! ! !

! " !
! # $ % "

&
' "
 +" , 9 4 .
= 22
1 =
. 60
! "! " # " .
$%$&& '( ) *,+ -*
1 *
* . !*
. . = + 1.
/ .
1 "
!0 1 , 2 *
23 .
( % 2 * E, <9
F <9
4 , * . !* " <9
" " ) .2 . 4
5 , * 9.
. * 6 1 .+9
7 . ‘ =.
. . ?4 "G* ,
1! , " H .! F
23
! 8
1 / !0 8
," " 9 " 4 !*
4 9 * ! 5< ! 8 "8
! G
1 ) 8
1 * . " , 2
! * * 1
1* : " * 23 = ? 4
; 0 . < 1 I 2 !* * 9
" = 4 2 . ,
*" * / CCCCCCCC J *
>4 . ? !* ! !* C
9 2 1
74> = .9 .
.7 = * ? K " , =C C & *
5< @
! & D& ' & '&' (
1 1 .! , ; * &%D& ' &$ &%%
" , , 8 5 8 L
A 4 7 6 ,
B ! , 6 ,
: * ! 1 1 , C C
" ! %
! $
= 1 , C C C 7 ! 4
%% C C %% C C * * 4 1
%% C C D%% C C 5 = 7 ,
5 +1 ? ", " < 1. ? 2 * * FR
<
8 8 15!
1 M4 " * , " / . " . ‘7+ *’ *S !
J 4 *4?
8 =1 7 4 !1 2 1 4 4
1 1 "7
4 + 6
4 , . !
N ‘ ? ’ = .T1
? "5 " O= 1. ? ?
9? ? * ?
9 9 R 4 1 , 1.
= 60 *
, CCCCCCC 1 C =
: 1 4 1 . #
: N 1 70 4 1 " * ! = 1.
, CCCCCC ,C 6 1.
. ! 2 =,+ 4 3
, , , !*
5 'D% 'D
(# (#" 'D 'D
(#
#" (# , 2 . ?+ 6 . 9 G &"
E 2 E 7 4 4 AK " G
&* . ! .
E 4 = 1
" E 1 6 =4
7 , CCCCCCCC " * I 5 " " U
% 7 C C % 7 C C
D
% 7 C C P
% 7 C C V 1. ! E
* . > " * ? 7 1. " *
%#
%# # P $ #D# P ( 2 * 2*+ + E * C C 4 + .
#P# P ' #$# P %
‘ "* ’ = CCCCCCC C . 4
D * .? I 7 4
, < 9 = 4
/ 2Q 6 7 4
" + , S* .? +4 1.
4 ,
6 ! = *
7* 9 ) , 2 *
2 1 !* ? * * , , .
, . ! *?
, 9 ,+ ?, ?
, 9 , , " 2 ;= CCC , !
! * 1 O= , , C
! C DNN C D
= CDD C$D
1
L * ‘1 ’ L " 1N 1 !
") N !1I 1
F ! ? / "
4 * = *
 , 1 <* N
0 8 1 .!
A 4 + ? ? ! ,
4 '
D $
1 " 1. !* , * , ? !
< = %PC% C%
" C% (C%
=A 7* " , , " . 60 W 1. 7 W *
. !1
8 "9 !1 ? *
*
1 *> . !* , . ! ; "
J !*/
. .
7 1.
1 . .
" * ! E,
, , >CCCCCC
4 , " 23 , 3W 6
. !*
. (
> "7 P %
" = ! + W = < *
(( 1
' ( ? = 9 <5 9 7
= ? .* ? . .
+ ? = ? , ) 8
< 7 * , 7 " , 1
%C' C%% * 2
CD% C D 7> 0 > * 4 !*
! " " M
X ,
/ **
!1 1 .
=3 !
! ,
.T1 = .T1
, ,
B
7 , ,
!* +9*
. = W :
M
" X
! 2"
F 1 X
! * !
! " * , " * V7
0 ! 5 22 , 1 1
!*
! 9 ! <
1 1 1
! M ! 7
= 4
X * ,
" 2 * * 9?
* X 1
" *
Y *W
! E, C 9
7 , .
? 23 . !

? : 9 E4 *
! 5 G* ! M
#" 1. * 1 2 " * 1
I* A & 7 1 Z? . 6
"W ,
# 9 #!
= ! "5 * # 9#
 ! * 9 ! 4 ! ( H ) * 9
>* / /
" * / / <,+
" * 23 * > .* T1 + ,
C C C. . & %% " . = * .
