201

FIGURES

202

[BLANK PAGE]

203

LIST OF FIGURES

Fi gure No.

Page No.

1.1 Idealized Weathering Profile in Granitic Rocks

207

2.1 Geological Map and Aerial Photograph that Identify Some Major Structural and Lithological Features

208

2.2 Sheet One of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.2 to 2.14

209

2.3 Sheet Two of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.2 to 2.14

210

2.4 Sheet Three of Log of Dril 1 core Shown in Plates 2.2 to 2.14

211

2.5 Sheet One of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.15 to 2.26

212

2.6 Sheet Two of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.15 to 2.26

213

2.7 Sheet Three of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.15 to 2.26

214

2.8 Definition of Sampler Proportions

215

2.9 Core Recovery and Fracture Indices

215

2.10 Example of Description Sheet for Rock Mass Survey 2.11 Example of Data Sheet for Discontinuity Survey

216

2.12 Example of a Stereoplot 2.13 Legend for Use on Logs 2.14 Trial Pit Log - Example 1 2.15 Trial Pit Log - Example 2 2.16 Trial Pit Log - Example 3

2.17 Example of Sheet One of Drillhole Log 2.18 Example of Sheet Two of Drillhole Log

217 218

2.19 Example of Field Sheet for Water Absorption Test

2.20 Example of Calculation Sheet for Water Absorption Test 2.21 Example of Results and Calculation Sheet for Falling-

head Test

219 220 221 222 223 224 225

226

227

Fi gure No.

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4 4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5.1

5.2

S.3

5.4

5.S 6.1

7.1

8.1

8.2

8.3

204

Typical Stress Paths and Strength Envelope for Undrained (CU) Triaxial Tests

Example of Triaxial Test Soil Properties Data

Example of Triaxial Test Graphical Data

Example of Triaxial Test pl_q/Stress Path Plot Simplified Representation of the Hydrological Cycle

~ Index for Hong Kong Catchments

Typical Changes in Water Table, Degree of Saturation (s) and Pore Water Pressure (u) Due to Rainfall

Typical Piezometer Responses

Effect of Permeability and Degree of Saturation on Wetting Band Thickness for a Ten-year Return Period Rainfall Event

Double-ring, Constant-head Field Infiltration Test Apparatus

Typical Results from Field Infiltration Test

Cut-off Drain

Grading of a Sand Filter Suitable for All Silts and Finer Soils

Typical Failure Profiles in Weathered Rocks and Soils in Hong Kong

Probability of Failure Versus Reliability Index

Effect of Benches in Adversely Jointed Rock

Various Methods of Stabilising Rock Slopes Rockfall Control Measures

Bearing Capacity Data

Drainage Details for Retaining Walls

Nomogram for the Rapid Solution of the Bransby-Williams Equation

Curves Showing Duration and Intensity of Rainfall in Hong Kong for Various Return Periods

Distribution of Raingauges in Hong Kong

Page No.

228

229 230

231

232 233

234

235

236

237

238

239 240

241

242 242 243 244

245

246 247

248

249

Figure No.

205

Page No.

8.4 Typical Sand Trap Arrangement

250

8.5 Typical Rock Trap Detail

251

8.6 Plan Showing Junction of Tributary Channels with Main Channels

252

B.7 Chart for the Rapid Design of Channels

253

B.8 Typical Details of Stepped Channel

254

8.9 Typical Details of Junction of Stepped Channel and U-channel at Toe of Slope

255

8.10 Typical Details of Catchpits

256

B.11 Typi ca 1 U· channel Deta t l s

257

B.12 Planting Season in Hong Kong

258

9.1 Typical Detail of General Fill Area Employing Dual Compaction Standards

259

9.2 Typical Compaction Trial Results

259

9.3 Record Sheet for Density Tests in Compacted Fill

260

9.4 Field Sheet for the Hilf Method of Rapid Compaction Control

9.5

9.6

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

10.6

11. 1

11.2

11.3

261

Seedling Shrub or Tree Planting

262

Detail of Tree Rings on Impervious Slope Surface

262

Example of a Piezometer Record Sheet

263

Example of a Telltale Record Sheet

264

Example of an Anchor Load Record Sheet

265

Open Hydraulic (Casagrande) Piezometer

266

Telltale

266

Example of an Inclinometer Record Sheet

267

Example of a Slope Maintenance Record Sheet for Piezometer Readings

268

Example of Sheet One of a Maintenance Inspection Record

269

Example of Sheet Two of a Maintenance Inspection Record

270

Figure No.

11.4

206

Page No.

Example of Sheet Three of a Maintenance Inspection Record

271

207

Zones of Weathering (based on Ruxton & Berry, 1957)

Zone A

Structureless sand, silt and clay. May have boulder concentration

at the surface

t--------------------_t_ - - _ -_

- __ ___

Residual material with corestones.

Zone Rack percentage is less than

B 50%, and cores tones are rounded and not interlocked

Corestones with residual material Zone Rock percentage is 50 to 90%

C and corestones are rectangular and interlocked

More than 90% rock. Minor Zone residual material along major

D structural discontinuities which may be considerably iron stained

Figure 1.1 - Idealized Weathering Profile in Granitic Rocks

208

.z

!

~ c v

<f)

c

]

"-

"
>
E
~
~
~
2
v
v ~
V
~ 2
CJ 1;:
~ ~
0 "
"
~ E
0 0
I 0 ~
~
<
s-,
-"
-c
~
c:
1
~
~
.~ ~
:l! c
~ ~
0
~ E
j ,
~
0 0
u -o
~
~
~
:;
C -o
C
E 0
:; ~
~ j
~
'" < Gil·':.'

..... t,.·. )ri\

'.-

-i-> Vl s:: (]) (]) s,

-0:::::1 ........ -i->

10 -i-> (l.) lOLL.. .£

-i-> r+:

IO .£ U 0. ''lOrn s, 0 Ol...-o 0 -i-> .£ O-i->

.£ -r-:

0.... _J

r-e- -0 10 s:: 'r- to s,

W c:Cro

s,

-0 ::::l C-i-> IOU

::::l Cl..!IO-i-> ~ V)

...--!- 100 U'r-:> 'r- to Ol :2: o

(l.)

o E (]) 0 <.!) V)

'r-

u,

209

I

AlC/l2

DP,llLHCL, No Sheet of 3

Fee 'ture tiKtil\_:- _G~o!_e~0 ~ L 6_dY_i.f..e_

Location ~J.~~~~~i!..e_'_§_· ~

Ground level :::_8~~....!!1:'£1:.... _

Water tao ie level : _j~_pj_e~::l~e~.!:_~h.!e!$~

toordtna-es : E 34C71

N:)m:C::::::::::::::::

A'l:;rle -FrO!'!1 -o r--zontal :__gQ_0l~ __

3ear"ng : N E

Type of

drilling : _R~t~1.~ _

Rig _D.:) _

Bit . _T_._C.:...~_Qi..!!m__Ql!.1_

~ C
Q~ t 0 c,
c ~ ~.- ~~ Notes Col ou- Depth Reduced ~.~ ~ , ~
._ ., C .Jl ~- e.g. tu o~ ";
~ , :;; . " ~ water return caving & level ~ ~ ;:~ Legend De s c r i p tt on -e
~ '" +-» 0 ~ ~.~ E~ C; !; c
._ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ns t rumerrta ti on d'i ane te r m.P.C'. u u
L' U! 3- ~ > ~.,...
D o, 1i. metre-s 86.50 0 50 ::l.00 m

- .-- -..- -,..- - --- -- - - - 0 ~ ~V7/. r.; r- --.,.- - . - -;:-:-" -- -- -- -- -- -r--

2/3 86.26 V95"~ ~ ~~~{ ~,;~~nr~~~~~~~.fine sandy ~

~~ ~. \ Topsoil. / _

~93 vvt1 Yellew JrOdO friable sandy

/ '" ~ x S~LT with occe s i one I rootlets

-, x wi th coarse quer-t z SMD.

45

~ ~~

84.60 ~

V ~72

~v,

1/77~

~~

~

EO

,,00 ~

V:1

~

~~

V,9 ~

8D.20 ~~

V/V rs(V

~~

r ,6~ 11

79.08 I//.R

-

-

Resi cue l Soil.

x

_

I--

t--

x

,90 m

-

Pink to yeilow-br'cwn wl'.:.h

c reamy wht te soft SILT

with black s pec cl es

and some s ta-nec

re l iet rti sc onti r J'i t t e s .

_

t--

decompos ed vc l can i c

v-

90~: water

"

re tu-r from . 68 m to w.e:: m

x

_

-

-

-

-~

-

"

SOil}

-

-

"

Cr'e amy whi te with pi nk er.d

yel l ow soft SILT wi tb

"

s te i ned

pi r;c

r e ~ ; c t

-

-5

-

HXC 2.15

x

at at

~. 67 1 g. DO

Compl e tev decomposed vo l cen i c

TUFF.

hrs.

- HMLC

-

x

x

1/3

-

-E

. C7 n

3/3

6.3:J rn

at 8.00

Pf r c wi th vel low brown soft tc fi r n SILT.

-

I--

t--

hr-s •

decomposed volcan i c

-

x 7.42 rTI

-

Light grey soft to fi vm SILT with -ed brown s tetned rel tc t di sc on tiuui ti e s .

v-

i--- 3

" 3.35 rr

Eomple tel j- oecomposeo TUFF.

-

Yell ow wt tf red br-own ae tches

fin SILT.

I--

t--

"

'J_ ~,l m r-----------------------~l_

- l i qh t grey with occe st ona '

yell O'~I patches and dark s tai ned di scontiuui t i es fin sandy SILT.

f- i gh l y deccmposed por phyr. t.i c TUFf.

--- 1---1--------

Compl e tel y decompoaec TUFF.

r-9

HXC .86"

at at

9.58 19,00

hI'S,

Iv e-

I--

" "

r-2L3 '-- '-- _ _ '-- 1-10 1-

-

~egend

W,R.

!

I o ~

m

Rema r-xs

SE£' sheet 3 for s tandp i ne p'i ezome te r installation.

Water return

Large disturbed sample Und4sturbed sample Standard penetration test Piezometer tip

