21 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE
24.1 Definition
2.1.2 Definition
2.1.3 Definition
WO
THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION
Suppose the function f is contiuous at 2. The tanjent line tothe graph of fat che po
PG f(z) 8
(@ the line throxgh P having slope m(e,), even by
snde,) =tin £0 82)= Sle)
X21) =fin Ss
it hin nite
(i) the line r=, if
tin Sete) FE) 5,
aay Os
I neither () nor (i) of Definition 2.1.1 holds, thn thee i:no tangent line io the grap of f
the pote Fey (2)
Tr we want to fnd the slope of the tangert line to the cuve at more than one point,
fist find ihe limit and then make the indiated placements for =y- Howerer, we
Interested in finding the tangent line at oaly ote point ard ifthe ccordinates of the point
tangency ace known, seer to fis! make Whe ndicated replacement ad the Bad the it
fHey+ Oa) ~ Key)
foo or -asand ling MEDEA MED 0 or 6
The rormel line to & graph at given point i the Hine perpendicalar to the tangent lise att
point
Formla (I) forthe slope ofthe tangeat lin is special cae of the formula for the derivative
‘function. Following is one of the most important defaitions in the ealeuls
The derivative ofthe function fis that funtion, denoted by f/ such that its valve ab mum
2 in the domaia of given bythe equivalent formulas
1 = tim LEASE= HE) = yy HeV= LE)
2) = tim LE +82) HE) ym a and (a!
1'2)=im FERED tm AES ) ona
iC thin fmt exis, where = 3 + Ae. (f! i road “f plies” and (eis ead “f prime of 22)
We also use the symbols 42 (e) and D,fiz) to represent (2) If y= f(2), then the sym
Daan fds ae vont Wid to prent
w
H Aye dened by Ay = fie+ Ae) —fle) shen Dv =i, 22
1 ay isa pastiealar somber in the dornair of f, then to End J'(z,) wo may use either oft
equivalent formeios,
Geremicl
He)aim, LE) ey
“To we formulas (8) and (4), note that
Gea)? a 2 + BeAr (Sa)? and (2-4 As) a2? +See + Bef Ae} + (2)
‘To we formulas (3") and (7), note that
ere yan
‘The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 9= fe) at the point (2p, fle)) * preibely
derivative of F evaluated a! zy. Thus foemlas (8), (3, (4, and |7) ane interchangable
“The equation of a (tangent) line with lope m and passing through (2,8) is y= lz) +8
A nortnal me bas slope —1/f'(2)
in He= Hon) a
or fa)
me) (eae bony 2)
aster sey!21 THE TANGENT LINB AND THE DERIVATIVE 81
Beonsins 8.1
Te Deercies 1-6 fod an equation ofthe ingot ina pie, Seth he pap aad gent of he ange
hyste Go) winjess-o
sn(2)= in, 224) tin, 222) pte
Aw equation of the tangent i
2 ya2+4(-15)
tim SE)
‘An equation ofthe tangent li
3 yatet +43; (-2,0)
Me) 1-9 _
mt
gS eee areca
e+ (-2)) +414) +4 =A, The Cangent line iy
m(—2) = Ji
Exercise
4 y= 2-62 +9:(3,0)
erine 3
= 68-49, Use formula (4) with ny = 2
9462+ (Az)? 18-62-49
a
in SO A2)=J0) py (+8)?
a, ae ao
(a?
= gin GOP = sm axe =0, An equson of te tangent Bne oy = (2-2) +0 9 =0
B y= 48 (1) Pe,
& Let f(2)=
ae
(2-0)
mma) = Bal
= li@t+sen=3
‘Am equation ofthe (sient lina ix y = 3(2— 1) +44
6 y=t-z4(2,-7)
£2)- $0) _
ala
Enatioe§2 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION
Ta Beers 710, (2) ind the lope ofthe tangent at (zy. f(2))-(B) Find where the tangent is horizontal. Sketch,
7 fay 8d Te
fley+8s)—Fle)
Be
> (0) m(ay)= fin
em, Betta =e + Ba) +8 Ga = 1848)
in, ese Mae BAS einen 2
(0) fey) = O when ry =2 and $2) =~
{0 Ue gba harm otzontal tangent os (2).
a fe)=1-02-2
> (a) Appling formula (2) we have *
ayant aioe he) toy ett,
pg Tabet ent de~ (ae 74a?
pat a
nae —22,Ae~(Ae}
=i, pa EE
“Tin (-6~25,~z) 4
ores
(&) may) = O when 2, = -8 and Y(-3)
(C218)! Other pins on the graph me
8 f= 2-62 +92
6 so the graph has horizontal tangent at
1). (8,12), (8,18), (-1032) and (1,0).
7 (Pao ve-2)—Ueh igre) PP
aap = ‘ “ 5
= Jin GH +08) = fim (a + eye bey?) —8le 2) +8] J
a Bey? 124 +9 =e, —42, +3)= 364, 11-8)
(me) =e when 3, =1, {0} =2and 3, 3.16
GReGaSa he boizbnud tages at (Land (2)
ban? 12
iy Le). py OF =8)=08-20)9
set)
62; = 62y(%,—1)
(alee trbn st JO) ==
Saige etna at a es
banc ngn nt a te Pow
me
im [2a 4x2 +22) —H2 +29)
ty cies 11-1 fd
UL y= Verh 8,2)
pb m= linLORLE) - yy VF 1=3 = hig BAS? tiny =
= SS = nya aes a eat
“The tangent ne hie equation y = Ye—1)+2= 42+
a(e-3)42= e414
‘The normal line hat tlope —4 and equation