*
. 7 * 7 !5 ,
E, * ! ! 1 7 T 5,
! 1N * !* 4
. .M
, * ,
/ 2 4X 1 ?O !*
] * +* * * ! "
1 7 W 4W !*
1 Z. 4W !1I 1 "
> * , ? 1
" ! ] * ( P , ;= 7 * *
," W .
: 9 * 6, ,
" 11 6, ,
! 4 ,
M " I. !
. 21
, * 1 /
! 3 * P PP
> W 1 P 'P
[H 1 = !* 2 * / 5 G ,< W "
9 7 *0 4!
, ! ! E,N
" C 9
2 1 ! ‘ 1 ’N =
5< !
L * * I 4 4
2 ! ! K ;" W +92* *
*2 = !* ,
( ) " * / * . = + W
!* A! & " 2 9* !* 0 <
* 1 1 * !* C ’ ’ " + . !*
" , 1 ,W 5 ! I
* 1 W E, = " " = =
4 = 1. 7 1. AICTE , CCCCC < ,
* K " . C
,
> W <\ .7 X
6 ,
? * 1. "7
!1I 1
*0 . !
4 , , ‘ 7 ’ .T1 = V7 W .T1
, *9 9
A 4 4 ! . * . ! ! E,
A .? ‘ ’ * !*
19 7 * 1 1
1 " 1
 * E 7 ! = < 1. +
1+7& ?4&7 & <9 &* 1 W
. * W , W 1*
7 6 " H7
? 7, 9 ! 9 = = 23 . .+9 . 6 .
. !
#! ! # 9
9
# ! # 9
!
" * 23 * C F C C.
‘ =*’ E * 1. ? , . *> .U
, 8 91
8 .1 .
. 1. = . !* 2 * 1. , "
D $
. ( P
W1 "5 * =W ,
6 15!
* =
0 9 L , >C C C
$ $ %% %% D%% %%
P$ ($ P%% %% $%% %%
'' 3W , 11 ! <9 W I ^ !" "1
!*
2"+
1 , <
7 "
"* . W 2+ !"
> FE
8 : 4*. = W 1
! 4 !* W 7 W
8 , V
W A ! _ " 2 4
"W , , =C C C * 7 * 1. . 9
7
D&DD& ' (&'%&% ] * ! ? 4
$&PP&PD P&' & D B
77 E , !
D $ " " M
' % + ?"+
5 W# %% 7W " !* ?"
= K * 4
. * W 9=1 , . 2 ,
? * " 1. !* 8 1 * .
8 E4 0 * *2 !*
7 < 2 * , N
7W ( !0 ) * . !* = 4
7 ? * 9? ?
7 > 7 .
. ! <
> +9 . !* A + 1 1 <*
9 7 4 , .T1
4>* 1 T5
! 7 1 ;" T
D# =W D# G .7 5 ,
D#" D# G,) 1. !*
[3 0 .U !* " W <
7 " C C ,
1 , , 4 ( ) HCL ( ) HNO3
* * '( '($ 1 E * 1 ! ! 2
, W1 4 !*
? "5 ! 1 O= 1. > @ C ,
9? 8I 7 C C"
9 ) ? ? ? , 1* !
9 = * %
2 * W7 * E L * P
9 ,W , 4 !* G O 8. .7 = !* C .7
4. 1 1. !*
. "G* <
, CCCCCCCCC 1 C , C C
7 .M ‘ . < J # < ! , ’ *
_ F ? 4
*3 " C C
. ! " 1 E4 * ! *
* . C C=
1 1 ‘ ’ , .
? 2 * ! " 7 4 !* 7 !
7> ;,
!1 1 , H * *9
" * 4*
$ DDP%%% O C C C < !
.* !1 V7
, , W, C C " 2*+ 9 ! 1N . 2 =+
!*
! , E * !*
2 V M
=/1
L =,+ 4 .
9 K
OW = 1 * L + *W
T5 &J! , T5 4 <1
6 E *
+ W C E V " 1.
8 ? " , "5
(
8 "W , P
‘ =’ 4* " ‘ *’ 6 7 !0 4 !*
4 = 1. ! . 2 . J
" 1 . 4
" ! 2 4 !* ) ? * 2 7,
C2 7 , , .
