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n_is _ wG'~k ·eft ab.5'B:~~OD,_ Gf _ :pke~~meD~D aDtd pl'~ iltl,ir.al ~M;pe'l"illlea,tt't,l,cn,,-, He its 't~he 'V:i.i!!e .... 'r.e.s~d"eAl [c'.f liSKP ur~d t.1~,~_ aJu,t,h~1: ~f ,~'lve puillshed. pJ8p1ers on e·lfultr."leal p'h1!;DOmebra~:, C'ON.[jlENSm INTRO, 'to TiSU- TUdtSroRMERS

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t.& te:al enl;im eeJ'1ul, iu l~em.·r,81, iii' '

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a,I, t,bat ·~;:u~1nt." 'theft, I '1:,eaa '.RODI!G1\L GlINIU;S (bir' JIQlOO, 10· ~ No ill,) aD:d it ~.&S l:i3ke· t was hit 'wtc.b a h~lt IOllf li,g,ht.nLlna:~ 'Tba-t· 'tiD'O'k s.holcted mle

i.n tiD' ae,Et op.:j

tt'! Wha~l do PflU, '-h~ t_t i'e,s·l.a WBrS tryl~nl .t'c' a 'EJtwn,'it, in 'n,1s 'wcnrk? E: I t·,s :ba,:rd, !. 0 ,SUII: that a.ll UOpl 1111, 'oDepMaM'!l

'T:: WtJul,d til. ~ulmt_ltiQiD, be t.h.e t,r.D5'IItis~9::lo1Ii1QI,f ,eler..tl!''1'u:!. el'u!'rIY' wit botl~ vi~lrie 51

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It lCD,Y' b[s' leo,n,clu'cied. t.h"t ma,ls'Fial<: called. el·_·ctrie 'can,du'c.tops :.ll.hJ~ best bi, ca.l.ld. 8,1 - cit,ric cb- -;t,Fu~t.lalr, QJd Sl_ F'Ye, h"ol \.a cend:qc t. ele'c t l"u--II&'9l1e-t .1s. _U\ ,I e',FY 'tiD] ,r'al' 1 Be't" it, :back eR "',SL -1,' '" n.- ,f.l,o'v oftlectrD~ .. agft-t.is,. is It:.ondu·i;'t.·ed by' t:he a 't.hel": ,OU8: sp- ca' bound bY" lh.-~ 'Dbs:trrUct tng 1Ia.t.,a'r' i,I_' 1 ~

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grl" mit!:'·· . ~f.l{;l G ,'lY' r P B r t: c" .: I

By B~.) P. c.l!la'llatrd

IC~" 1" 18

Pa,:t't I of nThe Tr: .n,lrm.i:ssion 10'f lilac lit iclt..yn C'[Sept ..... O~'t 1'917' Ji'BB) d:ll!olt wi·t~[ ~he n· trtlr'@ of' eleGit' ia t.ran,sm:t.s.·S.1'OI!ft along- s·,,·aci! brou,nied! by' .. se,t_ of 91101 id.irlU) wi,I'e.,s· It The:eu! rwi ['re!!· w'erre ·fOUR,d '(tot. 't.rD be t~he c(l1nfJuators o( 1E!'.l..lc.tri.ci,ty, but s'pa1c@ t't·self: La tlru! ,elec'l:tlc eOt1drtl;ra.t,rOrt".~ Iml ,I"er"·'·ll,ty ItRE! ~Io·-,ca.lleld 'crolp!mu,cto.[ :mal!e'Eial ,orf wtl,1eh t.ilru!' wire,s are ,ma,oe a,r·'f! [,I@"fl,e',ct.·ors olf' e.LeeJh r ~~lt:~, analo9bO·~S tOr t..ne ;t;refleet,ive eeal €'Or(l tln.g on ttile bac~k ,of glriH1Ui, 1(: (I.irE!' 1. ec k r.1 c) m.i. r C'O',[' S ~

tAle ce .... ie,ff·llclen't

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2 2

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are t"he !Jm,€!' tb.if1rtg·" !Jrllil.i.s 'concept· ma,y ,ha~e become the most. sl.[gl1ifiIC8:Q,

