\hslµ-h-hmZw

{]Xn-tj-[hpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw

tUm.Pn. \mcm-b-W³, ko\n-bÀ eIv¨-dÀ, thZm-´-hn-`m-Kw,

{io i¦-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX kÀÆ-I-em-im-e, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw {]mtZ-inItI{µw

Bcym-hÀ¯-¯nse aX-am-bn-cp¶p k\m-X-\-[À½w. knÔp-\-Zn-bpsS adp-I-c-

bn Xma-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ F¶ AÀ°-¯n Ad-_n-IfmWv lnµp F¶ ]Zw BZyw
D]tbmKn-¨-Xv.1 CXv ]n¡m-e¯v `mc-X-¯nse CXc aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-f-Ãm¯ P\-hn-
`m- K - ¯ nsâ s]mXp hnfn- t ¸- c m- b n. \qäm- - p - I Ä \o- p - \ n¶ _mly- A - [ n- \ n- t h- i - § -
fp-sSbpw, kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-¯n \n¶v hn«p-\n¡m³
k\m-X-\-[À½-¯n\pw Ign-ªn-Ã. ]pdsa \n¶p h¶ kmwkvIm-cnI [mc-I-sfÃmw
k\m- X - \ - [ À½- ¯ nsâ `mK- a m- I p¶Xmbn- c p¶p CÉm- a nI A[n- \ n--t h- i - § Ä¡v
ap³]phsc I- n - c p- ¶ - X v . ]t£ CÉm- a nI A[n- \ n- t h- i hpw, AXn- \ p- t i- j - a p- - m b
]mÝmXy A[n-\n-th-ihpw C´y-bp-sS k\m-X\ ]mc-¼-cy-¯n Cgp-In-t¨-cm-sX- \n-
¶p. CÉm-anI cmjv{So-bm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\p-h-g-§n-sb-¦nepw aXm-[n\n-th-is¯ ^e-{]-
Z-ambn sNdp-¯p-\n¡p-¶-Xn\v lnµp-a-X-¯n\v Ign-ªp.2 ]t£, ]mÝmXy A[n\nth-
i-§-sf, {]tXy-In¨v {_n«ojv tImf-\n-hm-gvN-sbbpw , AtXm-sSm¸w iàn-bmÀÖn¨
{InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-sfbpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]c-¼-cm-KX lnµp-a-
X-¯n-\m-bn-Ã. {_n«ojv `c-Whpw, anj-\d- n-Ifpw apt¶m-«p-h¨ kmaq-ln-I, aX, cmjv{Sob
ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ `mc-Xo-bÀ¡v XoÀ¯pw ]pXp-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. {]Xn-tcm[w Akm-²y-am-
¡nbXpw Cu ]pXp-a-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AÂ]w ]Xp-s¡-bm-sW-¦nepw CXn-s\bpw
{]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn lnµp-aXw hnP-bn-¨p. ]t£ {]Xn-tcm[w XoÀ¯Xv ]gb k\m-
X\ [À½-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã, adn¨v sI«nepw a«nepw XoÀ¯pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp lnµp-a-
X-am-bn-cp-¶p.
]mc-¼-cy-t¯mSv BZ-chpw AKm-[-amb hnizm-khpw AXnse {]Xn-tema Bi-
b-§tfmSv {]Xn-tj-[hpw, ]pXnb aqey-§-fp-tS-bpw Bi-b-§-fptSbpw kzmwio-I-c-
Whpw ]pXnb kwcw`-¯n D-m-bn-cp-¶p. {_n«o-jv-þ-{In-kvXy³ A[n-\n-th-i-ap-
bÀ¯nb Akz-Ø-X-Ifpw kzXz-{]-iv\-§fpw \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-¯n\v ]pXnbam\-
§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. Htc-k-abw ]mc-¼-cy-¯nse {]Xn-tem-a- B-i-b-§-tfmSv Ie-ln¨pw
A[n-\n-th-i-kw-kvIm-cs¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n¨pw lnµp kzXzw cq]w-sIm-- sX-§s\
F¶v \h- s sl- µ - h - h mZw hni- I - \ ew sN¿p¶Xn- e qsS hyà- a mIpw
\h-ssl-µh
- h
- m-Zw
\h-ssl-µ-hhm-Z¯¡pdn¨v hyXykvX kn²m-´-§Ä \ne-hn-ep--v. s]mXpsh
ka-Im-enI lnµp-a-X-s¯-bmWv \h-ssl-µhaX-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.3 hÀ¯-am-
\-Im-e-temI hyh-Øbv¡\pk-cn¨v aqey-§-fnepw ImgvN-¸m-Snepw Bh-iy-amb amäw
hcp-¯n-bX
- mWv \h-ssl-µh
- m-Z¯
- nsâ ZÀi-\w. \h-ssl-µh
- h
- mZw GsX-¦nepw hyàn-
bp-sSsbm kwL-¯nsâtbm krjvSn-b-Ã. _mlym-[n-\n-th-i-§Ä, {]tXy-In¨pw
{_n«ojv B[n-]Xyw D-m-¡nb kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A\p-c-W-\-§-fnÂ\n¶v
Dcp-¯n-cnª Hcp Dt]m¸-¶-amWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zw.4 \ho\ lnµp-aXw `mc-Xob-
amb FÃm aqey-§-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. NmÀÆm-I-\pw _p²-\pw, ssP\\pw
k\m-X-\-[À½-¯n\p ]pd-¯m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zn-IÄ¡v Ah-scÃmw
hnime lnµp-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv.
{_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯nsâ \ne-\n¸n-\m-h-iy-amb kml-N-cy-sam-cp-¡p-¶-Xn\v
{_n«ojv `c-W-IqSw \S-¸m-¡nb B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw P\m-[n-]Xyw, tkmjy-enkw
XpS-§nb ]mÝm-Xy-aq-ey-§Ä C´y-bn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. AXp-t]mse sXmgn _Ô-
§-fnepw kmaq-ly_Ô-§-fn-ep-ap--mb amä-§fpw `mc-Xob kaq-l-¯n\v ]pXn-b-
Xmbn-cp-¶p. AXp-hsc \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kzbw]cym]vX km-aqly -k¼-Zvhy-h-Øsb
]qÀ®-ambn¯s¶ {_n«ojv km{am-PyXzw XIÀ¯p.5 {InkvXp-a-X-{]-Nm-cWw Bcw-
`n¨ anj-\-dn-IÄ lnµp-a-X-¯nse PmXn, hÀW-hy-h-Ø-I-sf-bpw, _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-
\, kXn XpS-§n-b-h-sbbpw, hnaÀin-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-l-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.6
Cu Ah-k-c-¯n-emWv B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw e`n¨ C´ym-¡mÀ {]tXy-
In¨pw _wKm-fnÂ, sslµh \thm-°m-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv.
C§s\ {_n«ojv C´y-bpsS BhnÀ`m-h-t¯msS kwL-Sn-X-cq-]-¯n {]hÀ¯-\-
am-cw-`n¨ \thm-°m-\-þ-]-cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§-fn \n¶mWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hmZw cq]w
sIm--Xv. ]qÀ®-ambpw ]mÝmXy hnZym-`ymkw e`n-¨-hÀ am{X-amWv Cu kwc-`-¯n-
ep--m-bn-cp-¶Xv F¶v ChnsS AÀ°-am-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]mc-¼-cy-hm-Zn-I-fmb Zbm-\-µ-k-c-
kzXn XpS-§n-b-hcpw C¡q-«-¯n-ep--v. s]mXpsh \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zs¯ _mlym[n-
\n-th-i-§-fp-ambpw CX-c- a-X-hn-izm-k-§-fp-am-bp--mb CS-]-g-I-en-sâbpw X·q-e-ap-
-mb kwL-Àj-§-fp-sSbpw kzXz-{]-XnkÔnbp-sSbpw {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS
Dcp-¯n-cnª Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-bmWv ImWp-¶-Xv.

