 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٥ 
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
nutrition W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

food W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFoodF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪E٧٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FoodconversionE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F

    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٪٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤FHE٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
KKK‫א‬E،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٪٧٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ 

(‫اﻟﻤﺎء )اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬


(‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻼﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ)اﻟﺮﻣﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬



‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت واﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮهﻴﺪرات اﻟﺨﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺪهﻦ اﻟﺨﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎم‬


‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮهﻴﺪرات اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺨﺎم‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 water ‫א‬
١٠٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٪٩٠J ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٧J ١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٥J ١٠  ‫א‬
 ٪١٣J ٩  ‫א‬
 ٪٩J ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٧٦  ‫א‬
 ٪٦٠  ٢٥
 ٪٥٠  ٤٠
 ٪٧٢  ‫א‬
 ٪٦٦  ١٨٠
 ٪٥٣  ٤٥٥

‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٥‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ E١
K٥‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
E ١L ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٤J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠ ‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬L١E‫א‬F‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬ELF١٠٠J ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٧
KE‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 carbohydrats         ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١W٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
monosaccharids        ‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬
 Pentoses  ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬C5H10 O5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Xylose‫א‬،Arabinose‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ribose ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Hexose‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬C6H12 O6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WGlucose‫א‬G
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fructose ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Galactose ‫א‬Mannose‫א‬G
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
disccharides‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WSacchorosesacrose‫א‬G
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Lactose‫א‬G
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Maltose‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Trisaccharids ‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Raffinose ‫א‬‫א‬G
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Polysaccharids‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Starch ‫א‬G
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EKKKKKK،F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Cellulose ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Hemicellulose ‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Lignin ‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬E٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٣٠ -٢٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠ -٣٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ٪١٠ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٣٠ -١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٪٦ -٣F‫א‬‫א‬E٪٢٠ -١٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Proteins ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKK،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٢،٪١٦،٪٢٣،٪٧،٪٥٢
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W E٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LYSINe  E١
TRYPTOPHANE  E٢
HISTIDINE  E٣
PHENYL ALANINE  E٤
LEUCINE  E٥
ISOLEUCINE  E٦
METHIONINE  E٧
VALINE  E٨
ARGININE  E٩
 THERIONINE  E١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬tryptophane ‫א‬methionine ‫א‬lysine ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬














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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Fats  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 Myristic Acid ‫א‬ •
Palmitic Acid ‫א‬ •
Stearic Acid ‫א‬ •
Arashidic Acid ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
Palmitoleic Acid ‫א‬ •
Oleic Acid ‫א‬ •
Linoleic Acid ‫א‬ •
Linolenic Acid ‫א‬ •
Arachidonic Acid ‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٢٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KA,D,E,K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
KE٢{٢٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٤‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Minerals  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W
Major or Macro – Elements ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
،ECaF‫א‬WL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KESF‫א‬،EClF‫א‬،EKF‫א‬،ENaF‫א‬،EMgF‫א‬،EPF‫א‬
Trace or micro – Elements ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
EPPMFL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EZnF‫א‬،ECoF‫א‬،EIF‫א‬،EMnF‫א‬،ECuF‫א‬،EFeF‫א‬W
 KEFF‫א‬،EMoF‫א‬،ESiF‫א‬
Toscic Elements ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
Calcium ‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬٪١،٨١،٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EPF‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Calcium phytate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kphytic acid‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٣٠ -١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٩٠ -٣٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WENaF‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬،٪٠٫٢ -٠٫١٦ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 WECLF‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬K ٪٠{١١‫א‬
EHclF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WENaclF‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 WEMgF‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٠٫٠٥ -٠٫٠٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W(K)‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬٪٣ -١٫٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٪٠٫٥ -٠٫١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W(S)‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٪٠{٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬(B1)‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢{٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W(Fe)‫א‬E
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٤٠J ٣٠‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٥٠٠J ١٠٠
 K‫א‬
 W(Cu)‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Co)‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B12‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠

 W(Mn)‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W(I)‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Zn)‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Se)‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Vitamins‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E
 (A) E١
 (D) E٢
(E)E٣
 (K)E٤