Q,~,t.cle rtoO the uZiuilet's'tandlm1g 0,( e.·[ec"tt 1.: Itutan~m,i!U'iLiafi iI

'11\ tlh i.S! P·i.,£t: 0·1' 'tbre' s tue:;? 0 .. ( the. t t'ra Ii:IlSm.1s5 itUll ,olf e l@rctE".l!ei t, t.hle eorn:di·ueti[D.·fI o,f elec..tr·icit.,y 01 sp'ac'@ will be fur.tbe<f eXBPLi.fJ:iIred tlh,r!"QlIJgm ObS'!f!f ''til, ,t iDD. illrf ,tile c~ltI·a G ac It.,@' I! i, s·t irg:s of [' ad,i Or I! [l"' D,n,&m is's, i 0.1\ ,and: r eQ:el'l t ion in t,t'U! 'm,~d i.tlrm .r r,naquener ra.n9.Je', J 1)1 ..... 3~(lO Q: f,-~ iOr~:r~·.1le s pot!'olr' s.e,~·l'Id"

W1hem ~Jlle d,.ls,t.an,ice b;,etween thi! ga-';I!!ltnr~ Iwi.res of ,tan el@ct,tle !lv'stem i·a 914n i.:f i.~iU' h.ly 'nrc':!:, ~'a.sf.!d 'tll'i! ,19 l~i.!3 t'r 1 e f i[e.l d ,tb a ,t 1 s ,a;s:sorcia t'ed 'w'i th t tlese 1'If i:fe lSI tH-;'~plie,s ·at 1 a t ge 'Vi'o1.~ ~E!' 0. f' s;pa c,e '~'h Leh e ,lEnt e'Bds; f au:' beyo ndl t~re 'v'ieil1i It., [gf tlUlr gIUlL,dinrg' w'i:re:&,~ 'fhe' r@,xpla.r:uJ.ed elle1ctr te ft' .1d· ·of IndJu'ctlcrQ, a'I;Ui'(!hc,.i.atrl!,d ""ttl, '~[be s.~Jioed a,pel [It cj'u.tdi.·n!9' "w·Lrl~.s, nOw ca,n .cambi ne ""i,t'h t.I\'E!! e 1 [e.<l::t ,- Le f l-a lc1 9, e f .i ~ld'uD~t l[OlR a"SI,90~e i a t.e,a wi 'I:!,h, mCi[[e rdl·'l:st.arnt 9 t·m; of gw ldin!;! \II i E@"S." ':r,h!s shar in~g of' e'i[ec,tr Le ,f'i-el1as by two 0[' mOl' e :re,:mol t!e p~ g,te,llfts of w i.'t! es is; known 9: t,h4' mtm t,·tl~~. Ina,lucr-t.a,dce' [of 't:'be: S¥II, t1em,s ~ ~h,[ O~"flg h, tlMJ p'['iDceg,s; o.~ p)~~ 'i!lGiIJ,l. 1. D!rat!lct.aun~qe '1·1 ElC t r i're'i, ty· ,."_'y :be. ·t:rrlln& t',te,dl t:hrQu.gb' sl,pa"c;e ~:i.'t.~.o~ t th~ e!mp .. lo~mennt of' a ,set; ,of gil i·a i~ , ·W'i.!l!e'B t,: rCloJ'!ln!~alt t~e. tr8rn:Slmltter to tD@ di.st _"rb reGrel.e.,r... H'e,rn;·ce" tm

I!!Qw' \ r' e 1 E!'S",!$ rl!!! sy·:s,rte~.D'I. m._f el ef:.t"~ .1 e 't_,r a:nemi 55 .iCUiil thf' IGI'Uiglr~;l sp~are e' <IJ

Cn·e ex lme1e of sllJ;!I·en a s:.1stem is the A.MI!!' b·roAdle· stin9 ;s _ tVi.rC'B . .n

eO'llullle-lltc,ia.l !lge t"al(i'aV ('5,]5-1'5.·0 ~els,e"c'J t In this form of t.r,aIl1IHnlssi.cgn the 9uidlog wires spce, d OD~ into a ~ery a~l toweT (75-100 ftl f r im:'it.o sga-ce 011 'CUiua is ide Iu3 a la.rge' ,CO.pI's [' . :ct"eer,n: :DI"I: led iil t'he 9·t'·o~nd '~n ~,hrEt g,t.he'ilt Bide g.of t hrE!a·y·s, 1t,'@Jlh

