Data Communication: Data Communications, Data Networks

Data Communication
Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL
Data Communications, Data Networks
y Veri ve Bilgisayar Haberlemesi Ders Notlar,

brahim ÖZÇELK, Sakarya Üniversitesi
y Data and Computer Communications, William
Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2007 (Lecture Slides)
29.09.2009 1
Grading
y Quiz-1 %5
y Quiz-2
Quiz 2 %5
y Project % 25 % 50
y Midterm % 65
y Final % 50
Introduction
y Service : People
y Purpose : Communication
y Method :
Before Now
Local Speaking
Written doc. Electronic doc.
Remote Mail E-mail

Telephone Wireless tel.
TV Video conference
29.09.2009 2
Modern Data Comms
y trends
{ traffic growth at a high & steady rate
{ development of new services
{ advances in technology
y significant change in requirements

{ emergence of high-speed LANs
{ corporate WAN needs
{ digital electronics
A Communications Model
29.09.2009 3
Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing
I
Interfacing
f i R i
Routing
Signal generation Recovery
Synchronization Message formatting
Exchange management Security
Error detection and correction Network management
Flow control
Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar

Mühendislii Bölümü
Ö Gö M SKEFYEL
Need For Protocol Architecture
y data exchange can involve complex procedures, cf.

file transfer example
y better if task broken into subtasks
y implemented separately in layers in stack
{ each layer provides functions needed to perform comms for
layers above
{ using
i functions
f i provided
id d b
by llayers b
below
l
y peer layers communicate with a protocol
29.09.2009 4
Key Elements of a Protocol
y syntax - data format or structure

{ Frame format: source and target address,
address data
y semantics - control info & error handling
{ Is this address mine?
y timing - speed matching & sequencing
Standard Organizations-1
y ISO: International Organization for Standardization; a network of the national standards

institutes of some 140 countries, with a central office in Geneva, Switzerland, that
coordinates the system
y and ppublishes the finished standards
y ANSI: American National Standards Institute; a private organization that administers
and coordinates the United States voluntary standardization and conformity assessment
systems
y EIA: Electronic Industries Alliance; a national trade organization that includes US
manufacturers representing the electronics industry; a partnership of electronic and
high-tech associations and companies whose mission is to promote market development
and competitiveness of the US high-tech industry through domestic and international
policy efforts
y IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; an international membership
organization serving industry with standards programs
y ITU: International Telecommunication Union; an international organization within
which governments and the private sector could work together to coordinate the
operation of telecommunication networks and services and advance the development of
communications technology
29.09.2009 5
Standard Organizations-2
y IAB: Internet Architecture Board; a committee of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF); responsible for oversight of IETF activities, Internet Standards Process
oversight
i ht and
d appeal,
l andd is
i responsible
ibl for
f the
th managementt off publication
bli ti off th
the RFC
Series and the management of the IETF protocol parameter registry, operated by the
IANA
y De facto is a Latin expression that means "by [the] fact“

y De jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto
y HTML is a good example of "de facto and de jure" standard.
y Ethernet is a de facto, and IEEE 802.3 is a de jure.

y Ethernet is name of project developed by Xerox.
y IEEE 802.3 is the rule (law) of Ethernet.
29.09.2009 6
Transmission Terminology
y data transmission occurs between a transmitter &

receiver via some medium
y guided medium
{ eg. twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber
y unguided / wireless medium
{ eg. air, water, vacuum
y direct link
{ no intermediate devices
y point-to-point
{ direct link
{ only 2 devices share link
y multi-point
{ more than two devices share the link
29.09.2009 7
y simplex
{ one direction
Ù eg. television
y half duplex
{ either direction, but only one way at a time
Ù eg. police radio
y full duplex
{ both directions at the same time
Ù eg. telephone
Communication Modes
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
29.09.2009 8
LAN Architecture
y topologies
y transmission medium
y layout
LAN Topologies
29.09.2009 9
Bus and Tree
y used with multipoint medium
y transmission propagates throughout medium
y heard by all stations
y full duplex connection between station and tap
{ allows for transmission and reception
y need to regulate transmission

{ to avoid collisions
y terminator absorbs frames at end of medium

y tree a generalization of bus
y headend connected to branching cables
Frame
Transmission
on Bus LAN
29.09.2009 10
Ring Topology
y a closed loop of repeaters joined by point to point

links
y receive data on one link & retransmit on another
{ links unidirectional
{ stations attach to repeaters
y data in frames
{ circulate past all stations
{ destination recognizes address and copies frame
{ frame circulates back to source where it is removed
y media access control determines when a station
can insert frame
Frame
Transmission
Ring LAN
29.09.2009 11
Star Topology
y each station connects to central node

