخذDEPT يٚ ٌٍغذDEPT ُ ثبٔشبء ِشادؾ عبَ ثبعٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبَٟ ـٛ ٔم: ِثبي
SQL> CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM d_sum
FOR alice.dept ; Synonym created.
. PUBLIC َؿ عب٠بٔبد ؽزؾ سد١ش لبعذح اٌج٠ّىٓ ـمؾ ٌّذ٠
: DEPT ّٝ ؽزؾ اٌّشادؾ اٌّغ: ِثبي
SQL> DROP SYNONYM dept ;
Synonym dropped.
Controlling User Access _ َي اٌّعخخدٛطٛاٌخسىُ ا
In multiple user environment you want to maintain security of the database access and use. With Oracle
Server database security you can do the following :
Control database access.
- 60 -
Give access to specific object in the database.
Confirm given and received privileges with the Oracle data dictionary.
Create a synonym for database objects.
Database security can be classified into two categories : system security and data security .
System security covers access and use of the database at the system level such as username and
password, disk space allocated to users , and system operations allowed by the user .
Database security covers access and use of the database objects and the actions that those users can
have on the objects.
َبٔبد خبد١ِٓ اٌخبص ثمبعذح ث٤ ِع ا.بِٙاعزخذاٚ بٔبد١ اٌجٌٝي اٛخ اٌذخ٠عشٚ ِٓ أٍٝ ثذ ِٓ اٌؾفبظ ع٨ ٓ١ِئخ ِزعذدح اٌّغزخذ١ ثٟـ
: ٍٟ٠ بَ ثّب١ّىٕه اٌم٠ ًساوٚأ
. بٔبد١ لبعذح اٌجٌٝي اٛطٌٛ اٌزؾىُ ثب
.بٔبد١ٓ ِٓ أؼشاع لبعذح اٌج١ ؼشع ِعٌٝي اٛطٌٛضح ا١ِ اعطبء
. ًساوٚبٔبد أ١ط ثِٛك لب٠بصاد عٓ ؽش١ِز٨ اٟ رٍمٚرغٍُ أٚ اٌزؤوذ ِٓ اعطبء
.بٔبد١ؼشاع لبعذح اٌج٤ ِشادؾٚؿ أ٠ أشبء سد
. data security بٔبد١أِٓ اٌجٚ system security َ أِٓ إٌ ب: ٓ١ظٕؿ ػّٓ ـئز٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ بٔبد١أِٓ لبعذح اٌج
ععخ اٌمشص, سٚ وٍّخ اٌّشٚ َ إٌ بَ ِضً اعُ اٌّغزخذٜٛ ِغزٍٝبٔبد ع١اعزخذاَ لبعذح اٌجٚ يٛطٌٛخ ا١ٍّشًّ ع٠ : َأِٓ إٌظب
. َب ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذٙػ ثّٛبد إٌ بَ اٌّغ١ٍّ ع, ٓ١ِاٌّخظظخ ٌٍّغزخذ
. ٘زا اٌؽشعٍٝب عٙا ثٚئصش٠ ْٓ أ١ِّىٓ ٌّغزخذ٠ ٟؽذاس اٌز٤اٚ بٔبد١اعزخذاَ أؼشاع اٌجٚ يٛطٌٛخ ا١ٍّشًّ ع٠ : بٔبث١أِٓ اٌب
Privileges ) بث١بشاث ( اٌعّبز١االِخ
Database security : ( system security – data security ).
System privileges : Gain access to the database.
Object privileges : Manipulate the content of the database objects.
Schema : Collection of objects , such as tables, views, and sequences.
.) بٔبد١ ( أِٓ إٌ بَ – أِٓ اٌج: بٔبد١ أِٓ لبعذح اٌج
. بٔبد١ لبعذح اٌجٌٝي اٛطٌٍٛ ْ ارٍٝي عٛ اٌؾظ: َبد) إٌ ب١بصاد (عّبؽ١ اِز
. بٔبد١بد أؼشاع لبعذح اٌج٠ٛزعبًِ ِع ِؾز٠ : ؼشاع٤بصاد ا١ اِز
. د٩ اٌّغٍغٚ ش١إٌّبظٚ يٚؼشاع ِضً اٌغذا٤عخ ِٓ اّٛ ِغ: اٌّخطؾ
بصاد ثّٕؼ١ِز٨خ ِٕؼ ا١ٍ ِٓ لبثٌٟ عبٍّٜٛه ِغز٠ ٞاٌزٚ بٔبد١ش لبعذح اٌج٠َ ِذٛم٠ , خبطخSQL ز عجبساد١ رّضً اٌؾك ثزٕف: بصاد١ِز٨ا
بٔبد١ لبعذح اٌجٌٝي اٛطٌٍٛ ٓ١ِبد ٌٍّغزخذ١اٌغّبؽ
. ٓ٠ٓ آخش١ِخ ٌّغزخذ١بد اػبـ١بص ِٕؼ عّبؽ١ْ اِزِٛ اٌّغزخذٝعط٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ وّب
- 61 -
System Privileges َبشاث إٌظب١اِخ
More than 80 privileges are available for users and roles ظبئؿٌٛاٚ ٓ١ِبص ِزبػ ٌٍّغزخذ١ اِز80 ِٓ أوضش.
The DBA has high-level system privileges :
Create new users ٓ١ِ أشبء ِغزخذ.
Remove tables يٚ ؽزؾ اٌغذا.
Back up tables يٚخ ٌٍغذا١بؽ١ أشبء ٔغخخ اؽز.
System Privilege Operations Authorized بٙبث اٌّسخض ا١ٍّاٌؼ
CREATE USER DBA بٔبد١اعذ اٌجٛش ل٠ظبئؿ ِذٚ ِٓ بص١ِز٨٘زا ا
DROP USER ٟٔاعمبؽ ( ؽزؾ ) ِغزخذَ صب
DROP ANY TABLE خطخٞي ِٓ أٚؽزؾ عذ
BACKUP ANY TABLE ش٠ خطخ ثبعزخذاَ اٌزظذٞ أٟي ـٚ عذٞ٤ خ١بؽ١أشبء ٔغخخ اؽز
Creating Users ٓ١ِئٔشبء ِعخخد
اٌّشؽٍخٟبصاد ـ١ اِزٍّٞه اٌّغزخذَ أ٠ ٨ CREATE USER ٓ ثبعزخذاَ عجبسح١ِ ثبٔشبء اٌّغزخذDBA بٔبد١ش لبعذح اٌج٠َ ِذٛم٠
لبعذحٜٛ ِغزٍٝبَ ثٗ ع١ّىٓ ٌٍّغزخذَ اٌم٠ ٞبصاد ِب اٌز١ِز٨ رؾذد ٘زٖ ا, َبصاد ٌٍّغزخذ١ِز٨ش ثّٕؼ عذد ِٓ ا٠َ عٕذ٘ب اٌّذٛم٠ خ١ٌاٌؾب
: بٔبد١اٌج
CREATE USER user غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
IDENTIFIED BY passwords ;
: tiger ٌٗ سٚ وٍّخ اٌّشٚ scott َ أشبء اٌّغزخذ: ِثبي
SQL> CREATE USER scott
IDENTIFIED BY tiger ; User created.
user is the name of the user to be created. َ اعُ اٌّغزخذuser
password specifies that the user must login with this password. يٛ وٍّخ عش اٌذخpassword
User System Privileges َبشاث إٌظبَ ٌٍّعخخد١اِخ
: ٍٟ٠ زُ أشبإٖ وّب٠ بصاد ٔ بَ ِؾذدح عٕذِب١ ِٕؼ اٌّغزخذَ اِزDBA بٔبد١ش لبعذح اٌج٠ّىٓ ٌّذ٠
CRANT privilege [ , privilege ….] غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
TO user [ , user …] ;
An application developer may have the following system privileges :
CREATE SESSION أشبء عٍغخ
CREATE TABLE يٚأشبء عذ
CREATE SEQUENCE َأشبء ِغٍغً ػّٓ خطخ ِغزخذ
CREATE VIEW َس ػّٓ خطخ اٌّغزخذٛ ِٕ أشبء
CREATE PROCEDURE َ سصِخ ػّٓ خطخ اٌّغزخذٚ اعشاء ِخضْ أٚأشبء ربثع أ
Creating and Granting Privileges to a Role فت١ظٌٛ بشاث١ِٕر اِخٚ ئٔشبء
ٟاٌزٚ َب اٌّغزخذٙؾزبع٠ ِٟبد اٌزٍٛ اٌّعٌٝط اٌٌٛٛاع اٛٔع ِٓ أٛٔ ٚبصاد أ١ِز٨عخ ِٓ اّٛ ِغٛ٘ : )Oracle Role( ًزاوٚفت أ١ظٚ
بصاد١ِز٨ب اعطبء اٙ١بصاد إٌ بَ ثّب ـ١ اِزٚ بد١بد وً عّبؽ١ش لبعذح اٌّعط٠فخ ِذ١ظٚ ٞٛرؾ.ٌٗ ظبئؿ اٌّزبؽخٌٛاٚ بد١ٌٚرزعٍك ثبٌّغئ
. ٓ٠خش٣ٌ
ٚبد أ١ّىٕٗ ِجبششح اعطبء عّبؽ٠ ِغزضّشٞ أٌٟثبٌزبٚ أوضشٚفخ ٌّغزخذَ أ١ظٌٛفخ صُ ِٕؼ ٘زٖ ا١ظٌٛ بصاد١عخ اِزّّٛىٕه اعطبء ِغ٠ وّب
.بصاد ٌّغزضّش آخش١اِز
- 62 -
: manager فخ١ظٌٛ أشبء ا: ِثبي
SQL> CREATE ROLE manager ;
Role created.
: manager فخ١ظٌٍٛ بد١ ِٕؼ اٌغّبؽ: ِثبي
SQL> GRANT create table , create view
TO manager ; Grant succeeded .
:CLARK ٚ BLAKE ٓ١ِ ٌٍّغزخذmanager فخ١ظٌٍٛ ِٕؼ: ِثبي
SQL> GRANT manager to BLAKE , CLEARK ;
Grant succeeded .
Changing Your Password س وٍّت اٌعس١١حغ
You can change your password by using the ALTER USER statement.
ALTER USER user IDENTIFIED BY passwords ; غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
user is the name of the user to be created. َ اعُ اٌّغزخذuser
password specifies the new password. ذح٠ وٍّخ اٌغش اٌغذpassword
: scott َش وٍّخ اٌغش ٌٍّغزخذ١١ رؽ: ِثبي
SQL> ALTER USER scott
IDENTIFIED BY lion ; User altered .
Granting System Privileges َبث إٌظب١ِٕر ظّبز
. َبصاد ِؾذدح ٌٍّغزخذ١َ ثّٕؼ اِزٛم٠ ْبد أ١ش لبعذح اٌّعط٠ّىٓ ٌّذ٠
: scott َبصاد إٌ بَ ٌٍّغزخذ١ ِٕؼ ثعغ اِز: ِثبي
SQL> GRANT create table , create sequence , create view
TO scott ; Grant succeeded
What is a Role ? فت١ظٌٛ اٟ٘ ِب
A role is a named group of related privileges that can be granted to the user. This method makes
granting and revoking privileges easier to perform and maintain .
A user can have access to several roles , and several users can be assigned the same role. Roles
typically are created for a database application.
بصاد١ِز٨عؾت اٚ خ ِٕؼ١ٍّمخ ع٠ رغعً ٘زٖ اٌطش, َّىٓ أْ رّٕؼ ٌّغزخذ٠ بصاد١عخ اِزّٛ عجبسح عٓ اعُ ٌّغٟ٘ فخ١ظٌٛ ا
. ثمبء٦اٚ ز١ اٌزٕفًٟ ـٙأع
رُ أشبء, ٓ١ِفخ ٌعذد ِٓ اٌّغزخذ١ظٌٛض ٔفظ ا١ّىٓ رخظ٠ وّب. ظبئؿ ِزعذدحٚ ٌٝي اٛطٌّٛزٍه ٌٍّغزخذَ ا٠ ّْىٓ أ٠
. بٔبد١ك لبعذح اٌج١ب ً ِٓ أعً رطج١رعّٛٔ ظبئؿٌٛا
CREATE ROLE role ; غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
role is the name of the role to be created. فخ إٌّشؤح١ظٌٛ اعُ اrole
- 63 -
Object Privileges - بشاث األغساع١اِخ
Object privilege Table View Sequence Procedure
ALTER
DELETE
EXECUTE
INDEX
INSERT
REFERENCES
SELECT
UPDATE
Object Privileges بشاث األغساع١اِخ
Object privileges vary from object to object .
An owner has all the privileges on the object .
An owner can give specific privilege on that owner's object .
. آخشٌٝبصاد اٌؽشع ِٓ ؼشع ا١ع اِزٕٛرز
. ٌٗ اٌؽشع اٌزبثعٍٝبصاد ع١ِز٨ع ا١ٍّّه ع٠ طبؽت اٌؽشعٚاٌّبٌه أ
.ٌٗ ؼشع ربثعٍٕٝخ ع١خ ِع١ع اٌّبٌه اعطبء عّبؽ١غزط٠
Grant object_priv [ (columns) ] غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
ON object
TO { user|role|PUBLIC }
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ] ;
object_priv is an object privilege to be granted. ػٌّّٕٛبص اٌؽشع ا١ اِزobject_priv
ALL specifies all object privileges. بصاد اٌؽشع١ رؾذد وبـخ اِزALL
ON object is the object on witch the privileges are granted. فخ ِب١ظٚ ػٌّّٕٛ اعُ اٌؽشع اON object
TO identifies to whom the privilege is granted. بص١ِز٨ٗ ا١ٌ ِٕؼ اٞؾذد اٌّغزخذَ اٌز٠ TO
PUBLIC grant object privileges to all users. ٓ١ِبد اٌؽشع ٌىبـخ اٌّغزخذ١ ِٕؼ عّبؽPUBLIC
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ] allows the grantee to grant the object privileges to other users and roles .