T hfe 9; [pr.e Ln 9

.£!Ii n d 't,.h".. 0 Lll.e:f m.g:e t. re 1112(: r _ r Le f ilC! :ld 00 f thlg· 5pa~ing. As

t:hi,at e ):J.I.'t$ b'e'~J,ee'fI, t~e 'upp-e£'mQs'~ Plo' t. €if ,h~ it.·owe.

p·a r t ,~f t~iie .gle't'enefl f,s 'I'e ['r' 1 a,.' gl~ ~ ·"t:.h,e·t'·,s·f.o[ e t:l!l,e

't. k 1 a 6 y 5 t. m ~ t. e RrelS t-O g ['. a, It a.i:s t. i!rn c e S ;ilu.Gi· ,r- _ '::EnJ, 1 'I;; 0. f

\ii 1 tlh an,y r 1:5; t·ern I nY'Q 'l~ i ]lIS ,iiUl ·el,@rc t (' i c ii ei14 ,0 f

i:rnflile't 1,01'0 if!'ne'f'gIY 'tSI t,ake:n, !iI:P' by the f 1,e,·1 r)tlll:E:' 1 n'Si: 'o."e: SNI:lIl"' t,leR elf tb,l' ,i\, .c ~ C:J'C 1,_ ,-- ,n,dl I:'ett~rllre,d dtlf' i ny t.'h,e 'ne'xt. IUJ'r:·tJ .. o,'~ 10£ t:be' ~. C::~, 'cycl<e!i' ,i~'

'measu:r,Q'me-nt;s are t,ak.~:·n Ion the .flow o,f eOier:g:y al'lt t.be ·te!Em!:n,als o£' t.hiQ'

tow:eriiili:!SfJreen ,~u:£an"e,Qitenllt it: is a,b,se'r've~, ·t.h,:,t only • aID' 11 ,f'rarctl0,n, ·Of the le;n~e rg~y t·~ ,keD 'b,j' It·he e 'l'e-·elt~ .ia~ f i.el"- is 'r: e' .ur aeCl ;tlLJI' ,:i;Rg' t"~I'. d1 sail: .! rge ,port·lonn 'g'f tbe A .,iC: .. , e:y'cle"

II:hi,9 l'oas. ,of elne:r,g~ i .. s un- j,J!Cil@ ~h,a/t, '~b,.lc'~ OtCICUT"S :I.D. th,o, CUI,ci.ll.at;'i,l1g eoe'[',y e'i"c:hl=_1l.9Je t_a, t Ita J!te's;· I1I1.a,'ce wi .. tll -c'10rae1:;, I!pa,oed g!l.1,id.iRg~ wi res '"

Fo.r.' lolo..se ·sp'la,e:ing' ~'ne 1'0'&&, ,of EU!l8r9Y 18_ 'V le_r,Y' sm.ll slid: 't,ll,at ,eJne,r,"g'y

tdwl,e:h .lS: l.o8~t. Ls e"lly' a,c,c!Q'untactbl.e by th,e equ, ival[BD t. quar.l'ttty tof' 'be's:=: gain in !~ A" a:l:ou.nndl ttl.e W'iI"I1!-8;,. However t ,f,ot, , 'w';i,de ap\illc:i.ng the lCtss, 0.£ en'e~'~~tr 1 s verr 1,a,I:"ge b~ t fE.btll! ga j[,:nt 0.1 blea. t: 1· .. 11 ~.l'gy r s d iSPfOP~t":'t,.1C?na tel:y smal1~.

~jh,l,:B Idlfle-at IDb,seE;'v-atlo·n, (I[!: t:,be, ,Ci.lsUlpp,ea.I!:"iulce ,of' e.lehG't..rE i,e le:~c:,.y

v'i thG'Ut its reap'pe[BE',aI1'Ce! tn an [equ,lv'alen,t IQtUU1t.ity' of a aif,fli2'rin.g1 ,f'o'rm ,such a, SI h,eH~llt Of mlec.ha"n:t, cal ae't ivi. ty r ii, i,Bles ~ moo,t imlpo r taint: (,lules. It, 1.00",

that" 1:& 1/ wbet-'e do~gs all t!'bi~ eA8~"g'y g'o? -

,HlIJIIITl.:r bell eye t:J.lI,at, til,is los,,& 'e:neZ:I9)Y' .1 s radlated ,awa:y fl"Q:m t,~~ towelC' .in tt.bI,e Ii _mle." 1mtlPner liI"B 1. l'gln t:, :& be'alf; ·['ilJdlia,·!:,l;on f'E,o,m' ,II 11gib't b~u:l!]l:~ Whi.lel