]mc-¼cyw
\h-ssl-µhhmZw ]mc-¼-cy-L-S-I-§sf F§ns\ DÄs¡m-ncn-¡p¶p F¶v
]cn- t im- [ n- t ¡- - X p- - v . k\m- X - \ - [ À½- ¯ nsâ \ne- \ n¸p- X s¶ thZ- § - f n- e mWv
F¶mWv hnizm-kw7 AXp- s Im- - p - X s¶ thZ- § fpw D]- \ n- j - ¯ p- I fpw FÃmw
\hsslµhmZw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. ]t£ AÔ-ambn A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]e-t¸mgpw
aSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]mÝm-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-hp-am-bpÅ CS-]-g-I-ep-I-fn \n¶v e`n¨
XXz- § fpw aqey- § - f pw, X§- f psS ]mc- ¼ - c y- ¯ nepw Ds- ¶ p Øm]n- ¡ p- ¶ - X n\v
{ian-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶ X§Ä¡v {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ Ign-bp¶ LS-I-§Ä
]mÝmXy kwkvIm-c-¯n \n¶v aSn-Iq-SmsX DÄs¡m-Åp-Ibpw ]pXnb kqaq-ly-
{I-a-¯n\pw Ime-¯n\pw D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-a-Ãm¯ {]Xn-tem-a-kn-²m-´-§Ä XÅn-¡-f-
bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. FÃm {]mNo-\-{K-Ù-§-sfbpw Ah-bp-sS {kjvSm-¡-sfbpw
AwKo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw B {KÙ-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ {]Xn-tema Bi-b-§Ä B
{KÙ-¯nsâ `mK-aà F¶p Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A§ns\ B {KÙ-IÀ¯m-¡-sf-
Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-cm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-apÅ Hcp hy{KX \h-ssl-µ-hhm-Z-¯nsâ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-
am-bn- Im-Wp-hm³ Ign-bpw.8
AssZzXthZm-´-amWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-¯nsâ XXz-im-kv{X-ambn Adn-b-s¸-
Sp-¶-Xv. B[p-\nI tkmjy-en-Ìv Bi-b-¯n\p Xpey-ambn \h-ssl-µ-h-hmZw DbÀ¯n-
¡m-«p-¶Xv "FÃmw {_Ò-am-Wv, Bcpw {_Ò-¯n \n¶v `n¶-cÃ' F¶p {]Jym-]n-
¡p¶ "AssZzXthZm-´'-s¯-bm-Wv. Chn-sSbpw ]c-¼-cm-KX AssZzXthZ-m-´s¯
]pXnb aqi-bn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
PmXn, hÀ®, B{ia k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡v ]mc-¼-cy-¯n \n¶v hyXn-N-en¨v
kzX-{´-hym-Jym-\-§Ä \ÂIp-Ibpw , PmXn hyh-Øbpw A\p-_-Ô-hn-j-b-§fpw
k\m-X-\-[À½-¯n\v ]pd-¯p-Å-h-bm-sW¶pw AXp-sIm-p Xs¶ Akzo-Im-cy-am-
sW¶pw ChÀ hmZn- ¡ p- ¶ p. sshZn- I - h ÀW- k - { ¼- Z mbw PmXn- h y- h - Ø - s bbpw
AXnÂ\n-e-\n¡p¶ kmaq-ln-I-{I-a-s¯-bp-aà kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv: CXv tIhew
sXmgn hn`-P\ F¶-Xn-\-¸p-dw H¶p-a-à F¶mWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zn-I-fn Nne-
cpsS A`n-{]mbw. F§-s\-bm-bmepw \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-¯nsâ [À½-kwlnX PmXn
hÀW-hn-th-N-\s¯ FXnÀ¡p¶p F¶Xv hmkvX-h-am-Wv. sshZnI ]utcm-ln-Xy-
ta-[m-hn-Xz-t¯mSv Ie-ln¨v cq]w-sIm- _u²- ssP\ aX-§-sfbpw kn²m-´-§-
sfbpw \h-ssl-µ-h-hmZw DÄs¡m--p. CsXÃmw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv \h-ssl-µ-h-
hmZw ]mc-¼-cy-¯n \n¶pÅ Hcp sXdn-¨p-am-d-e-Ã; adn¨v ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ ]p\Àhm-
b-\-bm-sW-¶m-Wv.