. ٓ٠ظبئؿ آخشٚ ٚٓ أ١ِبصاد اٌؽشع ٌّغزخذ١ػ ثّٕؼ اِزٌّّٕٛبس ٌٍشخض ا١غّؼ ٘زا اٌخ٠
: rich ٚ sue ٓ١ِ ٌٍّغزخذEMP يٚ اٌغذٍٝعزفغبس ع٨بصاد ا١ ِٕؼ اِز: 1ِثبي
SQL> GRANT select
ON emp Grant succeeded
TO sue , rich ;
:فخ١ظٌٛاٚ َٕخ ٌٍّغزخذ١ش أعّذح ِع٠بصاد ٌزؾذ١ِز٨ ِٕؼ ا: 2ِثبي
SQL> GRANT update (dname , loc)
ON dept Grant succeeded
TO scott , manger ;
ْ لذ ِٕؾذٛ أْ رىٚ اٌخبطخ ثه أSchema ْ ٘زا اٌؽشع ِٓ ػّٓ اٌخطخٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ ؼشع ِبٍٝبصاد ع١َ ثّٕؼ اِزٛ رمٝؽز
. ٜظبئؿ أخشٌٛ ٚٓ أ٠بصاد اٌؽشع ٌّغزخذِٓ آخش١ ِٕؼ اِزٚش أ٠ّٕؾه اٌؾك ثزّش٠ ٞاٌزٚ WITH GRANT OPTION بس١اٌخ
: WITH GRANT OPTION بس١بصاد ثبعزخذاَ اٌخ١ِز٨ش ا٠ ِٕؼ اٌّغزخذَ اٌؾك ثزّش: 3ِثبي
SQL> GRANT select , insert
ON dept
TO scott Grant succeeded
WITH GRANT OPTION ;
خ١ ثبعزخذاَ اٌىٍّخ اٌّفزبؽAlice َ اٌخبص ثبٌّغزخذDEPT يٚعزفغبس عٓ اٌغذ٨ٓ ػّٓ إٌ بَ ثب١ِ اٌغّبػ ٌىبـخ اٌّغزخذ: 4ِثبي
: ٓ١ِي ٌىبـخ اٌّغزخذٚي ٌٍغذٛطٌٛي ِٓ ِٕؼ ؽك اٚ رغعً ِبٌه اٌغذٟاٌزٚ PUBLIC
- 64 -
SQL> GRANT select
ON alice.dept Grant succeeded
TO PUBLIC ;
بٔبث١ض اٌبِٛي اٌخبطت امبٚاؼغ اٌددا
Data Dictionary Table Description- طفٌٛا
ROLE_SYS_PRIVS System privileges granted to roles - ظبئؿٌٍٛ ؽخٌّّٕٛبصاد إٌ بَ ا١ اِزٞٛؾ٠
ROLE_TAB_PRIVS Table privileges granted to roles – ظبئؿٌٍٛ ؽخٌّّٕٛي اٚبصاد اٌغذ١ اِزٞٛؾ٠
USER_ROLE_PRIVS Roles accessible by the user - َب ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذٙ١ٌي اٛطٌّٛىٓ ا٠ ٟظبئؿ اٌزٌٛ اٞٛؾ٠
َ أؼشاع اٌّغزخذٍٝؽخ عٌّّٕٛبد اٌؽشع ا١ عّبؽٞٛؾ٠
USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE
Object privileges granted on the user‘s objects
USER_ TAB _PRIVS_RECD Object privileges granted to the user - َؽخ ٌٍّغزخذٌّّٕٛبصاد اٌؽشع ا١ اِزٞٛؾ٠
َ أعّذح ِٓ ؼشع اٌّغزخذٍٝؽخ عٌّّٕٛبد اٌؽشع ا١ عّبؽٞٛؾ٠
USER_COL_PRIVS_MADE
Object privileges granted on the columns of the user‘s objects
أعّذح ِؾذدحٍٝؽخ ٌٍّغزخذَ عٌّّٕٛبد اٌؽشع ا١ عّبؽٞٛؾ٠
USER_COL_PRIVS_RECD
Object privileges granted to the user on specific columns
Revoking Object Privileges بشاث اٌغسع١ظسب (ئٌغبء) اِخ
بس١ؽخ ثبعزخذاَ اٌخٌّّٕٛبصاد ا١ِز٨وّب اْ ا. ٓ٠ٓ آخش١ِؽخ ٌّغزخذٌّّٕٛبصاد ا١ِز٨ ٌغؾت اREVOKE ّخ١ٍٔغزخذَ اٌزع
. ّخ١ٍؼب ً ثٕفظ اٌزع٠ب أٙزُ عؾج٠ WITH GRANT OPTION
REVOKE { privilege [ , privilege … ]|ALL } غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
ON object
FROM { user [, user …]|role|PUBLIC }
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;
CASCADE CONSTRAINTS is required to remove any referential integrity constraints made to the object
by means of the REFERENCES privilege .
. بص اٌّشاعع١اعطخ اِزٛخ ِٕشؤح ٌٍؽشع ث١د ِشععٛ١ لٞة ٌؾزؾ أٍٛبس ِط١٘زا اٌخ
: SCOTT َٓ ٌٍّغزخذ١ؽٌّّٕٛاٚ DEPT يٚ اٌغذٍٝ عInsert ٚ Select ٓ٠بص١ِز٨ عؾت ا: ِثبي
SQL> REVOKE select , insert
ON dept Revoke succeeded
FROM scott ;
ّٓى٠ عٕذ٘بٚ, ًؼب٠بص أ١ِز٨ّٕؼ ٘زا ا٠ ْع عٕذ٘ب أ١غزط٠ WITH GRANT OPTION بس١بص ِب ِع اٌخ١ارا ِٕؼ اٌّغزخذَ اِز
ٗ ِٕؾٞبص اٌز١ِز٨ عٕذ عؾت اٌّبٌه ا. ٞخ إٌّؼ ثشىً دائش١ٍّغّؼ ثع٠ ٨ ٓبصاد ٌى١ِز٨خ ِٕؼ ا١ٍٍّخ ِٓ ع٠ٛس عٍغٍخ ؽٚؽذ
.بص١ِز٨ ٘زا اٍٝؽخ ثٕبء عٌّّٕٛبصاد ا١ِز٨ ثغؾت وبـخ اREVOKE بص١ِز٨ّخ عؾت ا١ٍَ رعٌّٛغزخذَ رم
WITH GRANT OPTION بس إٌّؼ١ ِع خB ٟٔ ِغزخذَ صبٌٝ اSELECT عزفغبس٨بص ا١ ثّٕؼ اِزA ارا لبَ ِغزخذَ ِب: ِثبي
ٌٝ٘ىزا اٚ C ِغزخذَ صبٌشٌٝ اWITH GRANT OPTION بس إٌّؼ١بص ِع خ١ِز٨ّٕؼ ٘زا ا٠ ْ عٕذ٘ب أB َع اٌّغزخذ١غزط٠
ِٓ ً وٌٝػ إٌّّٛبص ا١ِز٨زُ عؾت ا٠ عٕذ٘بB َبص ِٓ اٌّغزخذ١ِز٨ عؾت ٘زا اA َ ؽبٌخ لشس اٌّغزخذٟـٚ C ِغزخذَ ساثع
. Cٚ B ٓ١ِاٌّغزخذ
- 65 -
Procedural Language/SQL - (PL/SQL)
About PL/SQL PL/SQL ي ٌغت اإلخساءاثٛز
PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with design features of programming languages.
Data manipulation and query statements of SQL are included within procedural units of code.
.ُ اٌخبطخ ثٍؽبد اٌجشِغخ١ّضاد اٌزظ١ِ ٌٝػبـخ ا٦ ثبSQL اِزذاد ٌٍؽخ اٌـPL/SQL رعزجش ٌؽخ
. دٛ وٞٛخ رؾ١ؽذاد اعشائٚ ّٓ ِزؼّٕخ ػSQL بٔبد اٌخبطخ ثـ١ِعبٌغخ اٌجٚ عزفغبس٨ّبد ا١ٍْ رعٛرى
Benefits of PL/SQL PL/SQL ائدٛفٚ صاث١ِ
Modularize program development ش٠ٛخ ٌجشٔبِظ اٌزط١بع١ؽخ اٌم١اٌظ
DECLARE ؼ٠اٌزظش ت١صة اٌىفبءاث اإلخسائ١ِ ٍٝ أٔه حسظً ػPL/SQL صاث ٌغت١ِ ّٓ ِٓ ػ
. SQL ٌغت اٌـٟس ِخبزت ف١اٌغٚ
BEGIN اٌجذء
EXCEPTION عزضٕبء٨ا
END ; خ٠بٌٕٙا
PL/SQL Block Structure PL/SQL ت وخٍت١ٕا
Every unit of PL/SQL comprises one ore more blocks. These blocks can be entirely separate or nested
one within another. The basic unit (procedures, functions, and anonymous blocks) that make up a
PL/SQL program are logical blocks, witch can contain any number of nested subblocks. Therefore, one
block can represent a small part of another block, which in turn can be part of the whole unit of code.
ؽذحٌٛ ا. ٜخش٤اؽذح ثبٌٛ ِزذاخٍخ اٚبً أ١ٍْ ٘زٖ اٌىزً ِٕفظٍخ وّٛىٓ اْ رى٠ .ً أوضش ِٓ اٌىزٚاؽذح أٚ ّٓ رزؼPL/SQL ِٓ ؽذحٚ ًو
رظٕع ثشٔبِظ اٌـٟ) اٌزanonymous ُع٨بً ا١ رٍمبئٝعُ رعط٨ٌخ اٛٙ وزً ِغٚ ,اثعٛ ر, عجبسح عٓ (اعشاءادٟ٘ ٟاٌزٚ خ١عبع٤ا
ّىٓ أْ رّضً عضء٠ اؽذحٚ ٌزٌه وزٍخ.خ اٌّزذاخٍخ١ عذد وبْ ِٓ اٌىزً اٌغضئٞ أّٞٛىٓ أْ رؾز٠ ٟاٌزٚ ,خ١ وزً ِٕ مٟ٘ PL/SQL
. دٛؽذح اٌىبٍِخ ٌٍىٌْٛ عضء ِٓ اّٛىٓ رجبعب ً أْ رى٠ ٟاٌزٚ , ٜشِٓ وزٍخ أخش١طؽ
. Portable ًّاٌسٚ ًب لباٍت ٌٍٕمٙٔ أPL/SQL صاث ٌغت١ِ ّٓ ِٓ ػ
آخش ثشٔبِظ اٌـٕٝ ثشٔبِظ ) ثّعًٚ أ١ ( ٔ بَ رشؽOracle Server ٚ أPL/SQLئخ رذعُ ٌؽخ اٌـ١ ثٞ أٌٝ ثشٔبِظ اّٞىٕه ٔمً أ٠ ٗٔ أٞأ
ّىٕه٠ مبره١رطجٚ ًساوٚٓ خبدَ أ١د ثٛؼبً ٔمً اٌى٠ّىٕه أ٠ وّب. ًساوٚد أٚٗ ِض١عًّ ـ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ ْ ِىبٞ أٟعًّ ـ٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ PL/SQL
. ئبد ِخزٍفخ١ ثٟب ـِّٙىٓ اعبدح اعزخذا٠ أشبء ِىزجبدٚ Portable Program Packages ٌخّٛوزبثخ سصَ ثشاِظ ِؾ
.ر ػٓ اٌّؼسفبث٠ّىٓ اٌخظس٠ ٗٔ أPL/SQL صاث١ِ ّٓ ِٓ ػ
بِٙ صُ اعزخذاexceptions عزضٕبءاد٨اٚ constants اثذٛ اٌضٚ cursors اٌّئششادٚ variables )شاد١د (اٌّزؽ٨ٛظشػ عٓ اٌّزؾ٠
لبعذحٟعّذح ـ٤اٚ يٚبد ِٓ اٌغذا١ اٌّعطٕٝ ثٍٝعزّبد ع٨ب ً ثب١ى١ِٕب٠شاد د١ؼ عٓ اٌّزؽ٠ اٌزظش. خ١ عجبساد اعشائٚ SQL ػّٓ عجبسح
.بد١اٌّعط
. ت١ حسىُ ٌغت ئخسائّٕٝىٓ أْ حبسِح ا٠
. ب ِؼبٌدت األخطبءّٕٙى٠
- 66 -
PL/SQL Block Structure PL/SQL ت وخٍت١ٕا
DECLARE - Optional ٞبز١ ئخخ- ر٠اٌخظس
- Variables, cursors, user-defined exceptions َاعضٕبءاد اٌّغزخذٚ اٌّئششادٚ شاد١ اٌّزؽ-
BEGIN – Mandatory ٞ ئخببز- اٌبدء
- SQL statements.
- PL/SQL statements.