It'll is t 1l'ue"iD C' "I S Q re'm,'$ P 1 a, IJ) s ]l, b 1 e' ,. t, bJf!: r;,e ex 'i s U IV' .1 d e'Il'c·e t bIt, 1 it, m,I" n;o It b,e:

tA@ c,arr'·ect, i~te r~,r:,eta,ti'o,n, of' nID'W' 'l:'Ille en18[g',Y il;, le·.:t. .Hik:Ql.a ~ ·~,es·'la, IIb,a a i,g'COy,e,'E@l"C' of: - ,c'adfo" e La -1.,:mJea. repealtl~u31y' tha,t th'e 'IEtlect,f,'om,ag,ne,ti;cr

f".d.ia'l:,io,n ~,h@"CHt:y (t:herll ik,Q,(J[wn iLS [t'be 'Rer tZ:'i"Ul' wave ,tl'l,eo[ry) wa.s l.nimllca . .1

ttO the: pco:pe..r u.naIEH~'B ta.nd . .in~g Qf: 'idl,E!1 w'i.rie'le,ss 1pM~O'Ce:59 a"s 'hit! eo~c·ei"fI'lea 1'~.

\ I

~'e elect,lomagcne't Le t'hel(u:"" o,!:' w:ha t \til.S knar,wn lali 'r:,be le~ t=iia. Iwa~e thH!:'fH~Y ·l'n lle.s,1. 8_ 'Is era falls bo' i!,::tlll.a,in ,tri!C'taiJ!;l, Q~biiHEH:'vat,ilon;~1 ,llNlde 7,IeO ~nr a,e t.i c·a. i r·a d.i. at @'R~ i ]il@' eH~' i, :Ilg ... iii e e'G [' ai, Rg' to' IL. ,M" t: b is 0., r. y 't IU~1 .~[ .,CINlsurt;, t ~g

v~ ~~cC .~ t! Y 0 ~ , ~ ~ ~ c:t,~ i c i, ~tN·c, t ~ CiA ~p~~f~ __ l:iie~t ~ e !,e '1 fllI~ i ·~O.'~ IJ.~ nJ~, ii' ,_ ~ I' ~' .. ,::,~ ~ p,rac;:t 1 ea ,1, wor l!l 0 f e'og 1. nee I ! !ill DOWe'V'Q r , t,.hfe ': ae t!U:J I' .", '12; 0 It 1 ~ 5~ ? 11: ,I:ml!~

tJle V@: l'flu: 1 t,y' 01 l,lg:ht, w;[ . 1 3rp'pea it :l:n. wavle [cal'culs 't.i;Q'ms 'I! .I"s .1, t no:t cJIDL.iQIG-i,ae:m,!t,a"l that ~[@!9'la ela'im@d,- that ,t.he le'l~fect,Lye l'ri~.p,a,at.iG;n. Ye'lolc.it-' o~ hi!.,! 'w-i:t:'e'l,ee's syg ~'em was ~ 12 ,fa,st,e'[ t-tl,Q."n tJl!! s'o-,c'.l.l.e:a, .s.R!8;!d a --lL .l"s'~ It l'

_ A . .'l,g,(jJ' " ,als,c·lor-a1. n,' tiD 'E,., 1M ~ t'I:iIJJfI!o'r, j t,~Je P',[,'olp'aga t; i,'fli:lfl: lof' elec .-.~-/ I, i.n,eluet'l'oIJR m.ue t, be !t;;lle efOSS ,t1om'b[i"n ~ ItiJJtfl [af ·tlle d!is'lec't,rric Jl,q[d~u::,t,iQ':n,., n; ttrte margru!It ilc induct iblliilr 't'hes1e tw,s lnld~l!lU!lt,1"olfls[ n'_vle'lt P,l"'Q[p,ag,at.I.D,:-