Maz~er sample

Permeab1 1; t.y test

~'oi s tur€ content

Logged by ., ~l.!:_ Checked by '.J!J'_ Date: 1])81]9 __

Contractor: _ I

Date s tae-tcc ; _ ?:../J/l'L _

DatE f i n" shed; 10-/3/79

Sheet One of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.2 to 2.14

Figure 2.2

210

1 DRrLL~OLE No : ALC/12
Sheet Z of 3
Type of tocrutnates ~ E 34071 Feature : HKHA. - Geotechnical Advice
--------------
drilling : _~tI!Y ______ N :::1115} ::.-:: Locs t i on : !,:p_L~i_ ~~_S_i_t~ ~B_: ___
Rig : _D.;L _______ Angle from ho-f aont a l :_9Q':__ Srnund 1 eve I : +86.5-0 m,P.D.
--------------
Bit : _T-,-C_,_JJl!;lrr..0!2.d __ B~.a('ing N -- E -- Water table level ; ~e~_E·~~o~~r_~h~€!..s_
--- -----
~ 0
O>~ N C ~
c ~ g"~ ~'-
~- ~~ Notes e. g. Colour Depth Redvce d ru _ o~ ~ ~ ~ w
=~ o ~ water return caving & level 5~V: B~ -c
+'> ~t ~ Leqenc Deser-t pti on ~
~-" ~ ~ 1'~
'r 0 ro,_, "'- o ~ ; ns.trumentat ion diameter m.? .D. w -:..I C
!55_ u~ _,> ~ n:~ '" co
- r. ~e~~er~~jL~~3 .- -,-- 10.05 m .-
5/3 1.26 n 76 45=~br 0 V V V
v " Light gr.ey hard moderately
at " " V
8.00 I-- HMLC ~~ " V deccmposed med i .rm gr.a i ned 11l
hr-s . "I/"VV porubyr-i tic TUFF. _
~~ 12 >10 V V V
~~ 1/ V D'i sccrrti nu'i t t e s c l osely spaced.
f- E=-II 75.46 11.04 m
~~ ~ 1/ v L'i qht to dark grey hard slightly tD [[[I
I{ 1/
"I/VV" moderately decomoos ed f i ne grained II
r I-- ~{~ 73 4 V V \I sl i qhtl y porphyritic TUFF. I[_
~~ " 1/ D'iscor t inui ti es modera te l y widely 1111
V \I 1/
nxc 7.65 n 74.58 1l.92m spacec . II
f- at at f-I2 ~~ 1/ V "
;'1.55 29.00 v V Dark grey her-d roderateIv Ill/
m hr-s . 0 ,10 V"I/ V" to sl i qh tl y decrmpo s ed II
f;?CI V v v parphyr i tic TUFF.
I-- 5/3 I-- " V -
~ ~~ V If "
6/3 1.48m " V
TN', "1/ I/VV Discontinui ties c Io s e l y to II
at ~ ~~ V \I \I noderacel y spaced.
r-- 8.00 ._ 13 9C 3 " V -
hrs. ~~ 1/ 1/ V
73.15 ~ 13.35 m
r -- :/V' V V V IJ -
~ ~~ 1/ V _ ight grey t.o grey cr-een hard
V 1/"1/ If slightly dec anpos ed fine TUFF.
No wa te r r-c turn /,V V "",, v
r-- -14 ~ 72 7 Ji s cont i nu t ties c:1 c s e I y -
fr-om 10.C:, m to V V V spaced.
~ V If
20.00 n- ~
72.10 jI 14.40 m
r - ~f~ If V V Dark grey l-a r-d slightly -
93 0 V V II
V V V cec a-apos ed porphyritic TUFF V
SP~ \I " wi th occe s i 01~ 1 incl t sions ..
0 - V 1/ "V "
r-- -15-- ~/' V V v -
V V Ciscontinui':.ies moderately widely
~~ 1/ V 1/
79 3 " v spaced.
r- - 1/ 1/ V -
~/' \I v
V 1/ V
NXC 14.80" ~ v 1/
V V V
r- at at -16 /V 1/ v -
ll.55 19.00 ~~ V V 1/
99 0 V V
m hrs _ ~ 1/ 1/ V
V V
I-- 6/3 f- [/1/ V " 1/
~ v V
~~ " V V
7/3 15.96r " V
1/ V .-
at ~ ~~ 64 5 V 1/
t- 8.~0 1--17 1/ 1/ V -
nr s . TN'" ~ V
~~ " V V
V 1/
l- t- V 1/ \I
~~ ., "
22 6 V V V
~~ \I V
t- I--- 18 V V v -
v ~
V V V
~ vII V 1/
1/ V V
t- f- ~t 77 4 " V -
V V V
~ VV' V V
" v V
V 1/
f- I--- 19 ~~ " " V -
V v Hcder-a te l If to S"; ghtly
" V V decomposed.
(0~ 1/ \I
r- f- 39 9 V " V
~~ " 1/ J:l!
V V 1/
~~ V V II
V " V
I---- L-- '--- '--- I---- -- -- -- 1-20 '- -- - _ L..,__ !--LV _ 1---- -- ___ L- _
Legend Remarks Scale : 1:50
~.R. '~ater return See sheet 3 for standpi pe pie zone te r installation. Lagged by :_1lJ'
J Large dj s trubed san'pl e
Undistrubed sampl-e Checked by 'J~p_
, Standard penetrat-ion test
I Pi e zone te r t i o Date: Il/8!79
U Mazi er sarnp 1 e Contractor: _ _ _ I
~ Permeabil; ty test Date started : __ Yli19 __________
m Moisture content Date f in i shed : Irljli79 Figure 2.3 _ Sheet Two of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.2 to 2.14

211

Type of

drilling _B.Qj:i!Iy.:.... _

R1g : Jl:J _

Bit

I DRlll~OLE No Sheet l of J

ALe/!,

Feature . !!.1(li.A_-_G~.ole.f.~"!.E~~~if~_

Locat tor ~_L!:_i_C~~~~~~' _

Ground level +86.50 m.P.D.

--~~~~ _- -----~

Coor c i ne tes i: 34071

N ::::rmI-::_-_=

Angle from horizontal :_9Q~ __

Bearing N E _

~ 0
""~ N t' w
",,'_ ~._
C ~ ~ ~ ~ ID Notes e.g. Co' our Depth Reduced o~ 0 ~ w
;::~ w c, ;; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~
._ " water return caving g level E. ~";j..g ~'" Legend De s cr tp t von
~ > rn- ~i '" u" ~
~~ ~ w ~ '" ~ c ~
~~ ~~ "'_ ~> instrumentation d'i ame ter- m. P.D, u~ ce; '"
We, ~''-
_g: metres

________________ 20

I-
14.85"
at
19,00
hrs.
7/3
t::...._ NXC f--
at
8/3 11,55
- n
-
r-
~
I- 5.07,
at
19.CC
f-8/3 hrs,
I=.
f-
I-
~
l-
I- -

----

--¥ V ¥--- --,------- -

V II Dark grey sli qhtl y de-::omposed

""iVV" ~Drphy~itic 7"UFF wi th occas tona l

V V V 'i nclust ons . 11-

V Y V V V V Y V V V

'1.19 m

53

D'is con t i nu i tie s moderately s ae ced

-

54

V " " y"yY"

\I \I

Y V Y \I \I

22,00 m

Dark q-ey hard 5-1 t qhtl y decorposed fine grained TUFF.

II

-

Li qht to dark qt-ey hard 51 t qht l y decomp-osed porphyri tic TUF=-.

ntsccr t tnut t.tes closely spaced,

11-

-

Light grey green hard slightly decomposed fine grained TL'FF.

-

D'i s cont i nut t t es very closely spaced.

Il_

-

-

-

Dr t l l hoIe compl e t ed.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Legend

__ - '-- --- -- -- -3U - - r- - - --'--- f-- -1---- -- -- -- -- -'--

W.R.

I

I I J ~

m

Water return

Large di s tu rbed s anp l e llnd i 5 turbed sample Standarri penetration test Piezometer tt a

Maz4er s ampl e

Perme ab tl i ty test Moisture content

Rer-a r-k s Standpipe p ie z ome te r installation

1. Tic at 24.00 m; per+oratcc at 21.C'O m - 24.0C m.

2. Senoyqr-ave l filters at 18.-)01'1 - 2:'.J8 m. 3, Ber to-ri te bal I seals at 15.00 rt - 18.00 n. 4. Hole grouted from :5.00 m to surface.

Figure 2.4

Scale: LSD

Lagged by :_ :1.l.E, Checked by ~Jl~ Date: 13[8179

Sheet Three of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.2 to 2.14

212

Type of

dr t Tl t nq : B_o!__a_0...!.~a_!_e.cf!ui.h_

R1g Q.R2 _

Blt

: T .C. end Diamond

----------

Coordinates: E _3.5..u.d. _

~ _211K _

Anglo!? from horizontal : _9.2..° __

Bearing: N _:_- __ E _:.: _

DRILLHOLE No PPF7

Sheet 1 of 3

Feature : ~l2P!_!!::~W:.BLC::!_9 _

Loca t ion !:.olis.e_PJ'.11J:1'L ~~l£.s _

Ground level : :l'l:Q.O_m ... :.?...:.D...:. _

water table l eve I : ~~ td~~~e_t: 21~"t2 __

,+ '

Loqqed by : 11£,_ Checker: >::.y :_J1.P_ Date: 12/3(]9

~ ~
rn~ N t c ru
0",''- ~] ... ·r
r ~ ~ ~ ~- No tes e.g. Colour Depth Reduced w O~ 0 3 ~
.~ .: ~ ur water r-e'turn caving & level ~ ~F W ~ Legend Description
~ ru 0 CY v~
0 ~~ ~ ~ i nstrument a t i on diameter m. p, C. U ~~ d ~ 0
~ ~ Uo ~- ~ > ~ w ~''---
~ w oc~
'0 metres a 50

I-- .---- ----- -.- -f-o -'---1-7-1

28/2 80% ve te r NX V:'1

retur-ns j ,,';9

t- J . 50 r- r,V~'/t /M-H---1

D' 1"/

:M1 ~2~

69 oc ~/. t--l-~----~~~t-~

~}~ ;{~

~~ ~~

2.50 0, JS 127 18.00

f-J73 mn 1. 45 08.00

I-

I-

mm
-
-
7.50
- 127
mm
-
8.JO
- 104
rnm
9.00 1.50
12.00
- lD4 2.5:
mm 13.00
- 3.00 127

3.59 2.00 127,l2.'lJ [lTl 13.50

l3.OJ

5.50 127

I-- - '--- - -

!

nin!m

r-r- -r - , - ':-:'7"' -:- f---- --- -- --- -- - -

Loose brown silty coarse SA~'D.

NX

1--3-

.oi mm

r--6-

10J rrtr

101 nm I
~ /
r ~
2 1-7 %;
f- /41
~
1-8
//
r--- ~/;
/--:~
NX 66
1-9- '~
3 ~~
lOL mill
r- I 89~~
~~
.... .._ f-lO- 'L;V-
Renarks : Legend

~. R. It,'a ter return

t large d t s turbed s amp l e

• Undi s tur-bed sample

t Standard penetration test

~ Pi €zometer ti p

a Mazier sample

i} Pe rmeabil i ty tes t

m Moisture content

2C

16

20

51

70

24

14

17

28

24

15

-

Contractor; -- I

Date started : __ 21}j]j]9 _

Date finished: _B13J.79 _ _

18

. '''.,'

l. 00

Moderately w-eak yel low+sh brown coarse- qra t ned medium joi nt eo modera te l y decomposed GRANITE.

-

v

-

Completely decompose::! GRAN IE.

:.to_, +

'+

, , +

.+: .

3.59'

Loose :0 dense orange brown s i 1 ty coarse SANe.

IV_

Hi gh ly decomposed GRAN ITE.

-

-

:+

-

.. + + + + + + .. + + + + .. + + + + + .. + + + .. + + .. + 5.f>S

'.+

,+.

+ '.

+, '

" '+'

-

-

-

-=

Loose to medium dense yell O~ brown silty coarse SA~D.

Highly decomposed GRANITE.

-

-

-

+

-

-

, +.

.+

-

l2

- ...... -

Scale: 1:50

Figure 2.5 - Sheet One of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.15 to 2.26

213

I

JR1LLHOLE No, PPF7

Sheet 2 of 3

Feature

Coo rdinat.es E J.5J.Llli ~ __

N ..1.1]3..1. _

Angle from hc r t z ant.a l ~ 9Qo _

Bearing N _:....- E _:: _

Type of

drilling ~O!i!.9'_:_~!'€0.!_u~h_

Ri'] Q_R~ _

Bf t I_.L_a_!1_d_D~~Q9 __

Location : _e_D!i..fe_Pl~~g_U~~ _

Srounc level : _:~.lQ._Q_!!l~._Q,,- _

Wat€r tab : e l eve l : _S~~E]~~n~:~r_D_l~s_

~ c;
"'~ C 4- .2 w
~.;:;; c _ c; w Nctes e . g. Colour Depth Reduced o~ 0 ex
tt w v ~.= ru ru .a~
~" ~ > wa ter return c av-nq & level ~~t-'<- ~i 0 Legend
~ v _3-~ E'~
ro~ "'_ irs trument a tion dieme'ter n, P ,D, u~ '"
u! De s cr i pt i cn

metres 0 50

- ---- -- -f-- --l--!O -- - 077-

1/3 80', water 1O~ me ::%%%

return I ~90'/'

- 5929 Y'/%

10 71 //

104 ~ 1/

.m ._ 11 t%;:: ~t/

~~~

99 V~

~~~ ~~~

minim

-----2:----------- -

, ,:.~ . Highly decomposed GRANITE, IV

23

+ .. +. 10.71 '

-

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +++

Strong, pale pink and grey coarse qre i neu widely j ot nted slightly decomposed GRA~ITE,

88

-

-

2.71 [18, OD 1 ic.ss ~ 08.00

-

+ +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + .... 13,71

-

86

-13

-

2 78 11 oo; 10 341 1.J.00

.+'

+

f-14

29

.+'.'

, , +

"ighly decomposed GRANITE.

-

-

'. ,

+.

NX '-15-

97 /: 11

36

-

101 mm

6,30 12.CO 13, sci 13 ,OC i 12.16 18,00 i

o~~tOII.