EXCEPTION - Optional ٞبز١ ئخخ- اظخثٕبء
- Action to perform when errors occur. س أخطبءٚ ؽبٌخ ؽذٟؾذس ـ٠ عًّ ِب-
END ; – Mandatory ٞ ئخببز- بءٙٔئ
ٚ أSQL خ عجبسح٠بٙٔ ٟ ـsemicolon ) ; ( ؽخٛػع ـبطٍخ ِٕمٛلُ ث DECLARE
. PL/SQL عجبسح v-variable VARCHAR2(5) ;
ٌخٛٙ اٌّغPL/SQLز وزٍخ اٌـ١ ٌزٕفslash ) / ( ِخ اٌششؽخ٩اعزخذَ ع BEGIN
يْٛ ؽظٚثذٚ ؽبٌخ رُ أغبص اٌىزٍخ ثٕغبػٟـ, )buffer( ػّٓ اٌّظذ SELECT column_name
: ٌٟ اٌخشط ثبٌشىً اٌزبٟش ـٙ عزٟع اٌشعبٌخ اٌزٛٔ ٞأخطبء ِٓ أ INTO v-variable
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed FROM table_name ;
EXCEPTION
ْ ا. SQL*Plusق ِظذ اٌـ٩ؼ٦ period ) . ( لؿِٛخ ر٩ػع عٛلُ ث WHEN exeption_name THEN
ًاٌفبطٚ اؽذح ِغزّشح ػّٓ اٌّظذٚ رعبًِ وعجبسحPL/SQLوزٍخ اٌـ …..
. رشؽً اٌّظذٚلؿ أٛ ر٨ ؽخ ػّٓ اٌىزٍخٛإٌّم END ;
. عزضٕبء٦ ثبPL/SQL ٟ اٌخطؤ ـّٝغ٠
Anonymous Procedure Function
[ DECLARE ] PROCEDURE name FUNCTION name
IS RETURN datatype
IS
BEGIN BEGIN
BEGIN ---statements
---statements RETURN value ;
---statements [ EXCEPTION ]
[ EXCEPTION ]
[ EXCEPTION ]
END ;
END ; END ;
يٛٙاٌّد اإلخساء اٌخباغ
: ٌتٛٙ اٌىخً اٌّد- Anonymous Blocks
. ً١ صِٓ اٌزشؽٟزٖ ـ١ ٌزٕفPL/SQL ِؾشنٌٝشٖ ا٠رّشٚ ك١ز اٌزطج١ ٌؾ خ رٕفٟب ـٕٙؼ ع٠زُ اٌزظش٠ خ١ّب رغٌٙ ظ١ٌ ً وزٟ٘
Note : A function is similar to a procedure, except that a function must return a value.
.ّخ١ع اسعبع ل١غزط٠ ٩عشاء ـ٦ّخ أِب ا١ذ ل١ع٠ ْغت أ٠ عشاء ثبعزضٕبء أْ اٌزبثع٧ٌ ًخ رّبِبٙ اٌذاٌخ ِشبثٚ اٌزبثع أ: ِالزظت
Anonymous Stored
block DECLAREؼ٠اٌزظش Procedure or
function
Application BEGINاٌجذء Application
trigger Procedure or
function
EXCEPTIONعزضٕبء٨ا
Database Packaged
- 67 - Procedure or
trigger END ;خ٠بٌٕٙا
function
Program Constructs – ببث اٌبسٔبِح١حسو
: Anonymous blockوزٍخ PL/SQLثذ ْٚاعُ ػّٓ رطج١ك أِ ٚظذس ثشىً رفبعٍ. ٟ
: Stored procedure or functionعجبسح عٓ وزٍخ ٌٙ PL/SQLب اعُ ِخضٔخ ـِ ٟضٚد أٚساوً ٠ ٛ٘ٚمجً ثبساِزشاد ّ٠ٚىٓ
اْ ٠غزذع ٝثب٨عُ ثشىً ِزىشس .
: Application procedure or functionعجبسح عٓ وزٍخ ٌٙ PL/SQLب اعُ ِخضٔخ ػّٓ ِٕشٝء رطج١مبد أٚساوً
Developerأِ ٚىزجخ ِشزشوخ ٠ ٛ٘ٚمجً ثبساِزشاد ّ٠ٚىٓ اْ ٠غزذع ٝثب٨عُ ثشىً ِزىشس.
( Packageاٌسشِت ) :عجبسح عٓ ٚؽذح ( ِ ٟ٘ٚ PL/SQL ) Moduleغّٛعخ اعشائ١بد ,رٛاثعِ ,زؾ٨ٛد أ ٚعجبساد SQL
ِغّعخ ع٠ٛخ ػّٓ ٚؽذح ٚاؽذح ٠ .زُ رؾذ٠ذ اعُ ٌٙب .
( Database triggerاٌمٛا ذ) :عجبسح عٓ وزٍخ ٟ٘ٚ PL/SQLأـعبي أٚرظشـبد ٠غت أْ رم َٛثٙب لبعذح اٌّعط١بد عٕذ ؽذٚس
أ ٚرؾمك ؽبدس أ ٚؽٛادس ـ ٟلبعذح اٌّعط١بد ٟ٘ٚرىِ ْٛشاـمخ ٌغذٚي لبعذح اٌج١بٔبد.
( Application triggerاٌمٛا ذ) :عجبسح عٓ وزٍخ ٟ٘ٚ PL/SQLأـعبي أٚرظشـبد ٠م َٛثٙب اٌزطج١ك عٕذ ؽذٚس أ ٚرؾمك
ؽبدس أ ٚؽٛادس ـ ٟ٘ٚ ٗ١رىِ ْٛزشاـمخ ِع ؽذس ٠ؾذس ٌٍزطج١ك ٚرعًّ أٚرِٛبر١ى١بً.
Use of Variables اظخخداَ اٌّخسٛالث
ّ٠ىٕه ـ PL/SQL ٟاٌزظش٠ؼ عٓ ِزؾ٨ٛد ِٓٚصُ اعزخذاِٙب ـٚ SQL ٟـ ٟاٌجعجبساد ا٦عشائ١خ ـ ٟأِ ٞىبْ ٠غزخذَ ـ ٗ١اٌزعج١ش :
( Temporary storage of data .1اٌخخص ٓ٠اٌّإلج ٌٍب١بٔبث) :
ّ٠ىٓ أْ رخضْ اٌج١بٔبد ثشىً ِئلذ ػّٓ ِزؾٛي أ ٚأوضش ٨عزخذاِٙب ـّ١ب ثعذ .
ِ(Manipulation of stored values .2ؼبٌدت ٚاٌخالػب ابٌم ُ١اٌّخصٔت) :
أ ٞأٔٗ ّ٠ىٕٕب رطج١ك اٌعٍّ١بد اٌؾغبث١خ ٚعٍّ١بد أخش ٜثذ ْٚاٌذخٛي اٌ ٝلبعذح اٌّعط١بد .
( Reusability .3لباٍ١ت ئػب ة االظخخداَ) :
ثعذ اٌزظش٠ؼ ّ٠ىٓ اعزخذاَ اٌّزؾ٨ٛد ثشىً ِزىشس ػّٓ اٌزطج١مبد ثغٌٛٙخ .
( Ease of maintenance .4ظٌٛٙت اٌظ١بٔت)
ٕ٘بن ص٩س أٔٛاع ِٓ اٌجبساِزشاد ٛ٘ٚ INا٨ـزشاػ٠ IN OUT ٚ OUT ٚ ٟغزخذَ اٌجبسأزش ٌ INزّش٠ش اٌم ُ١اٌ ٝاٌجشٔبِظ اٌغضئٟ
اٌز٠ ٞم َٛثبعزذعبئٙب ٠ٚ .غزخذَ اٌجبساِزش ٦ OUTعبدح اٌم ُ١اٌ ٝاٌجشٔبِظ اٌغضئ ٟاٌّغزذع٠ٚ . ٟغزخذَ اٌجبساِزش ٌ IN OUTزّش٠ش
اٌم ُ١ا٨ثزذائ١خ اٌ ٝاٌجشٔبِظ اٌغضئٚ ٟاعبدح اٌم ُ١اٌّؾذصخ اٌ ٝاٌّغزذع. ٟ
Types of Variables أّٔبؽ اٌّخسٛالث
حدػُ PL/SQLأزاغ فئبث ِٓ أٔٛاع اٌب١بٔبث :
ٚ Scalarز١د اٌبؼد ٠ :ؾًّ لّ١خ ٚؽ١ذح ,أّٔبؽ اٌج١بٔبد اٌشئ١غخ ٘ ٟرٍه اٌز ٟرزٛاـك ِع أّٔبؽ أعّذح عذاٚي خبدَ اٚساوً
ٚرذعُ PL/SQLأ٠ؼب ً اٌّزؾ٨ٛد إٌّطم١خ . Boolean
ِ Compositeسوب ِ :ضً اٌغغ٩د ٚاٌز ٟرغّؼ ثّغّٛعبد ِٓ اٌؾمٛي ٌزىِ ْٛعشـخ ِٚعبٌغخ ػّٓ وزً . PL/SQL
ِ Referenceسخؼ٠ : ٟخجئ اٌج١بٔبد ٠غزذع ٝثبٌّئششاد.
) LOB(large objectsاألغساع اٌىب١سة :رغزخذَ ٌزخض ٓ٠اٌعٕبطش اٌىج١شح ٚاٌّعٍِٛبد اٌىج١شح ٚاٌز ٟرؾفع ثشىً صٕبئٟ
ِضً اٌظٛس ٚثعغ ا٤ؼشاع اٌىج١شح ٚاٌز ٟلذ ٠ظً ؽغّٙب اٌ 4GB ٝرخضْ ـ ٟلبعذح اٌّعط١بد أ ٚخبسعٙب .
ٕ٘ٚ بن أٔٛاع ِؼط١بث ٌ١عج حباؼت ٌـ PL/SQLحعّNon-PL/SQL variables ٝ
اؼغ األِثٍت ػٓ أّٔبؽ اٌّؼط١بث :
ّ٠ TRUE oضً لّ١خ ِٕطم١خ . Boolean
ّ٠ 25-OCT-99 oضً ربس٠خ . DATE
oاٌظٛس اٌفٛرٛؼشاـ١خ رّضً ٛ٘ٚ BLOBؼشع وج١ش ِّضً ثشىً صٕبئ ٟلذ ٠ظً ؽغّٗ ؽز٠ 4GB ٝخضْ ـ ٟلبعذح اٌّعط١بد .
ٔ oض اٌخطبة أ ٚإٌض اٌطّ٠ ً٠ٛضً ثبٌٕٛع . LONG ROW
ّ٠ 256120.02 oضً ثّٕؾ اٌّعط١بد ِ NUMBERع اٌذلخ ٚاٌم١بط .
oاٌف ٍُ١أ ٚاٌف١ذّ٠ ٛ٠ضً ثّٕؾ اٌّعط١بد ٍِ ٛ٘ٚ BFILEؿ ٠ؾِ ٞٛعٍِٛبد ِّضٍخ صٕبئ١ب ً ٌٍمشاءح ـمؾ ٠خضْ خبسط لبعذح اٌّعط١بد .
oاعُ اٌّذٕ٠خ ّ٠ضً ثّٕؾ اٌّعط١بد . VARCHAR2
- 68 -
Declaring PL/SQL Variables PL/SQL ّٓالث ػٛر ػٓ ِخس٠اٌخظس
identifier [ CONSTANT ] datatype [ NOT NULL ] غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
[ := | DEFAULT expr ] ;
identifier is the name of variable. يٛعجش عٓ اعُ اٌّزؾ٠ identifier
CONSTANT constrains the variable so that its value cannot change.
. ّٗز١ش ل١ رزؽ٨ ش١رغعٍٗ صبثزب ً ثؾٚ ش١ذ اٌّزؽ١ رمCONSTANT
datatype is a scalar, composite , reference, or OLB datatype.
. شح١ؼشاع اٌىج٤ ِٓ اٚ اٟ ِشععٚ ِشوت أٚذ اٌجعذ أ١ؽٚ ش١ ّٔؾ اٌّزؽdatatype
NOT NULL constrains the variable so that it must contain a value. ّخ١ْ ٌٗ لٛى٠ ْي أٛ رغجش اٌّزؾNOT NULL
expr is any PL/SQL expression that can be literal, another variable….
. operators د٩ ِشؽٚاثع أٛش ِزؼّٓ ر١ رعجٞ أٚي آخش أٛ ِزؾٚ أْٟ ؽشـٛى٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ PL/SQL ش١ش ِٓ رعبث١ رعجٞ أexpr
Declare : ِثبي
v_hiredate DATE ;
v_deptno NUMBER(2) NOT NULL := 10 ;
v_location VARCHAR2(13) := ‗Atlanta‘ ;
c_comm CONSTANT NUMBER := 1400 ;
. ػ٩ط٦اٚ ً اٌمشاءحٙد عٛغعً اٌى٠ ً عطش ِٕفظٟي ـٛؼ عٓ وً ِزؾ٠اٌزظش
. ّخ١ذ ل٠ه رؾذ١ٍعت عٛز٠ ٗٔ ـبNOT NULL ذ١ارا لّذ ثبعزخذاَ اٌم
ّخ١ اٌمٞٛؾ١ي ـبٔٗ عٛ اٌّزؾٌّٝخ ا١ارا ٌُ رمُ ثبعٕبد لٚ ) := ( عٕبد٦ْ ثبعزخذاَ ِعبًِ اٛى٠ يٛ اٌّزؾٌّٝخ ا١اعٕبد ل
. ّب ثعذ١ّخ ٌٗ ـ١َ ثبعٕبد لٛ رمٝرٌه ؽزٚ ٟـزشاػ٦ػع اٌٛ اٟ ـNULL اٌفبسؼخ
ُز٠ ش١ ؽٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟبد وّب ـ١ع اٌّعطٛٔ CONSTANT خ١غت أْ رغجك اٌىٍّخ اٌّفزبؽ٠ ّخ صبثزخ١ؼ عٓ ل٠ اٌزظشٟـ
. v_sal ّٝي اٌّغٛ اٌّزؾٌٝ ا50000 ّخ١ صُ اعٕبد اٌمREAL عٌٕٛ ِٓ اNUMBER ٞي عذدٛؼ عٓ ِزؾ٠اٌزظش
v_sal CONSTANT REAL := 50000.00 ;
: Naming Rules ت١ّٓ اٌخع١ٔاٛل
. ِخزٍفخBlocks ً وزّٟب ـِٕٙ ًْ وٛى٠ ْعُ رارٗ ثششؽ أ٨ٓ ا١ٌْٛ ٌّزؾٛى٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ o
. اٌىزٍخٟي اٌّغزخذَ ـٚي ِطبثك ٌٕفظ اعُ أعّذح اٌغذْٛ اعُ اٌّزؾٛى٠ ْغت ا٠ ٨ o
يًٛ اٌّزؾ١ ) ٌزّضg_ ( اٌجبدئخٚ variable يًٛ اٌّزؾ١ ) وجبدئخ ٌزّضv_ ( َ لُ ثبعزخذا: ٍٟ٠ خ وّب١ّ اٌزغٟ لبعذح ـٟٕ لُ ثزجo
: ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟبٔبد وّب ـ١خ ثؤعّبء رزعبسع ِع أؼشاع لبعذح اٌج١ّرغٕت اٌزغٚ global variable َاٌعب
DECLARE
v_hiredate date ;
g_deptno number(2) NOT NULL := 10 ;
BEGIN
……….