{]Xn-tj[w
]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ ]p\-cm-Jym\w F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶ \h-ssl-µ-
h-hmZw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tj-[-¯nsâ LS-I-§fpw hni-
Ie\w sNt¿- - X p- - v . ]mc- ¼ - c y- t ¯mSv ià- a mbn Ie- l n¨hcpsS kw`m- h - \ bpw
\h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-¯n ImWp-hm³ Ign-bpw. hÀ® -PmXn hyh-Ø-bn Hcp `mK-
¯p-\n¡p-¶Xv FÃm A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-§-fp-apÅ ss{XhÀ®n-I-cpw, adp-`m-K¯v
FÃmw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸«, kmaq-ly-t{i-Wn-bn Gähpw Xmsg \n¡p¶ iq{Z-cp-am-
Wv. Ch-cn khÀ®-cmb ss{XhÀWn-IÀ ]n³Xp-S-À¶ncp¶ PmXn hnth-N-\-¯n-
s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ hnaÀi-\-amWv apJyw. c-p hn`m-K-¯nepws]«-hÀ Cu hnaÀi\w
DbÀ¯n-bn-«p--v. kzman Zbm-\-µ-k-c-kzXn, hnth-Im-\-µ³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ A`nPmXhn-
`m-K-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶p. Chn-sS-Im-Wp¶ Hcp s]mXp kz`mhw hnth-N\w sshZnI[À½-
¯nsâ `mK-aà F¶p Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n \nc-¯p¶ sshZnIamb sXfn-hp-I-
fm-Wv. sslµhhmZ-¯nsâ `mK-am-b-sÃ-¦nepw Cu NÀ¨-bn CS-s]-Sp¶ tUm.
Awt_-ZvIÀ hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv. At±lw {ian-¡p-
¶Xv hnth-N\w F§ns\ cq]-s¸«p F¶v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-hm-\m-Wv. CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶Xv Xm³ \ntj-[n-¡p-hm³ B{K-ln-¡p¶ hyh-Ø-bpsS `mK-amb sshZnI
kmln-Xy-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-]-T-\-km-a{Kn F¶ \ne-bv¡mWv At±lw sshZn-I-km-ln-
Xys¯ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.9 iq{Zsâ kzXzw At\z-jn-¡p¶ At±lw AXp-Øm-]n-
s¨-Sp-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS sshZnI kmln-Xys¯ kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ F¯-p-
¶Xv FXnÀ¡- s ¸- t S- - X nsâ IqsS- ¯ s¶bmWv F¶- X mWv hkv X p- X . iq{Z³
ss{XhÀWnIcnÂs]« kqcy-hw-io-b-cmb Bcy³ kap-Zm-b-§-fn H¶m-bn-cp-¶p-
sh¶pw BZy-Im-e¯v {_mÒ-W³, £{Xn-b³ , sshiy³ F¶o aq¶p-hÀW-§Ä
am{Xta D-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åp-sh¶pw Ct´m Bcy³ kaq-l-¯n £{Xn-b-hÀW-¯nsâ
`mK-sa¶ Øm\-amWv AhÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶-sX-¶pw10 hmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ At±lw F´n-
s\-bmtWm \ntj-[n-¡p-hm³ {ian-¨Xv, AXnsâ `mKw Xs¶ Bhp-I-bm-Wv. {]Xn-
tema kn²m´w {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ncn-{X-]-T-t\m-]m[n F¶ \ne-bv¡pÅ
kzoIm-cyX thZ-§Ä¡v A-t±lw \ÂIp-¶p--v. am{X-a-Ã, kzman hnth-Im-\-µ-s\-
t¸mse Bcy³ A[n-\n-thikn²m-´s¯ \nin-X-ambn hnaÀin-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶p.11
thZw-am-{X-amWv kXy-sa¶v AwKo-I-cn¨v thZ-§-fn-te¡v aS-§p-hm³ Blzm\w
sNbvX kzman-Z-bm-\-µ-k-c-kzXn "hÀ®§sf' AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw "PmXn-hy-h-Ø-
sbbpw, hÀ®- h n- t h- N - \ - s ¯bpw' \nc- k n- ¡ p- I bpw sN¿p- ¶ p. kv { XoIÄ¡pw
iq{Z³amÀ¡pw- thZw ]Tn-¡m-sa¶pw bmKm-Zn-IÄ FÃm-hÀ¡pw A\p-jvTn-¡m-sa¶pw
At±lw hmZn-¡p-¶p. hne-¡p-IÄ kzmÀ°-a-Xn-I-fpsSbmWv F¶mWv At±-l-¯nsâ
aXw. thZ-§Ä¡p-ti-j-ap--mb FÃm- km-lnXy imkv{X -im-J-I-sfbpw sshZn-I-X-
Xz-§Ä ]n³Xp-S-cp¶nSt¯mfw hsc am{X-ta Zbm-\-µ-k-c-kzXn AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-
Åp. lnµp-a-X-¯nse A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\- Xp-S-§nbhsbbpw \nin-X-
ambn At±lw hnaÀin- ¡ p- ¶ p- - v .12
PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Gähpw hnIr-X-cq]-amWv tIc-f-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶Xv.
"tIcfw Hcp {`m´m-e-b-am-Wv' F¶ hnth-Im-\-µ-kzm-an-bpsS ]cm-aÀiw am{Xw aXn
tIc-f-¯n-se ØnXn hyà-am-hp-¶-Xn-\v.13 ChnsS {]hÀ¯n¨ \thm-°m-\- ]-cn-
jvI-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fn {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp¶ N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ thZ-§-fn-sebpw D]-\n-j-
¯p-I-fn-sebpw alm-`m-cXw XpS-§nb aäp {]mam-WnI {KÙ-§-fn-sebpw BJym-
bnI-I-fpsS ]p\Àhym-Jym-\-¯n-eqsS {_mÒ-tW-X-c-hÀ®-§Ä¡pw thZw ]Tn-¡p-
¶-Xn\pw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A[n-Im-c-ap-s-¶p Øm]n-¡p-¶p.14 ChnsS hÀW-hy-
h-Ø- tNm-ZywsN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xmbn ImWp-¶n-Ã. NmÀhm-Isâ hnaÀi-\-¯n\p hnt[-
b-amb thZ-{In-bm-]m-T-§Ä "ZpjvS]WvUn-X-{]-`p-¡Ä' \S-¸n-em-¡n-b-Xm-sW¶v At±-
l-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-bw.15 thZw AXnsâ kzcq-]-¯n Ipä-a-ä-Xm-sW-¶mWv At±-l-
¯nsâ \ne-]m-Sv. C§-s\-sbm-cp-\n-e-]m-Sn-ep-d¨p \n¡p-t¼mgpw AssZz-X-th-Zm-
´w -]n³Xp-S-cp-t¼mgpw ]mc-¼-cy-¯nse bpàn-cm-ln-Xy-§-tfmSv \nc-´cw Ie-ln-
¨psImt- - b n- c p¶p At±- l w.16 At±lw a\p-kvarXn hymJym-\n-¡p-¶Xv a\p-hn-s\-
Ip-ä-hn-ap-à-\m-¡p-¶-hn-[-am-Wv. iq{Z³ thZm-²y-b\w sNbvXp-IqSm F¶v a\p-kvarXn
kv]jvS-ambn \ntj-[n-¡p-¶n-Ã F¶-t±lw hmZn-¡p-¶p.17 ]c-¼-cm-K-X -hym-Jym\
imkv{X-k-t¦-X-§Ä ]n³Xp-SÀ¶v thZ-§Ä¡p-tijw hcp¶ kvarXn-I-fnse thZ-
hn-cp² ImgvN¸mSp-Isf At±lw \nc-kn-¡p-¶p. {ipXnbpw bpànbpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v
thZ-hn-cp² Nn´-I-sf- \n-c-kn-¡Ww F¶ ]c-¼-cm-KX \ne-]m-Sn \n¶p-X-s¶-
bmWv At±lw Xsâ thZm-[n-Im-c-\n-cq-]Ww cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mc-¼-cy-
t¯mSp Ie-ln-¡p-t¼mgpw Xm\pw B ]mc-¼cy-¯nsâ Hcp I®n-bmWv F¶ t_m[w
At±- l - ¯ n- \ p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ p.
Hcp Ime¯v sXmgn hn`- P - \ - h p- a mbn _Ô- s ¸- « p- - m - b - X mWv hÀW- h y- h -
Øbpw PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bp-sa¶v hnth-Im-\-µ³ kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. PmXn-þ-hÀ® hyhØ
Hcp kmaq-lnI {]Xn-`mkw am{X-am-Wv. aX-¯n\v CXp-ambn Hcp _Ô-hpanà F¶v
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.18 B[p-\nI sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤s¯ At±lw \mem-as¯ hÀ®-
ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. am{X-aà C\n- h-cm³t]mIp-¶Xv iq{Zm-[n-]-Xy-am-sW¶v At±lw
ZoÀL-ZÀi\w sN¿p-¶p.19 PmXn-hÀ®-hy-hØ k\m-X-\-a-X-¯nsâ `mK-aà F¶p
kaÀ°n-¡p-¶X - n-eqsS aXs¯ Ipähnap-àa - m-¡p-Ib
- mWv kzman hnth-Im-µ³ sNbvX-
Xv. kmaq-ln-I{I-a-¯nsâ `mK-amWv aX-hpw, hnizm-k-§fpw kmaq-ly-_-Ô-§fpw
F¶ hkvXpX At±lw ]cn-K-Wn-¨nà F¶p-thWw Icp-Xm³.
CtX Ime-b-f-hn¯-s¶bmbn-cp¶p {io \mcm-bWKpcphpw {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv.
Htc-ka
- bw ]mc-¼c - ys¯ kzoI-cn¨pw Xncp-¯nbpw t]mIp-¶X - n-emWv At±lw {i²n-
¨-Xv. Hcp kaq-l-s¯- Xn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn\v apI-fn \n¡p-¶-hsc Xmtg-¡n-d-¡n-s¡m-
- p - h - c p- ¶ - X n- \ p- ] - I cw kmaq- l y- t {i- W n- b nse A[xØn- X sc kmaq- l n- I - a mbpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw F§s\ DbÀ¯m³ Ignbpw F¶mWv At±lw Nn´n-¨-Xv.20
\ne-hnse kmaq-ly-L-S-\sb kwLÀj-¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn-SmsX im´-ambn Xncp-
¯pI AXn-\pÅ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-¡pI F¶ e£y-¯n \mcm-b-W-Kpcp hnP-
bn¨p F¶p-Xs¶ ]d-bmw.