 (A) E١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 W(D) E٢
Cholecalciferol E٣FErgocalciferol E٢FEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٠٢٥‫א‬ (IV)‫א‬‫א‬EFK ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF
،‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W(E)E٣
،،‫א‬‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(IV)‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KDl. Tocopherol acetateK‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬
 W(K)E٤
E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬
‫א‬KmenadioneE٣F‫א‬menaquinoneE٢Fphylloquinone
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 WBE١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 B1 (thiamine)       E‫א‬F١ E١
B2 (Riboflavin)      E‫א‬F٢ E٢
B5 (Acid Pantothenique)     E‫א‬F٥ E٣
B6 (Pyridoscine)      E‫א‬F٦ E٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

B7 (Nccotinamide)     EFEF٧ E٥
B12 (Cyanocolalamin)     EF١٢ E٦
(Folic acid)     E‫א‬F‫א‬ E٧
folacin
Biotin           ‫א‬ E٨
          ‫א‬ E٩
Choline
 (C) E‫א‬FE٢F
 W‫א‬W
 E‫א‬F١E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F٢E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F٥E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
 WE٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EF٦E٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF٧E٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF١٢E٦
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬E٨
 K‫א‬H2
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lecithin‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ECF‫א‬EFW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F
 E‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ...................................................................................... ......................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

...........................................................  ...............................................................  ...................................................................

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ....................................................................................................................................................................... E١
.................................................................................................................................................................... E٢
................................................................................................................................................................ E٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ................................................................................................................................................................  E١
................................................................................................................................................................  E٢

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ....................................................................................................................................................................... E١
.................................................................................................................................................................... E٢
................................................................................................................................................................ E٣

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬























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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK…………‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬

J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٣
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٤
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٥
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٦
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٧
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٨
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٩
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 LLW‫א‬…………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣٢١‫א‬KK……………………………W‫א‬
 ١٠
 K‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬K……………W‫א‬
K‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٣
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٤
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٥
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٦
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٧
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٨

 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 W


 W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣



- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦FHE٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
KE‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮيء‬ 

‫اﻟﺤﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ 


‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة اﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﺼﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻪ اﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎس‬

‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ واﻟﺼﻔﺮاء‬


‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ‬ 

‫اﻷﻋﻮرﻳﻦ‬




‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ 

‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KECarnivorousF‫א‬EHerbivorousF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬ E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

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

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

Composition Of Saliva 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPtyalinF‫א‬EMucinF
E‫א‬٥٦F‫א‬E٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪١  ‫א‬٪٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Swallowing  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
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
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

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Poventricululus 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬E J ٤

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬E
stomach ruminent  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

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Digestion In The Simple Stomach  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Function Of The Stomach W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Preventiculus ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 EFEF‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Gizzard ‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 
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‫( ﻗﺎﻧﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬٦) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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( ‫( ﻗﺎﻧﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ) داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب‬٧) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

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( ‫( ﻗﺎﻧﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ) ﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﻀﻼت ﻃﺤﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(HCLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EHCLF‫א‬EPepsinF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Denturization
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEPepsinF‫א‬HCL‫א‬‫א‬EPepsinogenF‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ELipaseF‫א‬
EIntrinsicfactorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Gastric Motility ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EGastrinF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGastrinF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEIntestinal Phase‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digestion In The Small Intestine ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Duodenum ‫ א‬J ١
Jejvmum ‫ א‬J ٢
Ileum ‫ א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
 ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EInsulin&GlucagonF
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E١
 EInterkinase & ThrypsinF(Trypsinogen) 

‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ )اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺴﻴﻦ(إﻟﻰ‬
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬E٢
 EChymotrypsinF(ChymotrypsinogenF
Carboxy Peptidase ‫א‬E٣











 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W E٢

Lipase ‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Amylase ‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫ א‬J ١
Secretin
        J ٢
Pancreozymin
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Bile ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EGallbladerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBile saltsF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFat-Soluble ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬










 
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮاء‬ ‫آﻴﺲ‬








‫آﻴﺲ اﻟﺼﻔﺮاء‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 E‫א‬F
E٪١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣




Large Intestine ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Cecum ‫א‬ E١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Colon ‫א‬ E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Motility Of The Large Intestine ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Defecation ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Cloaca ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vent  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Digestion & Absorption
Digestion W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫??א‬‫א‬
 K??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Absorption W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬









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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Hydrolyzed ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪهﻮن )ﺧﻤﻴﺮة‬
 H‫א‬
((
‫وﻋﺼﺎرة اﻟﺼﻔﺮاء اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺪهﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
‫ﺘ ﻠ‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(‫ )اﻟﺪﻧﺘﺮة‬HCL ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻤﺾ‬
 ‫א‬  
‫ وﺑﻌﺾ‬Pepsin (‫واﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺪي )اﻟﺒﺒﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺨ ﺎﺋ‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬EHCLF

 WEPepsinogenF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E١
‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Minerals W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
Vitamins W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬
‫א‬FB12EA-D-E-KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬














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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬EKKKK،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEKKKKK،،F‫א‬
،‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠FKE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬G
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬G
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬G
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬-١
K ‫א‬١١-٩‫א‬،‫א‬٨-٦ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬













 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E١٣F











 ‫א‬E١٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬








 ‫א‬E١٥F












 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬E١٦F

- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬








 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠J ٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠J ٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨{٤J ٨{٢‫א‬pH F‫א‬EPhF
 K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬E١
١٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٢
 ٦١٠-٥١٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E  ‫א‬‫א‬FE٪٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE،،F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠J ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ph‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EATPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬EC2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٢٠J ١٥‫א‬EC3F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠J ٦٠
‫א‬٪١٥J ١٠‫א‬EC4F‫א‬
 K٪٥J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠J ٦٠‫א‬ECo2F‫א‬
 K‫א‬،٪٣٥J ٢٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ٢
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
K  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬٪٥J ١F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣J ٢ZPHF‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢L١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEHCLF‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،١٤ -١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠ -١٠‫א‬
‫א‬٨ -٦‫א‬٣J ١‫א‬٪٨٣‫א‬
 K٪٦٨‫א‬






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFEKKKKKK،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠ - ٦٠
‫א‬KEC4F‫א‬EC3F‫א‬EC2F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬G

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ECo2F‫א‬EATPF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
EKKK،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
F‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 KEAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
Hyperplasia ‫א‬E١
Hypertrophy ‫א‬E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  
‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K 






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Absolute Growthe Rate ‫א‬‫א‬ E١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥٠٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Relative Growth Rate  ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٥‫א‬٥٠‫א‬
٥
‫א‬٠{١‫א‬K ٠{١ZZ
٥٠ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬١
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥Z٥٠٠{١
Relative Growth Rate ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١Z٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٢Z٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١‫ – و‬٢‫و‬
 ١٠٠CZ
١‫و‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥٠ – ٩٠
 ٪٨٠Z١٠٠CZ
٥٠


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Percentage  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

KE٪FE٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠
 ٪١٠Z١٠٠C
٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥‫א‬K٪١{٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Feed Conversion Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦

‫א‬T.D.N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ME‫א‬S.V‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١FW
 WFeed Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻋﺪد آﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬ 

٢٫٢
 ٢{٢ZZ
١ ‫ﻋﺪد آﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮ‬
 
‫א‬E٢٢{٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Feed Efficiency  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KME‫א‬‫א‬S.V‫א‬T.D.N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١W 
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٢
   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬ E١
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E٥
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Self accpleratiny phase ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬
Self Retarding phase ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J 
K‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 WKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
KE‫א‬
W E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
KE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F E٣
 KKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
................................................................................................................................................................. K١
................................................................................................................................................................. K٢
 ................................................................................................................................................................. K٣
 ...................................................................................................................................................
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

................................................................................................................................................................. K١
 ................................................................................................................................................................. K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
................................................................................................................................................................. K١
................................................................................................................................................................. K٢
 ................................................................................................................................................................. K٣
................................................................................................................................................................. K٤
 W‫א‬E
 ................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬
 ................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬
 ................................................................................................................................................................