1,25 12. CO 12.9C 13,OC

-

11

-

+

-

+

53

53,55

16,45

'6,45 104 ern

I-

+ + .. + + + + + + +

Nadera te l y strong, qr-ey and p+nk coarse grainec medium .jotn ted moderately d-ecomposed GRAN1TE ,

III

-

1-17

+ +

BS

+ + +

+ +

-

-

+ + + + .. 17,95

52,05

=:-::- 17.95 12.10

7/3 104 118,?OI

nm 15,.::J

1~jPI08'001'

2.71

112.001'

r- 15,12

~_[L

-

IV

-

r-18 NX

.nose to me a-un den-se yellov";sh or-own silty coarse SA~D,

63

...

I- ~01 r

f-~9

Ht qhl y decomposec GRANITE.

18

-

+,

.. '.

-

'_'.-+' .

38

_l.._

- f-20-

-

Re-nark s

legend :

Scale: 1;50

W.K,

i

~ I o <l

m

Water return

Large di s turbed semoje Undistrubed sample Standard renetrat ion test Pi e zorre'te r t ' p

Mazier sample Permeability t e s t

MOl s tur e content

Logged by '_ tiC_ Chec ked by : JU' Date: 12/3/72._

Contractor: -- I

Date started :-28/2/79---------

Date finished :-87377"9---------

Figure 2.6 - Sheet Two of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.15 to 2.26

214

Type of drilling

Ri 9

Bit

3Q~h.!§~!l~_

2!lL _

; L~Q!l.d_Qi.£..mQ!ld __

Coordlnates : E 35448

N 5li2=====

Angle from horizontal :3cr.~~_

Bee r+nq : t;_:....:._~

E_-.o, __

I DRI LLHOLE No: PPF 7

L Sheet 3 of 3

Feature t cce tion

: l_1:._N!'!-!!ff_3~ _

: .E0.l.;.f..~_Pl.a~;~g_F..!.e.lc!! _

Ground level: :,7Q_.Q.l!l_.E_.Q_. ~ _ ~_

riater table level : _$~e_p!_e~c~e!.e.!: .E~t..2_

co ~ c-, D ~
g"::::; ~.~
c ~- ~~ Notes e_ g. Colour Dept n R-educed ~ D~ .,; .,
._ ,,~ ~ x
- ~ - ~ ~ water return caving & level ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ Leqend Deser-t pt i on -o
~ > cr v" l1
:';..:::: ~ ~ ~ ~ instrumentation diameter m. P .D. u~ +'+' ~ C
~ u~ 3- ~> '" w cc ~'r-
" cc s:
1i -

r-

I-

13.2,

f'18. CO 17.37 08.CO

9.60 12.CO

14.93 13.CO

13.40 18.00

"i ezorre te r tip at 20.17 m

>- 22

-

- 23

-

I- 24

f- 25

Strong, Dale pink and grey ned'i um jointed slightly deconucs cu GRAN IE.

-

II

-

Moderately s tr-onc grey and pink ccar s e grained medium

jo m ted moder'e te l y aeconcosec GRANITE .

-

J:I

St ronq , oe f e pink and grey ned'i um jointed s l t qh'tl y ceconucsed GRAN IE.

II

-

+ + + + + .. + + .. +

15.95

-

-

-

-

-

-

26
hole completed at 25.95 11
r- r-
r- I- 27
r r-
r
r- r-- ;'8
r- r-
r- I- 29
r I- r-- - - L- r---

Legend

W.R.

I

I o ~

m

Water return

Large di s tr-rbed sanpje undt s turbec sample Standard penetration test Piezometer tip

M.aZler s arnpl e

Fe rmeab i 1 i ty tes t 1'10 I s ture content

Rerrarks: Piezometer installation

1. Piezometer tip at 20.17 m.

2. Sard ftl ter f ro'n 20.32 to ~9.32 m.

3, Bertonite bel l seal from 22.32 tc 20,32 IT and 19.32 to 17.32 n. 4. e-outec from 25.95 to 22.32 m and 17.32 to surface.

L099'O oy ~ 1"-_ Checked by : lL£. Da te : 11/3/79

-- r--30-

- f-- ---- f-- -1---

Contractor: _ I

Date started: Z8/2/79

Date +int sheo ::.iil/lg--:.-:-----

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

--- -

Scale 1 :50

Figure 2.7 - Sheet Three of Log of Drillcore Shown in Plates 2.15 to 2.26

215

_(Net projected area of sampler) -(Projected area of sample core)

D2w - D2e

D2e

Area ra ti a

Inside clearance .,(10 of sample tube)-(Oia.at cutting edge) (Dia. at cutting edge)

Outside

Figure 2.8 - Definition of Sampler Proportions

Core run

1.5 m I

,...----,

I I I

Fracture index

RQD

(Core lengths greater

than 100 mm measured Core

on centreline) recovery

1 2 3 4

T

, .23 m

1

t

1.4 m

.33 m

5 6 7

8

1.24 m

1.15 m

_8_ =

1.50 5.3/m run

~ = 63°' 1. 50 /0

1. 40 = 93% 1. 50

Figure 2.9 - Core Recovery and Fracture Indices

216

o :

Z;;-

0_

..--

-

-

I I I I I I I

~I zl <t:1

ffil

I

EE E E

E

N

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'"

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~

o

- - - 'i!

- -

- - - i:'

;

- - - r--'

l/l

;;;«l

~~

l/l"U

:>.:>.

~-5

c c

n~ ~8

0.",

g.'-t;i

111 __

_0 o

c

Z ~

r=lNNN ~

L=.J E E EN

O:~ 2 ~ u: ~ _~

bJ~ "'Lt'I~V_J N U -: NM ..... ""

'Vi~

c o

-

E E

N 0 (Y)(f)

~

W_

0::_ W_ I_

3_

>--

=,

~

z o

~

L: n::

f2

z

(/)

_J <l: n:: w z W <.9

z o

~~

,- .. ---,0

>I-

::J Z

- - -

- - -

III - - ~

_:,,:_ - - _g

~

E ('))_ _ Ul

.. a. ..... a:: 0- _ 0

Ul- (i;)- ~ 15- ~-:=-

- E-- ~-

W (')) +J

Ol Ul- L- cZ c. m (')) ('))

- o ((J- m- 0-

~ ~I----,,-d--d---d

0::: ~ c$:1~r,i~

W b~ t"--_ ~ 0_

l-u~~L1)

W £~ - -

o ~~+---+-~

~Ul

o o~ I- :5 E

!?Ul~~ - --:.5

>-- 5lW"O~ 0_ <=:o_ c > s'.::; ...... .-- ° :J

0:: ~"O - - -r-- ~

01 ~~ 0_ c:: 0_ §

:>- 0 0 CD i::S WICo~ N (T')

Z

IZ o U (f)

o

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"" c

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__j

__j __j

'-C °0

. ii~

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2

z

<5

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;:~>--6.',5

~ .~ i .; ~ .~

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(f) (f)

<t 2

~ u o 0:::

~ u o 0::

Io ~

+' (lJ (].I ..c Vl

c o

+' 0..

.,....

s, V if> (lJ o

~ o

(].I

r-

0.. E to X W

.,....

l.J...

217

:5 ("")

c - a

:z: 0

-

o

~ -

o ..,.....

----;:;r

-;;;

o

z o

~

2 a:::: o LL Z

......J <i a:::: w z W <-'

r--

W

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IY

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W

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:;

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>:.

z

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If)

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a

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0000000

- - - - - - -

~LO_~_~N_~O_

~I ILON I",

- - - - - - -

lfl lfl ::: .- .-

~ M .--

; - -

'"

~ - -

- - -

_ - - - _ _

- - _

- - -

- - -

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~ L.!"l

- -

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- -

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-

N

o

-

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-

I

-

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....:t

.-

_

_

N

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-

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-

-

-

-

-

-

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rII

-

rII

"0

~~ :5

,~ ~

-"" c~

011\ o

ill

o

-

CO

-

en

-

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e-

-

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-

- -

- - -

- - -

o

-

lfl

-

- -

-

o 0

- -

N 0 _, -

N

Lf)

-

I

-

o

N

LL o

z o

~ <i IZ W

- -

-

("") 0

.- .-

~ cD

- -

-

0::: o

o z <i

W 0::: ::J I-

<i z

CO("")

c: - -

c; 2

'0 ~ c-: --

';:; -- ("")

lfl <D <D

-

("") t- '"

- - -

N -- N

<DtD .'2 - - o lfl CO

] N N ~r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--r_--+_~

N N N

- -

- - - - - -

W <D '"

- -

COW CO

a N --

- - -

en co co

N N N

o --

- -

N N

- -

- -

N a

- -

wc!)

N --

("")

-

N

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

N

-s

-

<D

-

N

c o

N

-

», C]) > s;

~ (/)

or-

+> c: o u VJ

Cl s; o '+-

+> OJ OJ ..c: (/)

ttl +> ttl Cl

4- a

OJ 0. E ttl >< W

218

Joint planes or joint set concentrations

N

1. 50°/118°

2. 70°/212°

3. 29%75°

4. 85°/314°

Daylight envelope ---

Friction circle (¢ = 35°)__;

I Slope great circle _j

Slope direction = 140° angle = 60°

Interpretation:

UNSTABLE - Plane 1 daylights and dips at more than 35° - Plane 4 may result in toppling

- Planes 1 and 2 combine to form a daylighting wedge that

dips at more than 35°

STABLE - Plane 2 does not daylight

- Intersections 1/4, 1/3, 2/4, 3/4 do not daylight

QUESTIONABLE- Plane 3 and intersection 2/3 daylight but dip at less than 35°. Would be unstable if friction angle less or water pressure reduces strength.

- If pole 3 represents concentration of set, check that individual points do not daylight or form wedges.

Legend :

.1 Pole of plane (plane 1)

x1/2 Pole of line of intersection (planes 1 and 2)

Note: (1) Water is not taken into account

(2) Cohesion and characteristics of individual joints are not taken into account

(3) Wedges may not actually be developed in the field (4) Results should be checked by a site visit

Figure 2.12 - Example of a Stereoplot

219

SOILS SED IMENTARY ROCKS
~ Boul ders, Cobbles I~ ~ ~ ~! Breccia

I ~ 00 (l -Co : I Gravel l" •.. ~ Conglomerate
o (I (I 0 (I
e 0 co c- 0
I .. .:: ::·,:·1 Sand 1- - '- .. :1 Sandstone
- - .

[,~xXxx~xJ Si It I II II III Siltstone
x x x x ~I ~I Clay

~I ===1 Muds tone

Shale

Peat

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

~ Slate, Phyllite

~ Quartzite

~ Schist

IGNEOUS ROCKS

(a) For general use

1:·.: .. :1 Weathered granite

1·~·/:·.iv.·;.J Weathered volcanic

I: .. ;1 Granite

I~ v ~I Volcanic

(b) For detailed use

Granite

Rhyolite

Andesite, Trachyte

1+ .... + [

x x x

.......... of.

Granodiorite

Diorite, Syenite

Agglomerate

Quartz monzonite (Ademell ite)

Volcanic breccia

Mi crogranite

(Granlte porphyry, Felsite)

Tuff

Microdiorite - Syenite (Porphyrite, Porphyry)

Microgabbro (Dolerite)

Figure 2.13 - Legend for Use on Logs

220

Type of excavator

:_~'C'L~L __

I TRIAL P IT NO. : TPN 6

L FACE C Sheet 3 of 4

:_Nil _

Contractor

Study area

:-------

:-------

T imoer i nq

Type of pump (if used) :_Nil _

Date backfi 11 ed : _ ?JjJ.!l2 _

Coo rdi na to

Location : _

Ground level : _J3L02.._~.:..!)_. _

Water Conc i t i ons

Depth (sampl e & tes t)

Reduced Depth

level (metres) I--~-Widtn =

: E 42381 N .!2~4.J2.