kzmwio-Ic
- Ww, {]Xn-tcm[w
lnµp-a-X-¯nse \thm-°m\ {]hÀ¯-\-§sf¡pdn-¨pÅ GXp-]-T-\-¯n\pw
sImtfm-Wn-b Ime-L-«-s¯-bpw, anj-\dnIfpsS {]hÀ¯-\-s¯bpw kv]Àin-
¡msX IS-¶p-t]m-Im-\m-hn-Ã. {_n«ojv tImf-\n-hm-gvNbv¡p ap³]pÅ `mcX¯nÂ
P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nt\m P\m-[n-]-Xy-Nn-´-IÄt¡m hf-cp-hm-\pÅ kml-Ncyw D-m-bn-
cp-¶n-Ã. A¶v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kzbw]cym]vX-{Km-a-k-¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS XIÀ¨-bmWv
bYmÀ°-¯n P\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-¯n-te-¡pÅ hgnXp-d-¶-Xv. {_n«ojv B[n-]-
Xy-t¯msS DXv]m-Z-\-hn-XcW taJ-e-bn D-mb amäw ]c-¼-cm-K-X-sXm-gn _Ô-
§sf XIÀ¯p. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K¯v {_n«o-jp-ImÀ \S-¯nb CS-s]-Sepw P\m-[n-
]Xy t_m[-h¡-c-W-¯n\v B¡w-Iq-«n. B[p-\nI ]mÝm-Xy-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-eqsS
]mÝm-Xy-XXzNn´bpw aqey-§fpw ]cn-N-b-s¸« hnZym-k-¼-¶-cpsS ]pXnb Xe-apd
`mc-Xob kaq-l-¯nsâ timNym-hØ ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v {ian-¨p. CXn\v {_n«ojv
`c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâbpw ]n´pW D-m-bn-cp-¶p.
]mÝm-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n¨ C´y-¡m-cpsS BZy-{iaw Xs¶ ]mÝm-Xy-aq-ey-
§Ä¡v kam-\-amb Nn´m-[m-c-IÄ `mc-Xob ]mc-¼-cy-¯n \n¶pw Is--¯p-¶-
Xn-\m-bn-cp-¶p. kmaq-ly-tk-h\w, XpeyX (equality) XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v kam-\-amb
Bi-b-§Ä k\m-X-\-[À½-¯nsâ GSp-I-fn \n¶pw AhÀ Is--Sp-¯p. ChnsS
FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-- -h-kvXpX `mc-X-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xpw sslµ-h-k-ap-Zmbw s]mXp-
hn ]n³Xp-SÀ¶n-cp-¶-Xp-amb kmaq-ln-I-{Iaw kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xnt¡m P\m-[n-
]-Xy-h¡-c-W-¯nt\m klm-b-I-aà F¶v ]cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Zn-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡n-sb-
¶-Xm-Wv.21 {_n«ojv CS-s]-S krjvSn¨ A\p-c-W-\-§sf th--hn-[-¯n D]-
tbm-Ks- ¸-Sp-¯n-bX
- n-eqsS Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy kaqlw F¶ Xe-¯n-te-¡pÅ hfÀ¨bv¡v
\mµn-Ip-dn-¡p-I-bmWv ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§-fn-eqsS D-m-b-Xv.
t]mÌv tImtfm-Wn-b NÀ¨-bn-te¡v IS-¡p-t¼mÄ, Cu \h-ssl-µ-h-hmZw
Hcp k¦-c-kr-jvSn-bmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. sslµ-h-k-aq-l-¯n\v A\y-amb kmaq-
ln-I,-kmw-kvIm-cnI, cmjv{Sob aqey-§-fmWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zs¯ \bn-¡p-¶-sX-
XmWv CXnsâ Imc-W-ambn Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶-Xv. Hcp ]c-¼-cm-KX XXz-im-kv{X-amb
AssZz-X-th-Zm-´-s¯-¯s¶ ]pXn-b-t]-cnepw cq]-¯nepw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ
thZm-´-¯n-\-\y-amb aqey-§Ä IqSn IeÀ¯s¸-Sp-¶p F¶m-Wn-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
]mÝmXy A[n-\n-thiw DbÀ¯nb kzXz-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bn \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sp-¶-
Xn\pw A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-W-¯n\pw th-n-bpÅ t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb {ia-§-fpsS ^e-
amWv {]mtbm-Kn-I-th-Zm´w t]mse-bpÅ kn²m-´-§Ä.
C´ybpw aäp Gjy³ {]tZ- i - § - f p- a m- b p- - m b ]mÝm- X y- c psS ]cn- N bw
]uc-kvXy-]-T\w F¶ A¡m-Z-anI imJ-bpsS DZv`-h-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. AXp-hsc
AÚm-X-am-bn-cp¶ kwkvIm-c-§-fp-sSbpw, kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw ]T\w ]mÝm-Xy-]-
WvUn-X·mÀ¡v Hcplcw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. `uXn-I-kwkvImcw ]n³XpS-cp¶ ]m-Ým-
Xy-tem-I-¯nsâ adp-]p-d-am-bmWv AhÀ ]uc-kvXy-P-\-X-sbbpw kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw
ho£n-¨Xv. ]uc-kvXy-tZiw AhÀ¡v B²ym-ßn-I-X-bp-sSbpw, anÌn-kn-k-¯n-sâbpw
temI-am-bn-cp-¶p.22 kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bp-am-bp--mb ]cn-Nbw Xmc-X-ay-`m-j-im-kv{X-
¯n-\p-h-gnsbmcp-¡n.23 kwkvIrXw ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, kwkvIr-X-{K-Ù-§Ä ]cn-`m-
j-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw X¿m-dmb ]mÝm-Xy]WvUnX³am-cn-eqsS kw-kvIr-X-¯nse
kmln-Xy -ZmÀi-\nI ]mc-¼cyw {i²n-¡-s¸«p XpS-§n-b-tXmsS X§Ä¡pw A`n-am-
\n- ¡ m- h p¶ Hcp ]mc- ¼ - c y- a p- v F¶v Biz- k n- ¡ m³ tZim- ` n- a m- \ n- I - f mb ]cn-
hÀ¯\hmZn-IÄ¡v Ign-ªp. t]mÌv tImtfm-Wn-b kn²m´w ]d-bp-¶-Xv. A[n-
\n-th-i-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ `mjbpw Is--¯-ep-Ifpw FÃmw A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-W-
¯n- \ p- ] - t bm- K - s ¸- S p- ¯ m- h p- ¶ - h - b m- s W¶pw AXp- X s¶ Xt±- i ob kmaq- l nI