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬E3F
 E F  ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 E F    ‫א‬J ٢
 E F    ‫א‬J ٣
 E F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK…………‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬

J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١١
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٢
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٣
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٤
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٥
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٦
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٧
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٨
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٩
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 LLW‫א‬…………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣٢١‫א‬KK……………………………W‫א‬
 ١٠
 K‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬K……………W‫א‬
K‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٩
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٠
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١١
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٢
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٣
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٤
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٥
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٦

 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 W
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
 W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E١
‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٦


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥FHE٩F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
EF E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬ •

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٥‫א‬
‫א‬١{٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٠ ‫א‬ ٥٠٠
 KELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-١F
 ‫א‬
    
  ‫א‬
 J  J  J  ٠{٢  J  ٥
 ‫א‬
٠{٢٥  J  J  ٠{٢  J  ٣
 ٠{٤  J  J  J  ٠{٨  J  ‫א‬
 ٠{٥  J  ٠{٣  ٠{٤  J  J ‫א‬
 ٠{٥  ٠{٣  J  ٠{٤  J  J  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Flushing‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE F١٥٠J ١٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-١F
 ‫א‬
    
  ‫א‬
 J  J  J  ٠{٢  J  ٦
 ‫א‬
 ٠{٣  J  J ٠{٢٥  J  ٤
 ٠{٤  J  J  J  J ١{٠٠٠  ‫א‬
 ٠{٦  J  ٠{٤  ٠{٤  J  J ‫א‬
 ٠{٦  ٠{٤  J  ٠{٤  J  J  ‫א‬







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٥٣‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٠٠‫א‬١{٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣-١F
 ‫א‬
    
  ‫א‬
 J  J  J  ٠{٢  J  ٧
 ‫א‬
 ٠{٣  J  J  ٠{٣  J  ٥
 ٠{٤  J  J  J ١{٢٠٠  J  ‫א‬
 ٠{٧  J  ٠{٥  ٠{٤  J  J ‫א‬
 ٠{٦  ٠{٥  J  ٠{٥  J  J  ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٣٠J ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬٪٣٥J ٣٠‫א‬٪٢٥J ٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥٣٩J ٣٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٤‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E ‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥،E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤-١F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F  E‫א‬F  EF
 ٥٠J ٣٠  ٨J ٦  ١
 ١٧٠J ١٠٠  ٦J ٤  ٢
 ٢٢٥J ١٧٠  ٤  ٣
 ٢٨٠J ٢٢٥  ٤J ٣  ٤
 ٤٥٠J ٢٨٠  ٣  ٦J ٥
 ٦٢٠J ٤٥٠  ٣  ٨J ٧

 ‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٦٠ -٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠٠ -٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠ -٢٥٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠ -٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
٩ -٧‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢٨ -٢٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬١٥٠ -١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥-١F
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF  EF  EF
 ٦٠  ٣٥٠  ٤
 ٦٥  ٤٠٠  ٥
 ٧٠  ٤٥٠  ٦
 ٧٥  ٤٥٠  ٧
 ٨٠  ٥٠٠  ٨
 ٨٥  ٥٠٠  ٩
 ٩٠  ٥٥٠  ١٠
 ٩٥  ٦٠٠  ١١
 ١٠٠  ٦٠٠  ١٢
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬٪١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪١٨٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪١٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥
 E٪F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦-١F
‫א‬
 ٤  ٣  ٢  ١
 ‫א‬
 ٨١  ٨١  ٨٩  ٨٤  ‫א‬
 ١٠  J  ٧  ١٣  
 ٥  ١٥  J  J  ‫א‬
 J  J  ١  J  
 ١  ١  J  J  ‫א‬
 ٣  ٣  ٣  ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNH4 CL ‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٣٠٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠ -٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٥ -٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٨٥١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬
 K٤٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K ٥٠ ٠{٥٨‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
٤٥٠
 ٢{٦١Z٠{٥٨CZEF‫א‬
١٠٠
٤٥٠
 ٢٢٥Z٥٠CZEF‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠
- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٢٦٪٤١K٪٧٥‫א‬
 K٦٥‫א‬‫א‬٪٤‫א‬١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٪٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬C١٥H‫א‬‫א‬C٠{٤Z٪٤‫א‬
 W