Date dug

: _1113_i.!l2 _

Grade

r-O - -- iim~~m~~~~ -- -_ -_ -- -- - ~ -

__ Loose yellowish brown and greylsh brown silty _

fHe to medium SAND with some angular sravel

- of concrete and p t ece s of glass, pl as t ic and -

- . . ',X ',"..:. \~ther general rubbish: roots throughout. J -

4 - 0X_:".-'X-:-:' \lFILL)

D. ,X,:...-:JS. ',' . ,O~ loose to medium dense brown texture l e ss sandy -

o 5 -~ .. X ,X. X '. • SILT W1 th yellow-white sub-rounded cobo l es -

- O· X . " ·X 0 'X' X. and gravel of moderately and highly -

_ .' ,0 ' ... X'." U100" decomposed granite with iron-stained patinas; _

X , X. ~ ". @:X roots throughout (SLOPE'IASH).

_~. 0" ' X . X • Top 100 mm is qrey i sh brown humic sandy silt,-

- • . \Dld to;>soil, j -

-,~- • Very dense yellowish brown-white SAND (HIGHLY -

- • DEWMPOSED GRANl",E) with corestanes of very -

1.2 -. / .. + J' weak highly to moderately decomposed GRANITE IV-

_, '.' + + I " and with rel ict joints; dry. with-

- . '. / + .. + f. . ~m-

1.5 -I ~'/ .... + I.' i IV -

_/" .. + .. +.. h." _

-+++ +"n·" I" =

t-_C_;_.Yo_~O_--+ +-_85_._Q_9_t-'O = · ':. · >F I .:.. -

_

---1--

- Damp to

1. 2 m

Dry

-

-

_ _

_

-

-

-

-

UIOO - ( 0.8)

--

86.69

85.89

Profi 1 e of face C

Descri pt i on

-

-

-

2.5 -

-

-

-

-

3.0-

-

-

-

_

3 5-

-

-

-

-

4.0 -

-

-

-

-

4.5 -

-

-

-

-

Trial pit complete at 2.0 m depth as instructed.

-

Pl an: I I N

I{~] t

m_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

~-- -'-- -- ..__ -_ ....._5.D---- -- -- ---- ----- -- -- ---- -- - -

Legend :
•
i
-
151
.a.
¥
m Small di s turbed sample Large disturbed sample

Undi sturbed samp l e, verti cal Undisturbed sample, horizontal Block sample

'~ater sampl e

Insitu density test Mo i s ture content

Remarks :

Large granite cores tone i s exposed adjacent to Face D. Squatter pl atform adjacent to Face A.

Logged by '_IG_

Checked by : _

Date 18/3/82

Scale 1:25

fig, No, :

Figure 2.14 - Trial Pit Log - Example 1

221

Type of excavator

I TRIAL PIT NO. , TPN 9

FACE Band 0 Sheet 2 of 2

Contractor

Study area Locat i on

:----------

:-----.-. ------

Type Df pump (if used) , .!!.i.1 .. Date dug '_l0'l1§; Ground level '_8~Zl.!lk~D~ _

Timbering , Ji.il. Date backfilled '_f.L4L8L Coordinate '_E_4~17_§_·~J:l..12~"j_!?_

Water conditions

Grade

r """

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

""

r

r- ~~§ ~o

I-

r Damp I-

'-

-

_ Damp to

2.1 m

Depth (samp I e

& tests)

uioo _8

(2.0 )

Compacted I ight brown fine to coarse SAND with some angular gravel of slightly decomposed grani te i 1 aye red 5 tructu re wi th horizontal layers of angular gravel up to

70 RIm tht ck ; some angular cobbles of granite

from 0.4-0.6 m depth. (FILL)

Profi 1 e of face B

Large angular BOULDERS of ~irk I<ith iron staining slightly decomposed qrar i ;e ; boulders are in point contact with voids between. (FI LL J

-

-

-

Reduced Depth

level (metres)~---------------------------i

Width 1.4 m

Description

82.57

82.07

31. 67

81. 07

:;:~~:G.·T,~3'7: C;;;;-c;:;t; (7u7fa7;;;'O~ - - -- -- '0.' 0 ':. : .' c :eP_ -: 'D' : :c··.' :

- :q'Q' :~'" ':0 :o'&'Q~

• .'. Q • o~o:-u

- : '(;ictFbffO:·.' 4' : .: :0' ,,~: 0.5- '~' .. ' ._J.," ,O,~, '~,

0.6 .,5;../. ,f>.~ .0· '. =Lj.

= +++~{+ + +J+ +++

-++ ++++ +

1.0- + + + +N+ + -

1.. ~- + + . + r-------------

_ b.' + + + + . ::: . + + Large anqu l ar BOUDERS and some cobbles of

~. • ...... slightly decomposed qrarn te i n a matrix of

- , ,: + + + '0' + •• :.".: medi um dense llght brown f ine to coarse SA~D.

1.5-~S:: + 'i: + .... 6) (FILL)

-~- + --'-- 1------------------

_ ~ • . •. " .• :: • : " Dense "I ight brown fine to coarse SAND with

r\.' , ' .'. 0.' . some angular gravel of moderately and nig"ly

- V' , '0 . ' . .Idecompcsed ,ranHe; no layering. (FILL;

- '. ' " 0: derived from decomposed granite)

-'

Fill is well cornpac t ed ; excavation by pick resul ted in groove marks,

-

-

-

-

-

)-------.---.- -0-

lf-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-- -)---- 1----

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

....

!- Damp to 1.6m !-

.... -

"" -

r- -

1------- '---,---5.0- .. ----- --------------

Legend •

,

- II

.6- ,

m

Small disturbed sample

Large di sturbed sampl e Undisturbed sample, vertical Unidsturbed sample, horizontal Block sample

Water sampl e

lns i tu density test Moisture content

Logged by '_IG Checked by . __

Date '_!?DfllR.

-

-

-

Trial pit complete at 2.1 m depth as t ns t ruc ted ,

-

Profi 1 e Df face 0

-+----- ~i dth = l. 4 m-----4

)-- -.~'7"":"".A-""'".-.- .. -T:"'a"'.~.I----- --,-. -----.-----

_'. ' . 0'" .' ' ... ,.' . '. Chunam , IQ mn thi ck , over sand/l,me nor tar , .0' .. ' . ~ ,." 0' .. ~ .. ·0 " 25 mRl trick, over 1 ight beo.n SAND with s.ome

". '_C" ~' .. ' .. gravel. (FILL) f---

_.. • '. + + + ", • 4

0·, . + + ... ,. Larg.er angular BOULDERS and some cobbles of

- .' • sl ightly decomposed granite in a matrix of

_ .•• ' .' + + + + + Y. rned ium dense 1 ight brown fine to coarse

-n° + + + /..'. SAND. (FILL)

- ." '-.,'

- 0.'·:-

- ". ' ." ' ...

-= + + +~~".'.':~

=~~.~; : ,,: <1, '.: ,," Dense light brown fine to coarse SAND with

_ sone anqu l ar gravel of moderately anc highly

'..'1 '. '" decomposed granite. (FILL)

o . a: v ....,.

-

~la[n O~concrete1N

~ D berm

B

Chunam C

slope

Remarks

Scale, 1:25

Voi ds in boul der 1 ayer appear to be present beneath berm only.

Fig. No. :

Figure 2.15 - Trial Pit Log - Example 2

222

TP - 6

Location: Garden Road

TRIAL PIT No.

Sheet 1 of 1

Logged by _L\BC_ Date 5.1.83

Excavation method:Han_g_ilimbE2:.2.b.0ri.!J..S_ fulj_ Date Excavated: .1-.1:198.1. hei.9:bll_

Co-ordinates:E. 34444.44 N. 15555.55 Date Backfilled: 20.1.1983

Samp 1 es Depth FACE A : FACE B FACE C FACE 0

& Tests m. width 1.60 m width 1.40 m width 1.60 m width 1.40 m

1 1
• lA • ~
1B.
2 2
• 2A. -...r
2B.
3 3
• 3A. --u-
3B.
4 4
• 4A. --u-
4B. o .

o lC . 0:

<:::>

<J' _xF3 x

Legend

·'.X.~ F·1· Loose, light brown gravelly silty SAND (FILL)

Loose, light brown silty SAND with some gravel and many roots (FILL)

Loose.to medium dense, reddish brown, clayey silty SAND with some gravel and pieces of glass and brick (FILL)

...... ---.:,~ Soft dark brown, organic, clayey SILT with trace of gravel (OLD TOP SOIL)

F-.....L....:...:..lI

Soft, reddish brown gravelly, silty (COLLUVIUM MATRIX). Slakes easily. Penetrometer strength = 40 kPa. No to N Schmidt hammer

CLAY Hand rebound

r

Moderately decomposed (grade III) sub-angular and angular cobbles of volcanic rock (COLLUVIAL FRAGMENT) N Schmidt hammer

rebound value 32

r

;o r .,. l D

• Large di st. sample _Undist. sample, hori.

I Undist. sample,

vert.

Ii!! Block sample t:: Photograph .. Bench mark

III

...L Plate test Insitu density test

m ~loi sture content test ... Water sample ; Seepage Small d i s t .

• sample

Contractor: CONTRACTOR NAME

Works Order No. : .JLJL§.5 _

ENGINEER NAME

Figure 2.16 - Trial Pit Log - Example 3

223

Study area

l.cca t ion

Con tr ac tor

Gr-ound level : _9J...JL .JJ! . .2.,Q,_

Job No.

Cocro i nates

Date of works 12/2/81 te 25/2/82

DRIllHOlE NO. : LTN II

Sheet No. I of

._-----

~------------------~

E...1~E.-.0_ N ..l'l.£52..,2.2_

_ogged by

TG

Grade

Daily pl"'Ogress

2.0

Core ba rr e I

DeJt~ 1_------S-a-mp:_l-,-e------....,

of Co re

Casing Fj e l c t es r s , sa'rplesf--,,..-_--cco=-,--____,-egend Deeth

( s i z e l and instrumentation Rec, 1"·Qr FI

Reduced 1 eVE1

Description of strata

m (mm)

m

m. F'.D.

22 - 1

t.S

i (40)

22 2

23 - 2 t--- (120)

12-10: 8.2

( 120)

Ir s pec t i on J" excavated to 1.5 m deo tn .

5PT -: N=ZI

(7.5-8.0)

o 50

II·

~ :;?:+._Clc::' O~ __ -I

U

2.0

3.0

4.0

5,0

5,4

6,0

7,0

86,2

• -I

. + +. + ,+ . f----+--j-- . + ' ..

7.5

84.1

Concrete slab, IDO nm thick,

Reccve+ed as. ang'.Jlar COBBLES and l e rqe GRAVel of medium to coarse grained

sl i qnt l y decompc s ed qr-ani t e ; .nat r-i x los t.

("ILL i

Nl ~ rec overy.

(FILL (?); probably previous cultivation te'''race)

R::>marks

fff--

fff-

f-

II BrOl'" and black clayey sandy S:LT wi t+ \t"

traces of rel jet qr ant t e texture I-

(CJI~PLETELY OECO~IPOSED 3RANITEj, 1---

~ __ ~ ~f-

II Strong pick with i rqn s ta ini nq coarse \~ VI

i---:S,---,"'Z-l-"'83,---,----;,;-11 to med iurr grained wi de l y JDi nted

Pi e z ous t e r h-7-;1""?"'1/rl-+--+:_+--'-+___:_J.--.:"-'-"~I---==-l s I i 9 h t I y d econpo s ed GRANl T E , f---

L TN II a 76 + .. + f- I II

Moderateiy weak 51 -qh t l y to moder-at ely f-

~V7.L-/-,J'--I/-+-_' + .. de compo s ec zcne at 3 2-8,7 m, recovered ~

h.L---/-+--j------<+ + +1--'9'-',~J_I_--_l as angLld" cobble-size core o ieces . ~

t%~ ;;_://0 93' +++ + +++ '~ I'.

SlJb-vertical incipient black s t a t r ed r-

jo i rts f r-cm 8.7-9,5 'n ; from 10.3-

nil 11,0 m are very c l c s e spaced planar

+ .... ... iron-stained sub-hor+zor ta l joints. I-

10, J

Fr011 site forrr.ation draw"nG No , fl./3D794, cr i c ine ] ground 1 :,vel before c ons truc t ion o+ fin ~ldtform and pl ayqrou-td was df.:Jro:o;, 86 m.P.J.