kmwkvIm-cn-I-[m-c-I-tfmSv hnf-¡n-t¨À¯ cq]-¯n-emImw F¶p-am-Wv.24 C§s\ cq]-
s¸-Sp-¯p¶ kzXz-t_m[w Xs¶ Hcp k¦-c-k-¦Â¸-\-am-Wv.
\h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-¯nse k¦cw F¶p-hn-fn-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä XoÀ¯pw k¦-
c-sa¶v ]d-bp-hm³ Ign-bn-Ã. anj-\-dn, Nmcn-än-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä `mc-Xob ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-
\-\y-sa-¶p-]-d-ªp-Iq-Sm. _p²-a-X-am-Wv BZy-an-j-\-dnsb aX-{]-N-c-W-¯n-\mbn \ntbm-
Kn-¨-Xv.25 am{X-aà alm-bm-\-_p-²-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n Iq«mbn-¯s¶ asäm-cm-fnsâ t£a-
¯n\pw tamj-¯n\pw th-n {]hÀ¯n-¡pI Hcp XXz-am-bn- AwKo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p.26
\h-ssl-µ-h-hmZw GsX-¦nepw Hcp {]tXyI ZÀi-\-t¯mSpw {]tXy-I-a- a-X-Im-Wn-
¡p-¶n-Ã. `mc-Xo-b-amb FÃm ZÀi-\-§-fp-sSbpw kzoIm-cy-amb FÃm \Ã Awi-
§fpw \hsslµ- h - h m- Z - ¯ nsâ XXz- k w- l n- X - b n- e p- - v . AXp- s Im- - p - X s¶ A[n- \ n-
th-i-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ Xt±-io-I-c-W-amWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-sa-¶-hmZw ]qÀ®-ambpw
kzoIm-cy-a-Ã. ]t£ \h-ssl-µ-h-h-hmZw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v DÂt{]-c-I-ambn ]mÝm-
Xy-_-Ôhpw ]mÝm-Xy-B-i-b-§fpw {]hÀ¯n-¨p.
\h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Zhpw lnµp-Xzhpw
\h-ssl-µ-hm-Z-t¯m-sSm-¸-amWv lnµp-Xzhpw P\n-¨-Xv. ]t£ aXauen-I-hm-Z-
¯n-te-¡m-bn-cp¶p lnµpXzw hfÀ¶-Xv. hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¨m \h-ssl-µ-hm-
Zn- I fn Xs¶ c- p - h n- ` m- K - § Ä D- m - b n- c p- ¶ - X mbn ImWp- h m³ Ign- b pw. kzoImcy
amb F´n-s\bpw DÄs¡m-Åp-hm³ Ign-bp¶ DXv]-Xn-jvWp-¡-fpsS Hcp hn`mKw,
k\m-X-\-`n-¶-amb F´n-s\bpw ià-ambn FXnÀ¯n-cp¶ asämcp hn`m-Kw. kzman-
hn-th-Im-\-µ³, {io \mcm-bW Kpcp27 XpS-§n-b-hÀ BZy-hn-`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶p. AtX-
k-abw kzman-Z-bm-\-µ-k-c-kz-Xn, N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ XpS§n-b-hÀ c-mw hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-
Sp-¶p. Ch-cpsS cN-\-I-fn¯s¶ Cu hyXymkw {]I-S-am-Wv. Xsâ kXymÀ°-{]-
Im-i-¯n ss{IkvXh apÉow, ]mgvkn ssZh-im-kv{X-§sf Zbm-\-µ-k-c-kzXn \nin-
X-ambn hnaÀin-¡p-Ibpw \nc-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.28 N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS {InkvXp-
\ncq-]Ww29 F¶ {KÙhpw kam-\-kz-`m-h-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. ap³]p kqNn-¸n¨ sslµh
kzXz-t_m-[-¯nsâ hfsc hyXy-kvX-hpw, AtX-k-abw ià-hp-am-b Hcp hfÀ¨-
bmWv Cu {KÙ-§-fn \n¶v hyà-am-hp-¶-Xv. _¦nw N{µ-Nm-äÀPn-bpsS IrXn-I-
fnepw kam\amb Xo{h-ln-µp-\n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ ImWp-hm³ Ign-bpw.30 A[n-\n-thi
kwkvIm-c-§-tfm-SpÅ Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw ]n¡m-e-`m-c-X¯nÂ
thcp-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ e£-W-§Ä Cu IrXn-I-fn \n¶v hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ Ign-
bpw. ZmÀi-\n-I-am-bpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw CX-c-a-X-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw, kwkvIm-c-
§Ä¡pw tase-bm-Wv sslµh kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Øm\-sa¶v Dd-¨p-hn-iz-kn-¡p¶
Cu hn`m-K-amWv ]n¡m-e¯v iàn-bmÀPn-¨-Xv. C´y-bn {_n«ojv `c-W-IqSw
XpSÀ¶p-h¶ cmjv{So-b-\-b-§fpw CXn-\p-k-lm-b-I-am-sb-¶p-]-d-bmw. apÉow aXauen-
I-hm-Z-¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-hhpw CtXm-Sp-tNÀ¯p-hm-bn-t¡-- hn-j-b-am-Wv. aXw kzXz-
\nÀW-b-¯nsâ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-bXpw Bwt¥m C´y³ aqeyk¦-e-\-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-
bmbn Icp- t X- - X p- v . ]n¡m- e ¯v kmÀh- ¡ - d psS lnµp- X z- k n- ² m´w Ah- X - c n- ¸ n-
¡-s¸-«-tXmsS aX-au-en-I-hm-Z-¯n-te-¡pÅ hfÀ¨- ]qÀ®-am-bn.
\h- s sl- µ - h - h m- Z - s ¯bpw lnµp- X z- s ¯bpw c- m bn¯s¶ ImtW- - X p- - v .
bqtdmþ{InkvXy³ kwkvIm-c-§-fp-am-bpÅ kl-I-c-W-¯n-eqsS cq]-s¸-«-Xm-sW-¦nepw
\h-ssl-µ-h-hm-Z-¯nsâ XXz-imkv{Xw kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-am-Wv. sslµhw F¶-t]-
cn \ne-\n¡p-s¶-¦nepw Ak-ln-jvWpX \h-ssl-µ-h-¯n ImWp-¶n-Ã.
]mÝm-Xy-_Ôw am{X-aà lnµpXzw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. ià-amb
apÉow `c- W - I q- S - § Ä¡q- I o- g n c- m w- X cw ]uc³amcmbn Pohn- ¨ - X n- \ p- t ijw
kPohcmjv{Sob- -{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-\pÅ thZn e`n-¨-t¸mÄ Imem-Im-e-§-fmbn AS-¡n-
h-¨n-cp¶ Akw-Xr]vXn kwL-Sn-X-cq-]-¯n BhnÀ`-hn-¨p. Chn-sS-bmWv lnµpXzw
lnµp-kz-Xz-am-bn- am-ä-s¸-«-Xv.