Assigning Values to Variables الثٛ اٌّخسٌُٝ ئ١ئظٕب ل
identifier := expr ; غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
identifier is the name of scalar variable. ذ اٌجعذ١ؽٚ يٛعجش عٓ اعُ ِزؾ٠ identifier
v_hiredate := ‘31-DEC-98‘ ; : 1ِثبي
v_ename := ‘Maduro‘ ; : 2ِثبي
- 69 -
ٕ٘ بن ؽش٠مخ أخش٦ ٜعٕبد اٌم ُ١اٌ ٝاٌّزؾ٨ٛد ٚرٌه ثبخز١بس selectأ ٚعٍت fetchاٌم ُ١اٌ ٝداخٍٙب وّب ـ ٟاٌّضبي اٌزبٌٟ
ٚاٌز٠ ٞؾغت ٔغجخ 10%عٚ٩ح () bonusعٕذ اخز١بس سارت اٌّٛظؿ : salary
SELECT sal * 0.10 ِثبي :
INTO v_bonus
FROM emp
WHERE ; empno = 7369
ٚعٕذ٘ب ّ٠ىٕه اعزخذاَ اٌّزؾٛي bonusـ ٟؽغبثبد أخش ٜأ ٚادخبي لّ١زٗ ـ ٟلبعذح اٌج١بٔبد.
اعزخذَ ِعبًِ ا٦عٕبد ( =ٌٍّ ) :زؾ٨ٛد اٌز ٟرٍّه ل ُ١ؼ١ش ّٔٛرع١خ .
v_hiredate ; ) ‘:= to_date ( ‘15-SEP_1999‘ , ‗DD_MON_YYYY ِثبي :
ّ٠ : DEFAULT ىٕٕه اعزخذاَ اٌىٍّخ اٌّفزبؽ١خ ٌٍّ DEFAULTزؾ٨ٛد اٌز ٟرٍّه لّ١خ ّٔٛرع١خ .
; g_mgr NUMBER(4) DEFAULT 7839 ِثبي :
ً
: NOT NULL لُ ثفشع ٘زا اٌم١ذ ارا وبْ اٌّزؾٛي ٠غت أْ ّ٠زٍه لّ١خ ؽزّب ّ٠ ٨ٚىٕه اعٕبد اٌمّ١خ اٌفبسؼخ ٌٍّزؾٛي .
; ‘v_location VARCHAR2(13) NOT NULL := ‗CHICAGO ِثبي :
Scalar Datatypes أّٔبؽ اٌّخسٛالث ٚز١دة اٌبؼد
ّٔؾ اٌّزؾ٨ٛد ٚؽ١ذح اٌجعذ ٠ؾغض لّ١خ ٚؽ١ذح ٨رٍّه ِىٔٛبد داخٍ١خ ّ٠ ,ىٓ أْ رى ْٛاٌّزؾ٨ٛد ٚؽ١ذح اٌجعذ ِظٕفخ ػّٓ ػّٓ
أسثعخ ـئبد ( () number – character – date – Booleanسلُ أ ٚؽشؾ أ ٚربس٠خ إِٔ ٚطم. ) ٟ
رٍّه اٌّزؾ٨ٛد ِٓ إٌّؾ اٌؾشـ Character ٟأ ٚاٌعذد Number ٞأّٔبؽ عضئ١خ ٚوّضبي ٠عزجش إٌّطINTEGER ٓ١
POSITIVEٚأّٔبؽ عضئ١خ ٌٍّٕؾ ا٤عبع. NUMBER ٟ
أّٔبؽ اٌّخسٛالث ٚز١دة اٌبؼد األظبظ١ت Base Scalar Datatypes -
إٌّؾ Datatype - اٌٛطف Description-
ّٔؾ أعبع ِٓ ٟاٌّزؾ٨ٛد اٌؾشـ١خ ِخغ١سة اٌطٛي ٠ظً ؽٌٙٛب اٌ١ٌٚ 32.767bytes ٝظ ٌٙب ؽغُ اـزشاػVARCHAR2(maximum length) ٟ
])NUMBER[(precision , scale ّٔؾ أعبعّ٠ ٟضً اٌّزؾ٨ٛد اٌضبثزخ ٚاٌّّضٍخ ثبٌفبطٍخ اٌعبئّخ
DATE ّٔؾ أعبعّ٠ ٟضً ِزؾ٨ٛد اٌزبس٠خ ٚاٌٛلذ رؤخز اٌم ُ١ثٚ 4712 B.C. ٓ١ث9999 A.D. ٓ١
ّٔؾ أعبعّ٠ ٟضً ِزؾ٨ٛد ثطٛي ِؾشـ ٟثباج اٌطٛي ٠ظً اٌ 32,767bytes ٝارا ٌُ رخظض لّ١خ ع ّ ٝـبٔٗ
])CHAR[(maximum length
٠ؤخز اـزشاػ١ب ً اٌمّ١خ 1
ّٔؾ أعبعّ٠ ٟضً ِزؾ٨ٛد ثطٛي ِؾشـِ ٟخغ١س اٌطٛي ٠ظً اٌ32.760bytes ٝ
LONG عشع اٌعّٛد ِٓ إٌّؾ ٠ LONGظً اٌ2,147,483,647 bytes ٝ
ّٔؾ أعبعّ٠ ٟضً ث١بٔبد صٕبئ١خ ٚع٩عً رظً اٌ32.760bytes ٝ
LONG RAW إٌّؾ LONG ROWؼ١ش ِزشعُ ػّٓ PL/SQL
BOOLEAN ّٔؾ أعبع٠ ٟخضْ ٚاؽذح ِٓ ص٩س لِّ ُ١ىٕخ رغزخذَ ـ ٟاٌؾغبثبد إٌّطم١خ () TRUE-FALSE-NULL
BINARY_INTEGER ّٔؾ أعبع٥ٌ ٟعذاد اٌظؾ١ؾخ اٌز ٟرمع ثٚ -2,147,483,647 bytes ٓ١ا2,147,483,647 bytes ٓ١
ّٔؾ أعبع٥ٌ ٟعذاد اٌظؾ١ؾخ اٌّئششح اٌز ٟرمع ثٚ -2,147,483,647 bytes ٓ١ث2,147,483,647 bytes ٓ١
PLS_INTEGER ٠ؾزبط ٘زا إٌّؾ اٌِ ٝغبؽخ رخض ٓ٠ألً ٚأعشع ِٓ BINARY_INTEGER ٚ NUMBER
أِثٍت :
v_job ; )VARCHAR2(9 ٌزخض ٓ٠عًّ اٌّٛظؿ
v_count ; BINARY_INTEGER := 0 ٌزخض ٓ٠عذاد ِشاد رىشاس اٌؾٍمخ ٠ٚع١ذ اٌّزؾٛي اٌ0 ٝ
v_total_sal ; NUMBER( 9,2 ) := 0 ٌزغّ١ع اعّبٌ ٟاٌشارت ٌ٥لغبَ ٚاعبدح اٌّزؾٛي اٌ0 ٝ
v_orderdate ; DATE := SYSDATE + 7 ٠خضْ ربس٠خ شؾٓ اٌطٍج١خ ٠ٚع١ذ اٌّزؾٛي اٌ ٝربس٠خ أعجٛع ثعذ اٌَٛ١
v_text_rate ; CONSTANT NUMBER ( 3,2 ) := 8.25 صبثذ ٠خضْ ِعذي اٌؼش٠جخ ٚاٌز٠ ٨ ٞزؽ١ش
v_valid ـّ١بارا وبٔذ اٌج١بٔبد طؾ١ؾخ أ ٚخطؤ ٠ٚع١ذ اٌّزؾٛي اٌ ٝطؼ ; BOOLEAN NOT NULL := TRUE
- 70 -
( THE %TYPE Attributeاٌخبط١ت :) %TYPE
عٕذِب رم َٛثبٌزظش٠ؼ عٓ ِزؾ٨ٛد ٌ PL/SQLزم َٛثبؽزغبص ل ُ١اٌعّٛد ٠.غت أْ رىِ ْٛزؤوذاً ثؤْ ٔٛع اٌج١بٔبد طؾ١ؼ ٚدل١ك ٗٔ٤,اْ
ٌُ ٠ىٓ وزٌه ـبٔٗ ع١ؾذس خطؤ ـ ٟعجبسح PL/SQLأصٕبء اٌزٕف١ز .
ّ٠ىٕه اعزخذاَ اٌخبط١خ ٌٍ %TYPEزظش٠ؼ عٓ اٌّزؾٛي ؽجمب ً ٌّزؾٛي آخش ِظشػ عٕٗ عبثمب ً أ ٚؽجمبً ٌعّٛد ِٓ لبعذح اٌج١بٔبد ْ٤
٘زٖ اٌخبط١خ رٛسس ّٔؾ اٌعّٛد ٘ٚزا ٠عٕ ٟأٗ ارا رُ رؽ١١ش ّٔؾ اٌعّٛد ـ ٟاٌغذٚي ـٍٓ رؾزبط ٦عشاء أ ٞرعذ ً٠عٍ ٝاعشائ١خ
ْ٤PL/SQLاٌزؽ١١ش ٠زُ اٚرِٛبر١ى١ب ً ٌ١زٕبعت ِع إٌّؾ اٌغذ٠ذ ٚرٌه أصٕبء اٌزٕف١ز .
ؼبٌجب ً ِب رغزخذَ اٌخبط١خ %TYPEثشىً وج١ش عٕذِب ٠زُ رخض ٓ٠اٌمّ١خ ـ ٟاٌّزؾٛي اٌز ٞعٛؾ ٠زُ اشزمبلٗ ِٓ عذٚي ـ ٟلبعذح اٌج١بٔبد
ارا أسدد اعزخذاَ ٘زٖ اٌخظ١خ ـ ٟاٌزظش٠ؼ عٓ اٌّزؾ٨ٛد عٍ١ه اعجبلٙب ثبعُ عذٚي ٚعّٛد لبعذح اٌج١بٔبد .وّب : ٍٟ٠
…… أِثٍت :
v_ename ; emp.ename%TYPE ِزؾ٨ٛد ٌزخض ٓ٠اعُ اٌّٛظؿ
v_balance ; ) NUMBER( 7,2 ِزؾ٨ٛد ٌزخض ٓ٠اٌشط١ذ ـ ٟاٌؾغبة اٌجٕىٟ
v_min_balance ; v_balance%TYPE ألً ؽغبة ٚاٌز٠ ٞجذأ ِٓ 10
……
اٌؽب٠خ ِٓ اعزخذاَ ٘زٖ اٌخبط١خ ٘ ٛععً رعش٠ؿ أّ٤بؽ ػّٓ ٔض ِ PL/SQLغزمً عٓ ثٕ ٝاٌّعط١بد اٌّغزخذِخ .
اٌخظس٠ر ػٓ ِخسٛالث ِٕطم١ت ِٓ إٌٛع : Boolean
ـمؾ اٌمّ٠ )TRUE , FALSE , NULL( ُ١ىٓ اعٕبد٘ب أ ٚرخظ١ظٙب ٌٍّزؾٛي إٌّطم. ٟ
رشرجؾ اٌّزؾ٨ٛد إٌّطم١خ ثبٌّعبِ٩د إٌّطم١خ (. )AND , OR , NOT
ٕ٠ زظ عٓ اٌّزؾ٨ٛد إٌّطم١خ اِب TRUEأ FALSE ٚأ. NULL ٚ
ّ٠ ىٓ اعزخذاَ اٌزعبث١ش اٌؾغبث١خ ٚاٌؾشـ١خ ٚاٌزٛاس٠خ ٌٍؾظٛي عٍ ٝلّ١خ ِٕطم١خ . Boolean
; v_sal1 := 50000 أِثٍت :
; v_sal2 :=60000
v_sal1 < v_sal2 ٕ٠زظ ٘زا اٌزعج١ش اٌمّ١خ TRUE
) v_comm_sal BOOLEAN := ( v_sal1 < v_sal2 اٌزظش٠ؼ عٓ ِزؾٛي ِٕطمٚ ٟاعطبإٖ لّ١خ اثزذائ١خ
Composite Datatypes أّٔبؽ اٌّخسٛالث اٌّسوبت
عذاٚي . PL/SQL TABLES
عغ٩د . PL/SQL RECORDS
ّٔؾ اٌج١بٔبد اٌّشوجخ ٚاٌز ٟرعشؾ أ٠ؼب ً ثبٌّغّٛعبد ٚرشًّ اٌغذٚي ٚ TABLEاٌغغً ٚ RECORDاٌغذٚي اٌّزذاخً
ٚ NESTED TABLEاٌـ . VARRAYرغزخذَ اٌغغ٩د ٨عزشعبع ِٚعبٌغخ ِغّٛعبد اٌج١بٔبد وؽشع ٚاؽذ ِزىبًِ.