Date

Morning/el,ening water leve~s

Legend

',iR Water- return

• Small disturbed sanple

T l a rq e di s t.n-t ec s amp l e

U75, 10C Lndisturbed drove samp 1 es of 7E -m or 180 mm d i a , (blow count, dep th]

D~ Mazier sample

SP-; Standard pene t.ra t ion

test 'IJ va l ue ; {b l ow

count/pen.! dep r n )

'£ Pe rmeab i l i ty test

Cas i ng 0, DO 6,50 8,20

tubes s.so 8,20 12.10

8.0

3,0

22-2 22-2 23-2 23

3H Depth

8.0

24·2 24-2

2,9

13, 13,1 18.1

8. ,J

Cas l nq

12,1 12.1 12.1

8.0

l;later

3, '; 7,8 7,6

Type o' bor'ng/d·ill:n<;:

Fotary water f"ush

Di ane ter of bor i ng/dri 11 i ns

C.OC 6.58 III 140 mm

6.50 8.20 m 120 mm

8.20 I: ,50 m I,Jl mm

:1.50 12,10 III 89 mm

:2._0 IS,IO m 75 mill

Px 106 I<x

Figure 2.17 - Example of Sheet One of Drillhole Log

224

DR:lLHOLE NO, : LTN II
Study Area : cob Nc . Sheet No 2 of 2
--------_--_----- ._-----
E _4~4V.JL
Location : ---------------- Co-ordinates
N _i9_.2.5,2" 2L Logged by : TG
Contractor : ---------------- Ground 1 eve l :_9J..li_D:_.,P,JL
[late of Works :
22/2/82 to 25/2/82
Dail y Depth Samp ~ e
pr a- Core of F; el d sampl es Core Lege,d Jepth Reduced Description 0' strata Grade
barrel casing tests. 1 evel
qr es s (s ~ ze ~ and '-nstrulle'1tatlon Rec, rq,D, PI
%
III (mm) D 50 m m. P_O,
T2-181 ~j + + +
+ + Sl19,tly cecompo s eo GRANITE (see Sheet 1
"7""'" 100 r i I + + + for det a i l s }.
][
+ +
/ .. .. .. 11. C 80,6
,,' ;3 ni 1 3.75 +,+ ~ll recovery f rcm 11.0-11.5 m and
SP~ -2 : 17;3CO) '+ + 11.8-12.1 m.
r---'-- " Jar s amo l e Ne, Z ccntains pi nk SAND with
(L ,5-11.8: · + . + .
" 1 sene s i 1 t ; r e l i ct granite tex tu re . 'I
• -2 · + . +. : :or~PLETEL y O:CC'IPCSEC GRANITE)
t .. , 12,1 -79, 5- 1--
f--- I Z.I '{/ + + +
TNW (89) + + 12,5 79, I Strorg pi nk cc e r s e to med tun qr-s tned II
" ~ mainly wide l y jointed 51 jghtly decomposed r----
V~ 35 6,0 · T_" +. becom l nc fresh below 13.2 n , GRANITE,
~ 12.8 78,8 Moderately/1l911y de comcos ed zone at ~
23 - 2 + + -t- ~2.5-12.3 In r e cov er-ed as angular cobb l es • I-- 11
- V/ + + St.o-hor i z or ta l joint with "rade III r---
24 - 2 + + + fringes at 13, I rr; planar s noo th t i qf t
~ ,3 1.11 + + joints) 40" , at 12,95, 13.2 and 14, Sill; I-
clOSE jointed zone; undu l ati rg I smooth to I-
+ + + rcuqh , black-stai ned at 15,0-15,5 I)',
+ + 14. ) Ni 1 j01 r t s 15,5-17,1 TI, I--
~ + + + I-
+ -I-
100 ni 1 + + + Sub-ve r t i ce l incipient .jo i nts W1 th
+ + cr lor i te vein tnf i l l , 1-2 rm thi ck , at
// 15,0 17.1-17.6 f1I; undulating, iror-stained, t-
+ + +
V~ ti qht , s ab-nor-t zonte l jo":nts at 17, I III -
+ + and 17.2 1-1; planar, snco th , tight joi rt
+ + + with kaolinite cca t i nq at 18. J m. I
VIC~/ 78 5,0 + +
VL + + +
+ 16. D
+ _
~ + -t- +
+ +
V/ 97 1,29 + + +
. ~ .. + 17,0
, . V~ + + + _
Pi ezome ter + +
c 'N lIb + + +
~ 2.: ~ID~ 100 nil + +
24 2 (89 ) + .. +rI8, 13,5 _
Dt~illholE compl c tc a t 18.1 m depth,
_

Renarks Legend 'YPc of bcr i r9/dri I l i r;
Pi ezomet er C ~~ .Ib i ns t al l ed a t 17,5 In doth be l ow ground WR \~'ater r e tu r-n Rotary water fl ush
surf ace 'f/l ttl S-:l.nc; f i l ter from 18, I III to in.s be'1tonl te • Sma 11 di s ti.rbed s arrp l e
sea 1 from lO.S 111 to 8.~ m ; pi ezcrne t e r :_ TN lIa 1 ed at t
8.0 m dep th below ground s.ir f ace with s ar d fi Iter from Lar~e o i s t.rrt ed samp: e C i err e ter of coring/drillin9
8.5 m tc 6,5 m , bentonite seal t rom 6.5 m to 4,5 m and Q,OO 6.30 m 140 min
cement-bent::Jni te qr out from 4,5 In to ,round surface. U76. !O:J UndistU'rb€d d'r'lve 6,5C 3.20 III 120 rnrn
samp l es of 76 mr -:)1' 8, ZC - ll.:iO m IDI mm
Mo rni n9/ even -i ng water 1 eve 1 s IDO mm di a . I:blow 11.5C - 12,10 m 89 nm
I count. depth) 12, ic - [.3,10 In ,5 mm
Date D ~, Mazier samp 1 e
BH depth ., SPT Standacd penetr-ation Casing tubes
See I tes t N ve l ue ; (blow 0, DC - 6.:;0 m Px
Cas i ng I count/pen. , dept' ) 6,5C - 8.20 m 106
Water I ~ Pe-meebt l i t y t€S t 8,20 - 12.10 m Nx Figure 2.18 - Example of Sheet Two of Drillhole Log

225

FIELD DATA FROM WATER ABSORPTION TEST
DRILLHOLE No. ____ 11 ___ TEST No. 4
------~
Date of test _1l.t.Q!/JS_ ______ Tested by _______ l'IJ5[_ _____________
Packer type (delete as necessary Tested section from _ J ~._81_m_ to 22.86 m
- ---~--
siA§1e/double Depth of hole at time of test __ 3J~8_4_QJ __
pneumatic/hydraulic/mechanical Details of casing at time of test __ ~ _____
Packer pressure Gauge height above ground level 1.32 m
-- - -- - - - -- -- - - - - _ - - - - - - -
Depth to centre of test section (measured down line of drillhole __ 2_1__:l~_m_
Depth to groundwater level (measured down line of dr i l l ho l c ) __________
FIRST PERIOD Gauge pressure 124 kPa
---~--------
Time (minutes) 0 5 10 15 Average
Flowmeter Flow
8~ 13 5 =E:~ e I~ reading ( 1 ) 218.6 229.3 239.9 250.7 (l/min)
1 I
i
Water take ( 1 ) 10.7 I 10.6 I 10.8 I 2. 14
SECOND PERIOD Gauge pressure 248 kPa
-----~----
Time (minutes) 0 5 ; 10 15 I Average
i
Flowmeter 296.4 ) 311.2 Flow
reading ( 1 ) 281.8 326.3 (l/min)
8~Flsti€k I
Water take ( 1 ) 14.6 I 14.8 I 15. 1 I 2.96
THIRD PERIOD Gauge pressure __ 3Z2_ ~~~ ____
Time (minutes) 0 5 10 15 Average
Flowmeter Flow
reading ( 1 ) 255.9 276.6 297.5 318.5 (l/min)
8iFls=t:iek
Water take ( 1 ) 20.7 I 20.9 I 21. 0 I 4.17
FOURTH PERIOD Gauge pressure __ 1.lt_8_ ~P_a ____
Time (minutes) 0 5 10 15 Average
Flowmeter Flow
reading ( 1 ) 54.5 69.9 I 85.4
tH I3st i el~ 101 . 1 ( 1 /mi n )

Water take ( 1 ) 15.4 I 15.5 J 15.7 : 3.10
FIFTH PERIOD Gauge pressure 124 kPa
- -- ------- -
Time (minutes) 0 5 10 I 15 Average
i
Flowmeter 377.31388.6 1400.0 1411.5 Flow
8i13stick reading ( 1 ) (l/min)

Water take ( 1 ) 11.3 I 11.4 I 11. 5 I 2.28 Figure 2.19 - Example of Field Sheet for Water Absorption Test

226

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

DR! LLHOLE No. __ 1) TEST No.

4

Test section from 19.81 m to 22.86 m

Date of test __ l~(_lJil~ Depth of hole at ti~ecrft;st __ -jJ~_§§~_-_

Packer type (delete as necessary Diameter of hole in test area 102 mm

single/double 0 i l l h 1 ' 'l i t i f h -:---t-1--9-O~

pneumatic/hydral:Alic/Alechanical n 0 e lnc 1na lon rom Orlzon a _

Packer pressure Cas i ng deta il s ~ c _

Rock type G_BANJ lE_ G..RIHLE_ Ir_ _

LEGEND OF TEST SECTION

___ 3_._95_ JIl _

FLOW

i I

GUAGE PRESSURE FRICTION HEADLOSS TOTAL HEAD
heac of in basic in extra h
units: water pipe rods or (2+3+6-7-8)
kPa work pipes
--- ~~-- m m
m m
(5 ) (6 ) (7) (8) (9)
124 12.6 / 35.26
248 25.2 47.86
372 37.8 ,1lJ 60 .1~6
.:,_<J
.0;,
....... '
248 25.2 ~1lJ0;, 47.86
124 12.6 .: 35.26 q litres/min

(1)

VERTICAL DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER FROM

G. L • 21.34 m (2)

(4 )

2. 14 2.96 4.17

HEIGHT OF

PRESSURE 3.10

GAUGE ABOVE 2.28

G.L. 1.32 m(3)

.-.-~--

5
~
Q)
-j..)
:::::l 4
s:::
..... i
E
<,
til 3
Q)
s.,
+->
...... 2
r-r-
~
0- I

!

i

~~ i

I_~~ i

~V-

1 f----t---+~-~----=~=-+----+---

~p l~

FROM GRAPH q/h = __ 3~~8~___ Tested by Calculated

L - 100 2 06 l' b

- lh q = __ ~ ugeon un t ts y

where 1 ::: length of test section in metres r- -f- __ _!-1~F _

Note If groundwater level unknown or below test section use depth to centre of test section.

o 10

20

30

h (metres)

40

50

60

Figure 2.20 - Example of Calculation Sheet for Water Absorption Test

227

FALLING-HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

FIELD DATA
Depth
Time Time of water ht = ht
on elapsed below top
clock of casing (d1 - dt) ~
min sec = dt
0 9.601 m 3.129 m 1.000
0 9.854 2.876 0.919
2 0 10.109 2.621 0.838
3 0 10.300 2.430 0.777
4 0 10.484 2.246 0.718
5 0 10.668 2.062 0.659
6 0 10.826 1.904 0.608
7 0 10.985 1. 745 G.558
8 0 11.100 1.630 0.521
9 0 11. 227 1.503 0.480
10 0 11.366 1.364 0.435
15 0 11.824 0.906 0.290
20 0 12.065 0.665 0.212
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0,5 rT 12.0 min
.,_, 0 0.4 I
....c!..J::
~ 0.37 ~-----
0
Q) 0.3
~
rtI 0.251-
:>
0.2
0.15
0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (min) Borehol e ,....... Date .

Dri 11 ho Ie ?: . . .. . . Observer ~~~ ..

Use only CLEAN water for the test. Has water been added during boring?

Internal diameter of casing = 127 mm---?-i~

Depth of casing 1.07 m above G.L. ------1

G.L.