D]-kw-lmcw

{_n«ojv A[n-\n-thiw Hcp-¡nb kml-N-cy-§-fmWv \h-ssl-µ-h-hmZ-¯n\pw

Xo{h-ln-µp-Xz-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-b-Xv F¶-Xp-sIm-v t]mÌv tImtfm-Wn-b kn²m-
´-§sf Hcp-]-cn-[n-hsc A\p-k-cn-¡p¶p F¶p-Im-Wmw. "lnµpXzw' sslµ-th-Xc
kwkvIm-c-§sfbpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-sfbpw _u²n-I-am-bpw, cmjv{So-b-ambpw Imbn-I-
-am-bpw t\cn-Sp-¶p. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb DuÀÖw kw`-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]mc-¼-cy-¯n \n¶m-
Wv. \h-ssl-µh - h
- mZw lnµp-aX
- s¯ Hcp kmÀÆ-eu-In-Ia
- X
- a
- m-bn, ZÀi-\a
- mbn DbÀ¯n-
¡m-«p-I-am-{Xta sN¿p-¶p-Åp. A§ns\ lnµp AkvXnXzw Dd-¸n-¡p-¶p. \h-ssl-µ-
h-hmZw kln-jvWp-Xsb kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ lnµp-Xz-hmZw Xo{h-ln-µpXz \ne-]m-Sp-I-
fn-te¡pw aXauen-I-hm-Z-¯n-te-¡pw \o§n-. lnµp kzXzw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v CS-bm-
¡nb Imc-W-§-fn Nne-Xp-am-{X-sa ChnsS ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-«pÅp CÉmw aX-hp-am-bpÅ
sImSp-¡Â hm§ep-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s¸« kwkvIm-chpw AXnsâ kmaqlnI {]Xn-^-
e-\-§-fpw, A\-h[n {]mtZ-inI kzXz-§-fn \n¶v lnµp-kz-Xz-¯n-te-¡pÅ ]m£n-
I-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-\hpw aäpw Cu {]_-Ô-¯n hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\v apXnÀ¶n-
«n-Ã. tZio-b-hm-Z-¯nsâ XXz-im-kv{X-¯nse Nne Bi-b-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw F§n-
s\-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶p ]cn-ti-[n-¡p-I-am-{X-amWv ChnsS sNbvXn-«p-Å-Xv.