LOB Datatypes أّٔبؽ اٌّخسٛالث األغساع اٌىب١سة
ّ٠ىٓ ٌّضٚد أٚساوً 8ثبعزخذاَ ّٔؾ اٌّعط١بد ا٤ؼشاع اٌىج١شح رخض ٓ٠وزً ِٓ اٌج١بٔبد اٌؽ١ش ِٕ ّخ ٚاٌؽ١ش ِجٕ١خ ِضً إٌظٛص
ٚ textاٌظٛس اٌفٛرٛؼشاـ١خ ٍِٚ graphic imagesفبد اٌف١ذِٛ ٚ video clips ٛ٠عبد ا٤طٛاد ٚ sound waveاٌز٠ ٟظً ؽغّٙب
ؽز: 4 gigabytes ٝ
إٌّؾ ٠ ) character large object ( CLOBغزخذَ ٌزخض ٓ٠اٌىزً اٌؼخّخ ِٓ اٌج١بٔبد اٌؾشـ١خ ِضً اٌٛطفبد . Recipe
إٌّؾ ٠ ) binary large object ( BLOBغزخذَ ٌزخض ٓ٠ا٤ؼشاع اٌضٕبئ١خ اٌىج١شح ِضً اٌظٛس . Photo
إٌّؾ ٠ ) binary file ( BFILEغزخذَ ٌزخض ٓ٠ا٤ؼشاع اٌضٕبئ١خ اٌؼخّخ خبسط لبعذح اٌج١بٔبد ػّٓ ٍِفبد ٔ بَ اٌزشؽً١
ِضً اٌف١ذ. Movie ٛ٠
إٌّؾ ٠ ) national language character large object ( NCLOBغزخذَ ٌزخض ٓ٠اٌىزً اٌىج١شح .
ِ Bind Variablesخسٛالث اٌساؾ ِٓ إٌٛع ِ Bindإلج :
٠ظشػ عٓ ٘زا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌّزؾ٨ٛد ـ ٟث١ئخ ِؼ١ؿ ٚرغزخذَ ٌزّش٠شاٌم ُ١ـ ٟصِٓ اٌزٕف١ز ,وً ِٓ اٌشلُ أ ٚاٌؾشؾ ,داخً أ ٚخبسط
سٔبِظ ٚاؽذ أ ٚأوضش ِٓ ثشٔبِظ ٚ , PL/SQLاٌزّ٠ ٞىٕٗ اعزخذاَ اٌّزؾٛي وؤِ ٞزؾٛي آخش .
ٌٍ زظش٠ؼ عٓ ِزؾ٨ٛد ِٓ إٌٛع Bindـ ٟث١ئخ ٠ SQL*Plusغت أْ رغزخذَ اِ٤ش VARIABLEعٍ ٝعج ً١اٌّضبي
ّ٠ىٕه اٌزظش٠ؼ عٓ ِزؾٛي سلّ NUMBER ٟأ ٚؽشـ VARCHAR2 ٟوّب : ٍٟ٠
VARIABLE return_code NUMBER
)VARIABLE return_msg VARCHAR2(30
ٌعشع اٌمّ١خ اٌؾبٌ١خ ٌٍّزؽ١ش ـ ٟث١ئخ ٠ SQL*Plusغت أْ رغزخذَ اِ٤ش PRINTوّب : ٍٟ٠
SQL>VARIABLE g_n NUMBER
SQL>PRINT g_n
- 71 -
:PL/SQL الث ِٓ خبزجٛ ئظٕب اٌّخسReferencing Non-PL/SQL Variables
: ؿ١ ِؼSQL*Plus يٛظؿ ػّٓ ِزؾٌّٛ ٕٞٛٓ اٌذخً اٌغ٠رخض
:g_monthly_sal := v_sal / 12 ;
) : ( عٕبد ثبٌشِض٦خ ا١ٍّغت اعجبق ع٠
اِشٚ أٌٟ إٌض اٌزبٞٛؾ٠ َ اٌّذخً ِٓ لجً اٌّغزخذٕٞٛ اٌشارت اٌغٍٝعزّبد ع٦ ثبٞشٙ ثؾغبة اٌشارت اٌشٌَٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٛم٠ : ِثبي
: وبٍِخPL/SQL وىزٍخSQL*Plus
VARIABLE g_monthly_sal NUMBER
ACCEPT p_annual_sal PROMPT ‘ Please inter the annual salary: ‘
DECLARE
v_sal NUMBER ( 9,2 ) := &p_annual_sal ; p_annual_sal يّٛخ ٌٍّزؾ١طٍت ادخبي ل٠ ز١عٕذ اٌزٕف
BEGIN : ش١خ٤ِش ا٤خ ِٓ ا١ٌّخ اٌزب١ٕزظ اٌم٠ ُ ص12000 ٌٓزىٚ
:g_monthly_sal := v_sal / 12 ;
END ; G_MONTHLY_SAL
/ --------------------------
PRINT g_monthly_sal 1000
: DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ِش٤غخ اٌغبثمخ ثبعزخذاَ ا١ ٌطجبعخ إٌزٜمخ أخش٠ّىٕه اعزخذاَ ؽش٠
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
ACCEPT p_annual_sal PROMPT ‘ Please inter the annual salary: ‘
DECLARE
v_sal NUMBER ( 9,2 ) := &p_annual_sal ;
BEGIN
v_sal := v_sal / 12 ;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ( ‗The monthly salary is‘ || TO_CHAR(v_sal) ) ;
END ;
/
Writing Executable Statements ر١س لباٍت ٌٍخٕف١وخبات حؼبا
. PL/SQL ٌؽخٟؼب ً ـ٠ْ ِزبؽخأٛ رىSQL ٓ اٌجٕبء اٌعبَ اٌّزبؽخ ٌـ١ٔاٛ ـبْ لSQL اِزذادٟ٘ PL/SQL ْثّب أ
Lexical units can be separated by : ( Spaces – Delimiters – Identifiers – Literals – Comments )
Delimiters - ِّٕبث١ اٌّؼ:
Delimiters are simple or compound symbols that have special meaning to PL/SQL .
. PL/SQL خبص ثبٌٕغجخ ٌـٕٝ ِشوجخ رٍّه ِعٚص ثغطخ إِِّٔٛبد عجبسح عٓ س١اٌّع
Simple Symbols Compound Symbols
Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
+ Addition operator –ِعبًِ اٌغّع <> Relational operator –لخ٩ِعبًِ ع
- Subtraction/negation operator –ٟإٌفٚ ِعبًِ اٌطشػ != Relational operator –لخ٩ِعبًِ ع
* Multiplication operator –ِعبًِ اٌؼشة || Concatenation operator –ِعبًِ اٌغٍغٍخ
_
/ Division operator –ِعبًِ اٌمغّخ Single line comment indicatorذ اٌغطش١ؽٚ ك١ٍِئششرع
= Relational operator –لخ٩ِعبًِ ع /* Beginning comment delimiter - ك١ٍخ اٌزع٠ِئشش ثذا
@ Remote access indicator –ي عٓ ثعذٛطٌِٛئشش ا */ Ending comment delimiter - ك١ٍخ اٌزع٠بٙٔ ِئشش
; Statement terminator – اٌعجبسحْٟٕٙ ِ := Assignment operator – عٕبد٦ِعبًِ ا
- 72 -
:اٌّؼسفبث Identifiers -
Identifiers are used to name PL/SQL program items and units, which include constants, variables,
exceptions, cursors, cursor variables, subprograms, and packages .
رغزخذَ اٌّعشـبد ٌزغّ١خ عٕبطش ٚٚؽذاد ثشٔبِظ اٌـٚ PL/SQLاٌز ٟرؾ ٞٛاٌضٛاثذ ٚاٌّزؾ٨ٛد ٚا٦عزضٕبءاد ٚاٌّئششاد
ٚاٌّزؾ٨ٛد اٌّش١شح ٚاٌجشاِظ اٌغضئ١خ ٚاٌشصَ .
ّ٠ ىٓ أْ رؾ ٞٛاٌّئششاد ؽز 30 ٝؽشؾ ٌٚىٓ ٠غت أْ رجذأ ثؾشؾ ؽظشاً.
٨ رغزخذَ اعُ اٌّعشؾ وبعُ ٌ٥عّذح ػّٓ عذٚي ػّٓ اٌىزٍخ .
٨ رغزخذَ اٌىٍّبد اٌّؾغٛصح ِضً SELECTوّعشـبد ا ٨ـ ٟؽبٌخ ٚػعٙب ػّٓ عِ٩ز ٟالزجبط وّب . ―select‖ ٍٟ٠
٠ غت أْ رىزت اٌىٍّبد اٌّؾغٛصح ثؾشٚؾ وج١شح ٌزغ ً١ٙاِىبٔ١خ اٌمشاءح.
:اٌسسف١ت Literals -
رؼُ اٌؾشٚؾ اٌشِض٠خ وبـخ اٌشِٛص اٌمبثٍخ ٌٍطجبعخ ػّٓ ِغّٛعخ سِٛص : PL/SQLأؽشؾ – Lettersأعذاد
ِ – Numeralsغبـبد ٚ – Spacesسِٛص خبطخ . Special symbols
ّ٠ ىٓ أْ رى ْٛاٌؾشٚؾ اٌشِض٠خ لّ١خ ثغ١طخ ِضً -32.5أ ٚرشل ُ١عٍِّ ٟضً ٚ 2E5اٌز ٟرعِٕ 2*10 ٟشـٛعخ ٌ٥ط 5
ٚرغب. 200000 = ٞٚ
٠ غت أْ رؾبؽ اٌؾشٚؾ اٌشِض٠خ ثعِ٩بد الزجبط ـش٠ذح وّب v_ename := ‗Henderson‘: ٍٟ٠
Commenting Code وخبات حؼٍ١ك ػّٓ اٌش١فسة
٠غت اعجبق اٌزعٍ١ك ٚؽ١ذ اٌغطش ثخط. two dashes )--( ٓ١
اٌزعٍ١ك اٌّزعذد اٌغطٛس ٠زُ ٚػعٗ ػّٓ اٌعِ٩ز. */ ٚ /* ٓ١
…………. ِثبي :ؽغبة اٌذخً اٌغٕ ٞٛعٓ ؽش٠ك اٌذخً اٌشٙشٞ
; ) v_sal NUMBER( 9,2
BEGIN
/* Compute the annual salary on the
monthly salary input from the user */
; v_sal := &p_monthly_sal * 12
END ; -- This is the end of the transaction
SQL Functions in PL/SQL حٛااغ SQLاٌّخبزت ػّٓ PL/SQL
أؼٍت اٌذٚاي اٌّزبؽخ ػّٓ ِ SQLزبؽخ أ٠ؼب ػّٓ رعبث١ش : PL/SQL
Single-row number functions . -اٌزٛاثع اٌشلّ١خ ٚؽ١ذح اٌظؿ .
Single-row character functions. -اٌزٛاثع اٌشِض٠خ ٚؽ١ذح اٌظؿ.
Datatype conversion functions. -رٛاثع اٌزؾ ً٠ٛث ٓ١أّٔبؽ اٌّعط١بد.
Data functions. -رٛاثع اٌّعط١بد .
أِب اٌزٛاثع اٌزبٌ١خ ـ ٟٙؼ١ش ِزبؽخ ػّٓ اٌعجبساد ا٦عشائ١خ :
DECODE . -ربثع اٌجؾش ٚاٌّطبثمخ .
Group functions : AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT, SUM, STDDEV, and VARIANCE .
-رٛاثع لّ١خ اٌّغّٛعخ اٌّزوٛسح عبثمب ً ِخظظخ ٌّغّٛعبد اٌظفٛؾ ـ ٟاٌغذٚي ٌٚزٌه ـِ ٟٙزبؽخ ـمؾ ػّٓ عجبساد SQL
اٌّٛعٛدح ػّٓ وزً . PL/SQL
ِثبي ٕ٠خح خطأ :لُ ثزٕف١ز عٍّ١خ عّع وبـخ ا٤سلبَ اٌّخضٔخ ػّٓ عذٚي ٠ PL/SQLغّ: NUMBER_TABLE ٝ
; ) v_total := SUM ( number_table
- 73 -
: PL/SL ااغٛ ح- PL/SQL Functions
: خ١ٌاثع ػّٓ اٌفئبد اٌزبٛ رٕذسط ٘زٖ اٌز. بٔبد١ ِعبٌغخ اٌجٟ رغبعذن ـٟاٌزٚ اثع اٌفعبٌخٛذ ِٓ اٌز٠ ثبٌعذPL/SQL دن ٌؽخٚرض
. ش اٌخطؤ٠ رمش- Error reporting o
. خ١ّ – اٌشلNumber o
. خ٠ – اٌشِضCharacter o
. ً٠ٛ – اٌزؾConversion o
. خ٠ – اٌزبسDate o
. عٕٛ – ِزMiscellaneous o
v_mailing_address := v_name||CHR(10)|| : خ ٌششوخ٠ذ٠ ثٕبء لبئّخ ثش: 1ِثبي
v_address||CHR(10)||v_state||
CHR(10)||v_zip ;
CHR is the SQL function that converts an ASCII code to its corresponding character, 10 is the
code for a line feed.