Depth of water at time of test = 11.66 m below

G. L. -------<

-L-W-f--

Depth of casing

= 10.67 m below G.L.-------j

Depth of hole

= 12,9 m below G.L. ---~

- --

o

I {= - "'_L

yes/No

Diameter of hole I below cas; nq ,

D = 140 mm

CALCULATIONS K = _A_

FT/

where: A 0.1~02TI = 0.01539 m2

F = 2.5 (based on case (d) in Figure 7 in B.S. 5930 1981) T = 12 min x 60 = 720 sec

th f K - A - 0.01539 = 8 5 0 5

ereore: -FT-2.5x720 . x1- m/s

Figure 2.21 - Example of Results and Calculation Sheet for Falling-head Test

f---- W L___

o .s:

L

"

2.23 m

228

\ \

r-..l:: ~ ~~o

oCrE OJ Q) I s, >

'r- +J CQ) COVl

II 0""

or C

r- -e--

mVl

'r- til

s; OJ Q) s, +-'c_ mE :E:o

u

II

r-Q)

n:::l ~

U :::s

'r- Vl

+'Vl 'r- Q) s, s, <....)0.

j

Vl +-' Vl Q) I-

-0 ClJ !::

n:::l s,

-0 C ::J

s, a 4-

OJ D.. a

r-

IJ..J > !:: l.J...I

.s: +' 0'1 C OJ s,

+' (/)

-0 C m

V1 .s: +' n:::l 0..

V1 Vl ClJ s. +' (/)

M OJ s,

:::s or

u...

229

TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST - SUMMARY OF SOIL PROPERTIES

Consolidated undrained with p.p.m. Single stage

Project

Ref.

B.H.No.

A

Sample No .• Type & Nominal Dia. 2/M/76

Depth 5.7-6.3 m

SPECIMEN NO. 1 --+ 2 j 3

r---' -.---- -- - ----------~----.~- ~~ ~--.~---

Effective cell pressure, 03 kPa 35 70 115

Before i After Before I After Before After

Diameter of specimen_n__ mm 76.0 I : 76.0 : 76.0

Length of specimen mm 152-.--ol ! 152.0 I 152.0!

_------ -------_._-- ~ , .

J'9_L_UM~ OF SPECIMEN __ cm3 689.5~1664.71~89.54J~~?__:_Q4 689.541670.9~.

Wet mass of specimen 911302.1 1308.11313.7 1313.7 1318.7 1318.1

- 1---' -- - -----r- - ----.-+------------+-- --'-._- ------___._--~---.-.-

g 1024.1, 1031.9 1037.1

--------- f--- ----j- ------~ -- -----.-- .• ---~

9 278.0 284.0 281.8 282.0 281.6 281.0

- ----r--- --~---------------. --

% 27.1 27.7 27.3 27 .3 27.2 27.1

Mg/~3- - 1. 89 T . 1. 91 ~ --~ -1. 91 --

----------- --+- _.+_ .. _--_. __ .• -----+---- ----

Mg/m3 1. 49 -1-' 1. 54 1. 50 1. 55 . 1. 50, 1. 55

----- - - -- r--- -- - .. -----. - .- ---. - .-. . ~ - -- -----~.-- ------t----- ~

2.69 i 2.68 2.66

.... -.--r------.--+. .. - ----- - - - --~--- - - --t- _.-

0.811 i 0.746 0.791 0.732' 0.769, 0.721

-- -+--------~----- --- ----____,..__ -----i--~_1

% 90.0 I 92. 5 : 94.0,

r----- -- -~..-~---- ------ -~ - -+-- ~--- - - - -------+-----.-----f

SATURATED MOISTURE CONTENT % 30.2 i 29.5

Dry mass of specimen

-- __ ----- - ._._- __ -------

Mass of moisture

-- ---------

MOISTURE CONTENT

- -----

WET DENSITY

f-------------. -----

DRY DENSITY f-------

Specific gravity

- .... -_ ... _--.-- _-_ ---------_ --

VOID RATIO

r..--- -.~------

DEGREE OF SATURATION

28.9

Sketch of failed specimen

Red, borwn & black very 'clayey very silty SAND

Red , yell owi sr brown & black gravelly very clayey silty SAND

Red, brown & black very clayey SILT/ SAND

Soil Description

---~-----1

Figure 3.2 - Example of Triaxial Test Soil Properties Data

230

TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST - GRAPHS

o I

Deviator Stress/-l./Pore Pressure versus Axial Strain (%)

03

Project Ref. BH.No. A (Sample 2) Depth 5.7-6.3 m

6 ,-

I

'"

b

<,

5 ,_ 4 ~

rl

b

2 , 1 80 r

l __ _j________L_____l_____l________j___ j____j

CJ) s;

o o,

ClJ s,

:::::l VI

VI

ClJ 20

s,

n..

-+--+-----+--+--1 ~-----35

240 - I

I 220 ~

200 ~ 180 ~

!

~ '"

b

I rl b

~-------------35

160 ~

70

140 ~ 120 -

VI VI CJ) s,

+-> V)

s, o +-> rtl

>

~ 40

20

O~-L_~~_~~ __ -L_L--L_~~ __ ~~ __ ~

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Axial Strain (%)

Figure 3.3 - Example of Triaxial Test Graphical Data

231

TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST - PLOT OF STRESS PATHS

Consolidated undrained with P.P.M.

Single stage

Project

Ref.

B.H.No. A (Sample 2) Depth 5.7-6.3 m

::31 ~ 0 0'0 co til rtl
~J <:; 0 '0'0 0'0 OJ 0..
I •
II ...-< [0 0 CD '-0 ! OJ .:::L.
0'0 s;
c:::l C Ln OJ
N ro OJ I
~~~ . .j..) 0 , -0 0
0 0
c.n E M -' to N
.......
.j..)~~ ...-< i: tf I/') '-0
Q) M M
ro D r-, Q) co
z: E N N N s, II 0
OJ 0 ill 0)
0'0 10 0 Q) , .......
"'"d'2nM '<T LD'Lf) "0 M C
I I rtl II
><J~E ~i~ ....., cD .j..)
---~-
+-> I ---i rl -&
rtl <l..I I 0
s; M i (Y) Lf) c >< til '-0
C :=l _.-... 0 (Y) (V) or- o ..-t
.r- .,....- ()-Q: I u
ro ........ ...__.. M co r-,
s, 1'0 N ,......,
+-' 4-
l/) U 0
l Q-
..-t
co
00 ..--.
....., 0 rtl
C"-J 0..
-.:.1 ...-< .s:

"' N
..-... <,
'" 0 -
b N LO '<T Ln 0 ro
I LO 00 0 ..-t '::.J
M ..-t +
b
_,
c
_ '" cO 0'0 0
rlo.. L!i co
tJ~ .......
_",1'0 0'0
",0.. Q-
b.:::L. 0
'.0
"'
,_...._,
ro rtl 0
Do.. .....
I .:::L. ....... I
rl +J 0
b C o::t
0
r--:I~IC; Q_
-0 0
LOt'-O to C N
- - --1--- OJ
II
I
I N M "'
,......, I
--t 0
<l..I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I .j..) N 0 00 '-0 o::t N
:r: 0 0 ..--< ..-t
. z: « z (l?d>!) c:!(tD_1D)
ill Figure 3.4 - Example of Triaxial Test p'-qJStreSS Path Plot

232

, " , " • Rainfall

t Evapotranspiration

Weathered rock

Evaporation iSpring

I seepage t t

~~~~~

/

L Stream

Bedrock

Legend :

_w - Water table -Iw!- Perched water table

22222 Impermeable stratum (aquiclude or aquitard)

Figure 4.1 - Simplified Representation of the Hydrological Cycle

233

+J
VI t::
QJ t:: QJ
OClJ s, E
"O~ QJ~
+J +JU
+J +J +J
r-3: ro ro
:::l0 o..u-o
III III r- QJ
(V) ro QJ r- r- QJ C
'¢ QJ s...OtU~ S-
s, 4-s...+J ClJ
S- tU VI QJ U
0 or-..... t:: s, C
4- +J ~OQJO 0
t:: I- t:: 014- U
:x: QJ
QJ E
"0 ~
t:: U
or- +J
ro
>& U
4- +J
O~
01
+J or-
Or- QJ
E
or- t::
r- or-
s, 0'>
QJ t::
0.. Or-
o..s-
:::l :::l
U
"0 U
QJ 0
+l
ro III
E E
or- s,
+J 0
III .,_;
l.J..J VI 0
~
0
1~
0
N
0
0
i
~~
o '
0 -:0'\
-'co
0 """1r--.
0 '-0
U")
~ 00 0
0 0
0 0 0
00 0
0 0 00 0
0
0
0 0
0
L__
0 L.{} 0 L.{}
0 r--. LO N
.---<
( vl4/WW) xapuI ¢ ~N I

o

i

I~

I

I

o

III
+J
t::
QJ
E
~
U
+J
ro
VI U
S-
:::l 0'>
0 t::
~ 0
~
0'>
t::
ro 0
4- ::c
t::
or- s,
ro 0
0::: 4-
4- :x:
0 QJ
"0
t:: t::
0 >---<
+-' >El-
ro
s,
:::l
Cl N
<::t-
QJ
s,
:::l
0'>
0,.-
L.L.. 234

Ground surface

<;

~ i----·.

I<.-~ <,

I<.-~""""""'"

W' <,

Dry season ~.~ water table J

Pore Water Pressure Degree of Saturation (Atmospheric pressure=O)

o 25 50 75 100 -u 0 +u

»:

~/~.,/ . /

Depth

'r-

!I

o

......

<Il (]) s;

~

III <Il > <Il ...... (]) +J ,_ reo.. O'l

III s, !:: (])

+-' '+-rc o 3:

III (]) !:: s, o 0 N 0..

Depth

Legend :

- w - Conditions at time to (Before the rainfall)

- . -Conditions at time tl (Immediately after the start of rainfall)

- .. - Conditions at time t2 (After a long period of rainfall)

.. Rise in water table or increasing saturation and pore water pressure due to rainfall

Figure 4.3 - Typical Changes in Water Table, Degree of Saturation (s) and Pore Water Pressure (u) Due to Rainfall

235

SEASONAL
RESPONSE
1 - Little or None ") - Multi pl e Peaks 3 - Single Peak
L
STORM I
RESPONSE !
I ,
P • P , P
I
A - Multiple ~---~---- ~--
Peaks [/" ",. .... .....
.... -... ..... ..... '"
~' ....
,., '... .... "-
I-"
T T T
Pt ' P1 , p ,
B - Single ~-- ....
Symmetrical ~ ___ fL _____ [:v-'
..... -..... ..... .......... t-~ -,
Peak ....
"'........ ..... ....
~ ...
TI
T T
---_" ~-~
P , Pi , P ,
C - Single ___ h ____ ~---
Asymmetri ca 1 [>-, ... .....
"- ... .....
Peak ... - "- .... ....
/ ,_/ '-
" TI
T T
P P , P ,
,
D - Slight F' ~-- ......
..... - " .... ... ....
.... ---~---- " .... .....
/', '- "-
~ ....
T T T
~- , ,-,11
P Pt
, I ,
E - None "",,,,.-- -..,
... ...
---------- ...... "- " ' <, 1 i"'''' .....
;' _/ ....
~ ... TI
T T
Legend
-- -- - Seasonal response P Piezometric 1 eve 1 , Storm event
Storm response T Time Figure 4.4 - Typical Piezometer Responses

236

o Ln 0 Ln 0 Ln <::tM MN N ......

Ln o

o ......

. . . .

0000 0 0

.

o

.

o

lXlO-7

'\. '\. I\. '\. \. '\. '\. '\..
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-.
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... \\ \\ \ \ \
\
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I j _11 . 3 . 4 . 5.6 .7 .8.9 1

2

345678910

20 30

Depth of Wetting Band (h) (m)

Note (1) This chart has been prepared assuming runoff is 50% and

porosity (n) is 40%.

(2) Curves have been plotted for the various degrees of saturation (Sf - So) shown.

Figure 4.5 - Effect of Permeability and Degree of Saturation on Wetting Band Thickness for a Ten-year Return Period Rainfall Event

237

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238

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241

Road

Buil di ng Wall platform

Fill slope/retaining wall failures

I I I

/

/

/

/ /

/

o om

Scale ~

Cut slope failure

SCQI!~m

I / ,/

,/

,/

,/

,/ ,/

.,;.,;-

.,;-

.,;-

..... _,. ....