"i n1dr[ep,t!,n 'lun,'tl,.. The WQ·-k Q·f ,J'.~,J ~ ~hOMcl'n, 'Ii!~. :f'al'a.d.,·-:,y' i:rndlcat,'e t.b· _

t'tu!'Qoe t,NG dis 'I:. i'IJjJct -teo,t1ll,& of 1'1~duc ti :hiUl d,o E:u:"G,.pag,nrtl' - i ftdepena1en,~111"NluJ'iI'B 'hs,'t.Of~·M!· ·C' - a imIQ,d, t'huQ, I: t;,liili!! d lei e'ct( ,Ie j,nJd~Lic,ttOA· ,prr>op,uga.te.dl . a'~~ '1}- t

. ,

t. imENs; f a.a te IE" t;;ban 1. iglb 'tr.,

'1m, It.'be :1" r '_ e k.i.c<1L world ~o,f [',ad Lla _ e rl4l'flri_ -- It" lnl9 i.'n tih " ,rir., H to :brit) _[dc-'s;'t

'ban,d it i;9 no t. B!B'] :9 l~[l[e' [to e'mrpl:loy -l,eGtrom, IgDJetic ,Bi,nteDAJI,Q . It t,i]rG p·OlLR'___"_ 'D,f I[ ecept.lon '" Tni,B :1.:- D,-e g,Ore' an .=-l,ee:-I![,Q'm, Inel',;[c '~:Ilten:tn, m'LJ:_ t SllppO[['''t

larjge f'tE': ett'QQ '0- t,',!, eleet'~,Olm ,gnetic ~L ¥el'-_'n9't;h." this waV"elengtJl

be.1 n.II :9 ,e'v I t I~' 1. h uFI,d.:r Ie dU;! 101 f' fee tt. '. 'Tn re, t:. l, s' ," "ule l!:I ,!lj 111 a 1ft t: e mn &I 1m US' it:, Ibt"-

1t:a-1.1 t:ow: [[ ~ I!I: i.n,c·e' Ithe empl~ynNit'tn t '01 f' il It'Dw1e'lC f'drf e'y-,e'f~1' [',ld40 f,le,ceii.ver.'

i Si~!", ;b ~I.:n:;· d :l.l·y IQ"lfh [' fg;n~, of ,lli1lten,~ale 8l [" u.sed~ ~ o iIll ,e, :' Ul'C'h '~'I1I,t,e~jnlil,a. 1, ~

t.'l~,e' m 9)A._ti.C p:_'rme'ab.i 1 ile-y' H" nte:n:n [ flound l.n 'tt,ans'is:t;oi: r~,diD-g ~ ~:, -s;

1.:· ~I'afi 8Je"ti,oQtS, I:},:I the AI E'E f IKennell.y On ,K'fl'9rftelll·~ Re,l.actanoee, Ol~tjj,

2"7 r lIt"l ,.

,Jfilt:eft~lfl :f'QSpfJuufl,S QIAl:y to ttle' 1mB''5I n'el! ie· f !~l,d 01' l:nuJIUJIl!t:; 10:. 'au;ufiJ W'@lfk& 'DA. t.tH~' pc. nel;plIB! th- t ' . fe'I':r:i,;lte '€€Jf' mult.l"p 1: .a tlil'c 'ffect.lve W'· lu _ ·,o~·

·pae·t!; II !thOiDJ 9 ,mi!: f'o,ld mind th,lfn::ebv G .imula't'S\B.' ,1 •. rg.", S It.·~I!1C tuC"e.+. -rble

t·fP e (II f an ~e'l~,n a i 9 fOUID d . t;'!j], 'b,e we r y' dll£ 'B"C: t ~.,ona ], ,OJA,a ,IDU S'I; bl' lei t: ,i, ~ it.ela

De' rp,e.nd ,Il.rz:u 1 a r l D! ~,.he d i ,EI€! ct. [10'8 0 r '~ bG' t E' i):R om I. t. t: i Jll., S, tJrt l,on 1II A:ngi~h e e

fio r ~ of'_ In,terU\h ~ liLa: It. be lel.'ee1t["QL-'iS·t.l~ie eo - ,p'aai, I!y l·o.t.e.nn,iIJi ·fQt.lrn.d o,n

iI'~ t;lol]i<C)bl.le [",< 1.0:5,~ 'Ttl,l,g I ,ntenn', r,e,s,pDnlds o'nl:y tal t..he !di'elect:r L,c f .i.e.la