 ‫א‬٪٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠
 K‫א‬

٣٫٥  W‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠ C٢٠C١٥H٢٠C٠{٤Z٪٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨{٥Z١٠{٥H٨Z  
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧{٥‫א‬‫א‬٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٥،٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ‫א‬٢ ‫א‬٢{٥٪٤١‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٠‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧F  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٣{٥‫א‬٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 WEF‫א‬J
 ٠{٥٨‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 ‫א‬٥٥٠

٥٥٠
 ٣{١٩Z٠{٥٨CZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 K٥٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
 K‫א‬٥٥٠

٥٥٠
 ٢٧٥Z٥٠C
١٠٠
Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬٪٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬C١٥H‫א‬‫א‬C٠{٤Z٪٤‫א‬

٣٫٥

١٠٠ C١٠C١٥H٢٠C٠{٤Z٪٤‫א‬
 ١٨{٥Z١٥{٥H٨Z
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ٠{٢٦٪٤١
 ٪٤١٨{٥

 ٤{٨١Z٠{٢٦C١٨{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦٥٪٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٤١٨{٥
 ١٢٠٢Z٦٥C١٨{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٨{٠٠Z٤{٨١H٣{١٩ZEF‫א‬
 ١٤٧٧Z١٢{٢H٢٧٥Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٦٠٠Z٨C٧٥Z‫א‬J
 ١١٠{٨Z١٤٧٧C٧٥Z‫א‬‫א‬J


- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٤J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٠{٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٥J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ٢٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧-١F
‫א‬‫א‬
 L  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٤ -٣  ١ -٠٫٧٥  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٣  
 ١{٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F
ELF ELF   ‫א‬
 J  J  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 J  ١٠٠  ٧  ‫א‬
 ٥٠  ٢٠٠  ٧  ‫א‬
 ٥٠  ٣٠٠  ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠  ٣٠٠  ٦  ‫א‬
 ١٥٠  ٤٠٠  ٦  ‫א‬
 ٢٠٠  ٥٠٠  ٥  ‫א‬
 ٢٥٠  ٦٠٠  ٥  ‫א‬
 ٣٠٠  ٨٠٠  ٥  ‫א‬
 ٣٥٠  ١٠٠٠  ٥  ‫א‬
 ٤٠٠  ١٢٠٠  ٥  ‫א‬
 ٥٠٠  ١٥٠٠  ٤  ‫א‬
 ٦٠٠  ١٥٠٠  ٤  ‫א‬
 ٧٠٠  ١٥٠٠  ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠٠  ١٥٠٠  ٤  ‫א‬
 ٩٠٠  ١٥٠٠  ٤  ‫א‬
 ٤٠  ٩٠  ٥٣٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٪١٨‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K٪٩‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
KE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦-١٥٣٥٠ -٣٠٠
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
   
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF  EF  EF  EF EF EF
 EF  EF  EF EF
٧٥٠-٦٥٠ ٣٫٥ ٥٠ ١٤ ١٤ ١٨ ٣٦٠ ٢٫٥ ١٣٥-١١٠ ٤
٧٥٠-٦٥٠ ٤ ٦٠ ١٧ ١٧ ٢٢ ٣٩٠ ٢٫٨ ١٥٨-١٣٦ ٥
٧٥٠-٦٥٠ ٥ ٧٠ ٢٠ ١٩ ٢٥ ٤٢٠ ٣٫٠ ١٨٠-١٥٩ ٦
٦٥٠-٥٥٠ ٦ ٨٠ ٢٢ ٢٢ ٣٠ ٤٥٠ ٣٫٢ ٢٤٠-١٨١ ٩-٧
٦٥٠-٥٥٠ ٧ ٨٠ ٢٧ ٢٥ ٣٥ ٤٩٠ ٣٫٥ ٣٠٠-٢٤١ ١٢-٩

- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ ٦E ٤F‫א‬
،١٨٠J ١٧٥‫א‬‫א‬٦٥٠
١{٥J ١E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١{٧٥J ١{٥
 K٣J ٢{٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٧ ‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬٣١٠‫א‬٥٠٠
K٢J ١{٥‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥J ١{٥‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٢‫א‬ ١٥ ‫א‬‫ א‬J
٤٠٠‫א‬٤٠٠
K٣‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