Legend

Natural slope failures

Scale O~m

---- Pre fa i 1 ure geometry

----- Post failure geometry

------- Extent of debris

Note The sketch sections shown in this Figure are of failures that occurred in 1982.

Figure 5.1 - Typical Failure Profiles in Weathered Rocks and Soils in Hong Kong

242

50
,......
~
(lJ
s,
::::l
-r-t-
IO 30
u,
'+-
0
>, 20
+->
Ll 10
rc -
Ll
0
s, 2.3% 0.14% '
o,
0'-- -__j
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Reliability Index Figure 5.2 - Probability of Failure Versus Reliability Index

Potentially unstable wedge failures on benches due to dayl ighting joints ---.

Standard slope profi 1 e

Fissuring parallel to sheet joints.

(a) Potentially unstable slope aggravated by cutting benches into rock with parallel sheet jointing.

Modifi ed slope profi 1 e--

(b) More stable slope is formed by laying back at the angle at which the sheet joint is dipping. For a reasonable range of orientations of the sheet joints, there may be little extra volume of excavation required.

Figure 5.3 - Effect of Benches in Adversely Jointed Rock

243

Inclined

drainhole ~

-.

Forma t ion 1 eve 1

~ Structural facing keyed or dowelled at base

concrete

Reinforcing bars or mesh lapped to dowels bars

Weak material trimmed back and replaced with reinforced concrete

Weepholes at intervals for intermittent seepage

Filter layer formed of sandbags or graded filter

Longitudinal drain

for steady seepage

DETAIL OF DENTITION

Rock .. .>:

anchors ~

Fault zone

Rock bolts

\ .---.~~

_...-\

\

\

\ \

\~

\

\ \,

"\

\

Figure 5.4 - Various Methods of Stabilising Rock Slopes

244

\ Free hanging mesh nets ~spended from above

\

\\

\, Bench as rockfa 11

\, collector I

, , ,

\

\

\ ,

\

\

Move structure to safe distance

i//~"-"'r- \

I 1 "'1

Hanging nets

or chains for blocks tumbling from abovel

I

W~rn;ng slgn ~~~--J

I

Fence J or wall

i

/

/

___ ~j_ Supports stayed by rock anchors or deadmen

~c>--Loose blocks to be ~ scaled from any

. face without nets

, Rock trap ditch

Gravel bed

Figure 5.5 - Rockfall Control Measures

245

SHAPE FACTORS
B ~
Sc 1 +[. Hc
S B
y 1 - 0.4 I
Sq + t tan rp' INCLINATION FACTORS

Effective area A' = B' L'

where B' B 2eb

L' = L - 2el

- iq
ic iq Nc tan
.~
H m+l
i [1 - ¢' J
'( V + BLcCot
m
iq iy m+l 800
600
400
300
200
100
80
cr 60
z: 40
.
;>- 30
z:
. 20
u
z:
4-
0 10
Ul 8
ClJ
::> 6
'"
> 4
3
2 2 + ]_ m = ~~L_ 1 + _§_ L

provided the inclination of load is in the direction of B.

where

Hmax = V tan rp' + Ac

TILT FACTORS

- tq

tq

t, '" tq '" [1 - ex: tan rp 'J 2

where: ex: is ;n radians

GROUND SLOPE FACTORS 1 - gq

9c gq Nc tan ¢'

gy = 9q [1 - tan wJ2

1.0 0.8 0.6

0.4L-~~--~~~--~-L~--L-~

o 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Angle of Shearing Resistance ¢' (degrees)

BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS

where : ex: < 45°, w < 45° and OJ < '"

Note (1) Data applies to shallow foundations only 0 s B.

¢'

(2) For u ~- a check should be made for overall slope stability.

2

(3) For the effects of nonhomogeneous soil and soil compressibility and scale effects reference should be to Vesic (1975).

(4) Where the foundation is set back from the crest of the slope, refer to GCO (1982b).

Figure 6.1 - Bearing Capacity Data

246

Filter

1 ayer designed in accordance ~Iith Chapter 4

Subsoi 1

p i oe laid to gulley

Backfill

Drainage material

Protected surfacE

Ora; nage channels

Backfill

Construction batter

r Ora i nage I material

I p laced in

I hessian bags

LongitUdinal porous pipe 1L..:=--T"-f"I'I'1--~ Impervious base

to d ra in

Filter layer oesigned in accordance Chaper 4

Blinding layer

Blinding layer

(a) CANTILEVER/COUNTERFORT

(b) CANTILEVER/COUNTERFORT

used when (a) is not possible

Filter layer designed in accordance \'lith Chapter 4

Filter layer designed in accordance with Cha pter 4

Drainage material placed in hessian bags

Ora i nage material

Bl i ndi ng 1 ayer

Detail as (a)

(c) GRAVITY TYPE

(d) GRAVITY TY?E

used when (c) is not possible

Note (1) For ease of construction. where filter layers are constructed at a steep incline, filter

material [lay be placed in hessian baqs ,

(2) ~Iater pressure should be considered ill design for types (b) and (d).

Figure 7.1 - Drainage Details for Retaining Walls

247

Legend:

t Time of concentration (min)

H 51 ope (m/lOO m)

A Catchment area (m2)

L Distance from catchment boundary to the design section (m), for which t is a maximum

106 m2

Solution:

A, H 7- R, L 7- t

Example

A = 1 X 106 m2 H = 1 mllOO m L = 1 000 m

therefore

t = 36 min

R

H mllOO m

m

L

Figure 8.1 - Nomogram for the Rapid Solution of the Bransby-Williams Equation

t min

100 90 80 70

60 50

40

30

20

10 9 8 7 6

5

4

3

2

248

..-.. c: -0 (./') ~a~ ::::lor- ttj +>~(l) (l)Q)>, c.:::: o....__..

00000 0 0 0000 U) N r-! OU) N r-!

r-i

N

ft II f+J
I
,
lit--
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t,,- il::
F
u V
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t·
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t-j i:-: iIf ~ ,,._j
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;
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L=:
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0 ~+-'
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co s, ~ 0
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o 'r- +-'
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rl a (l)
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c: »,
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3: a ::::l
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n:l (l)
0 +-' o<:! > e
N S- ttj
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a (./') ..0 n:l
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e "0'\ ~
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or- e I n:l
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n:l::':::..q-
S- 0"0 (./')
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4-.c N
W 0 o.l.!"l
s: s.... or- m
f- 0.. (./') r-i r-i
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 l.!"l 0 l.!"l 0 l.!"l a O"l 00 r-... "" L!) q
l.!"l '<T M M N N r-! r-! (l)
+-'
a
(,H-I/WW) ~ '1i+~sua+uI L L EjU P?"d UEaw Z (./') ::::l o

or-

s, n:l >

s, o 4-

en e o ~

en e o :r:

C

or-

n:l 4- e

or-

n:l c.::::

4- a

~

or-

(./') e W +-' c: .......

-0 C ttj

e o

or-

+-' ttj S::::l o

en C

or-

3: o ..c Vl

(./') ru > s,

::::l U

CO ru S::::l OJ

or-

u,

249

~z-+--

u
-<:
CL
V1 no
S-
CI) OJ
Ol 0
::l +-'
'" ::l
OJ '"
>, -o
S- ue O~ +-' 0' '" '-D >,---,

SQJO ~+-' ..c 0.--<

''"'\, ~

....... !!!. '\0.

\ 2 \

CI) n uro .~ 0 4- 4-0 O+-'

~.--<

00 ,__"" +-'

e •

ON UN U

0> C a :r:

c

(/) QJ 0> ~ I'tl 0',

C

I'tl 0::

4- a

250

layer size 150 mm,

SECTIONAL ELEVATION

1-1 .. --------l--____,.-11 1 .. 750 min'_I A

{:-~:-:..':-7:.:.~.,.:~'-7;':"~"';""~-:--:;.i--:'-"'" .7-.1'

I I> <I ~ (I 0 I· I

: 1°. I I I ."1.

I!==:::::::;::~: J.·I~ I ~ 1 ....l..+-_+- __ '"

1 1 I

I--t-·--·

I .;r: .:

1 1

I

A

SECTIONAL PLAN

- : ..... -

~-r.--t--25 x 15 m.s. flat bar

.,

-'. '.

w

.. I

SECTION A-A

Note (1) All dimensions in millimetres.

(2) Normally for drains of 900 mm dia. and below. For bigger drains and steep terrain, sand trap should be specially designed.

(3) Size

Depth D I 750

Width : W '; 36

length : L = 4.80 0.67 h 0.5 F -0.5 '; 4B

(4) Graded stone filter shall be crusher run granite aggregate.

(5) Capacity DWL to be according to size and nature of catchment, providing detention time not less than 5 minutes for max. design flow of inlet.

Figure 8.4 - Typical Sand Trap Arrangement

251

To suit natural channel

rTo suit outlet channel

SECTION A-A

3S

4S

Natural stream course I

I

} I I I
1 q


I
I I ! f---- ....
i I
I
, (/') : (/')
I LO ! .!.
1 j .
I ~
I

Sized to -~I' , L
I I I t.

I I

, ~

design flow

I ... Gri 11 s paced to catch boulders in natural stream bed

PLAN

Figure 8.5 - Typical Rock Trap Detail

252

-0 - Q)Q)

o_C:: o_C::

Q)ro +-' ..c::

CJ)u

2 « a:: o

2 «2 _JO a_a::

> L.U

:r: o

Q) ci,

E 0 E en

en Q) c:: c::

Q)ro +-' ..c::

~u u-o c:: Q) o c:: 0=

Q) o_ o CJ)

1

2 o Io L.U CJ)

Q) c:: c:: ro ..c:: u I

=>

o_ -0 Oc::

I-ro

en Q) c:: c:: ro ..c::

U

..c::

-

.~

en Q) c:: c:: ro ..c::

U

>-

.....

ro

-

::::l

.o

~

'+-

o

c:: o

-

o

c:: ::::l "J

0) c::

:s: o ..c:: en

c:: ro n,

<D co

253

ww s'n ww S'ZT
<II 1-0- 1-11-
"
0
<II ~I~ -02. ~r~ -0""
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(\! <I) ~~
E Q_ a
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on " ..... "
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oj T- --tt- T --t t---
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254

Concrete apron

SECTION A-A

This dimension varies to suit the slope but

not to exceed 1 m -----------,

I

Design channel .~ depth, d = s + H/2-----1

~

o o ('V)

Dimensions of Stepped Channel
Nominal size of Thickness Thi{kness Splash allowance
channel H(mm) t(mm) b mm) s(mm)
225 to 300 100 100 200
375 to 675 100 150 350
750 to 900 125 200 400 Gradient from Figure 8.7 ..

o ,

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

Figure 8.8 - Typical Details of Stepped Channel

255

Min:d + 450 mm measured from lowest invert of the stepped channel

I L

:r:

LO

Varies but> h/2

d == s + H/2

(See Figure 8.8)

."

" "

E E

o o M

" " .

1_ h _I

SECTION A-A

- r--- r

I Concrete apron
I -
.- I
r- I
ttl
~
Q) -- -- - - ~r
r-
'+- -
4- I
Itl -
en
I Concrete apron
I
- r--- I

r PLAN

Figure 8.9 - Typical Details of Junction of Stepped Channel and U-channel at Toe of Slope

~ "

~

E E

o o 1.0

256

r-

1251 ;

--< >--

I i

Varies

.~

Step irons to be provided if height of catchpit exceeds 1500

125 thick wall and slab suitably reinforced

Figure 8.10 - Typical Details of Catchpits

/, Channel

1--_--1-1 ----4'

-~--------~--------~

12~_ varIes -1 JE5

PLAN

----tr ... ---+- . ----

------ +-+--- .. -*--

Arrangement of openings to suit site conditions

<,

<, 10r-- 1-1 ~----+---Arrangement

I I of openi ngs

: lmin. to suit site

L .il tn 50 conditions

..