Notes & References

1. Zn s]³Kzn³ lnÌdn Hm^v FbÀen C´y, (dn-sshÊv FUn.) tdmane emYÀ,
s]³Kzn³ _pIvkv, \yqUÂln, 2003. ]p. 239
2. sshtZ-inI aX-§-tfmSv lnµp-aXw F§ns\ {]Xn-I-cn¨p F¶Xv ]T\ hnt[-
b-am-tI- hnj-b-am-Wv. {InkvXy³, CÉmw aX-§sf sslµh ho£Wa\p-
k-cn¨v hymJym-\n-¡p-hm-\pÅ {iaw `hn-jy-]p-cm-W-¯n ImWmw.F.-BÀ.-tZ-
imbn C§s\ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. ""{_n«o-jp-ImÀ¡p ap³]pÅ C´y-bnse
kzbw-]-cym-]vX-am-b-{Kmaw AXnsâ k¼-ZvL-S-\-bnse {][m\ cq]-`m-h-§Ä
ssIhn-SmsX FÃm hntZ-im-{I-W-§-sfbpw aX-]-c-amb apt¶-ä-§-sfbpw cmP-
hw-i-§Ä X½n-ep--mb bp²-§-sfbpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn AXnPohn-¨p.'' C´y³
 tZio-b-X-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-Ým-¯-ew, F.BÀ.tZ-imbn; hnh.-sI.-{io-Ip-am-c³
D®n. tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw. 1973. ]p. 37.
3. C´y Bâ v bqtdm-¸v, hneyw lm_v^m-kv, tam¯n-em _\mÀkn-Zmkv ]»n-
tj-gvkv, UÂln, 1990. ]p. 239
4. Ibid. ]p. 217-218.
5. F.-BÀ.-tZ-im-bn, ]p.41.
6. 'Was Hindhuism Invented?' Brian. K. Pennington, Oxford University Press, London- 2003. P.80-85.
7. `K-h-ZvKo-Xm-`m-jyw, i¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ, tam¯n-em _\mÀkn-Zm-kv, UÂln, 1988.
]p.1.
8. CXv Hcp s]mXp-kz-`m-h-amWv X§Ä ]mc-¼-cys¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶nà F¶v
Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-amWv CXn-eq-sS -\-S-¯p-¶-Xv. a\p-hns\ kzoI-cn-
¡p-Ibpw, a\p-kvar-Xn-bnse Nne `mK-§Ä Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-Itbm A\yYm
hymJym-\n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶-Xpw, {_Ò-kq{X im¦-c-`m-jy-¯nse A]-iq-{Zm-
[n-I-cWw {]£n-]vX-ambn hymJym-\n-¡p-¶Xpw Cu ImgvN-¸m-Snsâ `mK-am-Wv.
Zbm-\-µ-k-c-kzXn thZ-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, thZ-§-fn-te¡v
aS-§p-hm³ Blzm\w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\pw- DÅ Im-c-Whpw asäm-¶-Ã.
9. k¼qÀ® IrXn-IÄ, tUm. Aw_vtZ-IÀ, hn.h., CKvt\-jy-kvIm-¡\
- m-S³, tImcf
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v, 2000. ]p 45.
10. Ibid. ]p. 154.
11. Ibid. ]p 114-þ115.
12. kXymÀ°-{]-Im-iw., (ln-µn) Zbm-\-µ-k-c-kz-Xn, BÀj-km-ln-Xy-{]-NmÀ {SÌv,
UÂln, 2003 ]p. 22-þ23.
13. k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ, kzman-hn-th-Im-µ³, (Cw-¥ojv ]Xn¸v) AssZzXB{iaw
sIm¡¯, 1993, Vol. 3 ]p 294--þ95
14. Ibid. ]p. 18.
15. Ibid. ]p. 31--þ36 ({]mNo\ ae-bm-f-¯n \n¶pÅ D²-c-Wn)
17. Ibid. ]p. 42.
18. hnth-Im-\-µ-km-ln-Xy-kÀhkzw Vol. 1 ]pdw. 22.
19. Ibid. Vol. ]pdw. 468 þ 9.
20. {io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, sI. F. Ipª-¡³, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw 200. ]p. 33-þ34.
21. k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ, tUm. Aw_vtZ-IÀ vol. 6 ]pdw. 116.
22. Hmdn-bâ-enkw knbm-hp-±o³ kÀZmÀ, hnhm _pIvkv, \yqUÂln, 2002, ]p. 17
23. Ibid. ]p. 37.
24. sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw / t]mÌv sImtfmWn-b-enkw, Aan-b-eqw_ dq«v seUvPv,
 \yqtbmÀ¡v 1998, ]p. 174
25. hnth-Im-\µ kmln-Xy-kÀÆ-kzw, Vol. 5 ]p. 191

26. "Zn dnen-Pn-b³ Hm^v _p² Bâ v Cävkv dnte-j³ Sp D]-\n-j-ZnIv tXm«v'.

_lm-ZqÀaÂ, hntiz-iz-cm-\µv thZnIv dnkÀ¨v C³Ìn-äyq-«v, tlmjn-bÀ]pÀ,
1958. ]p.211.
27. thZm-´s¯ Hcp kmÀÆ-eu-InI ZÀi-\hpw kn²m-´hpw aXhpw Bbn
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-h-cn {]ap-JÀ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-chpw hnth-Im-\µkzman-Ifpw
BWv. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Hcp PmXn Hcp aXw Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v
F¶ kn²m-´hpw hnth-Im-\-µsâ {]mtbm-KnI thZm-´hpw Cu A\p-am-
\s¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p. DeIw Htâ, bpKw Htâ, samgn Htâ, ssZhw Htâ,
PmXn Hmsâ, aXw Htâ, Ipew Htâ F¶ A¿msshIpWvT\mYÀ kzman-
IfpsS {]t_m-[\hpw Ch-tbmSv tNÀ¯p ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
28. kXymÀ°-{]-Imiw 13-þ14 kap-Ãm-k-§Ä (A-²ym-b-§Ä)
29. N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, sI. atl-izÀ \mbÀ (F-Un), Uqam
_pIvkv, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw. 1995. ]p.139-þ141.
30. At±-l-¯nsâ {]ikvX IrXn-bmb B\-µ-aTw BWv. Gsd hnaÀi-\-hn-t[-b-
ambXv. htµ-am-Xchpambn _Ôs¸« kao-]-Ime hnhm-Z-§Ä CXv IqSp-XÂ
hyà-am-¡p-¶p.