{ usually via two point to point links
y either central node can broadcast

{ physical star, logical bus
{ only one station can transmit at a time
y or central node can act as frame switch
Single Cell Wireless LAN
Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii

Bölümü
Ö
29.09.2009 12
Choice of Topology
The choice of topology depends on a variety of factors;

y reliability
y expandability
y performance
y needs considering in context of:
{ medium
{ wiring layout
{ access control
Bus LAN
Transmission Media (1)
y twisted pair
{ early LANs used voice grade cable
{ didn’t scale for fast LANs
{ not used in bus LANs now
y baseband coaxial cable

{ uses digital signalling
{ original Ethernet
29.09.2009 13
Bus LAN
Transmission Media (2)
y broadband coaxial cable

{ as in cable TV systems
{ analog signals at radio frequencies
{ expensive, hard to install and maintain
{ no longer used in LANs
y optical fiber
{ expensive taps
{ better alternatives available
{ not used in bus LANs
y less convenient compared to star topology twisted pair

y coaxial baseband still used but not often in new
installations
Ring and Star Usage
y ring
{ very high speed links over long distances
{ single link or repeater failure disables network
y star
{ uses natural layout of wiring in building
{ best for short distances
{ high data rates for small number of devices
29.09.2009 14
Choice of Medium
y constrained by LAN topology

y capacity
y reliability
y types of data supported
y environmental scope
Media Available
y Voice grade unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

{ Cat 3 phone, cheap, low data rates
y Shielded twisted pair / baseband coaxial

{ more expensive, higher data rates
y Broadband cable
{ even more expensive, higher data rate
y High performance UTP

{ Cat 5+, very high data rates, witched star topology
y Optical fibre
{ security, high capacity, small size, high cost
29.09.2009 15
Types of Area Network
y BAN-Body Area Network

{ IEEE 802.15.3
y PAN-
PAN Personal Area Network
{ Bluetooth, ZigBee
y LAN- Local Area Network

{ Office or building distance
{ 10 Mbps-1 Gbps
{ Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, Token Ring, Token Bus, ATM
y MAN- Metropolitan Area Network

{ IEEE 802.16
y WAN- Wide Area Network

{ No limit for distance
{ Leased telephone line
{ X.25, Frame Relay, ISDN, ATM, GSM
Definition
y A computer network is
{ a system of connected computers
{ with a possibility for fast data exchange
y A computer is
{ an autonomous unit consisting of
{ hardware and software
29.09.2009 16
Coverage Limits of Networks
0 km
WAN
>10
3-25 km
MAN
500 m
LAN
10 m
PAN
BAN
Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü 1m Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL
Classification by Distance
29.09.2009 17
System Internal Communication
Peripheral Communication
29.09.2009 18
BAN- Body Area Network
PAN- Personal Area Network
29.09.2009 19
LAN- Local Area Network
and more)
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network
29.09.2009 20
WAN- Wide Area Network
29.09.2009 21

Data Communication: Data Communications, Data Networks

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Communication: Data Communications, Data Networks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Communication

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Data Communications, Data Networks

y Veri ve Bilgisayar Haberlemesi Ders Notlar,

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Remote Mail E-mail

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

{ development of new services

y significant change in requirements

{ corporate WAN needs

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Transmission system utilization Addressing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar

Need For Protocol Architecture

y data exchange can involve complex procedures, cf.

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y syntax - data format or structure

y timing - speed matching & sequencing

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y ISO: International Organization for Standardization; a network of the national standards

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y De facto is a Latin expression that means "by [the] fact“

y HTML is a good example of "de facto and de jure" standard.

y Ethernet is a de facto, and IEEE 802.3 is a de jure.

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y data transmission occurs between a transmitter &

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

{ only 2 devices share link

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y need to regulate transmission

y terminator absorbs frames at end of medium

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y a closed loop of repeaters joined by point to point

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y each station connects to central node

y either central node can broadcast

{ only one station can transmit at a time

y or central node can act as frame switch

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

Single Cell Wireless LAN

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii

The choice of topology depends on a variety of factors;

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

{ didn’t scale for fast LANs

{ not used in bus LANs now

y baseband coaxial cable

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL

y broadband coaxial cable

y less convenient compared to star topology twisted pair

Sakarya Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendislii Bölümü Ör.Gör.Murat SKEFYEL