.ِزذاد اٌغطش٨ سِضٛ٘ 10 ,اـكٌّٛ اٚ سِضٖ اٌّطبثك أٌٝ اASCIIً سِض اٌـ٠َٛ ثزؾٛم٠ SQL ربثعٛ٘ CHR
v_ename := LOWER (v_ename) : شح١ؽشؾ اٌظؽ٤ ؽبٌخ اٌٝظؿ اًٌّٛ اعُ ا٠ٛ رؾ: 2ِثبي
: بث١ٓ أّٔبؽ اٌّؼط١ً ا٠ٛ اٌخس- Datatype Conversion
: خ١ٌاثع ػّٓ اٌفئبد اٌزبٛ رٕذسط ٘زٖ اٌز. بٔبد١ ِعبٌغخ اٌجٟ رغبعذن ـٟاٌزٚ اثع اٌفعبٌخٛذ ِٓ اٌز٠ ثبٌعذPL/SQL دن ٌؽخٚرض
. بد لبثً ٌٍّمبسٔخ١ ّٔؾ ِعطٌٝبٔبد ا١ً اٌج٠ٛ رؾo
. داء٤ اٍٝرئصش عٚ ّىٓ أْ رغجت أخطبء٠ بٔبد اٌّخزٍطخ١ أّٔبؽ اٌجo
: ً٠ٛاثع اٌزؾٛ رo
. TO_CHAR( value , fmt )
. TO_DATE( value , fmt )
. TO_NUMBER( value , fmt )
. ً٠ٛرط اٌزؾّٛٔ ً شىfmt ٚ خ٠ اٌزبسٚ اٌشلُ أٚخ أ١ رعجش عٓ اٌغٍغٍخ اٌؾشـvalue ش١ؽ
DECLARE : ِثبي
v_date VARCHAR2(15) ;
BEGIN
SELECT TO_CHAR (hiredate
‗MON. DD, YYYY‘)
INTO v_date
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7839 ;
END ;
: ٌّٟخ ٌٗ ثبٌشىً اٌزب١لّٕب ثبعٕبد لٚ date بد١ أٔٗ ِٓ ّٔؾ اٌّعطٍٝ عv_date يٛؼ عٓ اٌّزؾ٠ ؽبٌخ رُ اٌزظشٟ ـ
v_date := ‗January 13, 1998‘ ; ً٠ٛؾٗ ٔغزخذَ ربثع ٌزؾ١ؿ ٌزظؾ١ٕٕزظ خطؤ رظ٠ ٗٔـب
v_date := TO_DATE (‗January 13, 1998‘ , ‗Month DD, YYYY‘ ) ; : ٍٟ٠ وّب
- 74 -
Nested Blocks and Variable Scope اٌىخً اٌّخداخٍت ٚاٌّدبي اٌّخغ١س
ّ٠ىٓ ٌٍعجبساد أْ رزذاخً ؽ١ضّب رى ْٛاٌعجبسح اٌمبثٍخ ٌٍزٕف١ز ِغّٛؽخ .
اٌىزٍخ اٌّزذاخٍخ رظجؼ عجبسح .
ّ٠ىٓ ٌمغُ ا٨عزضٕبءاد أْ ٠ؾ ٞٛوزً ِزذاخٍخ .
ِغبي اٌؽشع ِٕ ٛ٘ Scopeطمخ اٌجشٔبِظ اٌز ٟرش١ش اٌ ٝاٌؽشع .
Example :
….
; x BINARY_INTEGER
BEGIN ـ٘ ٟزا اٌّضبي ّ٠ىٓ ٌٍّزؾٛي اٌّغّ y ٝأْ ٠شعع اٌٝ
Scope of x
…. اٌّزؾٛي xأِب اٌّزؾٛي xـّ٠ ٩ىٓ أْ ٠شعع اٌٝ
DECLARE اٌّزؾٛي . yأِب ارا لّٕب ثبعطبء و ٩اٌّزؾ ٓ١ٌٛا٨عُ
; y NUMBER رارٗ ـبْ لّ١زٗ رى ْٛعبس٠خ اٌّفعٛي ـمؾ ٌّذح اٌىزٍخ
BEGIN Scope of y اٌّزذاخٍخ .
….
; END
….
; END
Operators in PL/SQL اٌّؼبِالث فPL/SQL ٟ
ِٕ Logical Rطم١خ .
Arithmetic Rؽغبث١خ .
Concatenation Rعٍغٍخ (رغٍغً) .
Parentheses to control order of operations Rعِ٩بد ؽظش ( ألٛاط ) ٌٍزؾىُ ثزشر١ت اٌعٍّ١بد .
عّ١ع اٌّعبِ٩د اٌغبثمخ ٘ٔ ٟفغٙب ـ SQL ٟأِب اٌّعبًِ اٌزبٌ ٟـِ ٛٙعبًِ :PL/SQL
Exponential operator (**) Rاٌّعبًِ ا٤عِّ. ٟ
Order of Operationsحسح١ب اٌؼٍّ١بث :أعجم١خ اٌّعبِ٩د
اٌّؼبًِ Operator - اٌؼٍّ١ت Operation -
** , NOT أط ٔ ,فِٕ ٟطمٟ
ِالزظت ِٓ :اٌؼشٚس ٞاعزخذاَ ا٤لٛاط ِع
+ , - رطبثك ٔ ,فٟ
اٌزعبث١ش إٌّطم١خ ٌٚىٕٙب ٨رغعً إٌض عًٙ
* , / ػشة ,لغّخ اٌمشاءح .
|| + , - , عّع ,ؽشػ ,رغٍغً
= , != , < , > , <= , >= , IS NULL ,
ِمبسٔخ
LIKE , BETWEEN , IN
AND رٛؽ١ذ ( الزشاْ )
OR رؼّٓ١
Example1 : Increment the index for a loop. ِثبي : 1لُ ثبٔشبء رضا٠ذ ِٓ أعً اٌؾٍمخ
; v_count := v_count + 1
Example2 : Set the value of Boolean flag. ِثبي ٚ : 2ػع لّ١خ ِٕطم١خ
; )v_equal := (v_n1 = v_n2
ِثبي : 3طبدق عٍ ٝسلُ اٌّٛظؿ اْ وبْ ٠ؾ ٞٛلّ١خExample3 : Validate an employee number if it contains a value .
; ) v_valid := (v_empno IS NOT NULL
ِالزظت :أصٕبء عٍّه ِع اٌم ُ١اٌفبسؼخ ٠ NULLغت أْ رزغٕت ثعغ ا٤خطبء اٌشبئعخ ِٓ خ٩ي ٚػع ِب ٍٟ٠ـ ٟاعزجبسن :
Oاٌّمبسٔبد اٌز ٟرزؼّٓ اٌمّ١خ NULLرىٔ ْٛز١غزٙب NULLدائّب ً .
Oرطج١ك اٌّعبًِ إٌّطم NOT ٟعٍ ٝاٌمّ١خ ٕ٠ NULLزظ . NULL
Oـ ٟعجبساد اٌزؾىُ اٌششؽ١خ ارا ٔزغذ عٓ اٌششؽ اٌمّ١خ NULLـبْ اٌغٍغٍخ اٌّزشاثطخ ٌعجبسرٙب ٌٓ رٕغض .
VARIABLE g_salary NUMBER ِثبي ٠ :م َٛاٌّضبي اٌزبٌ ٟثبعزخذاَ ِزؾٛي اٌشثؾ : g_salary
- 75 -
DECLARE
v_sal emp.sal%TYPE ; SQL>PRINT g_salary
BEGIN
SELECT sal G_ SALARY
INTO v_sal -----------------
FROM emp 800
WHERE empno = 7369 ;
:g_salary := v_sal ;
END ;
/
: ًٙ أظٛبٔت اٌى١ف حدؼً ط١ وR
. مبد١ٍد ثبعزخذاَ اٌزعٛك اٌى١صٛ لُ ثز
.بٙ١ٍد اٌّظطٍؼ عٛش ٌؾبٌخ اٌى٠ٛ اٌزط
.ٜخش٤ؼشاع ا٤اٚ identifiers خ ٌٍّعشـبد١ّؽبد اٌزغ٩ش اطط٠ٛ رط
. خ اٌفمشح٠ ثذاٟخ اٌمشاءح ثزشن ـشاؼبد عٕذ اٌىزبثخ ـ١ٍٓ لبث١ رؾغ
Code Conventions – فسة١اططالزبث اٌش
Category - اٌفئت Case convention-اططالذ اٌسبٌت Examples - أِثٍت
SQL statements Uppercase SELECT , INSERT
PL/SQL keywords Uppercase DECLARE , BEGIN , IF
Datatypes Uppercase VARCHAR2 , BOOLEAN
Identifiers and parameters Lowercase v_sal, emp_cursor, g_sal, p_empno
Database tables and columns Lowercase emp , orderdate , deptno
Code Naming Conventions – ٛ اٌىٟت ف١ّاططالزبث اٌخع
Identifier - اٌّؼسف Naming convention-ت١ّاططالذ اٌخع Example - ِثبي
Variable v_name v_sal
Constant c_name c_company_name
Cursor name_cursor emp_cursor
Exception e_name e_too_many
Table type name_table_type amount_table_type
Table name_table order_total_table
Record type name_record_type emp_record_type
Record name_record customer_record
SQL*Plus substitution
variable (also referred to as p_name p_sal
substitution parameter)
SQL*Plus global variable
(also referred to as host or g_name g_year_sal
bind variable)
سٛػع ِغبـبد لجً اٌغطٚٚ فشح١ُ اٌش١فؼً رمغ٠ ػٛػٌٛ ِٓ أعً اR
DECLARE :خ١ٌِضٍخ اٌزب٤ اٟفشح وّب ـ١بد اٌش٠ٛؽغت ِغز
v_deptno NUMBER(2) ;
v_location VARCHAR2(13) ;
BEGIN BEGIN
SELECT deptno , IF x=0 THEN
loc y :=1 ;
INTO v_deptno , END IF ;
v_location END ;
FROM dept
WHERE dname = ‘SALES‘ ;
END ;
- 76 -
: ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟد وّب ـٛ وزبثخ وٟمز٠ٓ ؽش١طخ ث١ٌٕمُ ثّمبسٔخ ثغ
IF x>y THEN
v_max := x ; IF x>y THEN v_max:=x; ELSE v_max:=y; END IF ;
ELSE
v_max := y ;
END IF ;
Determining Variable Scope يٛد ِدبي اٌّخس٠حسد
: ٌٟٓ اٌخب٠ٌٕأخر اٌخّس
…. ٟ ـPL/SQLُ وزٍخ اٌـ١ل
DECLARE ذ٠ صُ لُ ثزؾذ. اٌعشع اٌغبثك
V_SAL NUMBER( 7,2 ) := 60000 ; خ١ٌد اٌزب٨ُٛ وً ِٓ اٌّزؾ١ل
V_COMM NUMBER( 7,2 ) := V_SAL * .20 ; . اعذ اٌّغبيٛـمب ً ٌمٚ
V_MESSAGE VARCHAR2(255) := ‗ eligible for commission ‗ ;
BEGIN …
DECLARE
V_SAL NUMBER( 7,2 ) := 50000 ;
V_COMM NUMBER( 7,2 ) := 0 ;
V_TOTAL_COMP NUMBER( 7,2 ) := V_SAL + V_COMM ;
BEGIN …
V_MESSAGE := ‗ CLERK not ‗||V_MESSAGE ;
END ;
V_MESSAGE := ‗ SALESMAN ‗||V_MESSAGE ;
END ;
\ Evaluate the PL/SQL block on the slide. Determine each of the following values according to the
rules of scoping.
o The value of V_MESSAGE in the subblock is :
―CLERK not eligible for commission ― and the data type is VARCHAR2 .
o The value of V_TOTAL_COMP in the main block is :
Illegal because V_TOTAL_COMP is not visible outside the subblock .
o The value of V_COMM in the main block is :
―12000 ― and the data type is NUMBER.
o The value of V_COMM in the subblock is :
― 0 ― and the data type is NUMBER.
o The value of V_MESSAGE in the main block is :
― SALESMAN eligible for commission ― and the data type is VARCHAR2 .
: PL/SQL ػببزاثٚ SQL اع ػببزاثٛٔٓ أ١ِمبزٔت ا
ٓ ِغزمٍخ عRollbacks , Savepoints , Commits اٌزشاععٚ ذ١اِش اٌزضجٚ أ. خ١ؽذح اعشائٚ PL/SQL رعزجش وزٍخ٨ 3
. ّىٕه اطذاس٘ب ػّٓ وزٍخ٠ ٌٓىٚ . ًاٌىز
DROP ٚ ALTER TABLE ٚ CREATE TABLE ً ِضDDL بٔبد١ؿ اٌج٠اِش ٌؽخ رعشٚ أPL/SQL ُ رذع٨ 3
. TABLE
. REVOKE ٚ أGRANT ً ِض. DCL بٔبد١ ٌؽخ اٌزؾىُ ثبٌجPL/SQL ُ رذع٨ 3
SQL Statements in PL/SQL PL/SQL ّٓ ػSQL ّبث١ٍحؼ
- 77 -
SELECT Statement in PL/SQL PL/SQL ٟ فSELECT بز١ػببزة االخخ
: SELECT بٔبد ثبعزخذاَ عجبسح١بٔبد ِٓ لبعذح اٌج١ اعزشعبع اٌج
SELECT select_list غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
INTO {variable_name[ , variable_name] …
| record_name }
FROM table
WHERE condition ;
ّخ١اثع لٛ ر, Row functions ؾٛاثع اٌظفٛ ر, SQL ش١ رعبثّٞٛىٓ أْ رؾ٠ ًل٤ اٍٝاؽذ عٚ دّٛلبئّخ ِٓ ع Select_list
. Group functions عخّٛاٌّغ
. ُ اٌّعبدح١َ ثؾفع (اؽزغبص) اٌمٛم١ٌ ذ اٌجعذ١ؽٚ يٛ ِزؾVariable_name
. ُ اٌّعبدح١َ ثؾًّ (اؽزغبص) اٌمٛم١ٌ PL/SQL ً ِغغRecord_name
. بٔبد١ي ِٓ لبعذح اٌجٚض اعُ عذ١رخظ Table
. PL/SQL اثذٛصٚ د٨ٛد ِمبسٔخ رزؼّٓ ِزؾ٩ِ ِعبٚ اثذٛ صٚ ش١رعبثٚ ِشوت ِٓ أعّبء أعّذح condition
WHERE عجبسحٚ SELECT ٓ عجبسح١ػع ثٛرٚ SELECT ّخ١ٍ عٕذ اعزخذاَ رعPL/SQL ٟخ ـ٠اعجبسٚ ثخٍٛ ِطINTO عجبسح
ًاؽذ ٌىٚ يٛغت اعطبء ِزؾ٠ . SELECT ّخ١ٍاٌّزّضٍخ ثزعٚ SQL ذ٘ب١ رعُٟ اٌز١َ ثؾًّ اٌمٛ رمٟد اٌز٨ٛذ أعّبء اٌّزؾ٠رٌه ٌزؾذٚ
. ب ِع اٌعٕبطش اٌّخزبسحٙج١ٕغغُ رشر٠ ْغت أ٠ٚ ٖبس١زُ اخز٠ عٕظش
You use the INTO clause to populate either PL/SQL variables or host variables .