.~' ,

I .•

t

I I

• I

i Fan I

~

. '_ • ..:'l_' .'",,'. _

Concrete blinding

SECTION A-A

Note All dimensions in millimetres

257

Impervious surface

This dimension varies to suit fall on channel

20

H

Dimensions of U - channel

Nominal size of channel H (mm)

Th i ckness t (mm)

Thickness b (mm)

600

150

150

225

to

175

225

675

to

1200

Figure 8.11 - Typical U-channel Details

258

lJ..J zC::: c:(:::.l wI-

L~

w CL.. L lJ..J I-

Planting Season for Grass

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

.:.:.:":":.:.:":.:.:":":.: .. ::::::;:::;:;::

.. - , ' , ..

.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:": .. :.:.: .. : '::;:::;:::::::

................. " .. .. .... <.- ... '.- ....

400

c

co :::::! s,

.01

~I

,.....1 I I I I I

Planting Season for Shrubs and Trees

A

I I

.------r-r-----ir--'

S

s, OJ ..a E OJ ...,

0. OJ C/)

a C'0

o

E E

200

, ,

1 ,

,

I

-51 ;Ul LI

-

D

u o

30 -

20 -

10

J

N

Legend

~ Optimum time EZl Good time

c:::J Fa; r time

o

Figure 8.12 - Planting Season in Hong Kong

-

F

A

J

M

J

M

MONTH

259

General fi 11 compacted to 90% max. t. d

Face zone compacted to 95% max. i'.d

Width of face zone and angle of slope to

depend upon aterial used

Layer 1.5 m thick may be compacted to 95% max. ~d to reduce infiltration through surface ------,

Drainage to be provided in abandoned water courses.

Min. 300 mm drainage layer

to comply with filter criteria for fi 11

Note Maximum dry density (max. ~d) from B.S. 1377, Test 12.

Figure 9.1 - Typical Detail of General Fill Area Employing Dual Compaction Standards

Compaction Trial - Site B

1 ton vibrating roller - No.731

3rd. Feb. 1983

150 mm uncompacted layer

~----

2.0
__ 1. 9
M
E
::;- 1. 8
~ 1.7
.r-
~ 1.6
(])
0
>, 1. 5
S-
o
1.4
1. 30 2 225 mm uncompacted layer

------

4

6

8

10

12

Number of Passes of Roller

Figure 9.2 - Typical Compaction Trial Results

260

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o ....

o u> <0-

u> J,_ o_ <ll

.... CI) C1>

c..- ~ 2 ~

Qj 5~ ~ {/} V)

r-"'~'-'=---f-----------------------------------------------------------__' it

f'i xo"'O ~ -;:- u

~ ~!=-D __ ~_""~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

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Vl J,_ '+<: co ><l

<: o

u

o '"

N

+-' <:

a.> <:

E 0 <ll 0 U

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Q_ .Cl Cl) s;

Cl) .... o z

DO

o ....

E o s,

I.L

~i~

Q)'r- I

~ c:::: ~ ;£0

Cl)

s... ....

::'I C ~ 0

~.e: 0.;3:

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:;:u +-'

'+<11;3: s::

M

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c s... Cl)

o a.> CL

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to '" '"

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LL

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c

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SO 4-

+> (]) (]) ..t::

V)

"'0 SO U (]) c:::

261

2.3
-0.5 -0.4 \-0.2
+0.2 Fi 11 bul k density ift Mg/m3
2.2 Max. converted xcm Mg/m3
bulk density
'"
E
--....
0>
::IE
~
.':;> 2.1 W o - Wf m %
.~
'"
<=
OJ 100
0 +0.4 Degree of xft x
..>t. \0.8 Of
compaction ,0
~ 2.0 ~6~ il'cm
::I
eo
"0
OJ
....,
s;
OJ Fill moisture
> ~~l. 0 %
<= 1.9 ~ content Wf
a -1.
u
u 1.8~ +0.8 Optimum
t: ?:;
'" <, moisture content Wo
>,
+-'
.~ +1.0
V1
t: -- Fill dry density }{ fd Mg/m3
QJ
Co
"'" +1. 2 Lab. max.
~ »:
:::J l.7e- dry dens ity
c::o )(ld Mg/m3
(deri ved from
J Hilf's method)
I Description of Soil/Remarks
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +5 +7 +8
Added Water (z) Percentage of Fill Wet Weight
Determination of Converted Bulk Densi ty Determination of Fill Moi sture
Content
Added water (z) " 0 Wet soi I + conta i ner 9
~
Mass mould + base + sample 9 Dry soil + container 9
Mass mould + base g Container number 9
Mass of sample 9 Moi sture loss 9
Volume of mould cm3 Dry soil 9
Bulk density xb Mg/m3 Moisture content Wf %
Converted bulk i(c Mg/m3
density
Converted bulk density = "'bulk
(1 + 1~0)
Optimum moisture content Wo = Wf + Zm (100 + Wf)
100 Figure 9.4 - Field Sheet for the Hilf Method of Rapid Compaction Control

262

Grass

Shrub or tree seedling,

150 to 600 mm height

r-Enriched I backfill

Pi t type excavation

(300 x 300 x 300 mm)~-

Figure 9.5 - Seedling Shrub or Tree Planting

Impervi ousl surface

Plain concrete class 20/20 cast in place

r-TOP soil retained

Concrete tree ring

Impervious surface

I.

L__~~~~ GOO mm min. dia. + dia. of tree if the tree is established

Note Precast concrete tree rings may also be used.

Figure 9.6 - Detail of Tree Rings on Impervious Slope Surface

263

Site Road

150
148
146 ~nstalled
2/4/83
. 144 PI d
Cl ___ !:Y _____
.
c, 142
Vl
Q)
s, 140
~
Q)
:E 138
1 P2
136
134
132 April May
250 Ground level above PI & P2

June 1983

July

August

.r-

200

150

~ 100

50

o

Legend :

~ Observed piezometric response

o Piezometer tip level

Figure 10.1 - Example of a Piezometer Record Sheet

264

Site Street Telltale No.3

Wall 75 m long, 3.2 to 6.4 m high

Crack: 25.4 m from left hand end. 2.7 m above ground 1 evel

16 #8
E 00
E 14 H ---rcl Insta 11 ed 1/12/80
r-
~ 12
u
',-
+-' 10
s;
Q)
>-
8
+-'
s:::: 6
Q)
E
Q)
> 3
0
L
..::.:: 2
u
~
s, 0
u 24
22
20
18
16
.--.
s 14
........
+-' 12
s::::
(I)
E 10
(I)
>
0
:::E 8
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Crack Movement - Horizontal (mm)

I I I I

1----- Movement I

I normal to

I

I crack

I

I I /

/

.-

I

I I I

I

,_-......... I

--..I

Total movement -----I

I

,I

/

.r>: Movement

,! parallel to

~ ,. crack

/ ... -r">,»'

,;I __ "".

~~." _.

__ -- ,._.

/-- !

/~ .,..._ ._._.1

I' ."

.,. »" _,'

N 0 J F M AM J J AS 0 N D J F M A MJ J A SON D

1981 1982

Figure 10.2 - Example of a Telltale Record Sheet

265

Site Blank Road

Anchor No. C4

Free length 22.5 m

Fixed length 6.0 m Strands : 7 No., 12.5 mm

Load cell Vibrating wire Deakin No. 738241 Capacity 1 000 kN

Stressed 5/9/81

520

~ 500

.. __ .. __ .. __ .. __ .. __ .. _-

-0 480

to o

_J

I Lock off I load

460

!Oo

-B 440

~ Working load

~ 420L------_J_L~~~_L~~~~~~-L~~~~~

September 0 N D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J

1981 1982 1983

40
---..
u
0 30
w 20
!O-
::::I
+-'
to 10
!0-
W
0..
~ 0
I- September 0 N D J F M A M J J A SON D J F M A M J J

1981 1982 1983

Figure 10.3 - Example of an Anchor Load Record Sheet

266

Lockable cover

cover box

~--- Cement - benton; te grout

Figure 10.4 - Open Hydraulic (Casagrande) Piezometer

Non corroding metal cover strip

A
o
"

Offset dated

scribed line d

Recording 4
plate A"
.
Crack in structure Figure 10.5 - Telltale

267

-5.0

Downslope

Site Retaining Wall A

Base Level of Inclinometer Tube Date of First Observation :

:{NOrmal to wall Movement Profile on Axis

Parallel to wall 0 Inclinometer No. : Al

. m. P.O.

Job

Observer

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10

10 20 30

40 50 60 70 80 90

Upslope

Cumulative Displacement (mm)

-10.0

-15.0

-20.0

-25.0-

Depth (m)

Legend :

---·-40211 (9.12.82)

--- 40221 (15.12.82)

- - - - 40231 (22.12.82)

- x - 40241 (2. 1.83)

Note :

(1) (2)

For orientation of inclinometer guide axes, see monitoring key plan

The displacement profile is measured relative to the initial profile

(3) The file code is formed as follows : digit 1 for inclinometer number, digit 2, 3&4 for visit no. and digit 5 for axis notation (1 is axis AS, 2 is axis CD).

Figure 10.6 - Example of an Inclinometer Record Sheet

268

Piezometer Readings
Development at : Critical DeEth of critical
water level W .• below top of
13 Blank Street standpipe
269.55 m P.O. 0.75 m
-- ----------
Piezometer No. P3 Level of top of standpipe {m}
l 270.30
I Ground level ----
Tip level Depth of tip below top of standpipe(m)
254.8 m P.O. I 270.36 m P.D. 15.50
Depth from top
Date of standpipe to Weather Comments Recorded by
water surface(m}
26/8/82 5.36 Cover box clear of water -
Heavy rain dra in free. CLM
---
I Cover box flooded - drain
28/8/82 0.95 Heavy rain blocked. C I eared before eLM
i removing cap.
I

,
I
I
I
J Figure 11.1 - Example of a Slope Maintenance Record Sheet for Piezometer Readings

269

Slope Maintenance Inspection

Slope Location

Page 1 of 3

Weather Position

Slope Number Inspecting Officer

Risk Category Low/Medium/High

Last Inspection Date

Is interval between inspections OK? Yes/No Previous Risk Category Low/Medium/High Have past recommendations been carried out?

Date

Yes/No

Summary

Major works required Mjnor works required Investigation needed Slope satisfactory

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

ACCESS

Is there good maintenance access?

Is it difficult for the public to gain access? Has the inspecting officer gained access to the

crest, the toe, and all berms?

Yes/No Yes/No

Yes/No

Comments

INSTRUMENTATION

Have all instrumentation systems been checked? Have all instrumentation results been plotted? Are all readings acceptable?

Is there a need for new instrumentation?

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

Comments

P.S. This inspection sheet is to be read together with the slope data sheet/file.

Figure 11.2 - Example of Sheet One of a Maintenance Inspection Record

270

Slope Maintenance Inspection

Slope Location

Page 2 of 3

CONDITION OF SLOPE

Condition of impermeable surface Extent of impermeable surface Condition of weepholes

Capacity of weepholes

Condition of vegetated surface Capacity of surface drainage Condition of U-channels & step

channels

Condition of catchpits & sandtraps Condition of raking drains Condition of associated culverts

& flullahs

Condition of artificial support Condition of toe fence/toe barrier

Comments

Status of Feature

None

SatisGood

factory

Works Needed

Minor Major

Has there been a recent slope failure? Has there been any recent erosion?

Has there been any recent movement?

Are there any tension cracks at the crest? Is there adequate protection against

infiltration above the crest?

Has there been any recent seepage?

If seepage give details .-

If movements give details.

Comments

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

Yes/No Yes/No

Works Needed

Minor Major

Figure 11.3 - Example of Sheet Two of a Maintenance Inspection Record

271

Slope Maintenance Inspection

Slope Location

Page 3 of 3

ASSOCIATED RETAINING WALLS

Have there ever been wall movements? Has there been recent wall settlement? Has there been recent wall cracking? Has there been recent wall titling? Has there been recent wall bulging?

Is the capacity of the weepholes adequate? Are the weepholes clear?

Are the mortar joints/pointing satisfactory? Is vegetation adversely affecting the wall?

Comments

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

Works Needed

Mi nor Major

SERVICES & DRAINAGE

Are servIces adversely affecting the slope? Do any services need testing?

Have the appropriate authority been informed?

Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

GENERAL & COMMENTS

Does the slope need upgrading to meet the present risk category? Yes/No

RECOMMENDATIONS

Signature:

Figure 11.4 - Example of Sheet Three of a Maintenance Inspection Record

272

[BLANK PAGE]