* 2 O= * 7 O =9
1 *
(` ` %% " C C C E *
.26 C* , !* < 4 . ,*
4 7 * ! , CCC
. < 7 * ! , CCC
< 1.W ! , CCC
, ) 1 4 1.W ! , CCC
4 W .M 1 K "5 "
;" W =* : N8 "
4" 1 1 ! 4 K
= "1 6 4
1. ,2 5, , ,
( D 1. 5 . * !* W , ,
< V71 1 G* 1 * !*
, ! *
! 4 + 4 1
KOH ( )PH3 E4 2 * ? = .I
1 .W*
 = " 1# * ,
" /a , 1 /
‘ ’ , . D
$ '
7 ‘.3’ 6 7 !0 4 !*
15 ?* * 6 . "3 I .
" / . "3 4 a
! , 4 2 , 9
=, < >
<7 <, K 7,
2 * 5 , . , ! " " ! 15 ! I7. 9
'&' ( %& ' b b * #7*
& %% & %% "* # * , ,
"4* 0 61 . " 1 !*/ ? G 3 "5 "
D`D` '%% P`P` '%% 4
$`$` '%% (`(` '%%
‘ : * .! ’ 4 * .! , " ! . * .!
" , ! !*
W
15!
5 #W %% *" ! 8
1. 7 , "5 "
* <7 * 9
* W W ! "
* ) 8 .! ? = 4I !*
" , 1 1 ! 1
1 1 * * !1 ! 1
' 2 * "7 !, "+ 15! ? 4 . !.
?* ? * 6?9
! ,
" ‘ < O , ,5 ‘ * ? 4
H2O2 4 + *! * ! 5 1 1
! " < < <5 " "W ,
W , 5 ‘ 2+ V ’ 4* 9
* W * !1 E *+ !
" 5,
8 I" " * 2*+ + W L !* 1 *
H 1 5 2 * 2*+ 9 " L 1 B !*
! =+ !* E4 1
! 6 1. . 1 I
" * 7 1. " 4 1 * 3
'P' '$ 1 6 E * 1 K . * &* 5< 1. !*
! 2 4 !* ,!
N "
C C" C , 8
a 8 ! , ./7 !*
,, . .7 !* '% '%
G , '% '%
, , " 4 * 9
O = 0 " = W
V 1. 6 1. 5<
7 1. ! = 1. + ( " ) . N
‘"* * ’ . , ! G,
/ = I .9
7 " 4 < 5 = = 4
 WC C : : I 3W 2 * 0 G* > # W * ] ,
!* *
'DD 'DP = * .! *
'D$ 'D( * "I *
& P&$%% = C C C 1. *"5 "
! G, 7 1.
= 4 8 4 = 1.
'D( 1 ! 4 < .! A , * * 7* G
1 - !* N , CCC
=
15! a =
W 1 - 1
,N <
* =
A . ! . O= 4
4 ,W ?4 " * 7 W >*
! 1 "5 1? *2
A 7* 9 ‘ , .! ’ 4 * .!
*
79 2: , !
‘7 B ’ *?5 7 ? 4 !* PQ ) 0 ! 2 4 !*
4. 0 > 2b N 1 7 C2
842 1 _ " + "
2 =9 ] * / ! 8 !*
I . 7 8
'D 'DP 1 /WO= 1 * L > 7
+ *W ! 1 . 2 4 !* 1 ! , I
C *" . ! =1 ! " . ! 7 W !*
C C ? > C C1 T
. .7 !* T
", " ! < , CCC 5 W . C
6 H ,N ) *
‘ ’ W 4 ,N
4 4 1 5 2 * 3W 2 * 0 G*
* * : !*
7* 0 7* ? V7 'D$ 'D(
1. ! C , * 'D' 'P%
c = * E,N 7 ( ] * c E,N
= Q
' 7> * ! 9 .
61N7 , W !* . ,
4 * 4 ?* *
8 1 F
, , 6 4 ! ,
6E N F 4. *
* ‘ !’ ,
7; "
J 9 1 E4 * J * 4 !* =? "
"# 73 . ! " J 1 a W, 9
. * 5 ? = *
9*: ;0 a:
") # B "5 , =C C C &d &d P
D&d P&d (
! , .7 !* . 7W 9 !*
( ( D *
( ( ( ! 4
? !3W1 1 6 . !* + " * = = ( <5 )
7 * ! $ 2 * 1
* ! !* 1 1
" ** / ^ '$ #$ 1 " * L
!* . !*
C"C C C C>C C = 2 , 7 !
C! 1? C C C !* 2 1 7 B 2 8
WO= 1 * L *W 1 ! ! =1 ‘ W’ ,
!" . 9 !* " <
'D # 'D 'D # 'D 8
'D # 'DP 'DP# 'D'
] * ! ?* 7 > 7 I !*
' '
' '
5, , , 6 4
Y 1.W 6 *
7 *
( !