DECLARE . اؽذ ـمؾٚٚ اؽذٚ ذ طؿ١ع٠ ْغت أ٠ َ٩عزع٨ا
v_deptno NUMBER( 2 ) ; ٗٔـب طؿ ٞأ ذ١ع٠ ٌُ ٚ اعبدح أوضش ِٓ طؿ أٟ ؽبٌزٟٔٗ ـ٤
v_loc VARCHAR2( 15 ) ; . ٕزظ خطؤ٠
BEGIN ٓ١عزضٕبئ٦ا َاعزخذا ّٓى٠ ٓ١اٌؾبٌز رٍه ٟـ
SELECT deptno , loc TOO_MANY_ROWS ٚأ NO_DATA_FOUND
INTO v_deptno , v_loc ِٓ ّٓى٠ ٞاٌزٚ . EXCEPTION عزضٕبءاد٨ػّٓ لغُ ا
FROM dept . ٓ٠ِش٤س أؽذ اٚ ؽبٌخ ؽذٟٓ ـ١بَ ثبعشاء ِع١ٌٗ اٌم٩خ
WHERE dname = ‗SALES‘ ;
….
END ;
Retrieving Data in PL/SQL PL/SQL ٟبٔبث ف١اظخسخبع اٌب
Retrieve the order date and the ship date for the specified order .
. خ ِؾذدح١خ اٌشؾٓ ِٓ أعً ؽٍج٠ ربسٚ خ١خ اٌطٍج٠ اعزشعبع ربس
DECLARE دّٛبٔبد اٌع١ع ثٛٔ v_orderdate يٛشس اٌّزؾ٠ زاٙث
v_orderdate ord.orderdate%TYPE ; ٕٔب اعزخذِٕب٤ ord يٚ ِٓ اٌغذorderdate
v_shipdate ord.shipdate%TYPE ; %TYPE
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate دّٛبٔبد اٌع١ع ثٛٔ v_shipdate يٛشس اٌّزؾ٠ وّب
INTO v_orderdate, v_shipdate %TYPE ٕٔب اعزخذِٕب٤ ord يٚ ِٓ اٌغذshipdate
FROM ord
WHERE id = 620 ;
….
END ;
. ) ; ( ؽخٛ ثبعزخذاَ اٌفبطٍخ إٌّمSQL ّخ١ٍ رعٞبء أٙٔ لُ ثبn
. PL/SQL ٟ اْ وبٔذ ِؼّٕخ ـSELECT ّخ١ٍ ِع رعINTO غت اعزخذاَ عجبسح٠ n
. PL/SQL ش١رعبثٚ ؾٚاٌؾشٚ اثذٛاٌضٚ د اٌّذخٍخ٨ٛض اٌّزؾ١ّىٓ أْ رغزخذَ ٌزخظ٠ٚ خ٠بس١ اخزWHERE عجبسحn
اـمخٛب ِزٙٔوٓ ِزؤوذاً أٚ . SELECT عجبسحٟ وؤعّذح ـINTO عجبسحٟد اٌّخشعخ ـ٨ٛض ٔفظ عذد اٌّزؾ١ لُ ثزخظn
.اـمخٛب ِزٙبٔبر١ع ثٛٔ ْأٚ ت١ثبٌزشر
. لغُ ِؾذدٟٓ ـ١ظفٌّٛع ا١ّارت ٌغٚع اٌشّٛ اعزشعبع ِغ
- 78 -
DECLARE عخّّٛخ اٌّغ١اثع لّٛىٓ اعزخذاَ ر٠ ٨
v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE ; ت عجبسح١ ػّٓ رشوGroup Functions
v_deptno NUMBER NOT NULL := 10 ; ّبد١ٍ رغزخذَ ػّٓ رعٟٙ ـPL/SQL
BEGIN . PL/SQL ي وزٍخ٩ خٚ داخً أSQL
SELECT SUM(sal) -- group function
INTO v_sum_sal
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno ;
END ;
Manipulating Data in PL/SQL PL/SQL ٟبٔبث ف١ِؼبٌدت اٌب
Make changes to the database tables by using DML commands :
: DML اِشٚبٔبد ثبعزخذاَ أ١ي لبعذح اٌجٚ عذاٍٝشاد ع١١بَ ثزؽ١اٌم
. يٚ اٌغذٌٝبٔبد ا١ذح ِٓ اٌج٠ؾ عذٛ أِش اػبـخ طفINSERT
. يٚدح ػّٓ اٌغذٛعِٛ ؾًٛ طف٠َ ثزعذٛم٠ ً٠ أِش اٌزعذUPDQTE
. يٚذ٘ب ِٓ اٌغذ٠ ٔش٨ ٟؾ اٌزٛؾزؾ اٌظف٠ أِش اٌؾزؾDELETE
ٚ أCOMMIT ّٟز١ٍٓ رع١ّ اْ رؼ. PL/SQL ّٓ ػDML اِشٚبٔبد ثبعزخذاَ أ١ لبعذح اٌجٍٝد ع٩٠ّىٕه اعشاء رعذ٠
. يٚألفبي اٌغذٚ ؾشس ألفبي اٌظؿ٠ PL/SQL دٛ ػّٓ وROLLBACK
: Inserting Data بٔبث١ ئ خبي اٌب
BEGIN : emp يٚ اٌغذٌٝذ ا٠ظؿ عذِٛ بٔبد١اػبـخ ث
INSERT INTO emp(empno, ename, job, deptno ) ًْ ٕ٘بن ِغٍغٛى٠ ْغت أ٠ ٘زا اٌّضبيٟـ
VALUES ( empno_sequence.NEXTVAL , ‗HARDING‘ , ُ ثبعempno دّٛ اٌعٍٝ ِٕشؤ عsequence
‗CLERK‘ , 10 ) ; . empno_sequence
END ;
: Updating Data بٔبث١ً اٌب٠ حؼد
DECLARE emp يٚ اٌغذٟٓ ـ١ظفٌّٛع ا١ّارت عٚبدح س٠ص
v_sal_increase emp.sal%TYPE := 2000 ; . analysts ٓ١ٍٍْ وّؾٍّٛع٠ ٓ٠اٌزٚ
BEGIN ٟ ) أِب ـ:= ( َد ٔغزخذ٨ٛ ِزؾٌُٝ ا١عٕبد ل٦
UPDATE emp . ً ؽبٌخ اعٕبد أعّذح ٔغزخذَ ( = ) دائّب
SET sal = sal + v_sal_increase
WHERE job = ‗ANALYST‘ ;
END ;
: Deleting Data بٔبث١ زرف اٌب
DECLARE ِٓ 10 ُ رخض اٌمغُ سلٟؾ اٌزٛؽزؾ اٌظف
v _deptno emp.deptno%TYPE := 10 ; . emp يٚاٌغذ
BEGIN
DELETE emp
WHERE deptno = v_deptno ;
END ;
DECLARE : خ ِؾذدح١ ؽزؾ ؽٍج-
v _ordid ord.ordid%TYPE := 605 ;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM item
WHERE ordid = v_ordid ;
END ;
- 79 -
Naming Conventions ت١ّاظخخداَ اططالزبث اٌخع
Use a naming convention to avoid ambiguity in the WHERE clause .
Database columns and identifiers should have distinct names .
Syntax errors can arise because PL/SQL checks the database first for column in the table .
. WHERE عجبسحٟ اٌزجبط ـٞ أٞخ ٌزفبد١ّػ اٌزغ٩اعزخذَ اطط
. ضح١ّبٔبد أعّبء ِز١ِعشـبد لبعذح اٌجٚ عّذح٤ ْٛى٠ ْغت أ٠
. يٚ اٌغذٟد ـّٛبٔبد ِٓ أعً اٌع١ رزؾمك ِٓ لبعذح اٌجPL/SQL ْ٤ خ٠ّٛىٓ أْ رؾذس أخطبء ٔؾ٠
DECLARE بٙ١ٍخ اٌّزفك ع١ّؽبد اٌزغ٩ك اطط١غت رطج٠ ٌزٌهٚ
orderdate ord.orderdate%TYPE ; : ٌٟ اٌّضبي اٌزبٟس اٌخطؤ وّب ـٌٚزغٕت ؽذ
shipdate ord. shipdate%TYPE ;
ordid ord. ordid %TYPE := 601 ; ْ٤ رٌهٚ ز١ٕزظ اعزضٕبء رٕف٠ ٘زا اٌّضبيٟـ
BEGIN ّب ارا وبْ اٌّعشؾ١َ ثبٌزؾمك ـٛم٠ PL/SQL
SELECT orderdate , shipdate ٗٔىٓ ـب٠ ٌُ ْاٚ بٔبد١ لبعذح اٌجٟد ـّٛعجبسح عٓ ع
INTO orderdate , shipdate . PL/SQL ْ ِعشؾٛى٠ ْع أِٚٓ اٌّفش
FROM ord عجبسحٟس اٌزجبط ـٚخ ٌؾذ١ٔعذ اِىبٛ ر٨
WHERE ordid = ordid ; غت٠ ِعشؾ ػّٓ رٍه اٌعجبسحْٞ أ٤ SELECT
END ; عذٛ ر٨ٚ بٔبد١د ِٓ لبعذح اٌجّْٛ اعُ عٛى٠ ْأ
SQL> ْ٤ INTO عجبسحٟس اٌزجبط ـٚخ ٌؾذ١ٔاِىب
DECLARE ْ أعّبءٛغت أْ رى٠ INTO اٌّعشـبد ػّٓ عجبسح
* . د٨ِٛزؾ
ERROR at line 1: ؾذس اٌزجبط٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ WHERE ـمؾ ػّٓ عجبسح
ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested . ش٠ٛ رشٚأ
number of rows
ORA-06512: at line 6
SQL Cursor SQL ِإشس
A cursor is a private SQL work area.
There are two types of cursors :
o Implicit cursors .
o Explicit cursors.
The Oracle Server uses implicit cursors to parse and execute your SQL statements.
Explicit cursors are explicitly declared by the programmer.
. SQL ِٕطمخ عًّ خبطخ ثـٛ٘اٌّئشش
: ٓ ِٓ اٌّئششاد١عٛٔ ٕ٘بن
. خ١ّٕ ِئششاد ػo
. )اػؾخٚ( ؾخ٠ ِئششاد طشo
.SQL ّبد١ٍز رع١رٕفٚ عشاة٦ خ١ّٕساوً اٌّئششاد اٌؼٚد أٚغزخذَ ِض٠
.ػ ِٓ لجً اٌّجشِظٛػٛؾخ ث٠ؼ عٓ اٌّئششاد اٌظش٠زُ اٌزظش٠
: SQL Cursor Attributes - SQL اص ِإشسٛخ
ُز٠ ؽذس عٕذِبٞاص أْ رخّٓ ِب اٌزٛؼ ٌه ٘زٖ اٌخ١ش رز١ ؽ. اص اٌّئششٛ ثبعزخذاَ خSQL ّبد١ٍٍخ رع١ّىٕه اخزجبس ؽظ٠
. SQL ّبد١ٍب ػّٓ رعِّٙىٕه اعزخذا٠ ٨ٚ د٨اص وذاٛ رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌخ,ش١خ٤ اّٟٕاعزخذاَ اٌّئشش اٌؼ
Cursor Attributes
SQL%ROWCOUNT ؾخ١ّخ طؾ١ لٛ٘ٚ – SQL ّخ١ٍؾ اٌّزؤصشح ثآخش رعٛعذد اٌظف
SQL%FOUND أوضشٚاؽذ أٚ طؿٍٝ عSQL ّخ١ٍ ارا أصشد آخش رعTRUEخ رمذس ثـ١طفخ ِٕطم
SQL%NOTFOUND طؿٞ أٍٝ عSQL ّخ١ٍ ارا ٌُ رئصش آخش رعTRUEخ رمذس ثـ١طفخ ِٕطم
SQL%ISOPEN ٖز١ ِجبششح ثعذ رٕفّٟٕ رؽٍك اٌّئشش اٌؼPL/SQL ْ٤ FALSEدائّب ً رمذس ثـ
. ـخٚؾ اٌّؾزٛ صُ لُ ثطجبعخ عذد اٌظف, ITEM يٚخ ِؾذد ِٓ اٌغذ١ سلُ ؽٍجٞٛ رؾزٟؾ اٌزٛ لُ ثؾزؾ اٌظف
- 80 -
VARIABLE rows_deleted VARCHAR2(30)
DECLARE
v_ordid NUMBER := 605 ;
BEGIN
DELETE FROM item
WHERE ordid = v_ordid ;
:rows_deleted := (SQL%ROWCOUNT ||
‗ rows deleted . ‗ ) ;
END ;
/
PRINT rows_deleted
Writing Control Structures ُ اٌخسىٕٝوخبات ا
Controlling PL/SQL Flow of Execution PL/SQL ر١اٌخسىُ اخدفك حٕف
: خ١ اٌزؾىُ اٌؾٍمٕٝثٚ خ١ اٌششؽIF ّبد ثبعزخذاَ عجبسح١ٍ ٌٍزعّٟىٕه اٌزؾىُ ثبٌزذـك إٌّطم٠
: ت١ اٌشسؽIF ػببزاث
. IF-THEN-END IF S
. IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF S
. IF-THEN-ELSIF-ENDIF S
IF condition THEN IF غت اٌؼبِت ٌؼببزة١اٌظ
statements ;
[ELSIF condition THEN
statements ; ]
[ELSE
statements ; ]
END IF ;
رٕفزّٟبد اٌز١ٍ ثشىً ِزغٍغً ِع اٌزعٟؤر٠ٚ NULL ٚ أFALSE ٚ أTRUE ٗغز١ْ ٔزٛش ِب رى١ رعجٚ أٟي ِٕطمٛ ِزؾcondition
. TRUE ّخ١ـمؾ ارا ٔزظ عٕٗ اٌم
. ؽبٌخ رؾمك اٌششؽٟ رٕفز ـّٟبد اٌز١ٍ ثعذ٘ب اٌزعٟرؤرٚ ٟش إٌّطم١عجبسح رشاـك اٌزعج THEN
. ِزذاخٍخIF عجبسادّٞٛىٓ أْ رؾ٠ٚ أوضشٚاؽذح أٚ PL/SQL ٚ أSQL ّخ١ٍْ رعّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ statements
.NULL ٚ أFALSE يٚ٤ش ا١غخ اٌزعج١ٗ اْ وبٔذ ٔز١ٌي اٛطٌٛزُ ا٠ ٟش ِٕطم١ ثعذ٘ب رعجٟؤر٠ خ١وٍّخ ِفزبؽ ELSIF
.بٙ١ٌطً اٌزؾىُ اٚ ؽبٌخّٟبد رٕفز ـ١ٍعخ رعّٛ ثعذ٘ب ِغٟؤر٠ خ١وٍّخ ِفزبؽ ELSE
- 81 -
: Simple IF Statements طت١ اٌبعIF ػببزة
IF v_ename = ‘OSBORN‘ THEN manager ش٠ ػّٓ سلُ اٌّذ22 ّخ١ػع اٌمٛ لُ ث:1ِثبي
v_mgr := 22 ; . Osborne ظؿٌّٛ ارا وبْ اعُ اID
END IF ;
IF v_ename = ‘MILLER‘ THEN
v_job := ‗SALESMAN‘ ; ٚ Job title ّٓ ػSalesman ّخ١ػع اٌمٛ لُ ث: 2ِثبي
v_deptno := 35; حٚ٩عٚ Department number ُ سلُ اٌمغٟ ـ35 ّخ١اٌم
v_new_comm := sal * 0.20 ; ش١خ٤عُ ا٨ ارا وبْ ا20% ٌٝ رظً اcommission
END IF ; . Miller ظؿٌٍّٛ
....
. ٓ١ وٍّزEND IF ْأٚ اؽذحٚ وٍّخELSIF ْد رزوش ثؤٛعٕذ وزبثخ و .i
ُز٠ NULL ٚ أFALSE ٗغز١ أِب اْ وبٔذ ٔزٌٝٚ٤ّبد ا١ٍعخ اٌزعّٛ رٕفَّز ِغTRUE يٚ٤ اٟغخ اٌششؽب إٌّطم١اْ وبٔذ ٔز .ii
. ELSIF عذد ِٓ عجبسادٞغّؼ ثؤ٠ خ وّب١ٌح اٌزبٛ اٌخطٌٝٔزمبي ا٦اٚ ّبد١ٍعخ اٌزعّٛ ِغٟرخط
. اؽذحٚ ELSE وضش عجبسح٤ اٍْٝ ٕ٘بٌه عٛى٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ .iii
. ػٛػٌٍٛ ّبد إٌّفزح١ٍلُ ثزشن ـشاؼبد لجً اٌزع .iv
IF-THEN-ELSE Statement IF-THEN-ELSE ًت ِٓ اٌشى١ اٌشسؽIF ػببزة
: IF ر ػببزة١ ِخطؾ حدفك حٕفٍٟ٠ ّب١ف
َاٌشىً اٌؼب
IF condition1 THEN
statement1 ; TRUE IF FALSE
ELSE condition
statement2 ;
END IF ;
THEN actions ELSE actions
: اٌّخداخٍتIF ّبث١ٍحؼ
ِٓ ًّىٓ أْ رؼُ و٠. ؽذاس٤خ لجً أْ رٕغض ا١ اػبـIF ّبد١ٍ رعٌٝٚ٤ اIF ّخ١ٍؽذاس إٌبرغخ عٓ رع٤عخ اّٛؼب ً أْ رؼُ ِغ٠ّىٓ أ٠
. END IF َبإ٘ب ثبعزخذاٙٔزُ ا٠ ْغت أ٠ اٌّزذاخٍخIF ّبد١ٍّخ ِٓ رع١ٍوً رع. IF ّبد١ٍ رعELSE ٚ THEN ٟعجبسر
IF v_shipdate – v_orderdate < 5 THEN
v_ship_flag := ‗Acceptable‘ ; ْٛى٠ عٕذِبOrders بد١ ٌٍطٍجflag ػع اشبسح:1 ِثبي
ELSE order date خ اٌطٍت٠ٓ ربس١بَ ث٠ٕ٘بن ألً ِٓ خّغخ أ
v_ship_flag := ‗Unacceptable‘ ; . ship date ٓخ اٌشؾ٠ٓ ربس١ثٚ
END IF ;
....
IF v_name = ‗KING‘ THEN اراManager ٌٝظؿ اٌّٛع عًّ اٛٔ ش١١ لُ ثزؽ: 2ِثبي
v_job := ‗MANAGER‘ ; ش١ظؿ ؼٌّٛارا وبْ اعُ اٚ . King ظؿٌّٛوبْ اعُ ا
ELSE . Clerk ًّع اٌعٛٔ ػعKing
v_job := ‗CLERK‘ ;
END IF ;
- 82 -
IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement IF-THEN-ELSIF ًت ِٓ اٌشى١ اٌشسؽIF ػببزة
َاٌشىً اٌؼب IF ّبد١ٍ رعٌٝػبـخ ا٦ ثبELSIF ْ ِّىٕبً لُ ثبعزخذاَ عجبسحٛى٠ عٕذِب
IF condition1 THEN ًض ثشى١ِّ ْ إٌّطكٛى٠ٚ ُٙاٌفٚ ً ٌٍمشاءحٙد أعٛظجؼ اٌى٠ اٌّزذاخٍخ
statement1 ; خ١ٔ صبIF ّخ١ٍزؤٌؿ ِٓ رع٠ ELSE ارا وبْ اٌؾذس ػّٓ عجبسح. اػؼٚ
ELSIF condition2 THEN ًٙد أعٛغعً اٌى٠ ٘زاٚ . ELSIF ً اعزخذاَ عجبسحٙع٤ْ ِٓ اٛى٠ ٗٔـب
statement2 ; ِٓ عخّٛخ وً ِغ٠بٙٔ ٟاٌّزذاخٍخ ـEND IF َ ثؾزؾ عجبسادٕٛٔب ٔم٤
ELSIF condition3 THEN . ؽذاس٤اٚ ؽٚاٌشش
Statement3 ;
END IF ;
: IF ر ػببزة١ ِخطؾ حدفك حٕفٍٟ٠ ّب١ف
IF
condition
TRUE FALSE
THEN actions
ELSIF
condition
TRUE FALSE
ELSE
THEN actions actions
…. EX1 :Determine an employee's bonus
IF v_deptno = 10 THEN
based upon the employee's department.
v_comm := 5000 ;
عزّبد٨رٌه ثبٚ ٓ١ظفٌٍّٛ حٚ٩ػع عٛ لُ ث:1 ِثبي
ELSIF v_deptno = 20 THEN
. ظؿٌّٛ ؽغت سلُ لغُ اٞ اٌمغُ أٍٝع
v_comm := 7500 ;
ELSE
v_comm := 2000 ;
END IF ;
....
…. EX2 : For a given value, calculate a
IF v_start > 100 THEN
percentage of that value based on a
v_ start := 2 * v_ start ;
condition.
ELSIF v_ start >= 50 THEN
ّخ ِذخٍخ لُ ثؾغبة إٌغجخ١ ِٓ أعً ل:2 ِثبي
v_ start := .5 * v_ start ;
. اٌششؽٍٝخ ثٕب ًء ع٠ٛاٌّئ
ELSE
v_ start := .1 * v_ start ;
END IF ;
....
- 83 -
Building Logical Conditions ت١ؽ إٌّطمٚإبء اٌشس
You can build a simple Boolean condition by combining number, character, or date expressions with a
comparison operator . In general, handle null values with the IS NULL operator.
ُ اٌفبسؼخ١زُ اٌزعبًِ ِع اٌم٠ ً ِبّٛخ ثبعزخذاَ ِعبًِ ِمبسٔخ ’ ع٠ش اٌزبس١ رعبثٚ أؽشؾٚ َرٌه ثؼُ أسلبٚ ؾ١ ثغّٟىٕه ثٕبء ششؽ ِٕطم٠
. IS NULL ًِ ثبعزخذاَ اٌّعبNULL
Any expression containing a null value evaluates to NULL, with the exception of a concatenated
expression, witch treats the null value as an empty string.
ب عٍغٍخٙٔ أٍّٝخ اٌفبسؼخ ع١ رعبًِ اٌمٟاٌزٚ ًع٩ ِع اعزضٕبء ؽبٌخ ػُ اٌغNULL ّخ ـبسؼخ١ٕزظ ل٠ ٚمذس أ٠ ّخ ـبسؼخ١ لٞٛؾ٠ ش١ رعجٞأ
. ـبسؼخ
:ّخ ـبسؼخ١ لٚ رv_sal يٛ اْ وبْ اٌّزؾNULL ّخ١ٓ اٌم١١ٌٓ اٌزب٠ش١ٕزظ عٓ وً ِٓ اٌزعج٠ : 1 ِثبي
v_sal >1000 , v_sal * 1.1
: NULL ٞ ـبسؼخ أv_string يّٛخ اٌّزؾ١ اْ وبٔذ لNULL ّخ١ ٘زا اٌّضبي اٌمٟٕزظ ـ٠ ٨ : 2 ِثبي
‗PL‘ || v_string || ‗SQL‘
Logic Tables ي إٌّطكٚخدا
: ؽٚ رٕزظ عٓ رٍه اٌششٟخ اٌز١ُ إٌّطم١خ اٌم١ٌي اٌزبٚٓ اٌغذا١ رجٟاٌزٚ د اٌّمبسٔخ٩ِؾ ثبعزخذاَ ِعب١ ثغّٟىٓ ثٕبء ششؽ ِٕطم٠
AND True False NULL OR True False NULL NOT
True True False NULL True True True True True False
False False False False False True False NULL False True
NULL NULL False NULL NULL True NULL NULL NULL NULL
: وً ؽبٌخٟ ـV_FLAG ّخ١ لٟ٘ ِب: ت١ؽ إٌّطمِٚثبي ػٓ اٌشس
v_flag := v_order_flag AND v_available_flag ;
V_ORDER_FLAG V_AVAILABLE_FLAG V_FLAG
True True True
True False False
NULL True NULL
NULL False False
Iterative Control : LOOP Statements ت١س اٌسٍم١ اٌخؼبا: ٞاٌخسىُ اٌخىسازا
Loops repeat a statement or sequence of statements multiple times .
There are three loop types :
Basic loop .
FOR loop .
WHILE loop .
. ّبد عذد ِٓ اٌّشاد١ٍعٍغٍخ اٌزعّٚخ أ١ٍَ اٌؾٍمبد ثزىشاس اٌزعٛ رم
: اع ِٓ اٌؾٍمبدٛٔس أ٩عذ صٛ٠
. خ١عبع٤ اٌؾٍمخ ا
. FOR ؽٍمخ
. WHILE ؽٍمخ
- 84 -
: Basic Loop – ت١اٌسٍمت األظبظ
LOOP -- delimiter غت اٌؼبِت١اٌظ
Statement1; -- statements
…..
EXIT [ WHEN CONDITION ] ; -- EXIT statement
END LOOP ; -- delimiter
اٌخخبَ اٌسخبء اٌدػبءٟفٚ
ً٠ٌىُ خصٚ اٌعداٚ ك١فٛابٌخ
اٌشىس
هللاٟوُ فٛأخ
خببزةٚ ٌٛ ػبد اٞ فب
- 85 -
You might also like
- عقل بلا جسدDocument108 pagesعقل بلا جسدEslam ZidanNo ratings yet
- ديوان أمل دنقلDocument446 pagesديوان أمل دنقلEslam ZidanNo ratings yet
- كتاب الرحيق المختومDocument411 pagesكتاب الرحيق المختومEslam ZidanNo ratings yet
- لماضة-إليك كتابىDocument130 pagesلماضة-إليك كتابىEslam Zidan0% (1)
- نص الاعلان الدستورىDocument22 pagesنص الاعلان الدستورىEslam ZidanNo ratings yet
- الدستور المصريDocument75 pagesالدستور المصريMahmoud BashaNo ratings yet