JJf 111iu:iluc:'b"loIQ ,Dnd ~'CU,,;k.B, Din t·he' .Pl~ il!tel~·]Lo It'bat tEl r'eS,'O]fiiUIPt t,t'i5U'i91.f'o-rD'ilI~!:[,"

e 0 fine ctll!'d ·t 0 " 11 'e' I1t;,;p, IJ t~ecl e :P81lC ita n,c:· e oun, tte ,r ,b"C t B t-tr.'e. e If'lo'l;s _, GI,e d,i.~~ttl'ne,e ,alg~ tlhf~['9'b, ,IlPP'._ ,[,.S ~l[rl.' 'e t'?, til,e, 't[anB[._~1.t,te.r ~ ~ttis 'trP@ IG'£ ~n-t1e'nRD 1S iE!o.lu·n,d to be c.omplertely n01n ..... dl_!:"ectional iU:'!ld e's,n, be: l(u."1.enite-d ~. :n. !'\;tln,y _f .,1 b .f.'o n >Ii

Neither Q~E th.re· . fOfemeni:,l'oned a.n'tenft3e! ope;tD'te O'A 1f;:h,I' pr.i.Aci.pl"e '0 ,f' e::t.ec'tr.o ..... m, 9,netie in.,tJueti·Q.·ft· __ G Pt,Q:plorUrn4ed :by ler tz;i~n WrB.VI\e. tHeOI:y' t bill:!:. on la is 't inc~lr' mB!~;n,e:t le 1 n£!lue'ti"e Plll·'~p',.,Bga·11 iO'D ,at d. m.,@le,c t: I'l~: iliul,u,o'tlv;.e PI[Opl8lg1"t:ilua,., . "his. i.e: C'i01I'I,tir8JIE'Y to tbe ~firt,.to,n th,~'b; lbe magiR!sti·.; I d ie'lee.til!! :llef i.,el11s 0:1 1IilduJct.i~1l are 1,Ii!I,'8":epa.;r·ab1.e f tna,"t :I"s r thJi!'Y' m~!8[t. ,p',r~,pa",= t,e' e,o-jl.Q,in·tJ;.'Y.·II' n,i,S liJist,l,~,~t, .Ge,plal'at,,~· pfrc'QPa"B~.ig'A IO',f' tJle'se t·~"o, ~ i e.l a 9 0,,1 i nd U i: ,t (,0111. i. s :11 c~ e 1 e e t.~ i e pi I;' op 891 B t ien 'WiifJ 'C (Uile:e' i V\lhlfl 'b,Y nle1~U~' ly

ail of t,he impo,rtanJ't ele.c"t ["·:ie,a 1 .pilcGne'@~r s., -

T,'hre q. ue,s It: :i .. o n. b . B e erne i :~,e,a ~'n cU'iU,;"We. E ,eud, ,ill is, l,a, w'lliiJ e I[ t!, 10 Ole SJ a .11 t ~·e

nJfe'~'g:1 g'o' <t,ha t t'be' b'r!rjB:d,l~a-s ,t trans,m,! t lU;t'E mti.B:t, .Sll:ppl" to' t·t'h1 t'{):we (. 11' .~ I: ~s' IIilQrt [,adl' ted i.n ·a ~:,aslfa .. iGn similar' tOI li,bt ·o'c. beat ene'rfg,. "l'be

a:n:aw'@!' ~ a'l' lop fou:od :1n the s'tat,m;mleQ I: -01: CIIJP iI!i ,St.e'1am,e~z t,:h,at it ,[S

c; QI!Il,s ~e d. biro the Ilh.l9.dc e' :re,1 i s ~ 'f' I;'w;e a2di;.ti:~·fl l n, 'w.Hl!l,e.h t nue. ~.eWI.'E' l $

il : e-tlSe,d iii To 'q_ilotel'! MMr ,!! Rileflnel~y' S' :y8 tll' if 'a:LI h,a·.s alppBreftt.l.y DJO' tty,s bee e·g' i.s.;. aA,dI ~b 11$ .i,s t,ile' '~leunt!'r31 iuui0idm"prlt,i..Q,n,. to.o fl· Bill E new:-e.J! t.e.lfuis., in :t:hJe 1 i.gb t o·f mo(fe:fR ,se ienDCI' we [I!Il~S t, sra,y ~t'b.a.-t, e'vi"'~ I,i. r. b,BS, a ce·,[·taln h.'1:9 b.e'E U!.5 ::t ':5 I a t, im!Q'- hy,s:·t1; e[~t e,u: to 'li, Po Ir ~e k:n o~' tJl:Ow ,r t h,IJ;' t hi Ie· ma·g "Ie, t l £

S' I;r e:5-Gi ,i n til' if d'~'Je S ROdt ,a'ppeJi ~ i n.s 't, a-n. ta n,eou:5,1lt' 'W' t'l hit 5, SI8tU~' eft 1 b IJ. t: .. W._

knOrw hh1_.t. mg!;nel.ic ·[dilsit.ur.banc:e·.!i atr·. RrQ"pa.9a~.ed tbo.,ugJ' ai r "ita filJi £.e 'Ie I. ole i tJ'. t" e 'I'e' lo.JiC ~i. it Y 011 .J:.!. g'h t , ·MD.W ," .i~' ycrlll E!: Xi· 'm;l: lO! ,B' b., . p:~e Qo~~rn,o!'ii,

. .0.[ e ~a. c t.t e~ 1 a'l;:' l:y r ':r '0 u will 59 ~I ~ ·It b,a..t t Ii!U~ '11 t ~a.d !ln l~ ,t he',Q ~ DO ,e,;ne' ['19' w·otl!],ld ~b'e d,i5'~:'lpl,alt:ec'd ,i_~, s:p,~ele·, .. t.f· IlilU!' i'Q,agiln,'(Lk£0 Qlstuf'ba.nee 81Et't. up '·.t 'i?-n.~r p l"a'J~e. ,,'",e ~'e P f Q,pag t 'dl thr',olilgli 'I;.liie W.~lo., I,·e .Sp,_ a·e, ~1l8t nt" oeous.l:f... But '_ is BOtllL.Wi ,a,s, ~'e' pl(' gpa9,li ,t i.IOt~, o~r~ eljl~:rgy t:h f QtlJ9h. !8.1~' E·e '~~l1unJr~vtes: a f inJ: t·e t. i'PIIJe f' In" m,a t 't: eE 'h a.,,' ~ma; 11 t:h i B It imQ 'b,:e I- B elm" 't;,;a.-i n. loa;:15 Q ' e' n.erg'j" ml~ st:

Inel~le59tU! l,ly b,e €onn-ec'ed the:rew·' ,ttl, arllll'O, call.IJ~\9 t-he t!t!t!,BI'·rdia.ti-ol,-_ of t.'h",e Itar~' .,l1rft t."' ,c ,iI i.ti tUt b .' nee' 'b Ii! 11, i nd ·~tJl. . mil .gl In at 6-mo t i ¥ ~ f (,J. t' €:~.b 113 t'err! 5 is " : .• I tllB 't. s a:r. = ,@vie·:n a:1 ,( h,", :lt1 iiJ t:e [" 'e-s .1:s .' " { 11

T~,lIe no,·t Lo'n 0' f a I! t be Ir QU B h 'r'.s t e'it' e'.5 ·'.s wi l· ' '~l'e e· xp'lo'c"ed tn ,p' !~..:c t .1 I' I cf ~TI." T.r ns, - i8~S;lon ·0':( 'ld3!i€:'t E 1~~ tyl!lllio

UNDBRS1l ,WDQG THE ,1,eTA-'rDa MA,GH£r%C Frau· bry. .EiU:'C .'.. Dm'L14RD,

® 'lglj

TESU r ,iHYjS,ICS AJ('D ELE&THGlift

•.. - 5' ':rcih :tnt[!) ·tbe wor\k.~ of ,N,tka,lft 11' _'81_ toG'VUS, alectpi,a pb_Iu::.maa, 'tJ- t, bl1av.'_, eon,tr .~ 'to ",hor t __ ·ory o.r ' lectr:l!el ~ 1-D

,pro _ .. g.t; U5[D·.Bx:pl~,Q .. t;.i[o,B fJt T,ul.l.fI, t!ll i:D:V ~ nt;io.Q·::---' ,iI 'lIaCtD '!'Y. D from

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Introdaction tOI

»1 Bl~ECI'ItICr'I'iy ANDI (~PACIf,',I:ANCH

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