   
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF  EF  EF  EF EF EF
 EF  EF  EF EF
٥٥٠-٤٥٠ ٨ ١٠٠ ٢٥ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٥٠٠ ٣٫٨ ٣٥٠-٣٠٠ ١٥-٣
٥٥٠-٤٥٠ ٨٫٥ ١٠٠ ٢٥ ٣٣ ٤٥ ٥٢٠ ٤٫١ ٤٠٠-٣٥٠ ١٨-١٦
٤٥٠-٤٠٠ ٩ ٩٠ ٣٠ ٣٣ ٤٥ ٥٤٠ ٤٫٢ ٤٤٠-٤٠٠ ٢١-١٩
٤٥٠-٤٠٠ ١٠ ٩٠ ٣٠ ٢٣ ٤٥ ٥٦٠ ٤٫٥ ٤٨٠-٤٤٠ ٢٤-٢٢

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٫٢ -١






- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E ١٫٢ -١  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F


ELF  ELF‫א‬  EF‫א‬
٤٧٠ -٤٠٠ ٢٫٦ -٢٫٢ ١٥٠ -١٢٠
٥١٠ -٤٤٠ ٢٫٩ -٢٫٦ ٢٠٠ -١٥٠
٥٤٠ -٤٧٠ ٣٫٥ -٢٫٩ ٢٥٠ -٢٠٠
٥٦٠ -٤٦٠ ٣٫٧ -٣٫٥ ٣٠٠ -٢٥٠
٥٨٠ -٥١٠ ٤٫٦ -٣٫٧ ٣٥٠ -٣٠٠
٦٠٠ -٥٤٠ ٥٫٢ -٤٫٦ ٤٠٠ -٣٥٠
٦٢٠ -٥٥٠ ٥٫٩ -٥٫٢ ٤٥٠ -٤٠٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢١٢٠‫א‬ ٦ •

 K١٣٢٤٠‫א‬ ١٢ •

 K١٤٣٦٠‫א‬ ١٨ •

 K١٥٤٢٠‫א‬ ٢٤ •

١٦٥٠٠ •

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠ -١٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٠٠ -١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٣٠٠ -٢٠٠
E ٤٠٠ -٣٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٢٠J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 E٪F‫א‬E٥F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٤٠٠J ٣٠٠  ٣٠٠J ٢٠٠  ٢٠٠J ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ٨٠  ٧٢  ٦٧  
 ١٨{٥  ١٥  ١٥  
 J  ١٠{٥  ١٥  
 ١  ٢  ٢{٥  
 ٠{٥  ٠{٥  ٠{٥  ‫א‬








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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K٪٤‫א‬٢٠٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 .........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

 .......................................................... ..............................................‫א‬J

  .......................١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬ .......................

- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬..............................................E٪٤F١‫ א‬J
 K

.......................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
............................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬.......................‫و‬

............................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ..............................................................................................................................................

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬























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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK…………‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬

J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢١
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٢
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٣
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٤
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٥
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٦
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٧
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٨
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٩
J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 LLW‫א‬…………………………W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣٢١‫א‬KK……………………………W‫א‬
 ١٠
 K‫א‬٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬K……………W‫א‬
K‫א‬٪١٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٧
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٨
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ١٩
 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٠
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢١
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٢
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٣
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢٤

 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 W


 W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E٧٥{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٤١ -٣٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ESalmorellaEscherichia Coli‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E٣
KE٣١FE١٠{٤F‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬L (٨٠ -١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
E١٩٥FE١٥FE٣٨F‫א‬‫א‬
K E١٠٩F
‫א‬KLE٢FE٢٠٠٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٪٩٣٨٥‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠-
 ‫א‬ ١٠ ‫ـــ‬ ١٠‫א‬ E٩
 KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

E٪٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٧٠F E١٠
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٩٠F E١١
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١
Non-ProteinNitrogen‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Microbialprotein
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. B & C ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬Synthesize ‫( ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﻜﺮش ﺑﻨﺎء‬٤

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Expression of Nutritive Requirements
Major Feed Ingredients  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Minor Feed Ingredients‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬USP ‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IU‫א‬‫א‬ICU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Conversions ‫א‬
IU‫א‬ E٣FICU‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 WUSPU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬FIU‫א‬  EF
‫א‬٠{٦USPU‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 IU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١EF‫א‬‫א‬
Gram Conversions ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF١Z‫א‬٤٥٣{٥٩٢


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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


Calories E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Small calories (cal) ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬c‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Large calories (Cal)‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٥١‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬K
 ١٠٠٠،K Cal‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Therm ‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠٠٠٠
Expression of Requirements‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ٢٠٠٠F١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٢٠٤F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Energy ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬PE‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬Kcal
 KME

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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



Productive Energy (PE) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Metabolizable Energy (ME) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K٪٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١١‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W









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 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٠  E٪١٧F‫א‬
 ٦٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠  E٪٦٥F‫א‬
 ٦٩  ‫א‬
 ٧١  E٪٤٤F‫א‬
 ٨٣ E٪٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
٪٧٣Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KEFE‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،EF‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤١٦F،،،،‫א‬‫א‬، J ١
KE٣٩FE١٤١٧F‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬، J ٣
KE١٩٨٨F
‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، J ٤
KE١٩٨٩F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٩٥FE١٢٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KE١٩٩٨FELFE١٤٢F‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K(Meap)‫א‬١٩٨٤‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
KE١٤١٩F‫א‬
K١٩٩٦‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
–‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٩٨،K‫א‬،K،KK‫א‬ J ١٠
–
––‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠١،K‫ א‬J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٨٦،KK J ١٢
––‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٩١،K J ١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٨٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ١٤
‫א‬،٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J ١٥
J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬، J ١٦
K١٩٨٥،‫א‬
،‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J ١٧
K١٩٨٥
‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٨٦،‫א‬‫א‬، J ١٨
‫א‬،٢٠٠١K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ J ١٩
K‫א‬

- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٩٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٢٠
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢١
١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٢٣
١٩٨٢‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J ٢٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1- INRA. , 1988, Alimentation des bovires, ovins et capnins , Paris – France
2- Marshall H.j. 1997, Animal Feeding and Nutrition , 8 ed. Kendall / Hunt
Publishing.
3- Mcdonald P., Edwards R. , A., and Grenhalgh J.F.D., 1978. Animal
Nutrition. 2 ed. Longman. Inc. New yourk
4- Hand Book For. Farmers, Srock Diseases BAYER (Veterinary
Derpartment)

- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E١F
٤٥  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
٤٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
٤٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
٤٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFEF‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
٤٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬E٦F
٤٩  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E٧F
٤٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٨F
٥١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
٥٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F
٥٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F
٦٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E١٣F
٦٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬E١٤F
٦٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬E١٥F
٦٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E١٦F
٦٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
٤١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٤  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F

٩٥  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F

٩٦  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F

٩٨  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤J ١F

١٠٠  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F

١٠١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F

١٠٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١F

١٠٩  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F

١١٠  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

١١٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

١١٣  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE١٫٢-١ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

١١٤  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬E٥F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ ‫א‬
 ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤ ‫א‬
 ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣ ‫א‬
 ١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧ ‫א‬
 ١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦ ‫א‬
 ٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١ ‫א‬
 ٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٤ ‫א‬
 ٤٥ K‫א‬
 ٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٧ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٩ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥١ ‫א‬
 ٥٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ٥٦ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ٥٦ ‫א‬
 ٥٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧ ‫א‬
 ٥٧ ‫א‬
 ٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٧ ‫א‬
 ٦٨ ‫א‬
 ٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠ ‫א‬
 ٧١ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W 
 ٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٧٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٤ ‫א‬
 ٧٤ ‫א‬
 ٧٥ ‫א‬
 ٧٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩ ‫א‬
 ٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩١ ‫א‬
 ٩٣ ‫א‬
 ٩٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٤ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٦ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٧ ‫א‬
 ٩٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨ ‫א‬
 ١٠٠ ‫א‬
 ١٠١ ‫א‬
 ١٠٣ ‫א‬
 ١٠٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٧ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٠ ‫א‬
 ١١٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ١١٢ ‫א‬
 ١١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS